Article(id=1198628609574400304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628599835227075, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0046, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1673712000000, receivedDateStr=2023-01-15, revisedDate=1675612800000, revisedDateStr=2023-02-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763704929965, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1686499200000, pubDateStr=2023-06-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763704929965, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763704929965, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763704929965, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198628599835227075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='6', pageStart='0', pageEnd='1724', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1686499200000', pubDateStr='2023-06-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763704927643, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1766137690373, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208832346359468483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628599835227075, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208832346359468484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628599835227075, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1586, endPage=1595, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198628609972859207, articleId=1198628609574400304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Comparative study on pathological characteristics of four different antigen-induced rheumatoid arthritis mouse models, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease driven by antigens and mediated by T cells. Collagen II (CII) and fibrinogen (Fib) are the two main antigens in the pathogenesis of RA. The antigen produced after citrulline modification (Cit) is also one of the inducements to induce the body to produce a pathogenic anti-citrulline protein antibody (ACPA). To provide a reference for RA-related research, this study intends to establish an RA animal model by using CII, Cit-CII, Fib, and Cit-Fib antigens, emulsification with complete Freund's adjuvant and immunization with DBA/1 mice, respectively, to compare the pathological characteristics of RA models induced by different antigens from the aspects of pathology, imaging and serum biochemistry. Animal welfare and experimental process are in accordance with the regulations of the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of the China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences. The results showed that the CII, Cit-CII, and Cit-Fib induced mice all had symptoms such as joint redness and swelling, and toe deformation and the clinical score and incidence rate were higher than those of the normal group. The CII group had the most serious lesions, with a incidence rate of 100%, and the Cit-CII and Cit-Fib groups had mild symptoms, with a incidence rate of 25% and 37.5%, respectively; pathological and imaging examination results showed that the joints of mice in CII-induced group showed severe synovial inflammation, cartilage and bone destruction, while those in Cit-CII and Cit-Fib group showed only slight inflammatory infiltration, joint cavity stenosis and bone destruction; the results of serum antibody detection showed that CII, Cit-CII and Cit-Fib groups all produced high levels of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibodies, among which, Cit-Fib group > Cit-CII group > CII group > Fib group, and both Cit-CII and Cit-Fib groups produced high levels of citrullinated epitope-specific antibodies, while the total IgG level was the highest in CII group; serum ELISA and RT-PCR analysis of joint tissue showed that the expression of pro-inflammatory factors and bone destruction-related molecules increased most significantly in the CII-induced group, followed by Cit-Fib and Cit-CII. The above results showed that among the four different antigens, the symptoms and conditions of arthritis in RA mice induced by CII were the most serious, and IgG instead of anti-CCP antibody was its typical immunological feature, and CII could be the first choice for the model of RA mice; Cit-Fib has certain immunogenicity, can partially induce the symptoms and conditions of RA arthritis in mice, and produce high-level anti-CCP antibody and anti-Cit-Fib antibody, which is more suitable for the study of citrulline-related RA; although Cit-CII has certain immunogenicity, the incidence, and severity of RA arthritis induced by Cit-CII in mice are low.

, authors=null, authorsList=Chao YANG, Zhi-xing HU, Shuang-rong GAO, Ze-ran YAN, Luo-chang-ting FANG, Xiao-xiao WANG, Qun LI, Qing-wen TAO, Chun-fang LIU, Na LIN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chun-fang LIU, Na LIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198628612434915838, articleId=1198628609574400304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=四种不同抗原诱导的类风湿关节炎小鼠模型的病变特点比较研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

类风湿关节炎(RA) 是一种由抗原驱动和T细胞介导的自身免疫性疾病。二型胶原(CII) 和纤维蛋白原(Fib) 是RA发病进程中的两种主要抗原, 其瓜氨酸化修饰(Cit) 后产生的抗原也是诱导机体产生致病性抗瓜氨酸化蛋白抗体(ACPA) 的诱因之一。为了给RA相关研究提供参考, 本研究拟通过CII、Cit-CII、Fib和Cit-Fib 4种抗原分别与完全弗氏佐剂乳化, 免疫DBA/1小鼠建立RA动物模型, 从病理、影像和血清生化等方面对不同抗原所诱导模型的病变特点进行比较, 动物福利和实验过程均遵循中国中医科学院实验动物伦理委员会的规定。结果显示, CII、Cit-CII和Cit-Fib诱导组小鼠均出现关节红肿、足趾变形等症状, 临床积分和发病率均较正常组升高, 其中CII组病变最严重, 发病率达100%, Cit-CII和Cit-Fib组症状较轻, 发病率分别为25%和37.5%; 病理学和影像学检测结果发现CII诱导组小鼠关节出现严重的滑膜炎症、软骨和骨破坏, Cit-CII和Cit-Fib组仅出现轻微的炎症浸润、关节腔狭窄和骨破坏; 血清抗体检测结果显示, CII、Cit-CII和Cit-Fib组均产生较高水平的抗环瓜氨酸肽(CCP) 抗体, 其中Cit-Fib组 > Cit-CII组 > CII组 > Fib组, 且Cit-CII和Cit-Fib组均产生高水平的瓜氨酸化表位特异性抗体, 而总IgG水平则是CII组最高; 血清ELISA和关节组织RT-PCR分析显示, CII诱导组的促炎因子和骨破坏相关分子表达量升高最明显, 其次为Cit-Fib、Cit-CII。上述结果表明, 4种不同抗原中, 由CII诱导的RA小鼠关节炎症状和病情最严重, IgG而非抗CCP抗体是其典型的免疫学特征, CII可作为RA小鼠造模首选; Cit-Fib具有一定的免疫原性, 能部分诱导小鼠出现RA关节炎症状和病情, 产生高水平抗CCP抗体和抗Cit-Fib抗体, 较适合用于与瓜氨酸化相关的RA研究中; Cit-CII虽有一定的免疫原性, 但其诱导的小鼠RA关节炎发生率和病情严重度较低。

, authors=null, authorsList=杨超, 胡智星, 高双荣, 鄢泽然, 方罗昌婷, 王潇潇, 李群, 陶庆文, 刘春芳, 林娜, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘春芳, 林娜, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*刘春芳, E-mail: ;
林娜, Tel: 86-10-64014411-2869, E-mail:
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Mod Rheumatol, 2006, 16: 276-281., articleTitle=Autoimmunity to citrullinated type Ⅱ collagen in rheumatoid arthritis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960155627975022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628609574400304, doi=10.1016/j.reuma.2018.11.006, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=16, issue=null, pageStart=455, pageEnd=461, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=15, authorNames=null, journalName=Reumatol Clin, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Martínez Téllez G, Torres Rives B, Gómez Morejón JA, et al. Diagnostic value of anti-fibrinogen citrullinated peptide in rheumatoid arthritis[J]. Reumatol Clin, 2020, 16: 455-461., articleTitle=Diagnostic value of anti-fibrinogen citrullinated peptide in rheumatoid arthritis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960155690889585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628609574400304, doi=10.1152/physrev.00012.2019, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=101, issue=null, pageStart=797, pageEnd=855, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=16, authorNames=null, journalName=Physiol Rev, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Clézardin P, Coleman R, Puppo