Article(id=1198628605266849866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628599835227075, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1202, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1667923200000, receivedDateStr=2022-11-09, revisedDate=1669651200000, revisedDateStr=2022-11-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763704928938, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1686499200000, pubDateStr=2023-06-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763704928938, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763704928938, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763704928938, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198628599835227075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='6', pageStart='0', pageEnd='1724', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1686499200000', pubDateStr='2023-06-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763704927643, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1766137690373, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208832346359468483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628599835227075, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208832346359468484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628599835227075, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1528, endPage=1539, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198628606617415776, articleId=1198628605266849866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Screening methods of SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors and current applications, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

COVID-19 epidemic continues to spread around the world till these days, and it is urgent to develop more safe and effective new drugs. Due to the limited P3 biosafety laboratories for directly screening inhibitors of virulent viruses with high infectivity, it is necessary to develop rapid and efficient screening methods for viral proteases and other related targets. The main protease (Mpro), which plays a key role in the replication cycle of SARS-CoV-2, is highly conserved and has no homologous proteases in humans, making it an ideal target for drug development. From two different levels, namely, molecular level and cellular level, this paper summarizes the reported screening methods of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors through a variety of representative examples, expecting to provide references for further development of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors.

, authors=null, authorsList=Bing YE, Sheng-hua GAO, Le-tian SONG, Yu-sen CHENG, Mian-ling YANG, Peng ZHAN, Xin-yong LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Peng ZHAN, Xin-yong LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198628612871123501, articleId=1198628605266849866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=SARS-CoV-2主蛋白酶抑制剂的筛选方法及应用, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目前, SARS-CoV-2所致的新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19) 疫情仍在全球范围内持续蔓延, 急需开发更多安全有效的新型药物。由于用于直接筛选传染性强的烈性病毒抑制剂的P3实验室有限, 因此有必要针对病毒蛋白酶等相关靶标开发快速、高效的筛选方法。在病毒复制周期中起关键作用的主蛋白酶(main protease, Mpro) 因具有高度保守性且在人体内无同源酶, 成为药物设计的理想靶标。本文从分子水平和细胞水平两个层面, 综述了已报道的SARS-CoV-2 Mpro抑制剂筛选方法与应用实例, 期望对SARS-CoV-2 Mpro抑制剂的研发提供参考。

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*展鹏, E-mail: ;
刘新泳, E-mail:
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Acta Pharm Sin (药学学报), 2022, 57: 2889-2901., articleTitle=Integrated medicinal chemistry: new modalities and methodologies in drug discovery, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1198960155674112367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628605266849866, awardId=ZR2021ZD17, language=CN, fundingSource=山东省自然科学基金重大基础研究项目(ZR2021ZD17), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198960155766387060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628605266849866, awardId=2021M702003, language=CN, fundingSource=中国博士后科学基金面上基金项目(2021M702003), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198960155837690228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628605266849866, awardId=2021A1515110740, language=CN, fundingSource=广东省基础与应用基础研究基金区域联合基金青年基金项目(2021A1515110740), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198960155921576309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628605266849866, awardId=ZR2022QH036, language=CN, fundingSource=山东省自然科学基金青年基金(ZR2022QH036), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198960147272921129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628605266849866, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960147293892650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628605266849866, companyId=1198960147272921129, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960147302281260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628605266849866, companyId=1198960147272921129, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=山东大学药学院药物化学研究所, 化学生物学教育部重点实验室, 山东 济南 250012)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1198960151299453178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628605266849866, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=x6qNtiYziu0A140wcbKBHg==, figureFileBig=ou31fMZzULkaebyYWi1oFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960151387533566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628605266849866, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= Outline of main contents in the review , figureFileSmall=x6qNtiYziu0A140wcbKBHg==, figureFileBig=ou31fMZzULkaebyYWi1oFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960151546917125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628605266849866, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=tcXl6YhDRa5FhVI3j5AD4w==, figureFileBig=40+Th2szip4L3SjDl8sUMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960151714689290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628605266849866, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= M<sup>pro</sup> plays a significant role in the replication cycle of SARS-CoV-2. The structure of M<sup>pro</sup> is shown in pymol (PDB code: 7JUN) , figureFileSmall=tcXl6YhDRa5FhVI3j5AD4w==, figureFileBig=40+Th2szip4L3SjDl8sUMg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960151836324111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628605266849866, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=MpRPWv2xEUluMSRqK52Zkw==, figureFileBig=VbSlAIpB9UgvOEIxEz8hKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960152008290581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628605266849866, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Schematic diagram of a sandwich-like