Article(id=1198628600904777789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628599835227075, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0759, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1655740800000, receivedDateStr=2022-06-21, revisedDate=1665504000000, revisedDateStr=2022-10-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763704927897, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1686499200000, pubDateStr=2023-06-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763704927897, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763704927897, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763704927897, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198628599835227075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='6', pageStart='0', pageEnd='1724', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1686499200000', pubDateStr='2023-06-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763704927643, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1766137690373, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208832346359468483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628599835227075, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208832346359468484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628599835227075, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1430, endPage=1440, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198628604792897700, articleId=1198628600904777789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Mechanism of Alisma plantago-aquatica Linn. improving chronic glomerulonephritis based on network pharmacology and experimental verification, columnId=1198628600783142971, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports: Research on Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine Based on Integrative Pharmacology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aims to explore the improvement and the mechanism of the Alisma plantago-aquatica Linn. (ApL) on chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN). All animal experiments were followed the regulation of the Experimental Animal Ethical Committee of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. CGN mouse model was established by a single tail-vein injection of doxorubicin (Dox) (20 mg·kg-1). One week after Dox administration, the mice received water extract of ApL (85 and 255 mg·kg-1) by gavage once a day for 14 days. At the end of experiment, the urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR), serum albumin (ALB), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (SCr) were detected, kidney histopathological H&E staining was analyzed. Active ingredients and action targets of ApL were collected from TCMSP database, and CGN-related targets were obtained from Genecards database. STRING platform was employed to perform protein-protein interaction (PPI), and Metascape platform was used for KEGG pathway and GO enrichment analysis. The results of experiments demonstrated that ApL (85 and 255 mg·kg-1) could reduce the ACR and the content of SCr and BUN, and increase the content of ALB in mice. Network pharmacology results predicted that nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB)-related pathway and biological process of oxidoreductase activity regulation may be involved in the ApL-provided amelioration on CGN. The verification results showed that ApL could inhibit the activation of NF-κB and the expression of inflammatory factors in mice, and reduce the activity of renal myeloperoxidase (MPO). Meanwhile, ApL promoted the activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and increased the expression of its downstream gene mRNA, and reduced the level of renal malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and further elevated renal glutathione (GSH) level. Based on network pharmacology combined experiments, this study found that ApL may improve CGN in mice through multiple targets and multiple pathways, in which the inhibition of NF-κB signaling and the activation of Nrf2 signaling may be important mechanisms involved.

, authors=null, authorsList=Zhi-miao QIU, Bin LU, Meng-juan WEI, Li-li JI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Meng-juan WEI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198628608387416461, articleId=1198628600904777789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于网络药理学和实验验证探讨泽泻改善慢性肾小球肾炎的作用机制, columnId=1198628601970131008, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道: 基于整合药理学的中医药现代化研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文旨在探讨泽泻(Alisma plantago-aquatica Linn., ApL) 对慢性肾小球肾炎(chronic glomerulonephritis, CGN) 小鼠的改善作用及其机制。动物实验过程均遵循上海中医药大学动物实验伦理委员会的规定。运用一次性尾静脉注射多柔比星(doxorubicin, Dox, 20 mg·kg-1) 方法建立CGN小鼠模型, 造模1周后每天灌胃给药ApL水提物(85和255 mg·kg-1), 两周后结束实验。检测小鼠尿白蛋白与肌酐的比值(urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio, ACR)、血清白蛋白(serum albumin, ALB)、尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen, BUN) 和血清肌酐(serum creatinine, SCr) 含量, 利用HE (hematoxylin-eosin staining, H&E) 染色观察肾组织中病理损伤情况。根据TCMSP数据库获取ApL的化学成分及作用靶点, 并通过Genecards数据库获取CGN相关靶点。运用String及Metascape数据库进行蛋白互作、GO功能和KEGG通路富集分析。研究结果发现, ApL (85和255 mg·kg-1) 可以明显降低CGN小鼠ACR以及SCr和BUN含量, 并使ALB含量上升。网络药理学结果发现, 核因子-κB (nuclear factor kappa-B, NF-κB) 相关通路以及氧化还原酶活性调节的生物过程可能是ApL改善CGN的关键因素。验证实验发现, ApL (85和255 mg·kg-1) 可以抑制CGN小鼠NF-κB的激活和其下游炎症因子的表达, 降低肾脏髓过氧化物酶(myeloperoxidase, MPO) 活力; 并促进核因子E2相关因子2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, Nrf2) 的激活, 增加其下游基因表达, 降低肾脏丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA) 及活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 水平, 提升谷胱甘肽(glutathione, GSH) 水平。本研究基于网络药理学结合实验验证发现ApL可能通过多靶点、多通路发挥改善小鼠CGN的作用, 其中对NF-κB信号的抑制和Nrf2信号的激活可能是重要的作用机制。

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*卫梦娟, Tel: 86-21-51328176, E-mail:
