Article(id=1198628612657218350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628599835227075, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1231, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1668528000000, receivedDateStr=2022-11-16, revisedDate=1675267200000, revisedDateStr=2023-02-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763704930699, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1686499200000, pubDateStr=2023-06-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763704930699, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763704930699, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763704930699, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198628599835227075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='6', pageStart='0', pageEnd='1724', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1686499200000', pubDateStr='2023-06-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763704927643, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1766137690373, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208832346359468483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628599835227075, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208832346359468484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628599835227075, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1611, endPage=1618, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198628613101814620, articleId=1198628612657218350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Pharmacokinetic investigation of principal active constituents in renal fibrotic rats after oral administration of crude and salt-processed eucommiae cortex extracts, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A quantitative analysis method for six principal active constituents (acubin, geniposidic acid, chlorogenic acid, pinoresinol di-O-glucopyranoside, geniposide, and pinoresinol 4-O-glucopyranoside) of crude Eucommiae Cortex (EC) and its salt-processed product extracts was developed to investigate and compare their pharmacokinetic behaviors in adenine-induced renal fibrotic rats in vivo. UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS technology was employed. Scan was conducted in negative ion mode and quantitative determination was carried out by MRM paired ion. The established method was fully validated by specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, stability, recovery, and matrix effect, and the results of methodological investigation met the requirements of biological sample analysis. Then, a quick, sensitive, and accurate method was successfully established, which could simultaneously measure the contents of six active constituents of crude and salt-processed EC extracts in rat plasma. After a single administration to renal fibrotic rats of crude EC and its salt-processed product extracts, the plasma concentration of each constituent at different time points was measured, the pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated and the concentration time curves were structured. The experiment was approved by the experimental animal ethics committee from Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine (No. 202103A008). The results showed that compared to the crude Eucommiae Cortex group, the tmax of aucubin, pinoresinol di-O-glucopyranoside, geniposide, and pinoresinol 4-O-glucopyranoside in the salt-processed Eucommiae Cortex group rat plasma were significantly lower than those in the crude group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01); the Cmax and AUC0-48 h of chlorogenic acid, the Cmax, AUC0-48 h and AUC0-∞ of pinoresinol di-O-glucopyranoside, and the Cmax of geniposide and pinoresinol 4-O-glucopyranoside were significantly higher than those in the crude group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Our investigation found that compared to crude Eucommiae Cortex, a variety of active ingredients could play a role of quick effect with higher peak blood concentration and bioavailability after oral administration of salt-processed Eucommiae Cortex, which were consistent with the traditional Chinese medicine theory of "salt-processing enhancing drug into kidney meridian", providing an experimental basis for the selection of quality control indexes and the in-depth study of processing mechanisms and metabolic rules in vivo of Eucommiae Cortex and its salt-processed product.

