Article(id=1198628600732811322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628599835227075, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1118, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1666022400000, receivedDateStr=2022-10-18, revisedDate=1669651200000, revisedDateStr=2022-11-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763704927857, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1686499200000, pubDateStr=2023-06-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763704927857, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763704927857, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763704927857, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198628599835227075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='6', pageStart='0', pageEnd='1724', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1686499200000', pubDateStr='2023-06-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763704927643, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1766137690373, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208832346359468483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628599835227075, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208832346359468484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628599835227075, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1693, endPage=1704, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198628600963498046, articleId=1198628600732811322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Screening of specific DNA barcode, identification of germplasm resources, and analysis of genetic diversity of Atractylodes chinenesis, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Atractylodes chinensis has important medicinal and economic values. In this study, the chloroplast genome sequences of four A. chinensis samples from different producing areas were sequenced using the Illumina platform. The specific DNA barcodes were screened and the germplasm resources of A. chinensis samples from different producing areas and the genetic diversity of the population were analyzed basing on the specific barcodes. The whole chloroplast genomes of the four A. chinensis samples had a typical cyclic tetrad structure, with 112 genes annotated. The comparative genomics results indicated that ccsA and trnC-GCA_petN were potential specific DNA barcodes for intraspecific identification of A. chinensis. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of ccsA and trnC-GCA_petN was performed on 256 samples from 14 areas in 9 provinces, and the amplification efficiency was 100%. Sequence analysis showed that ccsA and trnC-GCA_petN had 11 and 22 variant positions, which could identify 16 and 22 haplotypes, respectively. The combined sequence analysis identified 39 haplotypes, named Hap1-Hap39, of which the most abundant and widely distributed genotype was Hap9. Haplotype diversity (Hd) = 0.896 and nucleotide diversity (Pi) = 0.002 22 indicated high genetic diversity at the species level in A. chinensis. The genetic distances of the haplotypes were 0.000 00-0.004 88, indicating that there were small genetic differences among the haplotypes. The results of phylogenetic tree analysis showed that 39 haplotypes had very close genetic relationship, and formed two obvious branches with other groups of the same genus except Atractylodes macrocephala. This study plays an important role in the identification of the origin of A. chinensis and the protection and breeding of germplasm resources.

, authors=null, authorsList=Guang-yao YIN, Lin YUAN, Xin WANG, Zhi-fei ZHANG, Ying CHEN, Shan-hu LIU, Jin-hui MAN, Yue SHI, Yu-ying HUANG, Xiao-qin ZHANG, Xiao-hui WANG, Sheng-li WEI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiao-hui WANG, Sheng-li WEI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198628604251832452, articleId=1198628600732811322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=北苍术特异性DNA条形码筛选、种质资源鉴定及遗传多样性分析, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

北苍术Atractylodes chinensis具有重要药用价值和经济价值。本研究利用Illumina平台测序获得4份不同产地的北苍术的叶绿体全基因组序列, 筛选特异DNA条形码, 并利用特异DNA条形码对不同产区北苍术样品种质资源鉴定及居群的遗传多样性分析。该4份北苍术叶绿体全基因组均为典型的环状四分体结构, 均注释112个基因。比较基因组学研究结果表明ccsAtrnC-GCA_petN是潜在的北苍术种内鉴别的特异DNA条形码。选择ccsAtrnC-GCA_petN对来自9省14产区的256份样品进行PCR扩增, 扩增效率为100%。序列分析结果表明ccsAtrnC-GCA_petN分别有11和22个变异位点, 分别能鉴定16和22个单倍型, 两段序列联合分析鉴定39个单倍型, 命名为Hap1~Hap39, 其中占比最多和分布最广的基因型为Hap9。单倍型多样性(Hd) = 0.896, 核苷酸多样性(Pi) = 0.002 22, 说明北苍术在物种水平上有较高的遗传多样性。各单倍型的遗传距离为0.000 00~0.004 88, 说明各个单倍型之间有较小的遗传差异。系统进化树分析结果表明, 39个单倍型有很近的亲缘关系, 并且与除白术外其余同属类群形成明显的两个分支。本研究为后续鉴定北苍术产地来源和后续种质资源保护和育种方面起到重要作用。