M, et al. Bone metastasis: mechanisms, therapies, and biomarkers[J]. Physiol Rev, 2021, 101: 797-855., articleTitle=Bone metastasis: mechanisms, therapies, and biomarkers, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960155766387058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628609574400304, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=63, issue=null, pageStart=53, pageEnd=62, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=17, authorNames=null, journalName=Arthritis Rheum, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Sokolove J, Zhao X, Chandra PE, et al. Immune complexes containing citrullinated fibrinogen co-stimulate macrophages via Toll-like receptor 4 and Fcγ receptor[J]. Arthritis Rheum, 2011, 63: 53-62., articleTitle=Immune complexes containing citrullinated fibrinogen co-stimulate macrophages via Toll-like receptor 4 and Fcγ receptor, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960155833495924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628609574400304, doi=10.3389/fimmu.2019.01483, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=10, issue=null, pageStart=1483, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=18, authorNames=null, journalName=Front Immunol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Steffen U, Schett G, Bozec A. How autoantibodies regulate osteoclast induced bone loss in rheumatoid arthritis[J]. Front Immunol, 2019, 10: 1483., articleTitle=How autoantibodies regulate osteoclast induced bone loss in rheumatoid arthritis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960155925770615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628609574400304, doi=10.1002/eji.200526000, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2005, volume=35, issue=null, pageStart=1643, pageEnd=1652, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=19, authorNames=null, journalName=Eur J Immunol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Burkhardt H, Sehnert B, Bockermann R, et al. Humoral immune response to citrullinated collagen type Ⅱ determinants in early rheumatoid arthritis[J]. Eur J Immunol, 2005, 35: 1643-1652., articleTitle=Humoral immune response to citrullinated collagen type Ⅱ determinants in early rheumatoid arthritis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960156005462391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628609574400304, doi=10.1002/art.23049, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=58, issue=null, pageStart=184, pageEnd=196, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=20, authorNames=null, journalName=Arthritis Rheum, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Nandakumar KS, Bajtner E, Hill L, et al. Arthritogenic antibodies specific for a major type Ⅱ collagen triple-helical epitope bind and destabilize cartilage independent of inflammation[J]. Arthritis Rheum, 2008, 58: 184-196., articleTitle=Arthritogenic antibodies specific for a major type Ⅱ collagen triple-helical epitope bind and destabilize cartilage independent of inflammation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960156106125690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628609574400304, doi=10.1002/art.1780391015, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1996, volume=39, issue=null, pageStart=1720, pageEnd=1727, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=21, authorNames=null, journalName=Arthritis Rheum, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cook AD, Rowley MJ, Mackay IR, et al. Antibodies to type Ⅱ collagen in early rheumatoid arthritis. Correlation with disease progression[J]. Arthritis Rheum, 1996, 39: 1720-1727., articleTitle=Antibodies to type Ⅱ collagen in early rheumatoid arthritis. Correlation with disease progression, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960156181623161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628609574400304, doi=10.1186/ar132, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2000, volume=2, issue=null, pageStart=504, pageEnd=512, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=22, authorNames=null, journalName=Arthritis Res, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Salvi R, Péclat V, So A, et al. Enhanced expression of genes involved in coagulation and fibrinolysis in murine arthritis[J]. Arthritis Res, 2000, 2: 504-512., articleTitle=Enhanced expression of genes involved in coagulation and fibrinolysis in murine arthritis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960156265509244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628609574400304, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=16, issue=null, pageStart=247, pageEnd=250, url=https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-FSBZ200708013.htm, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=23, authorNames=null, journalName=Chin J Rheumatol (中华风湿病学杂志), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xia T, Zhao DB, Luo PF, et al. Relationship between levels of FDP, D-dimer and disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis[J]. Chin J Rheumatol (中华风湿病学杂志), 2012, 16: 247-250., articleTitle=Relationship between levels of FDP, D-dimer and disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960156328423807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628609574400304, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=114, issue=null, pageStart=E10169, pageEnd=E10177, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=24, authorNames=null, journalName=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Arnoux F, Mariot C, Peen E, et al. Peptidyl arginine deiminase immunization induces anticitrullinated protein antibodies in mice with particular MHC types[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2017, 114: E10169-E10177., articleTitle=Peptidyl arginine deiminase immunization induces anticitrullinated protein antibodies in mice with particular MHC types, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960156412309890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628609574400304, doi=10.1002/art.24622, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=60, issue=null, pageStart=1923, pageEnd=1931, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=25, authorNames=null, journalName=Arthritis Rheum, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Trouw LA, Haisma EM, Levarht EW, et al. Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies from rheumatoid arthritis patients activate complement via both the classical and alternative pathways[J]. Arthritis Rheum, 2009, 60: 1923-1931., articleTitle=Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies from rheumatoid arthritis patients activate complement via both the classical and alternative pathways, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1198960153866367306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628609574400304, awardId=81974529, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上资助项目(81974529), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198960154034139470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628609574400304, awardId=82274176, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上资助项目(82274176), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198960154138997074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628609574400304, awardId=81974526, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上资助项目(81974526), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198960146417284070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628609574400304, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960146425672680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628609574400304, companyId=1198960146417284070, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960146568279028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628609574400304, companyId=1198960146555696114, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中日友好医院, 