, authors=null, authorsList=Meng-qing WANG, Hao CAI, Xin LIU, Jian-tao SONG, Gang CAO, Hui ZHU, Yu DUAN, Ke PEI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hao CAI, Gang CAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198628614725010415, articleId=1198628612657218350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=杜仲盐炙前后主要活性成分在肾纤维化大鼠体内的药代动力学研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

建立杜仲生、盐炙品提取物中6种主要活性成分(桃叶珊瑚苷、绿原酸、京尼平苷酸、松脂醇二葡萄糖苷、京尼平苷和松脂醇单葡萄糖苷) 在腺嘌呤致肾纤维化模型大鼠血浆中的定量分析方法, 并对比研究其体内药代动力学行为。应用UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS技术, 采用负离子模式进行扫描, 以MRM配对离子方式进行定量, 同时对其专属性、线性范围、准确度、精密度、稳定性、提取回收率及基质效应进行考察, 方法学考察结果均符合生物样本的分析要求。成功建立了一种可同时测定杜仲生、盐炙品提取物中6种活性成分在大鼠血浆中快速、灵敏、准确的定量分析方法, 并对肾纤维化大鼠单次给予杜仲生、盐炙品提取物后不同时间点各成分的血药浓度进行检测, 计算各成分的药代动力学参数并构建药-时曲线。本实验获得南京中医药大学实验动物伦理委员会批准(批准号: 202103A008)。结果表明, 与杜仲生品组相比, 杜仲盐炙品组大鼠血浆中桃叶珊瑚苷、松脂醇二葡萄糖苷、京尼平苷和松脂醇单葡萄糖苷等化合物的tmax值均显著小于生品组(P < 0.05, P < 0.01); 绿原酸的Cmax、AUC0-48 h, 松脂醇二葡萄糖苷的Cmax、AUC0-48 h和AUC0-∞, 京尼平苷以及松脂醇单葡萄糖苷的Cmax均显著高于生品组(P < 0.05, P < 0.01)。研究发现, 相较于杜仲生品, 多种活性成分在杜仲盐炙品的给药环境下可发挥速效作用, 有更高的血药浓度峰值与生物利用度, 进一步验证了“入盐走肾脏”的中医理论, 为杜仲生品及其盐炙品质控指标的选择、炮制机制的阐明和体内代谢规律的深入研究提供了实验参考依据。

, authors=null, authorsList=王梦晴, 蔡皓, 刘鑫, 宋健涛, 曹岗, 朱慧, 段煜, 裴科, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=蔡皓, 曹岗, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*蔡皓, Tel: 86-25-86798281, E-mail: ;
曹岗, E-mail:
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China J Chin Mater Med (中国中药杂志), 2014, 39: 4352-4355., articleTitle=Investigation on chemical constituents of processed products of Eucommiae Cortex, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960143464498116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628612657218350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=56, issue=null, pageStart=3518, pageEnd=3525, url=https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YXBY202305007.htm, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=12, authorNames=null, journalName=Acta Pharm Sin (药学学报), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ji X, Liu XQ, Gao L, et al. Pharmacokinetics of the main components differing between Ligustri Lucidi Fructus and its wine-steamed product[J]. 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J Nanjing Univ Tradi Chin Med (南京中医药大学学报), 2015, 31: 453-456., articleTitle=Evaluation of salt processing on pharmacokinetics of geniposidic acid in Eucommia ulmoides Oliver, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960143670019038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628612657218350, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=51, issue=null, pageStart=1336, pageEnd=1342, url=https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZCYO202313024.htm, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=14, authorNames=null, journalName=Chin Tradit Herb Drugs (中草药), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang XL, Jiang Y, Fan LL, et al. Modern research on theory of "salt-processing enhancing drug into kidney meridian" proposed by healer Jia-mo Chen from Xinan[J]. Chin Tradit Herb Drugs (中草药), 2020, 51: 1336-1342., articleTitle=Modern research on theory of "salt-processing enhancing drug into kidney meridian" proposed by healer Jia-mo Chen from Xinan, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1198960141291848423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628612657218350, awardId=81922073, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金优秀青年基金项目(81922073), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198960131972104985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628612657218350, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960131984687898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628612657218350, companyId=1198960131972104985, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960131993076511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628612657218350, companyId=1198960131972104985, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.南京中医药大学药学院, 江苏 南京 210023)]), AuthorCompany(id=1198960132160848691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628612657218350, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960132169237300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628612657218350, companyId=1198960132160848691, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. 