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Front Pharmacol, 2020, 11: 580073., articleTitle=Alisol A alleviates arterial plaque by activating AMPK/SIRT1 signaling pathway in ApoE-deficient mice, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960141157626353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600904777789, doi=10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111321, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=137, issue=null, pageStart=111321, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=34, authorNames=null, journalName=Biomed Pharmacother, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Jia XK, Zhu HC, Li GP, et al. Anti-osteoporotic effects of alisol C 23-acetate via osteoclastogenesis inhibition[J]. Biomed Pharmacother, 2021, 137: 111321., articleTitle=Anti-osteoporotic effects of alisol C 23-acetate via osteoclastogenesis inhibition, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960141266678275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600904777789, doi=10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107956, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=99, issue=null, pageStart=107956, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=35, authorNames=null, journalName=Int Immunopharmacol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Sun YT, Long J, Chen WK, et al. Alisol B 23-acetate, a new promoter for cholesterol efflux from dendritic cells, alleviates dyslipidemia and inflammation in advanced atherosclerotic mice[J]. Int Immunopharmacol, 2021, 99: 107956., articleTitle=Alisol B 23-acetate, a new promoter for cholesterol efflux from dendritic cells, alleviates dyslipidemia and inflammation in advanced atherosclerotic mice, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960141426061840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600904777789, doi=10.1016/j.cbi.2017.05.025, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=273, issue=null, pageStart=56, pageEnd=72, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=36, authorNames=null, journalName=Chem Biol Interact, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen L, Chen DQ, Wang M, et al. Role of RAS/Wnt/β-catenin axis activation in the pathogenesis of podocyte injury and tubulo-interstitial nephropathy[J]. Chem Biol Interact, 2017, 273: 56-72., articleTitle=Role of RAS/Wnt/β-catenin axis activation in the pathogenesis of podocyte injury and tubulo-interstitial nephropathy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198960141526725148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600904777789, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=45, issue=null, pageStart=1545, pageEnd=1557, url=https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZNGZ202306039.htm, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=37, authorNames=null, journalName=China J Chin Mater Med (中国中药杂志), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Tian SS, Zhao XM, Liu SS, et al. Regional differences analysis of Alismatis Rhizoma based on UPLC characteristic chromatogram and determination of eight terpenoids[J]. China J Chin Mater Med (中国中药杂志), 2020, 45: 1545-1557., articleTitle=Regional differences analysis of Alismatis Rhizoma based on UPLC characteristic chromatogram and determination of eight terpenoids, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1198960135864415221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600904777789, awardId=2018YFC1707302, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划“中医药现代化研究”重点专项(2018YFC1707302), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198960129006727494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600904777789, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960129031893322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600904777789, companyId=1198960129006727494, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960129048670539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600904777789, companyId=1198960129006727494, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=上海中医药大学, 中药研究所, 中药标准化教育部重点实验室, 中药新资源与质量标准综合评价国家中医药管理局重点研究室, 上海市复方中药重点实验室, 上海 201203)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1198960132626412213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600904777789, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=t4mXCkYDhhwyAow35q8NuQ==, figureFileBig=3IpW2yafU42QDJOQofuxrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960132794184388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600904777789, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= <i>Alisma plantago</i>-<i>aquatica</i> Linn. (ApL) improved doxorubicin (Dox)-induced chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) in mice. A: Serum albumin (ALB) content (<i>n</i> = 5); B: Body weight (<i>n</i> = 7); C: Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) value (<i>n</i> = 5); D: Serum creatinine (SCr) content (<i>n</i> = 5); E: Serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) content (<i>n</i> = 5); F: Kidney H&E staining. The red box indicates the site of glomerular lesion. Glomerular, interstitial and perivascular disease was scored from (0) to (4) as described in methods (<i>n</i> = 3). Mean ± SEM. <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> control group; <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> Dox group. PNS: Prednisone , figureFileSmall=t4mXCkYDhhwyAow35q8NuQ==, figureFileBig=3IpW2yafU42QDJOQofuxrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960133050036957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600904777789, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=2xtPlAYdKmvu5afM6eG1/Q==, figureFileBig=Pg+PKDzsYmKXWl8nLsMc9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960133213614831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600904777789, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Venn diagram and protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis. A: Venn diagram; B: PPI analysis , figureFileSmall=2xtPlAYdKmvu5afM6eG1/Q==, figureFileBig=Pg+PKDzsYmKXWl8nLsMc9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960133398164218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600904777789, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=x3pC5ylnV8W+XQ3lmhvsgA==, figureFileBig=ueabN68co8SvtVXaphlySg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960133612073748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600904777789, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Pathway enrichment analysis , figureFileSmall=x3pC5ylnV8W+XQ3lmhvsgA==, figureFileBig=ueabN68co8SvtVXaphlySg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960133775651620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600904777789, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=22NxR8pKKnl+OQ+59V+hDg==, figureFileBig=zo8LvBbuQXPO/Kg/S7Gl8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960133909869352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600904777789, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis. BP: Biological process; CC: Cellular component; MF: Molecular function , figureFileSmall=22NxR8pKKnl+OQ+59V+hDg==, figureFileBig=zo8LvBbuQXPO/Kg/S7Gl8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960134069252924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600904777789, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=oZuuqx4LpWLML1smlFyRtQ==, figureFileBig=mOX12pyOkXwuEY3O5FwOJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960134274773844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600904777789, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Network of ApL-active ingredient-intersection target-pathway-CGN. The orange rectangle represents ApL, the yellow oval represents active ingredient, the dark blue rectangle represents intersection target, the light blue triangle represents signal pathway , figureFileSmall=oZuuqx4LpWLML1smlFyRtQ==, figureFileBig=mOX12pyOkXwuEY3O5FwOJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960134434157412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600904777789, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=f3nDzq6lL8D6RHJ7I/CSeA==, figureFileBig=OSp6OQzmfMvC5qW2u0sEbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960134564180848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600904777789, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= ApL inhibited the activation of NF-<i>κ</i>B signaling pathway in kidney tissue of CGN mice. A: Renal myeloperoxidase (MPO) level (<i>n</i> = 6); B: The expression of nuclear p65 in renal tissue, and Lamin B1 was used as a loading control. The quantitative densitometric analysis of p65 was shown right (<i>n</i> = 3); C: Renal mRNA expression of IL-6, COX-2, TNF-<i>α</i>, IL-1<i>β</i> and iNOS (<i>n</i> = 3); D: Immunohistochemistry stain for F4/80 infiltration (left), the black box indicates the site of glomerular lesion. Quantification of the area of F4/80 (right). Mean ± SEM. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> control group; <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> Dox group , figureFileSmall=f3nDzq6lL8D6RHJ7I/CSeA==, figureFileBig=OSp6OQzmfMvC5qW2u0sEbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960134685815677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600904777789, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=dYKhtfiYnnNJw06vIr8gjw==, figureFileBig=TndIS4bc9X7ig6+vAEIJAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960134836810634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600904777789, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= ApL promoted the activation of Nrf2 signaling pathway in kidney tissue of CGN mice. A: Renal reactive oxygen species (ROS) level (<i>n</i> = 5); B: Renal malondialdehyde (MDA) content (<i>n</i> = 5); C: Renal GSH content (<i>n</i> = 5); D: The expression of nuclear Nrf2 in renal tissue, and Lamin B1 was used as a loading control. The quantitative densitometric analysis of Nrf2 was shown right (<i>n</i> = 3); E: Renal mRNA expression of Gclm, Gclc, Gstm1, Sod1, Ho-1 and Gstp1 (<i>n</i> = 3). Mean ± SEM. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> control group; <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> Dox group , figureFileSmall=dYKhtfiYnnNJw06vIr8gjw==, figureFileBig=TndIS4bc9X7ig6+vAEIJAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960134950056855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600904777789, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=yoiG0aPRmD+C+FhytDD9qA==, figureFileBig=B2sJzJBnVKZE+r2MI86+xg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960135109440425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600904777789, language=CN, label=Figure 8, caption= <i>In vitro</i> analysis of the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. A: The Nrf2-ARE luciferase activity; B: Cellular mRNA expression of IL-1<i>β</i> and iNOS in RAW264.7 cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). <i>n</i> = 3, mean ± SEM. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05 <i>vs</i> control group; <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05 <i>vs</i> LPS group. ARE: Antioxidant response element; AAA: Alisol A monoacetate; ABA: Alisol B monoacetate; ACA: Alisol C monoacetate , figureFileSmall=yoiG0aPRmD+C+FhytDD9qA==, figureFileBig=B2sJzJBnVKZE+r2MI86+xg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960135214298040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600904777789, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Score Glomerulonephritis
0 Normal glomerulus
1 Focal, mild or early proliferative
2 Multifocal proliferative with increased matrix and inflammatory cells
3 Diffuse proliferative
4 Extensive sclerosis/crescents: proteinuria
), ArticleFig(id=1198960135361098690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600904777789, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Glomerular score

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Score Glomerulonephritis
0 Normal glomerulus
1 Focal, mild or early proliferative
2 Multifocal proliferative with increased matrix and inflammatory cells
3 Diffuse proliferative
4 Extensive sclerosis/crescents: proteinuria
), ArticleFig(id=1198960135465956305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600904777789, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene Sequence (5'-3')
iNOS Forward: TGCCACGGACGAGACGGATAG
Reverse: CTCTTCAAGCACCTCCAGGAACG
COX-2 Forward: ATTCCAAACCAGCAGACTCATA
Reverse: CTTGAGTTTGAAGTGGTAACCG
IL-6 Forward: CTCCCAACAGACCTGTCTATAC
Reverse: CCATTGCACAACTCTTTTCTCA
TNF-α Forward: AGGCACTCCCCCAAAAGAT
Reverse: CAGTAGACAGAAGAGCGTGGTG
IL-1β Forward: AGTTGACGGACCCCAAAAG
Reverse: CTTCTCCACAGCCACAATGA
Gclm Forward: CTGGGGAATGAAGTGATGGT
Reverse: CAATGACCCGAAAGAACTGC