FP screening method.When incubated with M<sup>pro</sup> and inactive compounds, the cleaved tracer cannot bind to avidin produces weak fluorescence. However, the uncleaved FP tracer binding to avidin produces strong fluorescence in the presence of positive compounds , figureFileSmall=MpRPWv2xEUluMSRqK52Zkw==, figureFileBig=VbSlAIpB9UgvOEIxEz8hKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960152104759576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628605266849866, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=FHOFCbJaWy7AVJz362huGQ==, figureFileBig=DqkohTtretZuzq8O5pHn/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960152226394400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628605266849866, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Chemical structures of three hit compounds obtained by sandwich-like FP screening assay , figureFileSmall=FHOFCbJaWy7AVJz362huGQ==, figureFileBig=DqkohTtretZuzq8O5pHn/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960152335446307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628605266849866, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ST5Ok4bVSOgBEUuk/bYgnw==, figureFileBig=Ifoly4+GU+9GOtN5fRsUzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960152431915301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628605266849866, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Chemical structures of molecules screened by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) technology , figureFileSmall=ST5Ok4bVSOgBEUuk/bYgnw==, figureFileBig=Ifoly4+GU+9GOtN5fRsUzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960152511607081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628605266849866, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=AZsnY/QEfOFDZZ7OXr7yeg==, figureFileBig=zyEqtW9ZEm/+FrsKyizYvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960152603881772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628605266849866, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Chemical structures of three potential compounds and boceprevir , figureFileSmall=AZsnY/QEfOFDZZ7OXr7yeg==, figureFileBig=zyEqtW9ZEm/+FrsKyizYvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960152696156462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628605266849866, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=OXWPuYxxxABZp5SRpo6zJQ==, figureFileBig=Q8VFJ7rFCEBPnocsS4hcYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960152775848239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628605266849866, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= Schematic diagram of the colorimetric screening assay. The peptide (TSAVLQ-pNA) hydrolyzed by M<sup>pro</sup> has strong absorption at 405 nm and the solution turns yellow, the absorption at 405 nm is lower in the presence of bioactive compounds , figureFileSmall=OXWPuYxxxABZp5SRpo6zJQ==, figureFileBig=Q8VFJ7rFCEBPnocsS4hcYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960152876511540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628605266849866, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=cIMyyF8oMzMMvfEj4sLvmg==, figureFileBig=xAM+EwGeu4YbCoDuA8t5jQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960152981369142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628605266849866, language=CN, label=Figure 8, caption= Chemical structures of six compounds screened by DNA encoded compound library (DEL) screening technology , figureFileSmall=cIMyyF8oMzMMvfEj4sLvmg==, figureFileBig=xAM+EwGeu4YbCoDuA8t5jQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960153082032439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628605266849866, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=yJ1PnYliz547j048I0330g==, figureFileBig=keBeFS0q/ZaD0Ix+OUNEEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960153165918520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628605266849866, language=CN, label=Figure 9, caption= Chemical structure of EGCG , figureFileSmall=yJ1PnYliz547j048I0330g==, figureFileBig=keBeFS0q/ZaD0Ix+OUNEEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960153266581819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628605266849866, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=h82EwoACQtohFIQFoDP6uA==, figureFileBig=1KO842xoZKnpIvWSBUP6bg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960153371439420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628605266849866, language=CN, label=Figure 10, caption= Close-up view of F01 binding in the M<sup>pro</sup> active site (PDB code: 7P51). F01 is shown in yellow and H bonds are shown as cyan dashes. 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SARS-CoV-2主蛋白酶抑制剂的筛选方法及应用
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叶冰 , 高升华 , 宋乐天 , 程玉森 , 杨娩玲 , 展鹏 * , 刘新泳 *
药学学报 | 综述 2023,58(6): 1528-1539
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药学学报 |综述 2023 , 58 (6) : 1528 -1539
SARS-CoV-2主蛋白酶抑制剂的筛选方法及应用
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叶冰, 高升华, 宋乐天, 程玉森, 杨娩玲, 展鹏* , 刘新泳*
作者信息
  • 山东大学药学院药物化学研究所, 化学生物学教育部重点实验室, 山东 济南 250012
通讯作者:
*展鹏, E-mail: ;
刘新泳, E-mail:
Screening methods of SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors and current applications
Bing YE, Sheng-hua GAO, Le-tian SONG, Yu-sen CHENG, Mian-ling YANG, Peng ZHAN* , Xin-yong LIU*
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
出版时间: 2023-06-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1202
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目前, SARS-CoV-2所致的新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19) 疫情仍在全球范围内持续蔓延, 急需开发更多安全有效的新型药物。由于用于直接筛选传染性强的烈性病毒抑制剂的P3实验室有限, 因此有必要针对病毒蛋白酶等相关靶标开发快速、高效的筛选方法。在病毒复制周期中起关键作用的主蛋白酶(main protease, Mpro) 因具有高度保守性且在人体内无同源酶, 成为药物设计的理想靶标。本文从分子水平和细胞水平两个层面, 综述了已报道的SARS-CoV-2 Mpro抑制剂筛选方法与应用实例, 期望对SARS-CoV-2 Mpro抑制剂的研发提供参考。

SARS-CoV-2  /  COVID-19  /  主蛋白酶  /  药物发现  /  高通量筛选

COVID-19 epidemic continues to spread around the world till these days, and it is urgent to develop more safe and effective new drugs. Due to the limited P3 biosafety laboratories for directly screening inhibitors of virulent viruses with high infectivity, it is necessary to develop rapid and efficient screening methods for viral proteases and other related targets. The main protease (Mpro), which plays a key role in the replication cycle of SARS-CoV-2, is highly conserved and has no homologous proteases in humans, making it an ideal target for drug development. From two different levels, namely, molecular level and cellular level, this paper summarizes the reported screening methods of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors through a variety of representative examples, expecting to provide references for further development of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors.