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*王晓晖, Tel: 15201166873, E-mail: ;
魏胜利, Tel: 13683336930, E-mail:
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Science, 1987, 236: 787-792., articleTitle=Gene flow and the geographic structure of natural populations, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1198960147549749539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600732811322, awardId=2020110037009381, language=CN, fundingSource=北苍术、赤芍精准药材批次分子防伪技术研究项目(2020110037009381), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198960147667190057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600732811322, awardId=Z201100005420005, language=CN, fundingSource=北京市科学技术委员会基金项目(Z201100005420005), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198960134799065145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600732811322, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960134824230972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600732811322, companyId=1198960134799065145, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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Engineering Research Center of Good Agricultural Practice for Chinese Crude Drugs of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100102, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960135302381684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600732811322, companyId=1198960135281410160, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.中药材规范化生产教育部工程研究中心, 北京 100102)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1198960142998930332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600732811322, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=kEE40ZPf+zXjH2EdXfhxOQ==, figureFileBig=YdzSSe124rNbPAqryCQHTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960143158313897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600732811322, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= Gene maps of the chloroplast genomes of <i>Atractylodes chinensis.</i> Genes on the inside of the large circle are transcribed clockwise and those on the outside are transcribed counterclockwise. The genes are color-coded based on their functions. The dashed area represents the GC composition of the chloroplast genomes , figureFileSmall=kEE40ZPf+zXjH2EdXfhxOQ==, figureFileBig=YdzSSe124rNbPAqryCQHTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960143309308857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600732811322, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=L9T4+mQ1537c85DQBhE9QA==, figureFileBig=YaD7FdJ/Rq5W6iwQa247rg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960143527412686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600732811322, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= The distribution and type of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) in the four <i>Atractylodes chinensis</i> chloroplast genome. A: Frequency of SSRs in LSC, SSC and IR regions in the chloroplast genomes of <i>Atractylodes chinensis</i> of four different origins; B: Number of SSR repeat types in the chloroplast genome of <i>Atractylodes chinensis</i> of four different origins , figureFileSmall=L9T4+mQ1537c85DQBhE9QA==, figureFileBig=YaD7FdJ/Rq5W6iwQa247rg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960143623881691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600732811322, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=uCORuAFT5qe+YjQMSVu00w==, figureFileBig=i8qZgu6y3vCZ7DHdDlSIxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960143762293738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600732811322, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Comparison of the boundaries of LSC, SSC and IRa/b regions among the four <i>A. chinensis</i> plastid genomes , figureFileSmall=uCORuAFT5qe+YjQMSVu00w==, figureFileBig=i8qZgu6y3vCZ7DHdDlSIxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960143946843126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600732811322, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=5/BWhpbyxgIpxYftvl9hvg==, figureFileBig=Ia7193XHl1UKm4RcsnYtkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960144064282630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600732811322, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= The nucleotide diversity of the four <i>Atractylodes chinensis</i> plastid genomes. Window length: 600 bp; Step size: 200 bp. Pi: Nucleotide diversity , figureFileSmall=5/BWhpbyxgIpxYftvl9hvg==, figureFileBig=Ia7193XHl1UKm4RcsnYtkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960144194306068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600732811322, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=r+vtxJmU1jJtxvzEXYw0zA==, figureFileBig=o7nWoeAVJAs56AR+IJg1jg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960144320135198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600732811322, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Sequence identity among the plastid genomes of the other 3 parts of <i>Atractylodes chinensis</i> from different regions, with <i>Atractylodes chinensis</i> 1 as reference. Coding and noncoding regions are colored in blue and red, respectively , figureFileSmall=r+vtxJmU1jJtxvzEXYw0zA==, figureFileBig=o7nWoeAVJAs56AR+IJg1jg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960144462741546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600732811322, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=JdewyFjzwN4SFkuDbcgCog==, figureFileBig=kn0XzuzKenhRi/xPWmmVlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960144609542203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600732811322, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= PCR analysis of <i>ccsA</i> gene (A) and <i>trnC-GCA_petN</i> gene (B) , figureFileSmall=JdewyFjzwN4SFkuDbcgCog==, figureFileBig=kn0XzuzKenhRi/xPWmmVlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960144756342851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600732811322, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=lMWrGKSuOrRQvqFPpRXjfg==, figureFileBig=J3tGrGY2kzCHdLsvIqXWfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960144844423243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600732811322, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= The 39 haplotypes accounted for the distribution , figureFileSmall=lMWrGKSuOrRQvqFPpRXjfg==, figureFileBig=J3tGrGY2kzCHdLsvIqXWfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960144991223896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600732811322, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Xy4gCBXzgo1k6pMjc6sQvA==, figureFileBig=4sbjCr9gDpRl9R/VcMo/1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960145146413155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600732811322, language=CN, label=Figure 8, caption= Neighbor-joining algorithm phylogenetic tree of 39 haplotypes and others , figureFileSmall=Xy4gCBXzgo1k6pMjc6sQvA==, figureFileBig=4sbjCr9gDpRl9R/VcMo/1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960145259659375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600732811322, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Region Label Latitude Longitude Altitude/m Number
Zhalaiteqi, Neimenggu NZL 47.31 122.43 270 38
Hulunbeier, Neimenggu NHL 48.13 123.45 700 15
Chifeng, Neimenggu NC 39.98 116.42 580 4
Chengde, Hebei HBCD 38.43 115.33 30 42
Xinxiang, Henan HNXX 33.19 112.85 69 16
Luoyang, Henan HNLY 34.70 112.51 144 14
Daxinganling, Heilongjang HLJDX 51.93 124.59 625 18
Xi'an, Shaanxi SXXA 33.86 109.94 1 233 7
Shangluo, Shaanxi SXSL 34.23 108.93 636 8
Baishan, Jilin JLBS 41.95 126.42 475 2
Zhangjiakou, Hebei HBZJK 40.97 115.28 726 23
Zibo, Shandong SDZB 36.49 117.86 39 17
Miyun, Beijing BJMY 40.38 116.84 83 10
Linfen, Shanxi SXLF 33.86 109.94 800 42
), ArticleFig(id=1198960145427431540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600732811322, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