Gclc Forward: CGGAGGAACGATGTCTGAGT
Reverse: CTGGGGAATGAAGTGATGGT
Ho-1 Forward: CAATGACCCGAAAGAACTGC
Reverse: CTCGTGGAGACGCTTTACATGG
Sod1 Forward: TGTCCATTGAAGATCGTGTGAT
Reverse: TCATCTTGTTTCTCATGGACCA
Gstm1 Forward: GAAGCTCTACTCTGAGTTCCTG
Reverse: TCAAACATACGGTACTGGTCAA
β-Actin Forward: TTCGTTGCCGGTCCACACCC
Reverse: GCTTTGCACATGCCGGAGCC
Gstp1 Forward: ATGCCACCATACACCATTGTC
Reverse: GGGAGCTGCCCATACAGAC
), ArticleFig(id=1198960135579202526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600904777789, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

RT-qPCR primer sequences. iNOS: Inductible nitric oxide synthase; COX-2: Cyclooxygenase-2; IL-6: Interleukin-6; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha; IL-1β: Interleukin-1β; Gclm: Glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit; Gclc: Glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit; Ho-1: Heme oxygenase-1; Gstm1: Glutathione S-transferase M1; Sod1: Superoxide dismutase 1; Gstp1: Glutathione S-transferase pi-1

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene Sequence (5'-3')
iNOS Forward: TGCCACGGACGAGACGGATAG
Reverse: CTCTTCAAGCACCTCCAGGAACG
COX-2 Forward: ATTCCAAACCAGCAGACTCATA
Reverse: CTTGAGTTTGAAGTGGTAACCG
IL-6 Forward: CTCCCAACAGACCTGTCTATAC
Reverse: CCATTGCACAACTCTTTTCTCA
TNF-α Forward: AGGCACTCCCCCAAAAGAT
Reverse: CAGTAGACAGAAGAGCGTGGTG
IL-1β Forward: AGTTGACGGACCCCAAAAG
Reverse: CTTCTCCACAGCCACAATGA
Gclm Forward: CTGGGGAATGAAGTGATGGT
Reverse: CAATGACCCGAAAGAACTGC
Gclc Forward: CGGAGGAACGATGTCTGAGT
Reverse: CTGGGGAATGAAGTGATGGT
Ho-1 Forward: CAATGACCCGAAAGAACTGC
Reverse: CTCGTGGAGACGCTTTACATGG
Sod1 Forward: TGTCCATTGAAGATCGTGTGAT
Reverse: TCATCTTGTTTCTCATGGACCA
Gstm1 Forward: GAAGCTCTACTCTGAGTTCCTG
Reverse: TCAAACATACGGTACTGGTCAA
β-Actin Forward: TTCGTTGCCGGTCCACACCC
Reverse: GCTTTGCACATGCCGGAGCC
Gstp1 Forward: ATGCCACCATACACCATTGTC
Reverse: GGGAGCTGCCCATACAGAC
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基于网络药理学和实验验证探讨泽泻改善慢性肾小球肾炎的作用机制
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仇之淼 , 陆宾 , 卫梦娟 * , 季莉莉
药学学报 | 专题报道: 基于整合药理学的中医药现代化研究 2023,58(6): 1430-1440
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药学学报 |专题报道: 基于整合药理学的中医药现代化研究 2023 , 58 (6) : 1430 -1440
基于网络药理学和实验验证探讨泽泻改善慢性肾小球肾炎的作用机制
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仇之淼, 陆宾, 卫梦娟* , 季莉莉
作者信息
  • 上海中医药大学, 中药研究所, 中药标准化教育部重点实验室, 中药新资源与质量标准综合评价国家中医药管理局重点研究室, 上海市复方中药重点实验室, 上海 201203
通讯作者:
*卫梦娟, Tel: 86-21-51328176, E-mail:
Mechanism of Alisma plantago-aquatica Linn. improving chronic glomerulonephritis based on network pharmacology and experimental verification
Zhi-miao QIU, Bin LU, Meng-juan WEI* , Li-li JI
Affiliations
  • The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
出版时间: 2023-06-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0759
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本文旨在探讨泽泻(Alisma plantago-aquatica Linn., ApL) 对慢性肾小球肾炎(chronic glomerulonephritis, CGN) 小鼠的改善作用及其机制。动物实验过程均遵循上海中医药大学动物实验伦理委员会的规定。运用一次性尾静脉注射多柔比星(doxorubicin, Dox, 20 mg·kg-1) 方法建立CGN小鼠模型, 造模1周后每天灌胃给药ApL水提物(85和255 mg·kg-1), 两周后结束实验。检测小鼠尿白蛋白与肌酐的比值(urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio, ACR)、血清白蛋白(serum albumin, ALB)、尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen, BUN) 和血清肌酐(serum creatinine, SCr) 含量, 利用HE (hematoxylin-eosin staining, H&E) 染色观察肾组织中病理损伤情况。根据TCMSP数据库获取ApL的化学成分及作用靶点, 并通过Genecards数据库获取CGN相关靶点。运用String及Metascape数据库进行蛋白互作、GO功能和KEGG通路富集分析。研究结果发现, ApL (85和255 mg·kg-1) 可以明显降低CGN小鼠ACR以及SCr和BUN含量, 并使ALB含量上升。网络药理学结果发现, 核因子-κB (nuclear factor kappa-B, NF-κB) 相关通路以及氧化还原酶活性调节的生物过程可能是ApL改善CGN的关键因素。验证实验发现, ApL (85和255 mg·kg-1) 可以抑制CGN小鼠NF-κB的激活和其下游炎症因子的表达, 降低肾脏髓过氧化物酶(myeloperoxidase, MPO) 活力; 并促进核因子E2相关因子2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, Nrf2) 的激活, 增加其下游基因表达, 降低肾脏丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA) 及活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 水平, 提升谷胱甘肽(glutathione, GSH) 水平。本研究基于网络药理学结合实验验证发现ApL可能通过多靶点、多通路发挥改善小鼠CGN的作用, 其中对NF-κB信号的抑制和Nrf2信号的激活可能是重要的作用机制。

慢性肾小球肾炎  /  泽泻  /  网络药理学  /  核因子-κB  /  核因子E2相关因子2

This study aims to explore the improvement and the mechanism of the Alisma plantago-aquatica Linn. (ApL) on chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN). All animal experiments were followed the regulation of the Experimental Animal Ethical Committee of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. CGN mouse model was established by a single tail-vein injection of doxorubicin (Dox) (20 mg·kg-1). One week after Dox administration, the mice received water extract of ApL (85 and 255 mg·kg-1) by gavage once a day for 14 days. At the end of experiment, the urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR), serum albumin (ALB), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (SCr) were detected, kidney histopathological H&E staining was analyzed. Active ingredients and action targets of ApL were collected from TCMSP database, and CGN-related targets were obtained from Genecards database. STRING platform was employed to perform protein-protein interaction (PPI), and Metascape platform was used for KEGG pathway and GO enrichment analysis. The results of experiments demonstrated that ApL (85 and 255 mg·kg-1) could reduce the ACR and the content of SCr and BUN, and increase the content of ALB in mice. Network pharmacology results predicted that nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB)-related pathway and biological process of oxidoreductase activity regulation may be involved in the ApL-provided amelioration on CGN. The verification results showed that ApL could inhibit the activation of NF-κB and the expression of inflammatory factors in mice, and reduce the activity of renal myeloperoxidase (MPO). Meanwhile, ApL promoted the activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and increased the expression of its downstream gene mRNA, and reduced the level of renal malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and further elevated renal glutathione (GSH) level. Based on network pharmacology combined experiments, this study found that ApL may improve CGN in mice through multiple targets and multiple pathways, in which the inhibition of NF-κB signaling and the activation of Nrf2 signaling may be important mechanisms involved.