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School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960132332815173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628612657218350, companyId=1198960132316037958, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.浙江中医药大学药学院, 浙江 杭州 310053)]), AuthorCompany(id=1198960132446061393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628612657218350, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960132458644305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628612657218350, companyId=1198960132446061393, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4. School of Chinese Medicine and Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong 030619, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960132471227219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628612657218350, companyId=1198960132446061393, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.山西中医药大学中药与食品工程学院, 山西 晋中 030619)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1198960138599104958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628612657218350, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=WcRSX1RJxFWHhKnDTxIjQA==, figureFileBig=sYyWu98S1qEoqYgkGB41JA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960138733322704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628612657218350, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= Body weights and levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (CRE) in normal rats and rats with renal fibrosis induced by adenine (<i>n</i> = 6, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$\bar{x}$</span> ± <i>s</i>). <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> control group , figureFileSmall=WcRSX1RJxFWHhKnDTxIjQA==, figureFileBig=sYyWu98S1qEoqYgkGB41JA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960138955620844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628612657218350, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=XZwEob5HKHnTh/fqpo8d9Q==, figureFileBig=8ynh3wQXU3hE5cMuxM7G/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960139081449976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628612657218350, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Histological observation of kidney in normal rats and rats with renal fibrosis induced by adenine (×200) , figureFileSmall=XZwEob5HKHnTh/fqpo8d9Q==, figureFileBig=8ynh3wQXU3hE5cMuxM7G/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960139186307587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628612657218350, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=jVSRq1UACYY+z9CQnrKjVg==, figureFileBig=NmmwXp8/5hXzK0JNyQ5qyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960139324719639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628612657218350, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Chemical structures and MS/MS scan spectra of acubin (A), geniposidic acid (B), chlorogenic acid (C), pinoresinol di-<i>O</i>-glucopyranoside (D), geniposide (E), pinoresinol 4-<i>O</i>-glucopyranoside (F), and osalmide (G) , figureFileSmall=jVSRq1UACYY+z9CQnrKjVg==, figureFileBig=NmmwXp8/5hXzK0JNyQ5qyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960139437965861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628612657218350, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=HsMOAHzIqh1TQggVj/CAqA==, figureFileBig=hu4En8ouYC+9x9d/JnD7HA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960139609932344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628612657218350, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Representative MRM chromatograms of acubin (1), geniposidic acid (2), chlorogenic acid (3), pinoresinol di-<i>O</i>-glucopyranoside (4), geniposide (5), pinoresinol 4-<i>O</i>-glucopyranoside (6), and osalmide (7) in blank plasma (A), blank plasma spiked with IS and analytes at lower limit of quantification (B), plasma sample obtained from renal fibrotic rats after oral administration of crude Eucommiae Cortex (EC) extracts (C), and plasma sample obtained from renal fibrotic rats after oral administration of salt-processed EC extracts (D) , figureFileSmall=HsMOAHzIqh1TQggVj/CAqA==, figureFileBig=hu4En8ouYC+9x9d/JnD7HA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960139752538694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628612657218350, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=F6vAoDFaP22AAYMgrdniBg==, figureFileBig=LSFzyUMibxZQm7gN060vDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960139949671002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628612657218350, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Mean plasma concentration-time curves of six constituents in renal fibrotic rats after oral administration of crude and salt-processed EC extracts (<i>n</i> = 6, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$\bar{x}$</span> ± <i>s</i>). SEC: Salt-processed Eucommiae Cortex , figureFileSmall=F6vAoDFaP22AAYMgrdniBg==, figureFileBig=LSFzyUMibxZQm7gN060vDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960140180357731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628612657218350, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compound Parent ion m/z Daughter ion m/z DP/V CE/V
Acubin 345.2 183.0 -50.56 -11.10
Geniposidic acid 373.2 123.1 -65.22 -25.33
Chlorogenic acid 353.2 191.0 -32.55 -20.32
Pinoresinol di-O-glucopyranoside 681.7 519.3 -49.77 -34.80
Geniposide 387.2 225.1 -45.41 -11.93
Pinoresinol 4-O-glucopyranoside 519.3 357.2 -54.27 -23.01
Osalmide (IS) 227.9 210.0 -60.84 -23.39
), ArticleFig(id=1198960140373295735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628612657218350, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

List of selected multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) parameters, declustering potential (DP), and collision energy (CE) for six constituents and internal standard

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compound Parent ion m/z Daughter ion m/z DP/V CE/V
Acubin 345.2 183.0 -50.56 -11.10
Geniposidic acid 373.2 123.1 -65.22 -25.33
Chlorogenic acid 353.2 191.0 -32.55 -20.32
Pinoresinol di-O-glucopyranoside 681.7 519.3 -49.77 -34.80
Geniposide 387.2 225.1 -45.41 -11.93
Pinoresinol 4-O-glucopyranoside 519.3 357.2 -54.27 -23.01
Osalmide (IS) 227.9 210.0 -60.84 -23.39
), ArticleFig(id=1198960140524290700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628612657218350, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compound Linear relation r Linear range/ng·mL-1 LLOQ/ng·mL-1
Acubin y = 7.056 96e-5x + 2.940 00e-3 0.997 8 10.316 - 5 281.578 10.316
Geniposidic acid y = 2.880 00e-3x - 2.850 00e-2 0.997 0 39.042 - 19 989.474 39.042
Chlorogenic acid y = 8.700 00e-3x + 3.551 00e-2 0.998 2 0.879 - 450.000 0.879
Pinoresinol di-O-glucopyranoside y = 5.787 19e-4x - 3.279 98e-4 0.999 2 1.819 - 931.579 1.819
Geniposide y = 7.460 81e-5x - 6.995 88e-5 0.997 5 3.300 - 1 689.474 3.300
Pinoresinol 4-O-glucopyranoside y = 1.480 00e-3x + 1.103 38e-4 0.999 6 0.814 - 104.211 0.814
), ArticleFig(id=1198960140662702745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628612657218350, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Calibration curves, linear ranges, and lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of six constituents

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compound Linear relation r Linear range/ng·mL-1 LLOQ/ng·mL-1
Acubin y = 7.056 96e-5x + 2.940 00e-3 0.997 8 10.316 - 5 281.578 10.316
Geniposidic acid y = 2.880 00e-3x - 2.850 00e-2 0.997 0 39.042 - 19 989.474 39.042
Chlorogenic acid y = 8.700 00e-3x + 3.551 00e-2 0.998 2 0.879 - 450.000 0.879
Pinoresinol di-O-glucopyranoside y = 5.787 19e-4x - 3.279 98e-4 0.999 2 1.819 - 931.579 1.819
Geniposide y = 7.460 81e-5x - 6.995 88e-5 0.997 5 3.300 - 1 689.474 3.300
Pinoresinol 4-O-glucopyranoside y = 1.480 00e-3x + 1.103 38e-4 0.999 6 0.814 - 104.211 0.814
), ArticleFig(id=1198960140780143269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628612657218350, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compound Group Cmax/ng·mL-1 AUC0-48 h/ng·h·mL-1 AUC0-∞/ng·h·mL-1 tmax/h MRT0-48 h/h t1/2/h
Acubin EC 2 590.99 ± 619.52 31 247.45 ± 6 441.76 31 401.84 ± 6 356.43 3.83 ± 1.60 10.08 ± 0.74 3.83 ± 0.52
SEC 2 664.12 ± 438.90 11 302.44 ± 1 644.79** 12 518.17 ± 3 263.22** 2.00 ± 0.00* 6.49 ± 1.74** 9.39 ± 10.98
Geniposidic acid EC 10 492.55 ± 2 811.99 181 084.10 ± 49 138.52 181 195.05 ± 49 135.13 4.33 ± 0.82 12.20 ± 0.67 4.24 ± 0.54