北京 100029)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1198960151739855115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628609574400304, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=jhXaFGrw6jAAU6jyecP53g==, figureFileBig=H3bx7GY27lRI2Zs1C0u2xQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960151836324113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628609574400304, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= Identification of citrullinated type Ⅱ collagen. Lane 1: MV markers; Lane 2: Pre-citrullination (100 μg); Lane 3: Post-citrullination (10 μg) , figureFileSmall=jhXaFGrw6jAAU6jyecP53g==, figureFileBig=H3bx7GY27lRI2Zs1C0u2xQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960152020873495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628609574400304, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=GUEnQ1zeBCFHu/eQ27fS+g==, figureFileBig=B07D4ksaFBvLnH/alzNlqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960152117342491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628609574400304, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Clinical features of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) mice. A: Representative photo of the paws; B: Weight; C: Arthritis score; D: Incidence. <i>n</i> = 8, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> Cit-Fib group. CII: Type Ⅱ collagen; Fib: Fibrinogen; Cit: Citrulline modification , figureFileSmall=GUEnQ1zeBCFHu/eQ27fS+g==, figureFileBig=B07D4ksaFBvLnH/alzNlqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960152226394401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628609574400304, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Utv3fzo3AN1b2aFZ68wRpg==, figureFileBig=0v8PJ3zrIKtg8BttEGOgfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960152331252002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628609574400304, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Representative micrograph of HE staining. A: HE Staining. Scale bars: 200 μm; B: Histological score. <i>n</i> = 5, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> control group; <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> CII group; <sup>@</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05 <i>vs</i> Cit-CII group; <sup>&</sup> <i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>& &</sup> <i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> Fib group , figureFileSmall=Utv3fzo3AN1b2aFZ68wRpg==, figureFileBig=0v8PJ3zrIKtg8BttEGOgfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960152431915302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628609574400304, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=2C5Z5e3IWly4knMOIztQWw==, figureFileBig=VE9IlAEw5K02i7GVn5SRRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960152511607079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628609574400304, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Micro-CT images and osteometry parameters. A: Representative micro-CT imaging of the knee joints; B: Osteometry parameters. <i>n</i> = 5, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> control group; <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> CII group; <sup>@@</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> Cit-CII group; <sup>&</sup> <i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>& &</sup> <i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> Fib group. BMD: Bone mineral density; BV/TV: Bone volume/tissue volume; Tb.Th: Trabecular thickness; Tb.Sp: Trabecular separation; Tb.N: Trabecular number; BS/BV: Bone surface/bone volume , figureFileSmall=2C5Z5e3IWly4knMOIztQWw==, figureFileBig=VE9IlAEw5K02i7GVn5SRRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960152582910250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628609574400304, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=L/ZBi3mJFecQ1xWMdF3YBQ==, figureFileBig=kxMVCYC9uShSnSsKrQbWiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960152675184941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628609574400304, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Autoantibody test results of antigen-induced mice. A: Autoantibody and immunoglobulin levels; B: Correlation of anti-CCP with immunoglobulin IgG, anti-Cit-CII antibody and anti-Cit-Fib antibody. <i>n</i> = 5, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> control group; <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> CII group; <sup>@@</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> Cit-CII group; <sup>&</sup> <i>P</i> < 0.05 <i>vs</i> Fib group , figureFileSmall=L/ZBi3mJFecQ1xWMdF3YBQ==, figureFileBig=kxMVCYC9uShSnSsKrQbWiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960152775848240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628609574400304, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Go2XKjsZ+r/ykEIjY37seQ==, figureFileBig=y+PaKCDrIVLAtXLBWlYBmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960152876511537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628609574400304, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Detection of inflammatory factors (A) and correlation of citrullinated epitope specific antibodies with inflammatory factors (B, C). <i>n</i> = 5, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> control group; <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> CII group; <sup>&</sup> <i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>& &</sup> <i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> Fib group , figureFileSmall=Go2XKjsZ+r/ykEIjY37seQ==, figureFileBig=y+PaKCDrIVLAtXLBWlYBmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960152981369140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628609574400304, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=FfhUxI92JZirYov8iGIk/A==, figureFileBig=t0wQ3XEzxDdQRBXsPvmsog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960153073643829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628609574400304, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= Detection of bone destruction-related factors (A) and correlation of citrullinated epitope specific antibodies with bone destruction-related factors (B, C). <i>n</i> = 5, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> control group; <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> CII group; <sup>&</sup> <i>P</i> < 0.05 <i>vs</i> Fib group , figureFileSmall=FfhUxI92JZirYov8iGIk/A==, figureFileBig=t0wQ3XEzxDdQRBXsPvmsog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960153170112825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628609574400304, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Disease severity Synovial erosion Inflammatory infiltration Pannus formation Bone erosion
Extremely severe 4 4 4 4
Severe 3 3 3 3
Moderate 2 2 2 2
Mild 1 1 1 1
Basically normal 0 0 0 0
), ArticleFig(id=1198960153262387514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628609574400304, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Pathological scoring criteria