SARS-CoV-2  /  COVID-19  /  main protease  /  drug discovery  /  high throughput screening
叶冰, 高升华, 宋乐天, 程玉森, 杨娩玲, 展鹏, 刘新泳. SARS-CoV-2主蛋白酶抑制剂的筛选方法及应用. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (6) : 1528 -1539 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1202
Bing YE, Sheng-hua GAO, Le-tian SONG, Yu-sen CHENG, Mian-ling YANG, Peng ZHAN, Xin-yong LIU. Screening methods of SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors and current applications[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (6) : 1528 -1539 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1202
自2019年底至今, 席卷全球的新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情已累计造成了确诊病例6.41亿, 死亡病例662万[1], 同时对全球经济社会的发展产生了巨大影响。在此之前, 同属的β冠状病毒SARS-CoV和MERS-CoV同样造成了两次大规模的呼吸道感染疾病, 即2003年出现的严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS) 和2012年出现的中东呼吸系统综合征(MERS)。冠状病毒是迄今为止发现含最大基因组的单链RNA病毒, 因形似“王冠”而得名[2]。在已发现的冠状病毒中有7种可以导致人类患病, 其中SARS-CoV、MERS-CoV、新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2) 为高致病性冠状病毒, 致死率高达10%~30%。多年来, 人们对冠状病毒及其药物进行了深入研究[3, 4], 而高效便捷的药物筛选方法是快速发现新药的必要工具[5]。本文以Mpro为靶标, 从分子水平和细胞水平两个层面, 对目前广泛应用的SARS-CoV-2 Mpro抑制剂的筛选方法进行了详细综述(图 1), 期望为筛选和开发有效的Mpro抑制剂提供借鉴。
SARS-CoV-2是一种包膜单股正链RNA病毒, 基因组大小约为26~32 kb[2], 其主要由4种病毒蛋白组成, 包括棘突蛋白(S)、包膜蛋白(M)、跨膜蛋白(E) 和核衣壳蛋白(N)。SARS-CoV-2可以经两种途径进入宿主细胞并进行复制, 一种为利用细胞的胞吞作用; 二是通过病毒表面的S蛋白与宿主受体相结合, 利用血管紧张素转化酶2 (ACE2) 介导病毒进入人体细胞, 随后释放基因组RNA进行复制[6, 7]。在新型冠状病毒基因组的6个开放阅读框中, 第一个开放阅读框占基因组总长的2/3, 可以编码两条超长多肽pp1a和pp1ab。SARS-CoV-2的主蛋白酶(Mpro) 与木瓜样蛋白酶(PLpro) 可对其裂解加工, 进而产生16种成熟的非结构性蛋白, 如解旋酶(helicase)、依赖RNA的RNA聚合酶(RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, RdRp)、转甲基酶(methyltransferase) 等来实现病毒的复制。其中, Mpro在SARS-CoV-2的生命周期中起到不可替代的作用[8]
Mpro属于半胱氨酸蛋白酶, 由两个同源二聚体所组成, 两个亚基的排列方式几乎垂直。其中每个亚基包括3个结构域, N端的结构域Ⅰ和Ⅱ主要为β-折叠的类似糜蛋白酶样的结构, 而结构域Ⅲ则主要由α-螺旋组成。结构域Ⅰ和Ⅱ裂缝之间由Cys145与His41连接, 形成了Mpro重要的催化位点与活性位点。在这一催化二分体周围, 形成了一个由4个亚位点组成的保守结合域, 能够很好地容纳底物[9-11] (图 2)。Mpro具有高度保守性且在人体内没有其同源蛋白酶, 因此具有较高的靶标选择性且对人体的毒副作用小。新型冠状病毒具有高度变异性, 其变异株可以逃逸部分现有的单克隆抗体与疫苗[12, 13], 发现特异性靶向SARS-CoV-2 Mpro的抑制剂已成为当前研究的热点。建立高效、灵敏、便捷的高通量筛选模型对已获批药物、临床候选化合物或天然产物等进行筛选是开发抑制剂的重要途径[14]
分子水平的筛选多以微孔板作为实验载体, 靶蛋白经表达和纯化后, 采用荧光偏振(fluorescence polarization, FP) 技术、荧光共振能量转移(fluorescence resonance energy transfer, FRET) 技术或比色法等生物化学技术, 测定化合物对靶蛋白功能的影响; 或者采用核磁共振谱(nuclear magnetic resonance, NMR) 技术、质谱(mass spectrum, MS) 技术、表面等离子体子共振(surface plasmon resonance, SPR) 技术、X射线衍射或等温滴定量热法(isothermal titration calorimetry, ITC) 等生物物理技术测定化合物与靶蛋白的亲和力。这些方法多具有操作简便、结果直观等优点, 经此阶段筛选后的活性化合物通常还需在细胞内进一步测定抗病毒活性及细胞毒性[15]