The information of samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Region Label Latitude Longitude Altitude/m Number
Zhalaiteqi, Neimenggu NZL 47.31 122.43 270 38
Hulunbeier, Neimenggu NHL 48.13 123.45 700 15
Chifeng, Neimenggu NC 39.98 116.42 580 4
Chengde, Hebei HBCD 38.43 115.33 30 42
Xinxiang, Henan HNXX 33.19 112.85 69 16
Luoyang, Henan HNLY 34.70 112.51 144 14
Daxinganling, Heilongjang HLJDX 51.93 124.59 625 18
Xi'an, Shaanxi SXXA 33.86 109.94 1 233 7
Shangluo, Shaanxi SXSL 34.23 108.93 636 8
Baishan, Jilin JLBS 41.95 126.42 475 2
Zhangjiakou, Hebei HBZJK 40.97 115.28 726 23
Zibo, Shandong SDZB 36.49 117.86 39 17
Miyun, Beijing BJMY 40.38 116.84 83 10
Linfen, Shanxi SXLF 33.86 109.94 800 42
), ArticleFig(id=1198960145595203714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600732811322, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
DNA fragment Primer Sequence (5′-3′) Amplification procedure
ccsA ccsA-F ATGATATTTTCAACTTTAGAGCA Pre-denaturation at 94 ℃ for 4 min; denaturation at 94 ℃ for 45 s, annealing at 48.0 ℃ for 30 s, 72 ℃ extension of 1 min (35 cycles); finally, at 72 ℃ for 5 min
ccsA-R AAACGAACCATAACTATGTAGCC
trnC-GCA_petN trnC-GCA-F CATCAACAAACGAATCGAAAT Pre-denaturation at 94 ℃ for 4 min; denaturation at 94 ℃ for 45 s, annealing at 49.2 ℃ for 30 s, 72 ℃ extension of 1 min (35 cycles); finally, at 72 ℃ for 5 min
trnC-GCA-R AATCAATGGTCCAGAGTCAAA
), ArticleFig(id=1198960145704255628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600732811322, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Primer names, sequences, and amplification conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
DNA fragment Primer Sequence (5′-3′) Amplification procedure
ccsA ccsA-F ATGATATTTTCAACTTTAGAGCA Pre-denaturation at 94 ℃ for 4 min; denaturation at 94 ℃ for 45 s, annealing at 48.0 ℃ for 30 s, 72 ℃ extension of 1 min (35 cycles); finally, at 72 ℃ for 5 min
ccsA-R AAACGAACCATAACTATGTAGCC
trnC-GCA_petN trnC-GCA-F CATCAACAAACGAATCGAAAT Pre-denaturation at 94 ℃ for 4 min; denaturation at 94 ℃ for 45 s, annealing at 49.2 ℃ for 30 s, 72 ℃ extension of 1 min (35 cycles); finally, at 72 ℃ for 5 min
trnC-GCA-R AATCAATGGTCCAGAGTCAAA
), ArticleFig(id=1198960145771364502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600732811322, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Species Genome LSC SSC IR CDS
Length/bp G+C/% Length/bp G+C/% Length/bp G+C/% Length/bp G+C/% Length/bp G+C/%
A. chinensis 1 153 111 38.52 84 160 37.79 18 657 31.53 25 147 43.17 78 789 37.94
A. chinensis 2 153 068 38.52 84 302 37.79 18 658 31.51 25 054 43.16 78 789 37.94
A. chinensis 4 153 226 38.52 84 249 37.71 18 679 31.52 25 149 43.16 78 810 37.95
A. chinensis 5 153 194 38.53 84 279 37.7 18 626 31.56 25 147 43.16 78 750 37.95
), ArticleFig(id=1198960145905582242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600732811322, language=CN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of the plastid genome features of four Atractylodes chinensis. LSC: Large single-copy; SSC: Small single-copy; IR: Inverted repeats; CDS: Coding DNA sequence