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Disease severity Synovial erosion Inflammatory infiltration Pannus formation Bone erosion
Extremely severe 4 4 4 4
Severe 3 3 3 3
Moderate 2 2 2 2
Mild 1 1 1 1
Basically normal 0 0 0 0
), ArticleFig(id=1198960153375633725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628609574400304, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene Sequence (5′-3′)
c-Fos Forward GGATTTGACTGGAGGTCTGC
Reverse TTGCTGATGCTCTTGACTGG
NFATc1 Forward CTCGAAAGACAGCACTGGAGCAT
Reverse CGGCTGCCTTCCGTCTCATAG
TRAP Forward CTGGAGTGCACGATGCCAGCGACA
Reverse TCCGTGCTCGGCGATGGACCAGA
OSCAR Forward TGGCGGTTTGCACTCTTCA
Reverse GATCCGTTACCAGCAGTTCCAGA
GAPDH Forward CATGGCCTTCCGTGTTCCTACCC
Reverse CCTCAGTGTAGCCCAAGATGCCCT
), ArticleFig(id=1198960153472102719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628609574400304, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Sequences of the primers used in RT-PCR. NFATc1: Nuclear factor of activated T cells c1; TRAP: Tartrate resistant acid phosphatase; OSCAR: Osteoclast related receptor

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene Sequence (5′-3′)
c-Fos Forward GGATTTGACTGGAGGTCTGC
Reverse TTGCTGATGCTCTTGACTGG
NFATc1 Forward CTCGAAAGACAGCACTGGAGCAT
Reverse CGGCTGCCTTCCGTCTCATAG
TRAP Forward CTGGAGTGCACGATGCCAGCGACA
Reverse TCCGTGCTCGGCGATGGACCAGA
OSCAR Forward TGGCGGTTTGCACTCTTCA
Reverse GATCCGTTACCAGCAGTTCCAGA
GAPDH Forward CATGGCCTTCCGTGTTCCTACCC
Reverse CCTCAGTGTAGCCCAAGATGCCCT
), ArticleFig(id=1198960153564377408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628609574400304, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Group Case Time of first onset Number of affected limbs Maximum arthritis score
Control 0 (0%) - 0 0
CII 8 (100%) Day 24 22 (fore limb 7/ posterior limb 15) 70
Cit-CII 2 (25%) Day 26 3 (fore limb 0/ posterior limb 3) 20
Fib 0 (0%) - 0 0
Cit-Fib 3 (37.5%) Day 26 7 (fore limb 1/ posterior limb 6) 32
), ArticleFig(id=1198960153656652100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628609574400304, language=CN, label=Table 3, caption=

Clinical characteristics in each group

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Group Case Time of first onset Number of affected limbs Maximum arthritis score
Control 0 (0%) - 0 0
CII 8 (100%) Day 24 22 (fore limb 7/ posterior limb 15) 70
Cit-CII 2 (25%) Day 26 3 (fore limb 0/ posterior limb 3) 20
Fib 0 (0%) - 0 0
Cit-Fib 3 (37.5%) Day 26 7 (fore limb 1/ posterior limb 6) 32
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四种不同抗原诱导的类风湿关节炎小鼠模型的病变特点比较研究
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杨超 1 , 胡智星 1 , 高双荣 1 , 鄢泽然 2 , 方罗昌婷 1 , 王潇潇 1 , 李群 1 , 陶庆文 2 , 刘春芳 1, * , 林娜 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(6): 1586-1595
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药学学报 |研究论文 2023 , 58 (6) : 1586 -1595
四种不同抗原诱导的类风湿关节炎小鼠模型的病变特点比较研究
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杨超1, 胡智星1, 高双荣1, 鄢泽然2, 方罗昌婷1, 王潇潇1, 李群1, 陶庆文2, 刘春芳1, * , 林娜1, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国中医科学院中药研究所, 北京 100700
  • 2.中日友好医院, 北京 100029
通讯作者:
*刘春芳, E-mail: ;
林娜, Tel: 86-10-64014411-2869, E-mail:
Comparative study on pathological characteristics of four different antigen-induced rheumatoid arthritis mouse models
Chao YANG1, Zhi-xing HU1, Shuang-rong GAO1, Ze-ran YAN2, Luo-chang-ting FANG1, Xiao-xiao WANG1, Qun LI1, Qing-wen TAO2, Chun-fang LIU1, * , Na LIN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
  • 2. China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
出版时间: 2023-06-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0046
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类风湿关节炎(RA) 是一种由抗原驱动和T细胞介导的自身免疫性疾病。二型胶原(CII) 和纤维蛋白原(Fib) 是RA发病进程中的两种主要抗原, 其瓜氨酸化修饰(Cit) 后产生的抗原也是诱导机体产生致病性抗瓜氨酸化蛋白抗体(ACPA) 的诱因之一。为了给RA相关研究提供参考, 本研究拟通过CII、Cit-CII、Fib和Cit-Fib 4种抗原分别与完全弗氏佐剂乳化, 免疫DBA/1小鼠建立RA动物模型, 从病理、影像和血清生化等方面对不同抗原所诱导模型的病变特点进行比较, 动物福利和实验过程均遵循中国中医科学院实验动物伦理委员会的规定。结果显示, CII、Cit-CII和Cit-Fib诱导组小鼠均出现关节红肿、足趾变形等症状, 临床积分和发病率均较正常组升高, 其中CII组病变最严重, 发病率达100%, Cit-CII和Cit-Fib组症状较轻, 发病率分别为25%和37.5%; 病理学和影像学检测结果发现CII诱导组小鼠关节出现严重的滑膜炎症、软骨和骨破坏, Cit-CII和Cit-Fib组仅出现轻微的炎症浸润、关节腔狭窄和骨破坏; 血清抗体检测结果显示, CII、Cit-CII和Cit-Fib组均产生较高水平的抗环瓜氨酸肽(CCP) 抗体, 其中Cit-Fib组 > Cit-CII组 > CII组 > Fib组, 且Cit-CII和Cit-Fib组均产生高水平的瓜氨酸化表位特异性抗体, 而总IgG水平则是CII组最高; 血清ELISA和关节组织RT-PCR分析显示, CII诱导组的促炎因子和骨破坏相关分子表达量升高最明显, 其次为Cit-Fib、Cit-CII。上述结果表明, 4种不同抗原中, 由CII诱导的RA小鼠关节炎症状和病情最严重, IgG而非抗CCP抗体是其典型的免疫学特征, CII可作为RA小鼠造模首选; Cit-Fib具有一定的免疫原性, 能部分诱导小鼠出现RA关节炎症状和病情, 产生高水平抗CCP抗体和抗Cit-Fib抗体, 较适合用于与瓜氨酸化相关的RA研究中; Cit-CII虽有一定的免疫原性, 但其诱导的小鼠RA关节炎发生率和病情严重度较低。

抗原  /  类风湿关节炎  /  免疫  /  病变特点  /  自身抗体

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease driven by antigens and mediated by T cells. Collagen II (CII) and fibrinogen (Fib) are the two main antigens in the pathogenesis of RA. The antigen produced after citrulline modification (Cit) is also one of the inducements to induce the body to produce a pathogenic anti-citrulline protein antibody (ACPA). To provide a reference for RA-related research, this study intends to establish an RA animal model by using CII, Cit-CII, Fib, and Cit-Fib antigens, emulsification with complete Freund's adjuvant and immunization with DBA/1 mice, respectively, to compare the pathological characteristics of RA models induced by different antigens from the aspects of pathology, imaging and serum biochemistry. Animal welfare and experimental process are in accordance with the regulations of the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of the China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences. The results showed that the CII, Cit-CII, and Cit-Fib induced mice all had symptoms such as joint redness and swelling, and toe deformation and the clinical score and incidence rate were higher than those of the normal group. The CII group had the most serious lesions, with a incidence rate of 100%, and the Cit-CII and Cit-Fib groups had mild symptoms, with a incidence rate of 25% and 37.5%, respectively; pathological and imaging examination results showed that the joints of mice in CII-induced group showed severe synovial inflammation, cartilage and bone destruction, while those in Cit-CII and Cit-Fib group showed only slight inflammatory infiltration, joint cavity stenosis and bone destruction; the results of serum antibody detection showed that CII, Cit-CII and Cit-Fib groups all produced high levels of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibodies, among which, Cit-Fib group > Cit-CII group > CII group > Fib group, and both Cit-CII and Cit-Fib groups produced high levels of citrullinated epitope-specific antibodies, while the total IgG level was the highest in CII group; serum ELISA and RT-PCR analysis of joint tissue showed that the expression of pro-inflammatory factors and bone destruction-related molecules increased most significantly in the CII-induced group, followed by Cit-Fib and Cit-CII. The above results showed that among the four different antigens, the symptoms and conditions of arthritis in RA mice induced by CII were the most serious, and IgG instead of anti-CCP antibody was its typical immunological feature, and CII could be the first choice for the model of RA mice; Cit-Fib has certain immunogenicity, can partially induce the symptoms and conditions of RA arthritis in mice, and produce high-level anti-CCP antibody and anti-Cit-Fib antibody, which is more suitable for the study of citrulline-related RA; although Cit-CII has certain immunogenicity, the incidence, and severity of RA arthritis induced by Cit-CII in mice are low.