SEC 9 196.21 ± 1 822.55 133 875.00 ± 27 866.88 134 272.39 ± 27 803.63 3.00 ± 2.45 12.57 ± 0.75 4.88 ± 1.74
Chlorogenic acid EC 96.50 ± 26.52 107.28 ± 65.64 193.91 ± 153.12 0.17 ± 0.00 3.26 ± 1.89 4.21 ± 2.25
SEC 296.00 ± 76.01** 210.69 ± 88.67* 236.83 ± 97.42 0.17 ± 0.00 1.94 ± 0.84 3.79 ± 2.14
Pinoresinol di-O-glucopyranoside EC 428.26 ± 70.14 2 805.73 ± 621.34 3 053.36 ± 543.95 0.88 ± 0.14 8.89 ± 0.89 7.31 ± 2.87
SEC 752.28 ± 219.79** 3 924.88 ± 490.56** 4 009.29 ± 584.74* 0.50 ± 0.00** 8.57 ± 0.80 5.70 ± 2.92
Geniposide EC 449.68 ± 97.13 3 949.78 ± 1 906.99 4 892.71 ± 2 894.85 0.96 ± 0.10 8.79 ± 1.98 10.29 ± 7.21
SEC 663.84 ± 204.41* 4 600.37 ± 980.32 4 912.54 ± 979.71 0.54 ± 0.10** 8.84 ± 0.69 8.28 ± 2.59
Pinoresinol 4-O-glucopyranoside EC 21.42 ± 9.01 124.43 ± 41.77 131.32 ± 39.46 0.79 ± 0.10 13.87 ± 1.99 12.02 ± 4.97
SEC 63.14 ± 14.88** 157.04 ± 46.70 165.96 ± 48.79 0.50 ± 0.00** 9.96 ± 2.28* 12.52 ± 4.50
), ArticleFig(id=1198960140947915449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628612657218350, language=CN, label=Table 3, caption=

Pharmacokinetic parameters of analytes in renal fibrotic rats after oral administration of crude EC and SEC extracts (n = 6, $\bar{x}$ ± s). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs EC

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compound Group Cmax/ng·mL-1 AUC0-48 h/ng·h·mL-1 AUC0-∞/ng·h·mL-1 tmax/h MRT0-48 h/h t1/2/h
Acubin EC 2 590.99 ± 619.52 31 247.45 ± 6 441.76 31 401.84 ± 6 356.43 3.83 ± 1.60 10.08 ± 0.74 3.83 ± 0.52
SEC 2 664.12 ± 438.90 11 302.44 ± 1 644.79** 12 518.17 ± 3 263.22** 2.00 ± 0.00* 6.49 ± 1.74** 9.39 ± 10.98
Geniposidic acid EC 10 492.55 ± 2 811.99 181 084.10 ± 49 138.52 181 195.05 ± 49 135.13 4.33 ± 0.82 12.20 ± 0.67 4.24 ± 0.54
SEC 9 196.21 ± 1 822.55 133 875.00 ± 27 866.88 134 272.39 ± 27 803.63 3.00 ± 2.45 12.57 ± 0.75 4.88 ± 1.74
Chlorogenic acid EC 96.50 ± 26.52 107.28 ± 65.64 193.91 ± 153.12 0.17 ± 0.00 3.26 ± 1.89 4.21 ± 2.25
SEC 296.00 ± 76.01** 210.69 ± 88.67* 236.83 ± 97.42 0.17 ± 0.00 1.94 ± 0.84 3.79 ± 2.14
Pinoresinol di-O-glucopyranoside EC 428.26 ± 70.14 2 805.73 ± 621.34 3 053.36 ± 543.95 0.88 ± 0.14 8.89 ± 0.89 7.31 ± 2.87
SEC 752.28 ± 219.79** 3 924.88 ± 490.56** 4 009.29 ± 584.74* 0.50 ± 0.00** 8.57 ± 0.80 5.70 ± 2.92
Geniposide EC 449.68 ± 97.13 3 949.78 ± 1 906.99 4 892.71 ± 2 894.85 0.96 ± 0.10 8.79 ± 1.98 10.29 ± 7.21
SEC 663.84 ± 204.41* 4 600.37 ± 980.32 4 912.54 ± 979.71 0.54 ± 0.10** 8.84 ± 0.69 8.28 ± 2.59
Pinoresinol 4-O-glucopyranoside EC 21.42 ± 9.01 124.43 ± 41.77 131.32 ± 39.46 0.79 ± 0.10 13.87 ± 1.99 12.02 ± 4.97
SEC 63.14 ± 14.88** 157.04 ± 46.70 165.96 ± 48.79 0.50 ± 0.00** 9.96 ± 2.28* 12.52 ± 4.50
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杜仲盐炙前后主要活性成分在肾纤维化大鼠体内的药代动力学研究
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王梦晴 1, 2 , 蔡皓 1, 2, * , 刘鑫 1, 2 , 宋健涛 1, 2 , 曹岗 3, * , 朱慧 1, 2 , 段煜 1, 2 , 裴科 4
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(6): 1611-1618
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药学学报 |研究论文 2023 , 58 (6) : 1611 -1618
杜仲盐炙前后主要活性成分在肾纤维化大鼠体内的药代动力学研究
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王梦晴1, 2, 蔡皓1, 2, * , 刘鑫1, 2, 宋健涛1, 2, 曹岗3, * , 朱慧1, 2, 段煜1, 2, 裴科4
作者信息
  • 1.南京中医药大学药学院, 江苏 南京 210023
  • 2.南京中医药大学国家教育部中药炮制规范化及标准化工程研究中心, 江苏 南京 210023
  • 3.浙江中医药大学药学院, 浙江 杭州 310053
  • 4.山西中医药大学中药与食品工程学院, 山西 晋中 030619
通讯作者:
*蔡皓, Tel: 86-25-86798281, E-mail: ;
曹岗, E-mail:
Pharmacokinetic investigation of principal active constituents in renal fibrotic rats after oral administration of crude and salt-processed eucommiae cortex extracts
Meng-qing WANG1, 2, Hao CAI1, 2, * , Xin LIU1, 2, Jian-tao SONG1, 2, Gang CAO3, * , Hui ZHU1, 2, Yu DUAN1, 2, Ke PEI4
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
  • 2. Engineering Center of State Ministry of Education for Standardization of Chinese Medicine Processing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
  • 3. School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
  • 4. School of Chinese Medicine and Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong 030619, China
出版时间: 2023-06-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1231