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Species Genome LSC SSC IR CDS
Length/bp G+C/% Length/bp G+C/% Length/bp G+C/% Length/bp G+C/% Length/bp G+C/%
A. chinensis 1 153 111 38.52 84 160 37.79 18 657 31.53 25 147 43.17 78 789 37.94
A. chinensis 2 153 068 38.52 84 302 37.79 18 658 31.51 25 054 43.16 78 789 37.94
A. chinensis 4 153 226 38.52 84 249 37.71 18 679 31.52 25 149 43.16 78 810 37.95
A. chinensis 5 153 194 38.53 84 279 37.7 18 626 31.56 25 147 43.16 78 750 37.95
), ArticleFig(id=1198960146043994284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600732811322, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Category Gene group Gene name
Photosynthesis Subunits of photosystem Ⅰ psaA, psaB, psaC, psaI, psaJ
Subunits of photosystem Ⅱ psbA, psbB, psbC, psbD, psbE, psbF, psbH, psbI, psbJ, psbK, psbL, psbM, psbN, psbT, psbZ
Subunits of NADH dehydrogenase ndhA*, ndhB*(2), ndhC, ndhD, ndhE, ndhF, ndhG, ndhH, ndhI, ndhJ, ndhK
Subunits of cytochrome b/f complex petA, petB*, petD*, petG, petL, petN
Subunits of ATP synthase atpA, atpB, atpE, atpF*, atpH, atpI
Large subunit of rubisco rbcL
Subunits photochlorophyllide reductase -
Self-replication Proteins of large ribosomal subunit rpl14, rpl16*, rpl2*(2), rpl20, rpl22, rpl23(2), rpl32, rpl33, rpl36
Proteins of small ribosomal subunit rps11, rps12, rps12*(2), rps14, rps15, rps16*, rps18, rps19, rps2, rps3, rps4, rps7(2), rps8
Subunits of RNA polymerase rpoA, rpoB, rpoC1*, rpoC2
Ribosomal RNAs rrn16(2), rrn23(2), rrn4.5(2), rrn5(2)
Transfer RNAs trnA-UGC*(2), trnC-GCA, trnD-GUC, trnE-UUC, trnF-GAA, trnG-GCC, trnG-UCC*, trnH-GUG, trnI-CAU(2), trnI-GAU*(2), trnK-UUU*, trnL-CAA(2), trnL-UAA*, trnL-UAG, trnM-CAU, trnN-GUU(2), trnP-UGG, trnQ-UUG, trnR-ACG(2), trnR-UCU, trnS-GCU, trnS-GGA, trnS-UGA, trnT-GGU, trnT-UGU, trnV-GAC(2), trnV-UAC*, trnW-CCA, trnY-GUA, trnfM-CAU
Other genes Maturase matK
Protease clpP**
Envelope membrane protein cemA
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase accD
c-Type cytochrome synthesis gene ccsA
Translation initiation factor infA
Other -
Genes of unknown function Conserved hypothetical chloroplast
ORF
ycf1, ycf15(2), ycf2(2), ycf3**, ycf4
), ArticleFig(id=1198960146174017721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600732811322, language=CN, label=Table 4, caption=