antigen  /  rheumatoid arthritis  /  immunization  /  pathological characteristics  /  autoantibody
杨超, 胡智星, 高双荣, 鄢泽然, 方罗昌婷, 王潇潇, 李群, 陶庆文, 刘春芳, 林娜. 四种不同抗原诱导的类风湿关节炎小鼠模型的病变特点比较研究. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (6) : 1586 -1595 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0046
Chao YANG, Zhi-xing HU, Shuang-rong GAO, Ze-ran YAN, Luo-chang-ting FANG, Xiao-xiao WANG, Qun LI, Qing-wen TAO, Chun-fang LIU, Na LIN. Comparative study on pathological characteristics of four different antigen-induced rheumatoid arthritis mouse models[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (6) : 1586 -1595 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0046
类风湿关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis, RA) 是一类发病率高、致残率高的自身免疫系统疾病, 其临床特点主要表现为慢性炎症和难以逆转的骨侵蚀[1]。自身抗原及其瓜氨酸化修饰被认为是诱导RA发病和免疫维持的关键因素[2]。先前的研究已经发现多种与RA密切相关的抗原, 其中二型胶原(type Ⅱ collagen, CII) 和纤维蛋白原(fibrinogen, Fib) 是目前研究较为深入的RA抗原, 其瓜氨酸化修饰后的瓜氨酸化二型胶原(Cit-CII) 和瓜氨酸化纤维蛋白原(Cit-Fib) 也被认为是诱导致病性抗瓜氨酸化蛋白抗体(anti-citrullinated protein antibodies, ACPA) 产生的主要自身抗原, 且在RA临床患者中能广泛检测到高滴度的特异性抗体[3, 4]。大量文献报道, 抗CII、Fib、Cit-CII和Cit-Fib等抗体均与更严重的RA疾病活动度相关[5]。因此, CII、Fib、Cit-CII和Cit-Fib等抗原可能在诱导RA疾病进程中发挥重要作用。
动物模型是探索RA疾病机制和评估药效的重要途径。在RA发病过程中, 不同的自身抗原可能发挥不同的功能和机制, 从而导致致病能力和诱导模型病变特点也有较大差异[6]。CII、Fib、Cit-CII和Cit-Fib 4种抗原中, CII能激活特异性CD4+ T细胞介导自身免疫反应, 其诱导建立的胶原诱导性关节炎模型(collagen induced arthritis, CIA) 是RA经典动物模型[7], 而其他3类抗原在RA中的致病性、作用机制和作用特点尚不完全清晰。由于一种特定抗原诱导模型的发病机制和特点往往只侧重于某一个或某几个因素, 如CIA模型无法阐明纤维蛋白原在软骨沉积的致病效应, 也无法阐明针对瓜氨酸化蛋白的致病性自身抗体在人类RA免疫炎症反应的启动和维持过程中的机制。因此, 研究并比较多种抗原在诱导RA发生、发展过程的病理特点, 对于复制符合临床特点的RA动物模型并开展相关研究具重要意义。本研究拟选用RA易感动物DBA/1小鼠, 通过抗原结合完全弗氏佐剂乳化免疫的方法来建立RA模型, 同时从关节炎临床症状、血清生化、组织病理和影像等方面观察比较CII、Cit-II、Fib、Cit-Fib 4种不同抗原诱导的RA小鼠模型的病变特点, 为RA发病机制的深入研究、指导临床精准治疗和创新型新药研发提供研究基础。
雄性DBA/1小鼠40只, 购自北京华阜康生物科技股份有限公司[许可证号: SYXK (京) 2019-0008], 实验动物许可证号: SYXK (京) 2021-0017。饲养于22 ± 2 ℃的环境中, 自由摄食和饮水, 适应饲养7天后用于后续实验。本研究中动物福利和实验过程均遵循中国中医科学院动物伦理委员会的相关规定。
牛二型胶原乙酸溶液(2002-2) 和完全弗氏佐剂(7001) 均购自美国Chondrex公司; Peptidylarginin deiminase (P-1584) 购自美国Sigma公司; 瓜氨酸化纤维蛋白原(7001) 购自Cayman Chemical公司; 纤维蛋白原(111003) 购自上海生工生物工程股份有限公司。Vivaspin超滤离心管(VS15T22) 购自美国Millipore公司; 二硫苏糖醇(D104859) 购自阿拉丁试剂有限公司; EDTA (ZLI-9018) 购自北京中杉金桥生物技术有限公司; 透析袋(YA1071) 购自索莱宝生物科技有限公司; 小鼠抗环瓜氨酸肽抗体(anti-CCP antibody) ELISA试剂盒(CSB-EQ027743MO) 购自CUSBIO公司; 考马斯亮蓝染色液(P0017F) 购自碧云天生物科技有限公司。小鼠免疫球蛋白IgG (mL057874)、肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α, mL002095)、白介素(interleukin, IL)-6 (mL002095)、IL-1β (mL301814) 和IL-17 (mL301814) 检测试剂盒均购自上海酶联生物科技有限公司; 逆转录试剂盒(AE311-02) 和qPCR super mix (AQ101-02) 均购自全式金生物科技有限公司。
Multiskan MK3酶标仪(Thermo Fisher Scientific公司); 烤片机(KPJ-1A)、轮转式切片机(QPJ-C)、生物组织包埋机(BMJ-1B) (天津天利航空机电有限公司); CFX96Touch实时荧光定量PCR仪[Bio-Rad (美国) 有限公司]; BX50型正置显微镜[奥林巴斯(日本) 公司]。
瓜氨酸化缓冲液配置: 100 mmol·L-1 Tris-HCl (pH 7.6)、10 mmol·L-1 CaC12、5 mmol·L-1 DTT溶于无菌水中, 用HCl调pH值至7.6并定容至50 mL。称取0.5 mg CII, 放入小烧杯中, 加入0.01 mol·L-1乙酸0.5 mL, 4 ℃过夜, 将CII (0.5 mg·mL-1) 加入瓜氨酸化缓冲液, 加肽酰精氨酸脱亚胺酶(peptidylarginine deiminase, PAD) 于上述溶液进行酶促反应, 反应条件为PAD 5 U催化0.5 mg CII, 37 ℃, 2 h。加终浓度为20 mmol·L-1乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA) 终止反应。将样本通过截流分子量为48 kDa的超滤离心管, 过滤后的样本置于透析袋中, 两端用透析夹夹紧后放入烧杯中, 置于磁力搅拌器上, 调节转速, 磁力转子转动时透析袋呈垂直状态于烧杯中(透析条件: 4 ℃, 8 h)。