chronic glomerulonephritis  /  Alisma plantago-aquatica Linn.  /  network pharmacology  /  nuclear factor kappa-B  /  nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
仇之淼, 陆宾, 卫梦娟, 季莉莉. 基于网络药理学和实验验证探讨泽泻改善慢性肾小球肾炎的作用机制. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (6) : 1430 -1440 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0759
Zhi-miao QIU, Bin LU, Meng-juan WEI, Li-li JI. Mechanism of Alisma plantago-aquatica Linn. improving chronic glomerulonephritis based on network pharmacology and experimental verification[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (6) : 1430 -1440 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0759
慢性肾小球肾炎(chronic glomerulonephritis, CGN) 简称慢性肾炎(chronic nephritis), 是由遗传因素、药物诱导、病毒或细菌感染等多因素引起的以肾小球病变为主的一类疾病[1], 慢性肾小球肾炎主要病理特征为大量蛋白尿、水肿、高血压及肾小球病变等[2]。其起病隐匿, 并伴随不同程度的肾损伤, 如不及时控制将会导致终末期肾衰竭[3]
泽泻(Alisma plantago-aquatica Linn., ApL) 为传统中药, 其性味甘、淡, 归肾、膀胱经, 为传统的利水渗湿药[4], 在临床应用中作为复方的重要组成成分被广泛用于多种慢性肾炎的治疗[5], 如当归芍药散可通过降血脂, 减少尿蛋白含量改善慢性肾炎患者肾损伤, 五苓散可有效减轻慢性肾炎患者的肾功能损伤及炎性损伤, 六味地黄丸对肝肾阴虚型慢性肾炎患者的肾功能有明显改善作用[6-8]。但目前对于ApL改善慢性肾炎的作用机制尚不明确。本研究基于多柔比星诱导的CGN小鼠模型, 将网络药理学结合实验验证, 探讨ApL治疗CGN可能的作用机制, 为其临床治疗慢性肾炎的应用提供更多的科学依据。
药物和仪器  泽泻饮片(江西普正制药有限公司, 经上海中医药大学吴立宏研究员鉴定), 为泽泻科植物泽泻Alisma plantago-aquatica Linn.的干燥块茎, 泽泻水提物为前期实验室制备所得(得率18.9%), 具体方法见文献[9]。醋酸泼尼松片(prednisone, PNS) 购自上海上药信谊药厂有限公司(批号: 018191101); 多柔比星(doxorubicin, Dox, 批号: HY-15142)、2', 7'-二氯二氢荧光素二乙酸酯(H2DCFDA, 批号: HY-D0940) 购自MedChemExpress (MCE) 公司。尿蛋白(urinary protein, 货号: C035-2-1)、血清白蛋白(serum albumin, ALB, 货号: A028-2-1)、血清尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen, BUN, 货号: C013-2-1)、肌酐(serum creatinine, SCr, 货号: C011-2-1)、髓过氧化物酶(myeloperoxidase, MPO, 货号: A044-1-1)、丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA, 货号: A003-1-2)、谷胱甘肽(glutathione, GSH, 货号: A006-2-1) 检测试剂盒均购自南京建成生物工程研究所; 23-乙酰泽泻醇B (alisol B monoacetate, ABA) (货号: F0711AS) 和24-乙酰泽泻醇A (alisol A monoacetate, AAA) (货号: M0502AS) 购自大连美仑有限公司; 23-乙酰泽泻醇C (alisol C monoacetate, ACA) (货号: JOT-10621) (成都普菲德生物技术有限公司); 脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS) (Sigma公司); 乙腈(色谱纯, Fisher Chemical公司); 冰醋酸(分析纯, 国药集团化学试剂上海有限公司); 核纤层蛋白B1 (Lamin B1) 抗体(货号: 13435)、核因子κB p65 (nuclear factor-kappa B p65, NF-κB p65, p65) 抗体(货号: 4764) (Cell Signaling Technology公司); 核因子E2相关因子2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, Nrf2) 抗体(货号: GTX103322) (GeneTex公司); 过氧化物酶结合的山羊兔抗(货号: 31460) (Thermo Fisher Scientific公司)。BCA试剂盒(货号: 23225) 购自赛默飞世尔科技有限公司; PrimeScript®RT Master Mix (货号: RR036A)、SYBR®Premix Ex Taq (货号: RR420A) 购自Takara公司。Trizol、QuantStudio 6 flex实时荧光定量PCR仪(美国Life Technology公司); 低温高速离心机、涡旋震荡仪(德国Eppendorf公司); Synergy H4酶标仪(美国Bio-Tek公司); 病理切片扫描机(日本Olympus公司)。
实验动物  SPF级雄性ICR小鼠(18 ± 2 g), 购自上海斯莱克实验动物有限责任公司, 动物许可证号: SYXK (沪) 2020-0009, 饲养于上海中医药大学实验动物中心, 室温(22 ± 1) ℃, 相对湿度65% ± 5%, 12 h昼夜循环, 动物实验均按照上海中医药大学动物管理和使用委员会批准的方案(伦理号: PZSHUTCM210903012)。
动物分组及造模雄性ICR小鼠35只, 随机分为5组, 每组7只: ①对照组; ② Dox组: Dox (20 mg·kg-1); ③ PNS阳性药组: Dox+PNS (10 mg·kg-1); ④ ApL低剂量组: Dox+ApL (85 mg·kg-1); ⑤ ApL高剂量组: Dox+ApL (255 mg·kg-1)。适应性饲养1周后, 除空白组小鼠, 其余均采用一次性尾静脉注射Dox方法造模, 造模剂量20 mg·kg-1; 造模1周后按分组每天灌胃给药, 除给药组外对照组与模型组均给予生理盐水, 连续给药2周; 实验期间每3天测量小鼠体重1次, 造模前取尿1次, 造模后每隔5天取尿1次。实验结束后收集小鼠血液和肾组织。