在外界条件保持恒定情况下, 偏振荧光强弱与荧光分子的相对分子质量呈正相关, 以此为原理建立了荧光偏振(FP) 技术, 并被广泛应用于高通量筛选。若质量较大的荧光分子中包含Mpro底物切割序列, 经Mpro切割后能产生相对分子质量较小的荧光分子, 通过判断反应终点偏振荧光的强弱即可快速筛选到可以抑制Mpro活性的化合物。荧光偏振技术操作简便、检测灵敏、成本低廉, 与荧光共振能量转移技术(FRET) 相比, 不易出现假阳性结果。
Yan等[16, 17]将荧光偏振技术与生物素-抗生物素蛋白系统(biotin-avidin system, BAS) 相结合, 开发了一种新型的三明治样荧光偏振筛选法(图 3)。将FP示踪剂与抗生物素蛋白相连, 并与Mpro共同孵育, FP信号强度与未裂解示踪剂的相对量成正比。具有抑制活性的化合物使Mpro活性降低, 未被切割的FP示踪剂仍与抗生物素结合产生强的偏振荧光; 无活性化合物存在时, 示踪剂被Mpro切割生成的低分子量片段产生较弱荧光。研究者用此方法筛选天然产物化合物库, 先筛选出dieckol (1, IC50 = 4.5 ± 0.4 μmol·L-1), 通过SPR分析与分子对接模型, 证实了dieckol与SARS-CoV-2 Mpro的催化位点形成了多重氢键作用。随后又运用该方法, 筛选出白果酸C15∶1 (ginkgolic acid C15∶1, 2, IC50 = 11.29 ± 0.48 μmol·L-1) 和漆树酸(anacardic acid, 3, IC50 = 12.19 ± 0.50 μmol·L-1) 两种化合物(图 4), 并通过HPLC-Q-TOF-MS阐明了它们与SARS-CoV-2 Mpro的非共价结合作用。
荧光共振能量转移(FRET) 是一种非辐射能量跃迁, 通过分子间的电偶极相互作用, 将供体激发态能量转移到受体激发态。为表征酶的活性并对活性分子进行高通量筛选, Jin等[18]开发了基于FRET原理高通量筛选Mpro抑制剂的技术。根据Mpro水解新型冠状病毒多聚蛋白的天然切割位点, 设计并合成了荧光标记底物MCA-AVLQ↓SGFRK (DNP)K, 其中MCA作为荧光标记物, DNP作为淬灭基团, 由多肽底物中的Mpro裂解序列隔开。Mpro水解底物后, 荧光标记的多肽片段因失去FRET效应而产生增强型荧光。当有活性化合物存在时, Mpro的水解受到抑制, MCA发出荧光被DNP淬灭, 因此产生的荧光强度大大降低。研究者使用这一方法筛选了10 000余种上市药物、临床试验候选药物和天然产物, 得到了6种化合物对SARS-CoV-2 Mpro具有较强抑制作用, 包括双硫仑、卡莫氟2种已批准的药物和依布硒啉、PX-12等4种临床前或临床试验候选药物(图 5)。
Samrat等[19]利用FRET技术筛选了一个含300多种氯硝柳胺衍生物的化合物库, 其中结果最好的3个分子JMX0286 (10, IC50 = 4.8 μmol·L-1)、JMX0301 (11, IC50 = 4.5 μmol·L-1) 和JMX0941 (12, IC50 = 3.9 μmol·L-1) 对SARS-CoV-2 Mpro的抑制能力均略优或相当于boceprivir (13, IC50 = 4.9 μmol·L-1), 且JMX0286 (EC50 = 2.3 μmol·L-1, CC50 = 53.1 μmol·L-1) 和JMX0941 (EC50 = 1.7 μmol·L-1, CC50 = 30 μmol·L-1) 在细胞内均有较高的抗病毒活性和较低毒性(图 6)。分子对接与动力学模拟表明, 前三者均可作为SARS-CoV-2 Mpro的非竞争性强效抑制剂, 特异性地结合于Mpro单体结构域Ⅱ和Ⅲ之间的变构位点; 在高浓度时, 它们也可能作为竞争性抑制剂与催化位点作用, 属于混合机制的Mpro抑制剂。
比色法应用于Mpro抑制剂筛选时, 通常是将Mpro对底物肽段的裂解定量表征为体系溶液对特定波长光的吸收程度, 以此精准测定Mpro的活性或待筛选化合物的抑酶活性。
Yan等[20]优化了基于比色法的高通量筛选模型并对天然产物库进行了筛选。将所筛选的化合物与Mpro一起孵育, 后加入底物TSAVLQ-pNA (para-nitroanilide), 使用多功能酶标仪检测A405值, 并设置阴性和空白对照组。Mpro抑制剂可抑制酶裂解底物释放pNA, 导致体系中A405值出现不同程度降低(图 7)。随后以GraphPad Prism 8.0拟合化合物的抑制曲线, 选出苗头化合物(抑制率 > 50%) 并在复筛中测定其IC50。其中白果酸C13∶0 (ginkgolic acid C13∶0, 14) 对Mpro的抑制作用有明显的量效关系, IC50值为16.11 ± 1.2 μmol·L-1
Feng等[21]基于金纳米粒子(gold nanoparticles, AuNPs) 和肽底物在电极表面的共组装, 开发了一种结合比色法与电化学检测方法的新型生物传感器, 具有操作简单、灵敏度高、可直接观察的优点。体系中的肽底物可以通过静电作用诱导AuNPs的聚集并产生颜色改变, 而Mpro切割肽底物可抑制此效应。因此, 通过观察悬液的颜色变化可以对Mpro的活性进行直观的可视化分析。此外, 在电极表面进行AuNPs和肽的共组装, 此过程中肽底物经Mpro切割可限制其自组装。使用电化学阻抗谱(electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, EIS) 可以很容易地监测到这一过程中电化学信号的变化, 弥补了比色法灵敏度低和抗干扰能力弱的缺点。