Gene composition in the plastid genomes of Atractylodes chinensis. *: The gene with one intron; **: The gene with two introns; (2): The copy number of the multi-copy gene; NADH: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; ATP: Adenosine triphosphate; CoA: Coenzyme A; ORF: Open reading frame

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Category Gene group Gene name
Photosynthesis Subunits of photosystem Ⅰ psaA, psaB, psaC, psaI, psaJ
Subunits of photosystem Ⅱ psbA, psbB, psbC, psbD, psbE, psbF, psbH, psbI, psbJ, psbK, psbL, psbM, psbN, psbT, psbZ
Subunits of NADH dehydrogenase ndhA*, ndhB*(2), ndhC, ndhD, ndhE, ndhF, ndhG, ndhH, ndhI, ndhJ, ndhK
Subunits of cytochrome b/f complex petA, petB*, petD*, petG, petL, petN
Subunits of ATP synthase atpA, atpB, atpE, atpF*, atpH, atpI
Large subunit of rubisco rbcL
Subunits photochlorophyllide reductase -
Self-replication Proteins of large ribosomal subunit rpl14, rpl16*, rpl2*(2), rpl20, rpl22, rpl23(2), rpl32, rpl33, rpl36
Proteins of small ribosomal subunit rps11, rps12, rps12*(2), rps14, rps15, rps16*, rps18, rps19, rps2, rps3, rps4, rps7(2), rps8
Subunits of RNA polymerase rpoA, rpoB, rpoC1*, rpoC2
Ribosomal RNAs rrn16(2), rrn23(2), rrn4.5(2), rrn5(2)
Transfer RNAs trnA-UGC*(2), trnC-GCA, trnD-GUC, trnE-UUC, trnF-GAA, trnG-GCC, trnG-UCC*, trnH-GUG, trnI-CAU(2), trnI-GAU*(2), trnK-UUU*, trnL-CAA(2), trnL-UAA*, trnL-UAG, trnM-CAU, trnN-GUU(2), trnP-UGG, trnQ-UUG, trnR-ACG(2), trnR-UCU, trnS-GCU, trnS-GGA, trnS-UGA, trnT-GGU, trnT-UGU, trnV-GAC(2), trnV-UAC*, trnW-CCA, trnY-GUA, trnfM-CAU
Other genes Maturase matK
Protease clpP**
Envelope membrane protein cemA
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase accD
c-Type cytochrome synthesis gene ccsA
Translation initiation factor infA
Other -
Genes of unknown function Conserved hypothetical chloroplast
ORF
ycf1, ycf15(2), ycf2(2), ycf3**, ycf4
), ArticleFig(id=1198960146283069634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600732811322, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Number Nucleotide position/bp
280 310 39 588 596 607 636 693 783 798 817
HapA1 G T A A A A G A G A T
HapA2 * * * * A * T * * * *
HapA3 * C G * T * * * * * *
HapA4 * C * * * * * * T * *
HapA5 * C * * * * * * * * *
HapA6 * * * * * * * * * G *
HapA7 * C * * * * T * * * *
HapA8 * C * * T * * * * * *
HapA9 * C * * * * * * * * C
HapA10 * C * C T * * * * * *
HapA11 * C * * G * * * * * *
HapA12 * C * * T * T * * * *
HapA13 * C * * T C * * * * *
HapA14 * C * * * * * * * G *
HapA15 A C * * T * * * * * *
HapA16 * C * * T * * C * * *
), ArticleFig(id=1198960146375344328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600732811322, language=CN, label=Table 5, caption=