尿液指标检测  将代谢笼收集到的尿液样本以4 ℃、1 000 ×g离心5 min, 取上清, 根据尿蛋白、肌酐定量试剂盒说明书检测小鼠尿蛋白和尿肌酐含量。尿白蛋白与肌酐的比值(ACR) =尿蛋白含量/尿肌酐含量。
血清指标检测  取血后将其4 ℃静置2 h后, 860 ×g离心15 min, 取上清液得血清。参照肌酐、BUN、ALB试剂盒说明书检测小鼠血清肌酐、尿素氮及白蛋白水平。
肾脏组织H&E染色观察  小鼠肾脏固定在4%多聚甲醛溶液中, 并包埋于石蜡中。对样品进行切片(5 µm), 用苏木精-伊红(hematoxylin-eosin staining, H&E) 染色, 显微镜下观察肾组织损伤情况。
肾小球病理评分  HE病理染色评分按照0~4分半定量计分方式对肾小球损害程度进行评分, 评分细则如表 1, 每只小鼠评价20个肾小球, 取平均值为肾小球评分[10]
肾组织F4/80染色  小鼠肾脏固定在4%多聚甲醛溶液中, 并包埋于石蜡中。对样品进行切片后, 先后采用F4/80及对应二抗和色源底物孵育, 最后在显微镜下观察。
肾组织活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 检测  取肾组织15 mg, 加入500 μL的PBS缓冲液清洗, 4 ℃、500 ×g离心10 min, 弃上清; 加入10倍量的PBS缓冲液, 低温研磨, 得到10%的肾组织匀浆液; 4 ℃、500 ×g离心10 min, 取上清后4 ℃、10 000 ×g离心10 min, 取出上清同时留存沉淀; 沉淀加入500 μL的PBS缓冲液, 在10 000 ×g、10 min条件下离心, 弃上清, 沉淀加入150 μL的PBS溶液(含10 mol·L-1 H2DCFDA) 避光孵育1 h, 取100 μL测定荧光值(激发光485 ± 20 nm, 发射光525 ± 20 nm); 使用BCA试剂盒检测上清液的蛋白浓度以校准ROS值。
肾组织MDA、GSH和MPO检测  按照检测试剂盒说明书检测小鼠肾组织中的MDA、GSH及MPO。
肾组织RNA提取和逆转录  剪取10 mg肾脏组织, 加入1 mL Trizol冰上匀浆, 静置5 min后加入200 μL氯仿, 振荡15 s, 4 ℃、12 000 ×g离心15 min, 取上清液移至预冷离心管, 加入0.5 mL异丙醇, 振荡15 s, 4 ℃、12 000 ×g离心10 min, 吸弃上清, 加入1 mL预冷75%乙醇, 4 ℃、7 500 ×g离心5 min, 吸弃上清, 置于超净台内晾干, 得到RNA沉淀。加入50 μL DEPC水充分溶解, 于-80 ℃保存备用。Nano Drop测RNA纯度, 用PrimeScript®RT Master Mix试剂盒进行逆转录, 合成cDNA。
荧光实时定量聚合酶链反应实验  按照SYBR Premix Ex Taq试剂盒方法, 使用Step One Plus仪器进行Real-time PCR扩增。扩增完成后, 目标基因的相对表达量以actin作为内参标准化, 采用2-ΔΔCt法进行计算, 其结果同正常组数据进行比较观察相关基因的表达变化。引物序列见表 2
Western blot实验  制备肾组织胞浆胞核蛋白样本, 蛋白以SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳分离, 在电流作用下转移至聚偏二氟乙烯膜; 以5% BSA或5%脱脂牛奶封闭PVDF膜, 加相应的抗体Nrf2 (1∶1 000)、p65 (1∶1 000)、Lamin B1 (1∶1 000) 于4 ℃环境过夜孵育; 洗脱未结合的抗体, 以与辣根过氧化物酶缀合的二抗(山羊兔抗1∶5 000) 于室温下进行孵育; 洗脱未结合的二抗, 以ECL对PVDF膜进行显色反应, 置于凝胶成像仪中曝光。蛋白以内参Lamin B1进行相对定量分析。
细胞实验  RAW264.7细胞系购于美国(American Type Culture Collection), 培养于含5%灭活胎牛血清、1×104 u·L-1青霉素和100 mg·L-1链霉素的DMEM培养液中, 细胞在37 ℃、5% CO2的培养箱中培养, 取对数生长期的细胞用于实验。
过表达抗氧化反应元件(antioxidant response element, ARE) 启动子区域结合荧光素酶序列的L-02细胞株(L-02-ARE) 系构建于汉恒生物公司, 培养于含2 µg·L-1嘌呤霉素, 10%灭活胎牛血清、1×104 u·L-1青霉素和100 mg·L-1链霉素的DMEM培养液中, 培养条件同上。
药物抗炎活性筛选实验  取对数生长期的RAW264.7细胞接种于6孔板, 待细胞贴壁且生长状态良好时加入23-乙酰泽泻醇B、24-乙酰泽泻醇A和23-乙酰泽泻醇C (10和25 μmol·L-1) 预孵, 孵育30 min后加入30 ng·mL-1 LPS共同孵育24 h后收取细胞, 提取细胞RNA进行逆转录。
荧光素酶报告基因分析  取对数生长期L-02-ARE细胞以1.5×104个/孔接种于96孔板, 过夜贴壁后加入23-乙酰泽泻醇B、24-乙酰泽泻醇A和23-乙酰泽泻醇C (10和25 μmol·L-1) 孵育, 孵育24或48 h后使用Stedy-GLO®Luciferase Assay (Promega公司) 单荧光素报告基因试剂盒测定细胞的luciferase活性。
成分收集及靶点预测  通过中药系统药理数据库和分析平台(Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology, TCMSP) 寻找ApL的化学成分, 并通过文献报道进行补充, 根据口服生物利用度(oral relative bioavailability, OB) ≥ 30%, 且类药性(drug-likeness, DL) ≥ 0.18初步筛选药物活性成分及其作用的蛋白质靶点。接着利用Uniprot数据库(https://www.uniprot.org) 标准化筛选所得的蛋白质靶点信息。以“chronic nephritis”为关键词在Genecards数据库(https://www.genecards.org) 搜索慢性肾炎的疾病潜在靶点。将符合条件的疾病靶点与成分靶点取交集, 得到交集靶点, 利用微生信可视化在线作图网站(http://www.bioinformatics.com.cn) 绘制韦恩图。
构建蛋白互作网络图  将交集靶点导入STRING11.0数据库(https://string-db.org) 进行蛋白互作(protein protein interaction, PPI) 分析, 将物种类型设为“Homo sapiens”, 最小互相作用阈值设定为“highest confidence > 0.9”, 其余均为默认设置, 得到PPI网络, 将所得TSV文件导入Cytoscape3.6.0中进行分析, 得到ApL与慢性肾小球肾炎交集靶点的PPI网络图, 并进行拓扑学分析得到核心靶点。