DNA编码化合物库(DNA encoded compound library, DEL) 技术即在分子水平上给每个化合物连接一段特定的DNA进行“编码”。在化合物与靶标蛋白进行孵育并相互作用后, 裂解下高活性化合物的DNA片段, 对DNA序列的“解码”并对照化合物库记录信息, 得到苗头化合物的结构。
Hou等[22]将一个DEL中的编码化合物与结合于Ni2+-NTA磁珠的SARS-CoV-2 Mpro共同孵化, 裂解DNA片段并“解码”后确定了5种含有异喹啉和脂肪胺骨架的非共价小分子化合物(15~19, 图 8)。经FRET体外酶活测定, 其中化合物WU-04 (18) 的抑酶效果最好(IC50 = 72 nmol·L-1), 可以有效阻断SARS-CoV-2在宿主细胞中的复制且安全性高(EC50 = 12 nmol·L-1, CC50 > 20 μmol·L-1)。当口服剂量相同时, WU-04与辉瑞开发的PF-07321332在K18-hACE2小鼠中具有相当的抗SARS-CoV-2活性。
Ge等[23]选择几种靶向半胱氨酸的常见共价亲电试剂, 通过组合化学构建了由不同亲电“弹头”组成的含有6亿个小分子的化合物库。经DEL技术筛选, 发现两系列丙烯酰胺类化合物与SARS-CoV-2 Mpro具有亲和作用。通过LC-MS技术验证发现它们可选择性共价结合于Mpro, 经测定其中化合物1e (20, 图 8) 的抑酶活性最强(IC50 = 2.0 μmol·L-1), 且在细胞水平具有中等的抗病毒活性(EC50 = 33 μmol·L-1, CC50 > 100 μmol·L-1)。
表面等离子体子共振(SPR) 是一种光学物理现象。当发射光激发金属涂层表面产生的等离子体与全内反射消失波的频率和波数相等时, 二者产生共振, 反射光强度下降产生峰值。将SPR应用于蛋白质-配体相互作用分析, 若引入缓冲液的大分子靶点与固定化的配体结合, 靠近金属涂层表面的缓冲溶液折射率发生变化, 共振峰进而不同。该技术可预测大分子靶点与小分子配体的结合, 也可用于测量速率和平衡结合常数[24]
Du等[25]通过总结COVID-19患者的临床资料, 发现了3种有效的中药方剂, 经初步分析其中7种常用的单体化合物可能通过与SARS-CoV-2 Mpro结合发挥抗病毒作用。进而, 研究者用SPR生物传感器证实所有化合物均以剂量依赖性方式与Mpro有亲和作用。其中槲皮素、木犀草素、山柰酚、柚皮素和表没食子儿茶素-3-没食子酸酯(EGCG) 对Mpro的结合亲和力(以KD表示) 分别为1.24、1.63、1.70、2.87和6.17 μmol·L-1。利用FRET技术测得EGCG (21, 图 9) 对Mpro活性的抑制效果最好(IC50 = 0.847 μmol·L-1), 且分子对接显示, EGCG与Cys145和His41这两个重要氨基酸残基形成氢键作用, 为进一步开发提供了参考。
核磁共振谱(NMR) 技术在结构生物学领域有普遍的应用, 在药物发现与设计过程中也十分重要。在溶液中进行核磁共振分析可以探究关于SARS-CoV-2 Mpro的相关信息, 包括底物结合、活性位点构象和二聚体之间的相互作用。在底物结合方面通过观察Mpro催化位点关键氨基酸的位置信息是否发生变化, 可推测化合物与靶标的结合状态。
在接近生理pH和温度的SARS-CoV-2 Mpro溶液中, Cantrelle等[26]通过两步基于NMR技术的化合物片段筛选, 即包括1H Water-LOGSY和19F 1D NMR谱图的初步筛选及2D 1H, 15N-TROSY-HSQC NMR谱图的二次筛选, 在960个化学片段中依次筛选出了38个苗头化合物片段, 并确证了位于活性位点和二聚体界面的3个作用位点。其中片段F01 (22) 与Mpro活性位点的亲和力最高, 经NMR滴定实验测得其KD值为73 μmol·L-1, 并确定为非共价可逆性结合模式。体外酶活测定F01的IC50值为54 μmol·L-1, 在细胞体系中具有较弱的抗SARS-CoV-2活性(EC50 = 150 μmol·L-1, CC50 > 400 μmol·L-1)。作为一个小分子片段, F01在占据S1、S2空腔的同时, 由两个羰基氧原子分别与Glu166、His163形成了关键氢键作用(图 10), 值得进一步研究。NMR技术有助于更好地理解Mpro复杂的构效关系和设计靶向Mpro的特异性抑制剂。
质谱技术不仅可以提供丰富的化合物结构信息, 还可以定量测定小分子与蛋白靶标的亲和力, 如使用质谱技术来筛选蛋白酶抑制剂, 可以直接量化酶的底物和产物。
Zhang等[27]建立了由声学液滴喷射(acoustic droplet ejection, ADE) 技术、开放端口接口和电喷雾电离集成运作的质谱分析平台AEMS。该系统可以高速分析无标记的少量样品, 且重现性好、适用化合物范围广泛。Hasegawa等[28]将此技术用于筛选SARS-CoV-2 Mpro抑制剂, 在12 h内完成了32 033个化学样品的初筛。在进行选择性、剂量依赖性分析及细胞内病毒抑制作用测定后, 有8种化合物显示出抗病毒活性(6, 23~29, 图 11)。