40只DBA/1小鼠根据体重按照随机数字表法分成5组, 分别为正常组、CII组、Cit-CII组、Fib组和Cit-Fib组。将4种蛋白分别与等体积CFA乳化成乳浊液, 直至乳浊液滴入水中不扩散。除正常组外, 其他各组小鼠均采用尾根部皮下散点注射乳化好的乳浊液,每只0.1 mL (含蛋白100 μg)。初次免疫记为第0天, 第21天重复上述步骤, 再次加强免疫。
统计小鼠RA发病率, 发病率=每组小鼠发病只数/每组小鼠总数× 100%。关节炎评分参考文献[8], 每只小鼠评价其4个踝腕关节、4个足中段、12个指趾关节。
用碳酸盐包被缓冲液将Cit-CII和Cit-Fib稀释成5 ng·mL-1, 包被酶标96孔板, 每孔100 μL, 4 ℃孵育过夜。弃去板中液体, 用PBST洗涤后甩干, 将血清样品在0.1% BSA-PBST中以1∶100稀释, 并在室温下一式两份温育2 h。弃去液体, 再次用PBST洗涤, 将生物素标记的抗小鼠IgG二抗(Sigma-Aldrich公司) 在含有辣根过氧化物酶稀释1∶2 500 (Sigma-Aldrich公司) 的0.1% BSA-PBST中以1∶2 000稀释, 并在室温下温育1 h。进一步洗涤后, 用TMB底物孵育孔板10 min, 然后用2 mol·L-1 H2SO4终止反应, 并在450 nm处读取吸光度值。平行测试所有样品以标准化结果, 每个样品重复测量2次。抗CCP抗体和免疫球蛋白IgG检测按照试剂盒说明书进行。
取膝关节, 多聚甲醛固定, 10% EDTA慢速脱钙后石蜡包埋、切片, 进行HE染色和病理评分, 具体观察内容和评分标准如表 1所示[9, 10], 分值越高提示病变程度越高。
取小鼠膝关节, 10%甲醛溶液固定72 h, micro-CT扫描在分辨率25 μm、单次时长72 min的条件下扫描炎症关节, micro-CT扫描摄片对膝关节骨密度(bone mineral density, BMD)、骨体积分数(bone volume/tissue volume, BV/TV)、骨小梁厚度(trabecular thickness, Tb.Th)、骨小梁分离度(trabecular separation, Tb.Sp)、骨小梁数量(trabecular number, Tb.N)、骨表面积体积比(bone surface/bone volume, BS/BV) 进行统计分析。
按照厂家说明书使用ELISA试剂盒检测各组小鼠血清样本中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和IL-17等促炎细胞因子的表达水平。
取小鼠后爪, 提取总RNA并将其逆转录为cDNA。随后, 采用RT-PCR法测定c-Fos蛋白、活化T细胞核因子c1 (nuclear factor of activated T cells c1, NFATc1)、抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(tartrate resistant acid phosphatase, TRAP) 和破骨细胞相关样受体(osteoclast related receptor, OSCAR) 的mRNA表达水平。相关引物序列如表 2所示。
采用GraphPad Prism 6软件进行统计学分析, 所有结果均以均值±标准差($ \stackrel{-}{x} $± s) 表示。单因素多组间比较采用one-way ANOVA方法, 双因素多组间比较采用two-way ANOVA方法。若方差非齐性, 则进一步采用非参数检验。相关性分析采用Pearson或Spearman相关性分析。P < 0.05表示有显著性差异。
透析后的样本, 取样用于瓜氨酸化鉴定, CII原型的相对分子质量在120~130 kDa, 由于瓜氨酸化残基的形成, Cit-CII的电泳迁移率较CII的电泳迁移率略减慢, 通过考马斯亮蓝染色证实体外瓜氨酸化蛋白制备成功(图 1), 其余样本冻干备用。
由于RA发病初期的临床症状表现是关节晨僵、肿胀、疼痛等, 因此关节炎症状和临床积分成为评估RA模型动物发病的首要和重要因素。为了对比CII、Cit-CII、Fib和Cit-Fib 4种不同抗原对小鼠RA发生的影响作用, 本研究首先观察了小鼠的关节炎指数、临床积分、发病率及发病相关情况(图 2表 3)。结果表明, CII组小鼠于首次免疫24天开始出现关节红肿症状, 随后肿胀逐渐加重, 足趾变形、皮肤充血, 部分关节出现活动受限, 第36天临床积分最高为70分, 此后持续在平台期, 前后足均发病, 以双后足为主, 发病率为100% (8/8)。Cit-CII组和Cit-Fib组小鼠均为首次免疫26天开始出现关节红肿症状表现, 发病多局限于后足, 关节炎评分最高分别为20和32分, 发病率分别为25% (2/8) 和37.5% (3/8)。Cit-CII组和Cit-Fib组小鼠的关节炎评分和发病率明显低于CII组(P < 0.01), 累及肢体数明显少于CII组, 首次发病时间晚于CII组。Fib组小鼠在整个观察周期内均未见明显足关节红肿及关节活动受限, 其发病率为0% (0/8)。观察期间, 各组小鼠体重变化不明显, 无统计学差异。
RA的病理特征是慢性侵袭性关节炎, 关节的组织病理学观察是目前实验研究中评估RA模型动物发病特点及疾病严重度的最重要方法。膝关节HE染色结果显示, 正常组小鼠关节表面光滑, 无血管翳形成, 细胞排列整齐; CII组小鼠踝关节腔周围滑膜组织明显增生并突入关节腔, 关节间隙变窄, 增生的滑膜组织侵犯皮下, 部分形成纤维硬化灶, 伴滑膜内大量的炎性细胞浸润和肉芽组织增生, 滑膜血管翳形成, 骨和软骨出现明显损伤; Cit-CII组小鼠膝关节, 可见轻到中度的滑膜增生向关节腔内生长, 局部出现血管翳, 骨和软骨骨质出现轻-中度损伤; Fib组小鼠未出现明显病理学改变; Cit-Fib组小鼠膝关节可见轻度的滑膜增生向关节腔内生长和炎性细胞浸润, 除此之外还可见较为明显的软骨侵蚀和骨破坏。在组织病理学评分方面, CII组滑膜炎症、血管翳、软骨侵蚀和骨破坏评分均最高且显著高于其他各组(P < 0.01), Cit-Fib组评分次之且显著高于对照组和Fib组, Cit-CII组评分第三且显著高于对照组和Fib组(P < 0.01), Fib组与对照组无明显差异(图 3)。
影像学为临床RA诊断的金标准, 本研究采用micro-CT检测技术观察不同抗原诱导小鼠模型关节影像学病变程度。Micro-CT 3D重建结果显示, 对照组膝关节光滑完整, 骨轮廓清晰。与对照组相比, CII组小鼠膝关节表面疏松粗糙, 凹凸不平, 骨结构遭到侵蚀。与对照组相比, Cit-CII和Cit-Fib组也出现不同程度的骨质侵蚀、关节腔狭窄等变化, 而Fib组影像学的变化不明显。进一步骨计量学统计结果显示, Cit-CII组BMD、BV/TV、BS/BV、Tb.Th、Tb.N、Tb.Sp均与CII组有统计学差异(P < 0.05)。而Cit-Fib组除BMD和Tb.Th外, 其他指标均与CII组无显著差异(图 4)。