KEGG及GO富集分析  将核心靶点导入Metascape平台, 设置P < 0.01, 分别进行生物学过程和代谢通路的富集分析, 包括细胞组分(cellular component, CC)、分子功能(molecular function, MF)、生物过程(biological process, BP) 和KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes)。
构建“中药-有效成分-交集靶点-信号通路”网络图  根据KEGG富集分析的结果得到信号通路、靶点与成分的相互作用关系, 通过Cytoscape 3.6.0软件将ApL及其有效成分、交集靶点、信号通路四者的关系可视化, 构建“中药-有效成分-交集靶点-信号通路”网络图。
统计学分析  实验数据用均值±标准误(standard error of mean, SEM) 表示, 采用SPSS 21.0统计软件进行分析, 以one-way ANOVA方式进行方差分析, 两两比较采用LSD法, P < 0.05为具有统计学显著性差异标准。
结果显示, 与正常组相比, 模型组血清ALB含量和体重显著下调(P < 0.001), 给予PNS (10 mg·kg-1) 和ApL (85和255 mg·kg-1) 后ALB含量显著增加(P < 0.001), 而对体重无明显影响(图 1A、B)。与模型组相比, 升高的尿ACR (P < 0.01, P < 0.001)、SCr和BUN水平(P < 0.01) 在给予ApL (85和255 mg·kg-1) 后, ACR (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.001)、SCr (P < 0.05, P < 0.01)、BUN (P < 0.01) 显著降低(图 1C~E)。HE染色结果显示, 模型组小鼠肾小球变形、系膜细胞与系膜基质增多、鲍曼氏囊腔缩小、炎性细胞浸润增加, 肾小球病理评分发现, PNS (10 mg·kg-1) 和ApL (85和255 mg·kg-1) 给药后小鼠肾脏损伤得到显著改善, 且ApL高剂量组优于低剂量组(图 1F)。
通过TCMSP及文献[11]挖掘, 获得23-乙酰泽泻醇B、24-乙酰泽泻醇A、23-乙酰泽泻醇C等16个有效成分及相关蛋白靶点, 导入Uniprot数据库得到基因名称, 删除重复项后得到药物靶点101个。通过GeneCards数据库经筛选得到共1 503个CGN相关靶点, 与药物靶点取交集得到共23个靶点(图 2A)。可视化分析结果得到包含43个节点, 89条边, 平均节点度值为4.1的PPI蛋白互作网络图。图中得到多个可能在ApL改善CGN中发挥重要作用的核心靶点, 以节点大小及节点颜色深浅代表度值高低, 连线粗细及颜色深浅代表相互作用的强弱(图 2B)。
KEGG分析的结果显示, NF-κB信号通路、TNF信号通路、NOD样受体信号通路、Toll样受体信号通路等可能参与ApL改善CGN的过程(图 3)。GO富集分析结果显示, 多个细胞组分和生物过程也可能参与其中, 如炎症反应的调节(regulation of inflammatory response)、与炎症反应有关的细胞因子产生(cytokine production involved in inflammatory response)、对氧化应激的反应(response to oxidative stress)、氧化还原酶活性的调节(regulation of oxidoreductase activity)、正向调节氧化还原酶活性(positive regulation of oxidoreductase activity) 和氧化还原酶活性(oxidoreductase activity) 等(图 4)。
利用Cytoscape 3.6.0软件构建“中药-有效成分-交集靶点-信号通路-疾病”网络图, 网络中共有88个节点, 335条边。其中橙色矩形代表ApL, 黄色椭圆代表ApL的活性成分(17个), 浅蓝三角形代表信号通路(48个), 深蓝色矩形代表关键靶点(23个), 其中有NFKB1 (NF-κB)、TNF、IL1B (IL-1β)、NOS2 (iNOS) 等多个炎症相关靶点, 及抗氧化相关靶点GSTP1。此网络体现了ApL通过多成分、多靶点、多通路的方式干预CGN的特点(图 5)。
网络药理学结果提示, NF-κB信号通路可能参与ApL改善CGN的过程, 首先对小鼠肾组织中MPO水平检测, 发现Dox给药后, 小鼠肾组织MPO水平明显升高(P < 0.001), ApL给药后(85和255 mg·kg-1) 能够显著降低肾组织中MPO的活力(P < 0.01) (图 6A)。接着对肾组织中p65的核转位进行分析, 结果发现ApL可以明显降低由Dox诱导的p65核转位增加(P < 0.05, P < 0.01) (图 6B)。同时, 对炎症相关基因IL-6、COX-2、TNF-α、IL-1β和iNOS的mRNA表达进行检测, 结果显示, 给药ApL (85和255 mg·kg-1) 后能够显著降低CGN小鼠肾组织中以上炎症因子的表达(P < 0.05, P < 0.01) (图 6C)。F4/80免疫染色结果显示(图 6D), 与Dox组比, 给药ApL (85和255 mg·kg-1) 后小鼠肾组织中炎症细胞浸润得到明显改善(P < 0.001)。
GO分析结果表明, ApL改善CGN小鼠肾损伤可能与抑制氧化应激损伤有关。因此, 检测肾组织中ROS、MDA和GSH的水平, 结果显示, 给药ApL (85和255 mg·kg-1) 后能够显著降低CGN小鼠肾组织中ROS (P < 0.001) 及MDA (P < 0.05) (图 7AB), 并进一步提升肾组织中GSH含量(P < 0.01, 图 7C)。由于Nrf2在氧应激损伤中的重要作用, 接着对小鼠肾组织中Nrf2的核转位激活进行检测, 结果发现, ApL (85和255 mg·kg-1) 给药后能逆转Dox诱导的Nrf2核转位水平的降低(P < 0.05, 图 7D), 并且ApL还可以促进Nrf2下游相关基因Gclm、Gclc、Gstm1、Sod1、Ho-1及Gstp1的mRNA表达(P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.001, 图 7E)。
上述结果表明, ApL可能通过对NF-κB信号通路的抑制和对Nrf2信号通路的激活来改善CGN小鼠的肾损伤。为了进一步明确ApL的主要活性成分, 在体外进行了抗炎和抗氧化活性的验证。结果显示, 与过表达ARE启动子区域结合荧光素酶序列的L-02细胞共同孵育24 h后, 25 μmol·L-1 23-乙酰泽泻醇B (ABA)、24-乙酰泽泻醇A (AAA) 和23-乙酰泽泻醇C (ACA) 可以诱导Nrf2核转位的激活(P < 0.05, 图 8A)。同时在LPS (30 ng·mL-1) 刺激RAW264.7细胞后, 检测IL-1β和iNOS的mRNA表达发现, AAA (10 μmol·L-1)、ABA (25 μmol·L-1)、ACA (5 μmol·L-1) 均能降低由LPS诱导升高的IL-1β和iNOS mRNA表达(P < 0.05, 图 8B)。
慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease, CKD) 已成为继心脑血管疾病、糖尿病和恶性肿瘤之后各国公认的威胁人类健康的世界性难题, 在我国成年人中的发病率为8%~16%, 具有起病隐匿、增长率高的特点[12-14]。CGN是以肾小球病变为主的一类慢性肾脏病, 是CKD的主要病因之一[15], 研究显示, 我国40岁以上人群CGN的发病率接近10%, 并呈不断增长趋势[16]
在中医药理论体系中, 根据CGN的发病特点及症状体征将其归于“肾风”、“水肿”、“虚劳”、“尿浊”、“尿血”、“腰痛”等病症范畴, 以湿热、瘀血等为主要临床表现[17]。已有研究发现利水渗湿类中药及复方可以明显减轻CGN临床症状, 改善肾功能, 如当归芍药散可以有效改善CGN患者的临床症状及肾功能损伤[18]; 益肾通络汤能够通过降低TNF-α、IL-6、IL-17和IFN-γ水平, 减轻炎症损伤, 从而改善肾损伤[19]
ApL为传统的利水渗湿药, 在临床上常被用于治疗水肿、尿少、高脂血症等疾病[20]。药理研究发现, ApL的乙酸乙酯提取物可通过抑制肾组织内草酸钙晶体的形成, 减少肾间α胰蛋白酶抑制物的表达, 来抑制尿结石的形成[21]。Chen[22]发现ApL的三萜类化合物可以通过抑制Wnt/β-catenin信号通路发挥减轻肾损伤作用。但关于ApL水提物对慢性肾炎是否有改善作用及其治疗机制尚不明确。本研究通过SCr、BUN、ALB、尿ACR及肾脏病理切片的结果发现, ApL可以改善Dox诱导的肾脏损伤, 网络药理学结果发现, ApL可能是通过多靶点、多通路来发挥改善CGN的作用。
NF-κB信号通路已被发现在肾小球肾炎的发病机制中发挥重要作用[23], 如诱导肾组织中NF-κB活化会使24 h蛋白尿含量升高, 加剧肾功能损伤[24]。NF-κB是一个多效转录因子, 可调控多种细胞过程, 在炎症反应过程中发挥着重要作用, NF-κB的激活使促炎因子及趋化因子表达上调[25], 有研究指出在其他疾病中泽泻醇提物及泽泻主要活性成分被发现可以通过抑制NF-κB核转位, 从而降低TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6等促炎因子的表达[26, 27]。本研究的靶点预测及通路分析结果提示, 泽泻可通过作用于NFKB1 (NF-κB)、TNF、IL1B (IL-1β)、NOS2 (iNOS) 等靶点参与NF-κB信号通路, 因此对p65的核转位及炎症因子TNF-α、IL-1β和iNOS等基因表达进行检测, 结果也发现, ApL水提物可以减少NF-κB核转位, 并减少炎症因子的基因表达。
此外, 网络药理学富集结果提示ApL活性成分可能参与调节多个氧化应激相关的生物过程改善CGN, 且靶点预测结果中发现谷胱甘肽转移酶(GSTP1) 与氧化应激反应密切相关, GSTP1是Nrf2的重要下游因子[28]。目前, 氧化应激被认为在慢性肾病的发病机制中起着核心作用[29]。Nrf2是细胞防御系统的主要调控者, 参与多个氧化应激相关基因的调控, 包括抗氧化蛋白和解毒酶等, 是重要的抗氧化分子[30]。已有研究表明, 对Nrf2的激活可以减轻氧化应激损伤并抑制炎症反应的发生, 从而抑制肾脏疾病的发展[31, 32]。本研究结果发现, ApL水提物可以通过激活Nrf2抗氧化系统减轻CGN小鼠肾脏氧化应激损伤, 从而改善肾损伤。
同时, 泽泻的有效成分也被报道具有一定的抗炎和抗氧化的药理作用, 其中24-乙酰泽泻醇A是一种从泽泻中分离出来的天然三萜类化合物, 被发现可通过调节AMPK/mTOR通路, 降低ROS及炎症因子的表达[33]。泽泻醇A被报道能够通过阻断NF-κB的活化, 抑制炎症细胞因子的产生[34]。23-乙酰泽泻醇C可通过干扰NF-κB信号通路, 降低血清中TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1β等炎症因子表达[35]。23-乙酰泽泻醇B能够降低血清中IL-12和IFN-γ的水平改善炎症反应[36], 并且可以通过激活Nrf2减轻氧化应激损伤[37]。根据文献得知, 23-乙酰泽泻醇B、24-乙酰泽泻醇A、23-乙酰泽泻醇C、泽泻醇A和泽泻醇C在ApL中含量较高[38], 且23-乙酰泽泻醇B和23-乙酰泽泻醇C为药典中规定成分[4], 因此本研究检测了23-乙酰泽泻醇B、24-乙酰泽泻醇A和23-乙酰泽泻醇C抗炎和抗氧化的活性, 结果表明以上3个关键化学成分具有显著的抗炎和抗氧化活性, 因此推测23-乙酰泽泻醇B、24-乙酰泽泻醇A和23-乙酰泽泻醇C可能为ApL发挥作用的关键药效物质基础。
综上所述, 本研究通过网络药理学结合实验验证发现ApL改善CGN的主要作用机制可能是对NF-κB信号通路的抑制和对Nrf2信号通路的激活, 并发现ApL中发挥活性的主要成分可能是24-乙酰泽泻醇A、23-乙酰泽泻醇B和23-乙酰泽泻醇C。该研究为ApL治疗CGN的临床应用提供了更多参考依据。
作者贡献: 仇之淼负责完成网络药理学预测、动物实验、指标检测与论文撰写; 陆宾协助数据分析与动物实验; 卫梦娟指导研究思路、研究方法, 撰写并修订文章; 季莉莉指导研究思路, 设计研究方法。
利益冲突: 全体作者声明不存在任何利益冲突。
  • 国家重点研发计划“中医药现代化研究”重点专项(2018YFC1707302)
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2023年第58卷第6期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0759
  • 接收时间:2022-06-21
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-06-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-06-21
  • 修回日期:2022-10-12
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国家重点研发计划“中医药现代化研究”重点专项(2018YFC1707302)
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    上海中医药大学, 中药研究所, 中药标准化教育部重点实验室, 中药新资源与质量标准综合评价国家中医药管理局重点研究室, 上海市复方中药重点实验室, 上海 201203

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*卫梦娟, Tel: 86-21-51328176, E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0759
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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