Nucleotide position of ccsA. *: The same base as the first column

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Number Nucleotide position/bp
280 310 39 588 596 607 636 693 783 798 817
HapA1 G T A A A A G A G A T
HapA2 * * * * A * T * * * *
HapA3 * C G * T * * * * * *
HapA4 * C * * * * * * T * *
HapA5 * C * * * * * * * * *
HapA6 * * * * * * * * * G *
HapA7 * C * * * * T * * * *
HapA8 * C * * T * * * * * *
HapA9 * C * * * * * * * * C
HapA10 * C * C T * * * * * *
HapA11 * C * * G * * * * * *
HapA12 * C * * T * T * * * *
HapA13 * C * * T C * * * * *
HapA14 * C * * * * * * * G *
HapA15 A C * * T * * * * * *
HapA16 * C * * T * * C * * *
), ArticleFig(id=1198960146492784853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600732811322, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Number Nucleotide position/bp
138 139 140 154 194 285 395-400 419 420 421 423 428 452-456 519 569 582 592 610 624 628 678 715
HapC1 G G A A T A AAGTA A T A T T —— A G C C A T A T C
HapC2 * * * * * * * * A * * * —— * * * * * * * * *
HapC3 * * * * * C * * * * * * —— * * * * * * * * *
HapC4 * T * * * C * * * * * * —— * * * * * * * * *
HapC5 * * * * * C * * G * * * —— * * * * * * * * *
HapC6 * * * * * C * - * * A * —— * * * * * G * * *
HapC7 * * * * * C * * * * * * —— C * * * * * * * *
HapC8 * * * * * C * * * * * * —— * * * A * * * * *
HapC9 * * * * * C * * * * * * —— * * * * G * * * *
HapC10 * * * * * C * * * C * * —— * * * * * * * * *
HapC11 * * * * * C * * * * * * —— * * * * * * G * *
HapC12 * * * * * C * * * * * * —— * * * * * * * G *
HapC13 * * * * G C * * * * * * —— * * * * * * * * *
HapC14 T C C * * C * * * * * * —— * * * * * * * * *
HapC15 * * * C * C * * * * * * —— * * * A * * * * *
HapC16 * * * * * C —— * * * * * —— * * * * * * * * *
HapC17 * * * * * C * * * * * - —— * * * * * G * * *
HapC18 * * * * * C * * * * * - —— * * * * * * * * *
HapC19 * * * * * C * * * * * * ATATA * * * * * * * * A
HapC20 * * * * * C * * * * * * * * T * * * * * * *
HapC21 * * * * * C * T A * * * * * * * * * G * * *
HapC22 * * * * * C * T * * * - * * * * * * G * * *
), ArticleFig(id=1198960146652168414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600732811322, language=CN, label=Table 6, caption=

Nucleotide position of trnC-GCA_petN. *: The same base as the first column

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Number Nucleotide position/bp
138 139 140 154 194 285 395-400 419 420 421 423 428 452-456 519 569 582 592 610 624 628 678 715
HapC1 G G A A T A AAGTA A T A T T —— A G C C A T A T C
HapC2 * * * * * * * * A * * * —— * * * * * * * * *
HapC3 * * * * * C * * * * * * —— * * * * * * * * *
HapC4 * T * * * C * * * * * * —— * * * * * * * * *
HapC5 * * * * * C * * G * * * —— * * * * * * * * *
HapC6 * * * * * C * - * * A * —— * * * * * G * * *
HapC7 * * * * * C * * * * * * —— C * * * * * * * *
HapC8 * * * * * C * * * * * * —— * * * A * * * * *
HapC9 * * * * * C * * * * * * —— * * * * G * * * *
HapC10 * * * * * C * * * C * * —— * * * * * * * * *
HapC11 * * * * * C * * * * * * —— * * * * * * G * *
HapC12 * * * * * C * * * * * * —— * * * * * * * G *
HapC13 * * * * G C * * * * * * —— * * * * * * * * *
HapC14 T C C * * C * * * * * * —— * * * * * * * * *
HapC15 * * * C * C * * * * * * —— * * * A * * * * *
HapC16 * * * * * C —— * * * * * —— * * * * * * * * *
HapC17 * * * * * C * * * * * - —— * * * * * G * * *
HapC18 * * * * * C * * * * * - —— * * * * * * * * *
HapC19 * * * * * C * * * * * * ATATA * * * * * * * * A
HapC20 * * * * * C * * * * * * * * T * * * * * * *
HapC21 * * * * * C * T A * * * * * * * * * G * * *
HapC22 * * * * * C * T * * * - * * * * * * G * * *
), ArticleFig(id=1198960146815746281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600732811322, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Population Haplotype distribution
  NZL Hap9, Hap13, Hap15, Hap19, Hap30, Hap33, Hap34, Hap37, Hap38*
  NHL Hap6, Hap7, Hap8*, Hap11, Hap20
  NC Hap6, Hap9, Hap21
  HBCD Hap6, Hap9, Hap10, Hap15, Hap18, Hap22, Hap23, Hap24*, Hap27*, Hap28*, Hap29*, Hap30, Hap31
  HBZJK Hap1, Hap3*, Hap9, Hap30, Hap37, Hap39
  SXLF Hap9, Hap13, Hap23, Hap30, Hap33, Hap39
  JLBS Hap18
  HNXX Hap5*, Hap6, Hap11, Hap19, Hap20, Hap25*, Hap31, Hap32*
  HNLY Hap9, Hap13, Hap26, Hap30, Hap33
  HLJDX Hap12*, Hap13, Hap15, Hap16*, Hap17*, Hap30, Hap35*, Hap36*
  SXXA Hap4*, Hap9, Hap21, Hap37
  SXSL Hap9, Hap13, Hap14*, Hap26
  SDZB Hap9, Hap10, Hap15, Hap19, Hap31
  BJMY Hap9
), ArticleFig(id=1198960146903826671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600732811322, language=CN, label=Table 7, caption=