Scholle等[29]建立了双重无标记SAMDI-MS (self-assembled monolayers desorption ionization MS) 技术, 将金膜表面的自组装单层烷基硫醇与基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight MS, MALDI-TOF-MS) 相结合, 可以用于同时筛选SARS-CoV-2 Mpro和人鼻病毒3C蛋白酶抑制剂。通过底物和产物发出信号, SAMDI-MS分析避免了可能干扰固定化的化合物(如生物素类似物) 导致的假阳性, 此方法稳定性好, 可重复性高。研究者筛选了一个含有30万小分子的类药化合物库, 经多次使用SAMDI-MS和FRET分析技术, 筛选出了11种高活性分子, 进一步的剂量依赖性分析表明4-S (30) 是SARS-CoV-2 Mpro的选择性抑制剂(IC50 = 5.48 μmol·L-1), 具有较高抗病毒活性且无细胞毒性(EC50 = 14.9 μmol·L-1, CC50 > 100 μmol·L-1) (图 11)。经过进一步构效关系探索, 发现哌啶并噻吩双环和苯并三唑骨架是靶向Mpro的重要药效基团。
Douangamath等[30]在筛选与SARS-CoV-2 Mpro作用的共价或非共价片段的过程中, 通过对大量化合物片段进行浸泡法(soaking) 处理以形成配体-复合物结晶, 将质谱技术与X射线晶体学联合应用其中, 并采用了panDDA (pan-dataset density analysis) 算法[31]更好地显示化合物片段与Mpro活性口袋的结合状态。panDDA解析的晶体结构更清晰, 在电子密度低时受干扰较小, 更易筛选出与空腔适配的片段分子。在质谱初步筛选出的亲电片段和外加7个片段库中, 研究者最终确定了与Mpro活性位点结合良好的23个非共价和48个亲电共价片段。非共价片段根据不同的结构特征(吡啶等含氮杂环、疏水性芳香基团等) 分别适配于S1、S1′、S2或S4子位点, 与Glu166、His163、Met49、His41等关键氨基酸形成氢键、π-π堆叠作用等作用力; 亲电弹头则主要与Cys145及S1′子位点形成强效共价作用力。此外, 3个片段分子可结合于Mpro二聚体界面, 破坏了其二聚化, 因此有可能间接抑制催化活性, 为变构抑制剂的设计提供了参考。
片段筛选虽不能像一般的筛选技术一样, 在分子水平或细胞水平提供量化的SARS-CoV-2 Mpro抑制水平的信息, 但可以以极高的效率获得大量片段分子与靶蛋白各个位点的结合模式, 这对基于靶标合理药物设计具有重要的指导意义。
一般情况下, 对于分子水平的体系筛选出的化合物, 未必在细胞内有相当的抑酶活性, 主要影响因素包括: 化合物的透膜性、在胞浆内的稳定性以及细胞中酶复合物与独立酶在功能上的显著差异等。因此细胞水平的Mpro抑制剂筛选, 尤其是在细胞内构建无活病毒的微体系, 可以作为分子水平筛选的辅助或替代, 对筛选结果给予有效的佐证或排除假阳性化合物。细胞水平的筛选不需人工大量表达与纯化蛋白酶, 且能提供药物细胞毒性和透膜性的相关信息[32], 但也具有周期长、操作繁琐、成本较高等缺点, 值得进一步优化。
荧光素酶(luciferase) 报告基因的筛选技术具有直观和重现性好等优点, 被广泛用于细胞内的蛋白酶活性分析及抑制剂筛选。基于此原理, 研究者设计了多种高效、高灵敏度的Mpro抑制剂筛选方法。
Chen等[33]利用荧光素酶互补技术, 开发了一种高灵敏度的细胞内实验方法, 可用于检测SARS-CoV-2 Mpro的活性及抑制剂筛选。该技术以慢病毒为载体, 在细胞中共表达Mpro和通过切割位点互相连接的两条反向荧光素酶片段。切割位点被Mpro裂解会导致荧光素酶互补丧失, 荧光强度随之下降; 当Mpro抑制剂存在时, 荧光素酶被激活, 荧光强度仍处于高水平(图 12)。研究者首先对一个自有化合物库进行基于药效团的虚拟筛选, 得到了359个分子, 后加入经分子对接技术筛选出的另一个含161个潜力抑制剂的化合物库。同时对520个分子进行荧光素酶互补筛选, 发现了2种活性化合物3132, EC50分别为7.2 μmol·L-1和4.7 μmol·L-1, CC50值均高于50 μmol·L-1
O'Brien等[34]设计了一种生物传感器(pGlo-VRLQS biosensor), 用于筛选SARS-CoV-2 Mpro抑制剂(图 13)。具体方法为, 细胞转染表达SARS-CoV-2 Mpro的质粒后, 所表达的Mpro可以在生物传感器中裂解底物中的保守序列VRLQS, 使荧光素酶变构为活性形式进而发出荧光。当抑制剂存在时, Mpro活性被抑制, 荧光强度将明显下降。使用此方法测得市售冠状病毒抑制剂GRL-0496 (33) 对SARS-CoV-2产生了剂量依赖性的抑制作用, IC50值为3.41 μmol·L-1, 且在Vero细胞中具有抗病毒活性(EC50 = 3.29 μmol·L-1, CC50 = 96.74 μmol·L-1)。该方法的可行性与准确性高, 可用于高通量筛选抗病毒药物。
Zhang等[35]基于Gaussia荧光素酶(Gluc) 构建了一种细胞水平的生物传感器, 可用于检测SARS-CoV-2 Mpro在细胞中的裂解活性(图 14)。当Gluc的N端融合pro-interleukin (IL)-1β (iGluc) 时, 可诱导Gluc蛋白聚集, 使之失去荧光活性。依据此原理, 将Mpro的裂解序列(AVLQSGFR) 插入到pro-(IL)-1β的C端与Gluc之间, 当生物传感器与Mpro共同孵育时裂解位点则被切割, 导致蛋白质单体化, GLuc激活发出强光。对于已报道的Mpro共价抑制剂GC376 (34), 使用此检测方法可观察到其在细胞中产生剂量依赖性的抑酶作用, 证实了此方法的可行性。此方法具有灵敏度高、可量化、适合高通量等特点。