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建立杜仲生、盐炙品提取物中6种主要活性成分(桃叶珊瑚苷、绿原酸、京尼平苷酸、松脂醇二葡萄糖苷、京尼平苷和松脂醇单葡萄糖苷) 在腺嘌呤致肾纤维化模型大鼠血浆中的定量分析方法, 并对比研究其体内药代动力学行为。应用UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS技术, 采用负离子模式进行扫描, 以MRM配对离子方式进行定量, 同时对其专属性、线性范围、准确度、精密度、稳定性、提取回收率及基质效应进行考察, 方法学考察结果均符合生物样本的分析要求。成功建立了一种可同时测定杜仲生、盐炙品提取物中6种活性成分在大鼠血浆中快速、灵敏、准确的定量分析方法, 并对肾纤维化大鼠单次给予杜仲生、盐炙品提取物后不同时间点各成分的血药浓度进行检测, 计算各成分的药代动力学参数并构建药-时曲线。本实验获得南京中医药大学实验动物伦理委员会批准(批准号: 202103A008)。结果表明, 与杜仲生品组相比, 杜仲盐炙品组大鼠血浆中桃叶珊瑚苷、松脂醇二葡萄糖苷、京尼平苷和松脂醇单葡萄糖苷等化合物的tmax值均显著小于生品组(P < 0.05, P < 0.01); 绿原酸的Cmax、AUC0-48 h, 松脂醇二葡萄糖苷的Cmax、AUC0-48 h和AUC0-∞, 京尼平苷以及松脂醇单葡萄糖苷的Cmax均显著高于生品组(P < 0.05, P < 0.01)。研究发现, 相较于杜仲生品, 多种活性成分在杜仲盐炙品的给药环境下可发挥速效作用, 有更高的血药浓度峰值与生物利用度, 进一步验证了“入盐走肾脏”的中医理论, 为杜仲生品及其盐炙品质控指标的选择、炮制机制的阐明和体内代谢规律的深入研究提供了实验参考依据。

杜仲  /  盐炙  /  肾纤维化  /  药代动力学  /  UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS

A quantitative analysis method for six principal active constituents (acubin, geniposidic acid, chlorogenic acid, pinoresinol di-O-glucopyranoside, geniposide, and pinoresinol 4-O-glucopyranoside) of crude Eucommiae Cortex (EC) and its salt-processed product extracts was developed to investigate and compare their pharmacokinetic behaviors in adenine-induced renal fibrotic rats in vivo. UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS technology was employed. Scan was conducted in negative ion mode and quantitative determination was carried out by MRM paired ion. The established method was fully validated by specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, stability, recovery, and matrix effect, and the results of methodological investigation met the requirements of biological sample analysis. Then, a quick, sensitive, and accurate method was successfully established, which could simultaneously measure the contents of six active constituents of crude and salt-processed EC extracts in rat plasma. After a single administration to renal fibrotic rats of crude EC and its salt-processed product extracts, the plasma concentration of each constituent at different time points was measured, the pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated and the concentration time curves were structured. The experiment was approved by the experimental animal ethics committee from Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine (No. 202103A008). The results showed that compared to the crude Eucommiae Cortex group, the tmax of aucubin, pinoresinol di-O-glucopyranoside, geniposide, and pinoresinol 4-O-glucopyranoside in the salt-processed Eucommiae Cortex group rat plasma were significantly lower than those in the crude group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01); the Cmax and AUC0-48 h of chlorogenic acid, the Cmax, AUC0-48 h and AUC0-∞ of pinoresinol di-O-glucopyranoside, and the Cmax of geniposide and pinoresinol 4-O-glucopyranoside were significantly higher than those in the crude group (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Our investigation found that compared to crude Eucommiae Cortex, a variety of active ingredients could play a role of quick effect with higher peak blood concentration and bioavailability after oral administration of salt-processed Eucommiae Cortex, which were consistent with the traditional Chinese medicine theory of "salt-processing enhancing drug into kidney meridian", providing an experimental basis for the selection of quality control indexes and the in-depth study of processing mechanisms and metabolic rules in vivo of Eucommiae Cortex and its salt-processed product.

Eucommiae Cortex  /  salt-processing  /  renal fibrosis  /  pharmacokinetics  /  UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS
王梦晴, 蔡皓, 刘鑫, 宋健涛, 曹岗, 朱慧, 段煜, 裴科. 杜仲盐炙前后主要活性成分在肾纤维化大鼠体内的药代动力学研究. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (6) : 1611 -1618 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1231
Meng-qing WANG, Hao CAI, Xin LIU, Jian-tao SONG, Gang CAO, Hui ZHU, Yu DUAN, Ke PEI. Pharmacokinetic investigation of principal active constituents in renal fibrotic rats after oral administration of crude and salt-processed eucommiae cortex extracts[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (6) : 1611 -1618 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1231
杜仲为杜仲科植物杜仲(Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.) 的干燥树皮, 具有补肝肾, 强筋骨和安胎之功。主要用于肝肾不足, 腰膝酸痛, 筋骨无力, 头晕目眩, 妊娠漏血和胎动不安等症的治疗, 临床常用其盐炙品以增强药效[1]。现阶段对杜仲的研究认为, 木脂素类、环烯醚萜类和苯丙素类成分是杜仲的主要入血成分与药效物质基础, 具有良好的抗肾纤维化作用[2-9]。药物进入机体后, 只有具有适宜的血药浓度才能发挥作用, 药物的体内行为决定了其临床疗效, 而目前仅见零散和为数不多的文献[10, 11]报道了杜仲主要化学成分的体内变化过程, 更缺乏对杜仲生品与盐炙品提取物在疾病模型下整体给药后其主要活性成分的体内药代动力学差异性研究。