抗CCP抗体是临床中反映ACPA的主要检测类型, 也是RA最具诊断意义的生物标记物; 免疫球蛋白IgG也是RA临床检测的常用指标之一, 能反映机体整体免疫状态; 抗Cit-CII抗体IgG和抗Cit-Fib抗体IgG则是分别针对Cit-CII和Cit-Fib两类抗原的瓜氨酸化表位特异性抗体[11]。上述4种抗体的检测结果显示, 相较于对照组, 4个造模组抗CCP抗体、总IgG、抗Cit-CII抗体IgG和抗Cit-Fib抗体IgG具有升高或升高趋势。对于抗CCP抗体, 5组中Cit-Fib组含量最高, 且较对照组和Fib组有统计学差异(P < 0.05), 其余3种抗原诱导组之间差异不明显; 对于免疫球蛋白IgG, CII组含量最高, 且较其他4组差异显著(P < 0.05), Cit-Fib组次高, 且较对照组有统计学差异(P < 0.01), Cit-CII、Fib和Cit-Fib之间差异不显著; 对于抗Cit-CII抗体, Cit-CII含量最高, CII组次之, 且二者均显著高于对照组、Fib和Cit-Fib 3组(P < 0.01), Fib和Cit-Fib与对照组相比有升高趋势但无统计学差异; 对于抗Cit-Fib抗体, Cit-Fib组含量最高, 且与对照组、Cit-CII和Fib组相比有统计学差异(P < 0.05), CII组抗Cit-Fib抗体含量次高且仅较对照组有统计学差异, 与其他3组相比差异不显著。
进一步, 本研究评价了所有组别动物免疫球蛋白IgG与抗CCP抗体的相关性, 结果显示, 3类抗体均与抗CCP抗体水平呈正相关, 其中IgG和抗Cit-Fib抗体与抗CCP抗体呈显著正相关(P < 0.05), 这一结果体现了抗CCP抗体检测的特异性和灵敏度(图 5)。
TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-17是RA发病过程中的重要促炎细胞因子, 自身抗体形成的免疫复合物能诱导这些因子参与Th17和Th1细胞介导的适应性免疫应答, 并进一步影响RA的多种病理过程[12]。血清炎症因子ELISA检测结果(图 6A) 显示, CII组TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-17表达水平最高, 均显著高于对照组、Cit-CII、Fib和Cit-Fib组(P < 0.05); Cit-Fib组这些炎症因子表达水平第二高, 其中TNF-α、IL-6、IL-17较对照组升高有统计学差异(P < 0.05), TNF-α、IL-6较Fib组升高也有统计学差异(P < 0.05); Cit-CII血清炎症因子水平处于第三高, 其中IL-17较对照组升高有统计学差异(P < 0.05); Fib组所有指标与正常组相比有升高趋势但无统计学差异。进一步, 分别将两组瓜氨酸化蛋白诱导小鼠的抗Cit-CII抗体和抗Cit-Fib抗体与血清炎症因子进行相关性分析, 结果表明两类特异性抗体均与炎症因子呈正相关性, 其中抗Cit-Fib抗体与IL-1β呈显著正相关(P < 0.05, 图 6BC)。
自身抗体形成的免疫复合物和促炎细胞因子均能诱导破骨细胞活化, 而破骨细胞是介导RA骨破坏的主要效应细胞, c-Fos、NFATc1、TRAP和OSCAR等是破骨细胞活化的重要标志物[13]。RT-PCR检测结果(图 7A) 显示, 5组中c-Fos、TRAP、NFATc1和OSCAR基因表达量从高到低依次为CII组、Cit-Fib组、Cit-CII组、Fib组和对照组, 其中CII组较其余4组c-Fos、TRAP、NFATc1和OSCAR基因表达量升高均有统计学差异(Cit-Fib组c-Fos和NFATc1除外); Cit-Fib组较Fib组c-Fos基因表达量升高也有统计学差异(P < 0.05), 其余各组差异无统计学意义。进一步, 将两组瓜氨酸化蛋白诱导小鼠的抗Cit-CII抗体和抗Cit-Fib抗体分别与骨破坏相关因子进行了相关性分析, 结果表明两类特异性抗体均与骨破坏因子表达量呈正相关性, 其中抗Cit-Fib抗体与c-Fos和OSCAR呈显著正相关(P < 0.05, 图 7BC)。
本实验将CII和Fib及其瓜氨酸化修饰后的蛋白通过尾部皮下注射免疫DBA/1小鼠, 从而探究不同抗原的致病性及其诱导模型的特点。实验结果表明, 各组RA发病率有显著差异, 其中CII (100%) > Cit-Fib (37.5%) > Cit-CII (25%) > Fib (0%)。在关节炎临床症状表现方面, CII组小鼠四肢均有发病且出现明显的红肿畸形, 临床积分最高达70分, Cit-Fib和Cit-CII组发病轻微且普遍局限在后足, 临床积分最高分别为32分和20分, 而Fib组则未出现关节炎症状。进一步的组织病理学和影像学检测结果显示, CII组膝关节滑膜炎症浸润、血管翳形成、软骨和骨破坏均最严重, Cit-Fib组次之, Cit-CII组第三, Fib组几乎见不到明显的病理和影响改变, 这与发病率、临床积分结果相一致。这些结果表明, CII诱导DBA/1小鼠关节炎发病率最高、病变程度最严重, Cit-Fib次之, Cit-CII第三, Fib不能诱导关节炎发生。进一步提示, 作为能触发抗原特异性T细胞反应的CII, 其致病性强于其他3类抗原; 同时, 以Cit-Fib和Cit-CII作为抗原免疫也会部分诱导DBA/1小鼠产生免疫反应, 这与之前报道[14]结果相近, 进一步证实瓜氨酸化蛋白的致病性及其在RA发病过程中的重要作用。而常被用来作为RA诊断标志物的Fib不能诱导DBA/1小鼠出现RA症状。
抗原免疫引起机体固有免疫和适应性免疫功能异常, 引起大量相关的致病性自身抗体产生, 进一步诱导症状恶化。其中, 最为主要的抗体通常表现为IgG类, 因此抗CCP抗体和总IgG都是临床RA最常用的诊断标志物。为了观察4种不同抗原诱导小鼠对所产生抗体的差异, 本研究检测了血清中抗CCP抗体、总IgG、抗Cit-CII抗体IgG和抗Cit-Fib抗体IgG的含量。结果显示, CII、Cit-CII和Cit-Fib组均产生一定水平的抗CCP抗体, 其中Cit-Fib组 > Cit-CII组 > CII组, 提示瓜氨酸化蛋白能增强免疫系统针对瓜氨酸抗原表位的应答能力; 4种抗原中, CII诱导的总IgG水平最高, 结合抗CCP抗体、关节炎症状、组织病理学和影像学结果, 提示CII不能诱导DBA/1小鼠产生高水平的抗CCP抗体, 但能诱导产生高水平的总IgG, 提示抗CCP抗体不是CIA这一经典动物模型的显著特征, 而总IgG可能是CII诱导CIA高发病率和病情严重的原因之一。进一步的两种瓜氨酸化表位特异性抗体水平检测结果显示, Cit-CII和Cit-Fib诱导的小鼠分别表达显著高水平的抗Cit-CII抗体和抗Cit-Fib抗体, 且均略高于CII组, 但它们诱导的关节炎症状和严重度都弱于CII组, 提示抗Cit-CII抗体和抗Cit-Fib抗体与RA关节炎疾病严重度并无明显的一致性。从相关性角度, 抗Cit-CII抗体、总IgG和抗Cit-Fib抗体与抗CCP抗体呈显著正相关, 这说明它们识别的靶抗原可能有高度关联, 同时也揭示Cit-CII和Cit-Fib与CCP有一定的同源性。先前的临床研究报道[15, 16]证实抗Cit-CII和抗Cit-Fib抗体对RA具有特异性, 因此多种ACPA联合检测对提高临床诊断的灵敏性和准确性具有重要意义。