2019年, Zhang等[36]通过翻转GFP的β链, 首次报道了一种基于GFP的荧光蛋白酶报告基因“FlipGFP”。GFP可分裂为两个部分, 即β1-9与β10-11。当处于反平行位置的β10和β11与β1-9结合时, 迅速产生绿色荧光。使用含有Mpro切割位点的连接序列将β11与β10保持在平行状态, 可以防止分裂GFP的自组装。当冠状病毒Mpro在细胞体系中表达后, 切割位点被裂解, β11与β10被释放形成反平行结构, 进而与β1-9自组装产生绿色荧光(图 15)。通过已知Mpro抑制剂GC376进行验证, 使用FlipGFP报告基因对Mpro抑制剂进行分析的方法准确且有效, 可应用在抗SARS-CoV-2药物筛选中。
Rothan等[37]利用FlipGFP技术, 以boceprivir为参考化合物, 筛选了含有50个小分子的内部化合物库, 发现喹唑啉衍生物可使GFP荧光强度明显降低。其中化合物QZ4 (35) 作用最为显著(48 h时: EC50 = 6.5 μmol·L-1, CC50 > 100 μmol·L-1) (图 16)。随后, 分子对接表明, QZ4可与关键氨基酸残基Gln189、Gln192、Arg188形成氢键, 稳定占据在Mpro底物的结合区域。
Ma等[38]参考FRET原理开发了一种细胞水平的进行高通量筛选技术, 即生物发光共振能量转移(bioluminescence resonance energy transfer, BRET) 技术。将Mpro底物连接肽(ITSAVLQSGFRK) 的编码序列插入增强型黄色荧光蛋白(EYFP) 和Renilla荧光素酶(RLuc) 的编码序列之间, 构建表达载体后与Mpro表达质粒共转染HEK293T细胞。当RLuc催化底物腔肠素时可产生475 nm的荧光。当EYFP与RLuc之间的距离小于100 Å时, RLuc发出的荧光将产生能量转移, 激发EYFP产生535 nm的荧光。当Mpro切割底物时二者分离, 不产生能量转移, 475 nm处的发射光强度更高; 有活性抑制剂存在时, 535 nm处激发光强度则更高(图 17)。
Hou等[39]基于BRET原理建立了一种自裂解生物传感器, 模拟病毒在宿主细胞内由Mpro催化多聚蛋白自裂解进行复制过程。该生物传感器将绿色荧光蛋白(GFP2) 与Renilla荧光素酶(RLuc8) 分别与Nsp5 (Mpro) 的N端和C端相连。N端由Nsp4和Nsp5之间的裂解序列连接, C端由Nsp5与Nsp6间的裂解序列连接。当含有此生物传感器的质粒转染到HEK293T细胞并表达后, Mpro可自动将连接位点序列切割, 共振能量转移效应消失。加入活性抑制剂后, Mpro的催化活性下降, BRET比值明显升高。基于此原理设计的传感器体系也可用于多种病毒蛋白酶的抑制剂筛选, 如HIV蛋白酶和HCV的N53蛋白酶抑制剂。
Narayanan等[40]构建了一种可以在细胞内定位发光的荧光探针, 可以快速识别低细胞毒性的SARS-CoV-2 Mpro抑制剂(图 18)。将绿色荧光蛋白(mEmerald) 编码序列与细胞核定位信号(NLS) 相结合, 并通过寨卡病毒中的NS2B蛋白序列与Mpro编码序列相连, NS2B可将探针定位于内质网膜。将此探针与内质网标记物mCherry Sec61 β共同转染到HEK293T细胞中, 当探针未被Mpro裂解时, 探针定位于细胞内质网膜并在图像中呈现红色荧光; 当被Mpro裂解后, mEmerald-NLS游离并定位于细胞核呈现绿色荧光。活性抑制剂存在时, 细胞核染色与总染色比例显著下降, 因此可用于快速筛选SARS-CoV-2 Mpro抑制剂。由于此过程在活细胞内进行, 也可以通过观察细胞死亡比例来测定候选化合物的细胞毒性, 排除部分高毒化合物。
研究者利用该方法筛选了一个含有64个已批准药物的化合物库, 其中3种药物在细胞中显示出对SARS-CoV-2 Mpro的抑制作用, 经体外FRET技术检测, 拟肽类化合物MG-101 (36) 可以明显抑制Mpro的裂解活性(IC50 = 2.89 ± 0.86 μmol·L-1), 而其他两种药物无活性。同时MG-101的安全性较高(EC50 = 0.038 μmol·L-1, CC50 = 36.95 μmol·L-1), 值得进一步开发。X射线晶体结构显示, 该抑制剂与活性位点Cys145残基之间形成共价键, 使Mpro不可逆失活。将此模型的Mpro编码序列和裂解位点替换为PLpro相关序列, 也可进而筛选PLpro抑制剂, 两种抑制剂的联合使用可以更有效地应对快速变异的新冠病毒。
Xu等[41]构建了一种新型的自裂解荧光探针MP590, 将Mpro可裂解多肽(Abu-Tle-Leu-Gln) 与荧光基团(resorufin) 通过自裂解芳香体(4-氨基苄醇) 相连(图 19)。此探针可用于在转染Mpro质粒或感染SARS-CoV-2的细胞中, 高选择性和高灵敏度地检测SARS-CoV-2 Mpro的活性或筛选Mpro的抑制剂。细胞内表达的Mpro可将多肽和连接体之间的酰胺键裂解, 荧光基团游离并激活产生荧光; 当有抑制活性的化合物存在时, 探针裂解相对减少, 细胞图像中荧光信号减弱。HPLC和质谱分析均证实了这一机制, Mpro抑制剂GC376验证了此探针在抑制剂筛选方面的可行性, 随着抑制剂浓度的增加, 细胞内的荧光信号明显降低。此方法可视化强, 对蛋白干扰物表现出很高的选择性, 有望成为SARS-CoV-2诊断和Mpro靶向药物发现的重要工具。