前期研究表明, 杜仲在盐炙过程中化学成分发生转化, 木脂素类成分在加热和食盐的共同作用下发生糖苷键的水解, 致使盐炙后松脂醇二葡萄糖苷的含量下降, 而松脂醇单葡萄糖苷的含量上升; 环烯醚萜类成分(京尼平苷酸、京尼平苷和桃叶珊瑚苷) 和苯丙素类成分(绿原酸) 在加热和食盐的共同作用下化学结构发生裂解, 盐炙后含量降低[12]。因此, 为进一步探究杜仲生品及其盐炙品中主要活性成分在肾纤维化模型大鼠体内的代谢特征, 本研究建立了一种灵敏的UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS方法, 可用于同时测定单次灌胃给药后不同时间点大鼠血浆中3类(环烯醚萜类、木脂素类和苯丙素类) 成分共计6种活性化合物的血药浓度, 比较研究各成分盐炙前后的药代动力学特征, 为阐明杜仲生品及其盐炙品的药效物质基础, 进一步探究其炮制机制, 并制定杜仲生、盐炙品适宜的质量控制标准提供有价值的参考依据。
仪器  30A超高效液相色谱仪(日本Shimadzu公司, 配备有LC-30A四元液相泵, SIL-30AC自动进样器, CTO-20A柱温箱和DGU-20A5R在线脱气机); Triple Quad 5500质谱仪(美国AB Sciex公司, ESI离子源); Milli-Q超纯水仪(美国Millipore公司); Genespeed 1736R冷冻离心机(上海基因生物技术国际贸易有限公司); AG-285型十万分之一天平(瑞士Mettler Toledo公司); Multi Reax全能型涡旋振荡器(德国Heidolph公司); QE-500高速粉碎机(浙江屹立工贸有限公司); 红外测温枪(南宁华谊电子集团有限公司)。
药物及试剂  杜仲购自铜陵禾田中药饮片股份有限公司(批号: 20210910), 经南京中医药大学中药鉴定教研室陈建伟教授鉴定为杜仲科植物杜仲Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.的干燥树皮。桃叶珊瑚苷(批号: 190109)、京尼平苷酸(批号: 190304)、京尼平苷(批号: 190322)、绿原酸(批号: 190310)、松脂醇二葡萄糖苷(批号: 190512) 和松脂醇单葡萄糖苷(批号: 190810) 等均购自成都植标化纯生物技术有限公司(纯度: HPLC ≥ 98%); 柳胺酚(批号: 200321) 购自上海源叶生物科技有限公司(纯度: HPLC ≥ 98%); 甲醇(LC-MS级) 与乙腈(LC-MS级) 均购自德国Merck公司; 甲酸(UPLC级) 购自美国Anaqua化学公司; 乙醇(分析纯) 与羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na, 化学纯) 均购自国药集团化学试剂有限公司; 肝素钠购自上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司; 腺嘌呤购自源叶生物科技有限公司(高纯, 98%); 纯精岩盐购自中盐上海市盐业有限公司; 肌酐、尿素氮检测试剂盒均购自南京建成生物工程研究所。
实验动物  健康SD (Sprague-Dawley) 雄性大鼠(200 ± 20 g, SPF级), 由杭州医学院提供, 许可证号: SCXK (浙) 2019-0002。本实验中的所有实验动物均饲养于南京中医药大学动物实验中心, 饲养条件: 恒温(22 ± 2) ℃, 恒湿(50 ± 10) %, 12 h/12 h明暗交替, 自由饮水摄食。整个实验研究过程严格遵守动物实验的各项伦理规定, 并获得南京中医药大学实验动物伦理委员会批准(批准号: 202103A008)。
肾纤维化大鼠模型的建立  18只SD大鼠适应性饲养一周后, 随机分为空白对照组(n = 6) 与模型组(n = 12), 每日9:00 am模型组大鼠灌服0.5% CMC-Na腺嘌呤混悬液(150 mg·kg-1) 进行模型的建立, 空白对照组大鼠灌服相同剂量的0.5% CMC-Na溶液, 造模过程持续4周。于实验第28天随机选取空白对照组大鼠与模型组大鼠各6只, 经眼底静脉丛取血约0.3 mL, 室温静置30 min后于4 ℃低温离心10 min (离心机转速为4 000 r·min-1), 随后取上层血清检测大鼠血清肌酐与尿素氮含量, 确证肾纤维化大鼠模型成功建立, 随后将模型组大鼠随机分为杜仲生品组与杜仲盐炙品组(n = 6)。
杜仲生、盐炙品提取物的制备  采用《中华人民共和国药典》2020年版(四部) 炮制规范所述方法制备盐杜仲饮片: 精密称取食盐2 g, 加适量超纯水溶解, 滤过, 备用。称取生杜仲饮片100 g, 喷洒食盐水溶液, 闷透, 置炒制容器内, 以中火150~180 ℃炒制(红外测温枪监测), 至杜仲断丝, 外表焦黑色内表面褐色, 折断时胶丝弹性较差时取出, 晾凉, 即得。
取生、盐杜仲饮片, 粉碎过筛(10目), 精密称定, 加入10倍量70%乙醇浸泡30 min, 加热回流提取1.5 h, 四层纱布滤过, 滤液回收乙醇后药液备用; 残渣加入10倍量纯水再次回流提取1.5 h, 四层纱布滤过, 滤液与上述回收乙醇后的溶液合并, 60 ℃减压浓缩, 冷冻干燥, 所得冻干粉于-20 ℃保存, 用时以0.5%羧甲基纤维素钠(0.5% CMC-Na) 溶液混悬, 制成0.4 g·mL-1 (生药量计) 的杜仲生、盐炙品提取物混悬液。
含药血浆的制备  模型组大鼠实验前12 h禁食不禁水, 给药前取自身空白血浆作为对照, 随后灌胃给予杜仲生、盐炙品提取物4 g·kg-1 (生药量计, 根据杜仲临床最大给药剂量为10 g与人-大鼠剂量转换公式, 以4倍临床等效剂量确立大鼠给药量), 给药后0.033、0.083、0.167、0.25、0.50、0.75、1、1.5、2、4、6、8、12、24、36和48 h经眼底静脉丛取血0.3 mL于预先涂有肝素钠的1.5 mL离心管中, 3 000 r·min-1离心10 min, 取上清, -80 ℃保存待测。
对照品储备液与内标溶液的配制  分别精密称取适量桃叶珊瑚苷、京尼平苷酸、绿原酸、松脂醇二葡萄糖苷、京尼平苷、松脂醇单葡萄糖苷及柳胺酚(IS) 对照品粉末, 加适量甲醇稀释溶解后定容, 配制成各成分的储备液, 其浓度分别为1.115、1.055、1.140、1.180、1.070、1.056及1.011 mg·mL-1。将各待分析物的对照品储备液混合并用甲醇逐级稀释, 得到不同浓度的混合标准品系列溶液, 内标储备液用甲醇稀释至500 ng·mL-1待用。
血浆样品的预处理  取100 μL血浆样品, 加入10 μL柳胺酚内标工作液(IS, 500 ng·mL-1) 与300 μL甲醇, 涡旋混匀2 min, 13 000 r·min-1离心5 min, 吸取上清液再次以13 000 r·min-1离心5 min, 取上清液用于UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS的检测与分析。
校正标样与质控样品的制备  取100 μL血浆样品, 加入10 μL不同浓度的混合标准品系列溶液与10 μL柳胺酚内标工作液(IS, 500 ng·mL-1), 再加入290 μL甲醇, 按“血浆样品的预处理”项下方法制备得到校正标样和质控(quality control, QC) 样品。各待测成分低、中、高浓度的QC样品浓度分别为: 桃叶珊瑚苷(20.631、1 320.395和4 225.263 ng·mL-1)、京尼平苷酸(78.084、4 997.368和15 991.579 ng·mL-1)、绿原酸(1.758、112.500和360.000 ng·mL-1)、松脂醇二葡萄糖苷(3.639、232.895和745.263 ng·mL-1)、京尼平苷(6.600、422.368和1 351.579 ng·mL-1)、松脂醇单葡萄糖苷(1.628、26.053和83.368 ng·mL-1)。所有校正标样和QC样品均置于4 ℃冰箱内避光保存。
液相条件  Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18色谱柱(2.1 mm × 100 mm, 1.7 μm); 柱温: 35 ℃; 流动相: 0.1%甲酸水溶液(A)-乙腈(B); 流速: 0.3 mL·min-1; 进样量: 1 μL; 优化后的梯度洗脱程序: 0.01~3 min, 5%~35% B; 3~5 min, 35%~95% B; 5~5.5 min, 95% B。
质谱条件  采用负电离质谱法测定6种成分的理化性质, 质谱扫描方式为多反应检测模式(multiple reaction monitoring, MRM)。离子源类型: 电喷雾; 离子源温度: 550 ℃; 离子喷雾电压: -4 500 V; 雾化气(Gas1): 55 psi (1 psi ≈ 6.9 kPa); 辅助加热气(Gas2): 55 psi; 气帘气: 35 psi; 氮气作为喷雾辅助气体。6种待测成分与内标的质谱扫描参数见表 1
专属性  通过比较空白血样、定量下限处校正标样和含药血样的质谱图, 排除潜在的相同MRM通道的内源性物质的干扰, 考察分析方法的特异性。当干扰组分的响应低于分析物定量下限响应值的20%, 并低于内标响应值的5%时, 通常即可以接受。
标准曲线与定量下限  通过分析各待测成分与内标响应值的比值(y) 和待测成分浓度(x) 的关系, 采用加权(1/x2) 最小二乘线性回归拟合得到标准曲线的回归方程。定量下限由校准曲线的最低浓度确定(信噪比大于10)。
准确度与精密度  通过在一天和连续三天之内检测各待测成分的QC样品(低、中、高浓度) 及定量下限处的校正标样来考察方法的准确度和精密度, 每个浓度进行6次重复分析并记录待测成分与内标的峰面积。精密度由相对标准偏差(RSD%) 决定, 准确度由相对误差(RE%) 决定。且规定QC样品的日内和日间精密度与准确度应在± 15%以内, 定量下限处校正标样应在± 20%以内。