炎症反应和骨破坏是RA的重要病理特征, 促炎细胞因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-17等不仅促进炎症反应, 还调控破骨细胞活化从而在骨破坏过程中发挥重要作用[17]。为了进一步评估致病性瓜氨酸化蛋白免疫小鼠诱导产生细胞因子和骨吸收分子的特点, 本实验检测了血清中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-17蛋白含量以及关节中c-Fos、TRAP、NFATc1和OSCAR等基因表达量。结果显示, 4种抗原诱导的小鼠中, CII组血清促炎分子和关节骨吸收分子表达水平均最高, Cit-Fib组次之, Cit-CII组第三, Fib组几乎与对照组没有差异, 这与关节炎症状表现、病理及影像学结果相符。研究显示, 自身抗体与RA炎症和骨破坏等密切相关, 其与抗原结合形成的免疫复合物能激活巨噬细胞并促进炎症因子释放, 并且可以与FcγRs相互作用并促进骨破坏因子形成[18, 19]。为了观察自身抗体与炎症分子、破骨细胞活化分子的关系, 本研究分别进行了二者之间的相关性分析。结果表明, 两类瓜氨酸化表位特异性抗体均与炎症因子、骨破坏因子表达量呈正相关性, 其中抗Cit-Fib抗体与IL-1β、c-Fos和OSCAR呈显著正相关, 提示抗Cit-Fib抗体或能成为RA检测的一项有价值的标志物之一。
本研究发现, 在诱导DBA/1小鼠关节炎模型方面, CII免疫原性最强, Fib无免疫原性, Cit-Fib和Cit-CII均具有部分免疫原性。结合促炎细胞因子、骨吸收分子和血清抗体水平的检测结果, 分析其可能的原因: ① CII免疫可触发抗原特异性CD4+ T细胞反应和T细胞依赖性B细胞反应, 在RA患者的血清和滑液中广泛存在抗CII的抗体IgG[20, 21]。这类抗体形成的免疫复合物在软骨上沉积, 导致软骨在发病过程中逐渐降解。随后, 更多的CII暴露于进一步的免疫攻击中并呈递给免疫系统, 从而产生免疫级联反应[22], 诱导更多的促炎细胞因子和骨吸收分子的表达, 所以CII诱导的动物模型出现与临床RA相似的滑膜炎症和重度骨侵蚀; ② Fib虽然也是RA患者中能检测到高滴度抗体的自身抗原, 但并没有相关研究报道其在RA进程中的具体作用, 在本研究中其不能诱导小鼠出现RA症状, 也不能诱导高水平的抗体。在RA进程后期, 关节炎症诱导血管外凝血增加, 进一步导致关节内纤维蛋白沉积, 伴随出现RA特有的继发纤溶[23, 24]。这些研究提示, Fib发挥的核心作用可能是RA疾病的维持而不是诱导症状产生; ③瓜氨酸化蛋白诱导自身免疫平衡破坏的机制目前尚不清晰, 迄今为止还没有发现针对瓜氨酸化蛋白的特异性T细胞。最近研究表明, 瓜氨酸化蛋白或许是通过半抗原/载体机制诱导特征性的ACPA产生, 其中PAD及细菌PAD (PPAD) 可能是辅助T细胞识别的载体, 有助于免疫系统产生针对任何瓜氨酸化蛋白质的抗体[25]。而产生的ACPA可通过经典和替代途径激活补体, 进一步加剧关节的自身免疫反应[26], 据报道, ACPA可刺激巨噬细胞在关节内产生和释放炎症介质(如TNF-α、IL-6等), 但不同的ACPA发挥的作用功能并不一致[18]。因此, Cit-CII和Cit-Fib可部分诱导DBA/1小鼠产生关节炎症状和病理改变; ④至于CII比Cit-CII免疫原性强、Cit-Fib有一定的免疫原性而Fib无免疫原性的原因有待进一步探索。
综上所述, 相同浓度的CII、Cit-CII、Fib、Cit-Fib等4种抗原诱导的DBA/1小鼠模型中, CII诱导的CIA模型在关节炎发病率、临床积分、病理和影像学改变、炎症细胞因子和骨吸收分子水平等方面都最严重, IgG而非抗CCP抗体是其典型的免疫学特征, 是RA研究首选模型; Cit-CII和Cit-Fib均具有一定的免疫原性能够诱导RA产生, 其关节炎发病特点、免疫学、病理学特征与人类RA存在更多的共同点, 如针对瓜氨酸化修饰及其免疫识别而产生的抗CCP抗体和瓜氨酸化表位特异性抗体, 其中Cit-Fib诱导的模型比Cit-CII严重, 诱导的抗CCP抗体水平也最高, 因此Cit-Fib诱导的DBA/1小鼠模型可能较适合用于与瓜氨酸化相关的RA研究中; 而Fib尚未观察到其对关节炎症状出现及高表达量抗体产生的诱导作用。本研究目前主要只是在造模剂剂量、动物、造模方法相同的前提下, 考察并对比4种不同抗原诱导的RA小鼠模型的不同病变特点及免疫表征, 而有关造模剂种类、动物、造模方法等不同因素对RA模型的影响差异, 则有待后续进一步的研究去阐明。
作者贡献: 杨超负责整体实验、数据分析和论文撰写; 胡智星、高双荣、鄢泽然、方罗昌婷、王潇潇、李群和陶庆文参与部分实验; 刘春芳和林娜负责方案设计、论文修改和研究经费支持。
利益冲突: 本文所有作者均声明不存在任何利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上资助项目(81974529)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上资助项目(82274176)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上资助项目(81974526)
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2023年第58卷第6期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0046
  • 接收时间:2023-01-15
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-06-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-01-15
  • 修回日期:2023-02-06
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    1.中国中医科学院中药研究所, 北京 100700
    2.中日友好医院, 北京 100029

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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