Franko等[42]设计了一种主要靠合成转录因子(synTF) 的体内模块化蛋白自裂解基因表达调控系统(tunable autoproteolytic gene switches, TAGS), 它的核心部位为模块化DNA结合区域(DB) 和转录激活区域(TA), 二者通过Mpro裂解位点(CS) 相连, Mpro通过GS连接子结合于DB区域的N端(图 20)。在正常情况下, Mpro可直接裂解CS使合成转录因子失活, 无法启动DNA的转录; 当Mpro抑制剂存在时, 转录因子正常工作启动转录过程。因此该系统可以监测细胞内Mpro的活性并灵敏地筛选具有抑制活性的化合物。
该方法依赖于特定序列的转录表达来测定Mpro活性, 假阳性率低, 并且可以很好地预测化合物在细胞中抑制病毒复制的有效浓度。同时此调控系统也可以用于检测Mpro突变体, 识别参与催化裂解作用的重要氨基酸, 进而更好地设计小分子抑制剂。此合成转录因子的最大优势在于其每个模块可根据不同蛋白酶的检测需要, 进行替换改造, 因此它普遍适用于多种病毒蛋白酶, 可在未来新型病毒暴发时提供快速、有效的检测和筛选工具。
Bram等[43]同样基于调控基因表达系统构建了一种定量检测Mpro细胞内活性的方法。将转录因子(GAL4) 与细胞膜表面的多巴胺受体D1 (DRD1) 通过SARS-CoV-2 Mpro裂解位点相连, 当细胞转染含Mpro的质粒或感染SARS-CoV-2时, Mpro可以裂解并释放转录因子, 后者移位到细胞核内启动荧光报告基因(Citrine-T2A-Gluc) 的转录, 可监测到强荧光信号。当有抑制活性的化合物存在时, 荧光报告基因无法激活, 荧光信号强度显著降低。研究者基于此方法筛选了3个化合物库, 以发现SARS-CoV-2 Mpro抑制剂。其中, 两种化合物parthenolide [PRT (37), IC50 = 0.66 μmol·L-1] 和mundulone [MND (38), IC50 = 0.40 μmol·L-1] 活性最好(图 21), 且均可以在肺上皮细胞内显著抑制病毒RNA的表达。分子动力学模拟与分子对接表明MND-(R) 更倾向于直接作用于Mpro的催化二分体, 而PRT和MND-(S) 则主要通过作用于二聚体界面, 改变催化位点的活性构象来抑制Mpro的催化功能。
新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情暴发以来, 以Mpro为靶标的抗SARS-CoV-2药物不断被报道并有多个进入临床研究(新一代Mpro抑制剂PF-07817883刚刚启动Ⅰ期临床试验), 但仅有辉瑞公司开发的Paxlovid[44]及盐野义制药的Xocova批准上市, 因此安全可靠、广谱的新型Mpro抑制剂依然是当前及未来迫切的临床需求。无论是基于计算机辅助药物设计、老药新用, 还是从天然产物库中寻找有效单体化合物, 建立高效便捷的筛选方法是药物发现的关键环节。
本文所述及不同筛选模型在预测化合物与Mpro的亲和力、功能抑制及作用模式方面各有利弊, 因此仅依赖单一筛选方法往往误差较大、易出现假阳性或假阴性的情况。提示在实际研究中, 要综合运用不同原理、不同层次的筛选方法, 相互补充与配合, 并且在进行靶标筛选后利用细胞水平的表型筛选法, 通过细胞病变效应(cytopathic effects, CPE)、病毒RNA表达量的检测等来评估化合物的抗病毒活性[45], 从而全面可靠地评估其抗病毒潜力和细胞毒性等指标。在此基础上, 也可通过高内涵、类器官模型等筛选方法进行早期类药性评价, 辅助运用人工智能技术进行类药性虚拟评价[46, 47], 实现药物筛选技术的“整合创新”[48], 为高效快捷地发现高品质先导化合物奠定基础。
作者贡献: 叶冰负责构思、撰写文章内容并整理文献; 刘新泳和展鹏指导论文写作; 高升华、宋乐天、程玉森和杨娩玲对论文进行了检查和修改。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明没有利益冲突。
  • 山东省自然科学基金重大基础研究项目(ZR2021ZD17)
  • 中国博士后科学基金面上基金项目(2021M702003)
  • 广东省基础与应用基础研究基金区域联合基金青年基金项目(2021A1515110740)
  • 山东省自然科学基金青年基金(ZR2022QH036)
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2023年第58卷第6期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1202
  • 接收时间:2022-11-09
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-06-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-11-09
  • 修回日期:2022-11-29
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山东省自然科学基金重大基础研究项目(ZR2021ZD17)
中国博士后科学基金面上基金项目(2021M702003)
广东省基础与应用基础研究基金区域联合基金青年基金项目(2021A1515110740)
山东省自然科学基金青年基金(ZR2022QH036)
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    山东大学药学院药物化学研究所, 化学生物学教育部重点实验室, 山东 济南 250012

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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