提取回收率与基质效应  分别考察各待测成分的QC样品(低、中、高浓度) 及内标化合物的提取回收率和基质效应, 每个浓度平行6份, 二者的RSD%均应不大于15%。
$ 提取回收率 = A / B × 100\%$
式1中, A代表QC样品(低、中、高浓度) 中各待测成分和内标的峰面积, B代表空白基质提取后加入各待测成分和内标的峰面积。
$ 基质效应 = B / C × 100\% $
式2中, B代表空白基质提取后加入各待测成分和内标的峰面积, C代表流动相中溶解各待测成分和内标的峰面积。
稳定性通过对QC样品(低、中、高浓度) 在不同条件下进行检测分析, 考察分析物在血浆中的稳定性: 短期稳定性(室温下放置24 h), 长期稳定性(-80 ℃下冷冻一个月), 冻融循环稳定性(三次冻融循环, 每次于-20 ℃中冻存12 h后于室温放置4 h), 自动进样器稳定性(在自动进样器中4 ℃储存12 h)。每个浓度平行6份, 根据当日随行校正标准曲线计算实际浓度, 要求RSD%在15%以内。
数据分析  通过随行校正标准曲线计算大鼠血浆中的药物浓度, 采用GraphPad Prism 8.0软件进行血药浓度-时间曲线的绘制, 并使用DAS 3.3软件计算6种待测成分在非房室模型下的药代动力学参数: 血药浓度-时间下面积(AUC0-48 h和AUC0-∞)、体内滞留时间(MRT0-48 h)、消除半衰期(t1/2)、达峰时间(tmax)、峰浓度(Cmax)。所得数据均采用独立样本t检验及单因素方差进行统计学分析(GraphPad Prism 8.0), P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义, P < 0.01为有极显著性差异。所有数据均以均数±标准差($\bar{x}$ ± s) 表示。
模型建立过程中, 空白对照组大鼠体重持续增长, 体型较大, 毛发光泽, 活泼好动; 而模型组大鼠体重增长缓慢, 体型瘦小, 精神萎靡, 畏冷蜷缩, 毛发黯淡。造模第28天时, 模型组大鼠血清肌酐与尿素氮含量均显著高于空白对照组(P < 0.01), 提示肾脏受损, 肾功能出现异常, 肾纤维化模型建立成功(图 1)。
采用H&E和Masson染色(图 2) 观察检测肾脏组织病理学变化: 空白对照组大鼠肾脏组织未见病理学改变与异常, 肾小管结构正常、上皮细胞完整, 肾小球结构清晰; 而模型组大鼠肾脏组织出现明显的病理改变, 表现为肾小管结构丧失、扩张形成大量空泡、上皮细胞坏死, 且沉积大量棕褐色腺嘌呤结晶, 肾小球收缩甚至萎缩, 肾间质有大量炎性细胞浸润和纤维组织(蓝色染色) 增生。
各待测成分与内标化合物的化学结构式及质谱图见图 3
分析物和内标物在保留时间上均无内源性物质的干扰, 方法具有良好的专属性。空白血样、定量下限处的校正标样和灌胃给药杜仲生、盐炙品提取物后, 肾纤维化大鼠含药血样的代表性UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS MRM色谱图如图 4所示。
通过分析6种待测成分在6种浓度水平下的校正标样得到校准曲线, 各成分线性范围内线性度良好(表 2)。
结果表明, 该方法的日内精密度RSD值在2.51%~11.45%之间, 准确度RE值在1.45%~10.47%之间; 日间精密度RSD值在1.67%~11.37%之间, 准确度RE值在2.46%~11.67%之间, 均在标准范围之内, 符合有关生物样品分析方法的要求。
各待测成分(低、中、高浓度) 及内标化合物的提取回收率介于83.02%~95.01%, 基质效应介于88.37%~106.24%, 其RSD值均在11.56%以内, 符合生物样品分析方法的要求, 可用于定量检测。
6种待测成分(低、中、高浓度) 在不同储存条件下稳定性良好, RSD值在12.93%以内, RE值在± 11.67%以内。由于生物样本的基质具有易变性, 应避免反复冻融与保存较长时间, 以免影响实验结果。
腺嘌呤致肾纤维化模型大鼠灌胃杜仲生、盐炙品提取物后体内6种成分的平均血药浓度-时间曲线图见图 5, 其药代动力学参数(Cmax、AUC0-48 h、AUC0-∞tmax、MRT0-48 ht1/2) 见表 3。通过比较各参数, 发现杜仲盐炙品组中桃叶珊瑚苷、松脂醇二葡萄糖苷、京尼平苷和松脂醇单葡萄糖苷等化合物的tmax值均小于杜仲生品组(P < 0.05, P < 0.01), 说明相较于生杜仲, 盐杜仲中以上成分在进入肾纤维化大鼠体内后可发挥速效作用, 能较快地到达血药浓度峰值。此外, 杜仲盐炙品组中绿原酸的Cmax、AUC0-48 h, 松脂醇二葡萄糖苷的Cmax、AUC0-48 h和AUC0-∞, 京尼平苷以及松脂醇单葡萄糖苷的Cmax均显著高于杜仲生品组(P < 0.05, P < 0.01), 表明相较于生杜仲, 盐杜仲中以上成分在肾纤维化大鼠体内有更高的血药浓度峰值与生物利用度。与之相反, 杜仲盐炙品组中桃叶珊瑚苷的AUC0-48 h、AUC0-∞和MRT0-48 h等均显著低于杜仲生品组(P < 0.05, P < 0.01), 表明盐杜仲中桃叶珊瑚苷在肾纤维化大鼠体内的暴露水平与生物利用度更低。
通过分析松脂醇二葡萄糖苷与松脂醇单葡萄糖苷两种木脂素类化合物的药时曲线发现, 二者具有相似的吸收和分布现象, 推测可能是由于二者在化学结构上存在一定的相似性, 具有相同的苷元, 只是连接葡萄糖的糖苷键数目不同[13]
通过比较正、负离子模式下各待测成分的质谱强度, 发现负离子模式下各成分的响应值显著高于正离子, 因此选择在负离子模式下进行检测。为确保生物样本中化学成分含量测定的准确性, 考察了每个单体成分的最佳质谱条件, 确定了每个成分的离子对、电离电压和碰撞能量以实现质谱中各成分的完全电离和裂解。为了改善峰形和提高灵敏度, 对流动相的种类和洗脱梯度等色谱条件进行了优化, 通过考察乙腈-水和甲醇-水流动相体系, 发现乙腈具有更高的分辨能力、更好的峰形和更低的背景噪声, 又加入0.1%甲酸水溶液后发现可明显提高几种分析物的信号强度。通过考察生物样品的处理方法, 发现甲醇蛋白沉淀法的提取回收率均在80%以上, 表明此法可基本消除样品基质的干扰。
本实验成功建立了一种同时测定肾纤维化模型大鼠血浆中桃叶珊瑚苷、京尼平苷酸、绿原酸、松脂醇二葡萄糖苷、京尼平苷和松脂醇单葡萄糖苷等6种活性成分的UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS方法, 所建立的分析方法具有快速、灵敏、准确等特点, 并成功应用于6种活性成分在肾纤维化模型大鼠中的血药浓度动态分布规律的对比研究。研究结果表明, 杜仲盐炙品组中桃叶珊瑚苷、松脂醇二葡萄糖苷、京尼平苷和松脂醇单葡萄糖苷等化合物的tmax值均小于杜仲生品组(P < 0.05, P < 0.01), 说明以上成分在盐杜仲给药环境下可能起效更快, 可以发挥速效的作用。此外, 杜仲盐炙品组中绿原酸的Cmax、AUC0-48 h, 松脂醇二葡萄糖苷的Cmax、AUC0-48 h和AUC0-∞, 京尼平苷以及松脂醇单葡萄糖苷的Cmax均显著高于杜仲生品组(P < 0.05, P < 0.01), 表明在盐杜仲给药环境下, 以上成分的血药浓度峰值、暴露水平与生物利用度更高, 该现象为首次报道, 也为中医临床上主要以盐杜仲入药以及“入盐走肾脏”传统中医理论的科学性提供了参考依据[14]
现代药理学研究中具有良好的抗肾纤维化和肾保护作用的木脂素类成分(松脂醇二葡萄糖苷、松脂醇单葡萄糖苷)、环烯醚萜类成分(京尼平苷酸、京尼平苷、桃叶珊瑚苷) 和苯丙素类成分(绿原酸) 在杜仲生、盐炙品给药后的AUC0-48 h均较高, 说明其吸收入血的程度较好, 提示可能是杜仲发挥抗肾纤维化作用的直接药效物质基础。但杜仲生、盐炙品给药后各成分tmaxCmax和AUC值存在显著差异, 其原因可能是多方面的: 一方面, 杜仲生、盐炙品提取物中各成分的含量本身是不一致的, 经盐炙后成分之间的相互作用可能也会影响化合物的吸收与利用; 另一方面, 由于盐(如NaCl) 等外界因素的介入, 可能也会对化合物的吸收利用造成影响[15], 具体原因尚需进一步深入研究。
作者贡献: 蔡皓负责整体设计、实验指导及文章修改; 曹岗负责项目管理和实验指导; 王梦晴负责设计、实验操作、数据处理及文章撰写; 刘鑫、宋健涛协助完成动物实验; 朱慧、段煜、裴科协助指导实验。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金优秀青年基金项目(81922073)
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2023年第58卷第6期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1231
  • 接收时间:2022-11-16
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-06-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-11-16
  • 修回日期:2023-02-02
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国家自然科学基金优秀青年基金项目(81922073)
作者信息
    1.南京中医药大学药学院, 江苏 南京 210023
    2.南京中医药大学国家教育部中药炮制规范化及标准化工程研究中心, 江苏 南京 210023
    3.浙江中医药大学药学院, 浙江 杭州 310053
    4.山西中医药大学中药与食品工程学院, 山西 晋中 030619

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曹岗, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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