Haplotype distribution table for different regions. *: Unique haplotype

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Population Haplotype distribution
  NZL Hap9, Hap13, Hap15, Hap19, Hap30, Hap33, Hap34, Hap37, Hap38*
  NHL Hap6, Hap7, Hap8*, Hap11, Hap20
  NC Hap6, Hap9, Hap21
  HBCD Hap6, Hap9, Hap10, Hap15, Hap18, Hap22, Hap23, Hap24*, Hap27*, Hap28*, Hap29*, Hap30, Hap31
  HBZJK Hap1, Hap3*, Hap9, Hap30, Hap37, Hap39
  SXLF Hap9, Hap13, Hap23, Hap30, Hap33, Hap39
  JLBS Hap18
  HNXX Hap5*, Hap6, Hap11, Hap19, Hap20, Hap25*, Hap31, Hap32*
  HNLY Hap9, Hap13, Hap26, Hap30, Hap33
  HLJDX Hap12*, Hap13, Hap15, Hap16*, Hap17*, Hap30, Hap35*, Hap36*
  SXXA Hap4*, Hap9, Hap21, Hap37
  SXSL Hap9, Hap13, Hap14*, Hap26
  SDZB Hap9, Hap10, Hap15, Hap19, Hap31
  BJMY Hap9
), ArticleFig(id=1198960147017072889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600732811322, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Population S h Hd Pi×10-3
  NZL 8 9 0.735 1.63
  NHL 8 5 0.808 2.49
  NC 3 3 0.800 1.38
  HBCD 8 13 0.919 1.59
  HBZJK 6 6 0.818 1.93
  SXLF 7 6 0.775 1.93
  JLBS 0 1 0.000 0.00
  HNXX 11 7 0.911 2.30
  HNLY 5 5 0.805 1.66
  HLJDX 9 8 0.956 1.81
  SXXA 3 4 0.857 1.26
  SXSL 4 4 0.972 1.38
  SDZB 5 5 0.861 1.38
  BJMY 0 1 0.000 0.00
  Total 24 39 0.896 2.22
), ArticleFig(id=1198960147142902016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600732811322, language=CN, label=Table 8, caption=

Genetic diversity parameters of Atractylodes chinensis inferred from chloroplast DNA. S: Number of segregating sites; h: Number of haplotypes; Hd: Haplotype diversity

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Population S h Hd Pi×10-3
  NZL 8 9 0.735 1.63
  NHL 8 5 0.808 2.49
  NC 3 3 0.800 1.38
  HBCD 8 13 0.919 1.59
  HBZJK 6 6 0.818 1.93
  SXLF 7 6 0.775 1.93
  JLBS 0 1 0.000 0.00
  HNXX 11 7 0.911 2.30
  HNLY 5 5 0.805 1.66
  HLJDX 9 8 0.956 1.81
  SXXA 3 4 0.857 1.26
  SXSL 4 4 0.972 1.38
  SDZB 5 5 0.861 1.38
  BJMY 0 1 0.000 0.00
  Total 24 39 0.896 2.22
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北苍术特异性DNA条形码筛选、种质资源鉴定及遗传多样性分析
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尹光耀 1 , 袁林 2 , 王馨 1 , 张志飞 1 , 陈颖 1 , 刘珊瑚 1 , 满金辉 1 , 石玥 1 , 黄钰莹 1 , 张晓芹 1 , 王晓晖 3, * , 魏胜利 1, 4, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(6): 1693-1704
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药学学报 |研究论文 2023 , 58 (6) : 1693 -1704
北苍术特异性DNA条形码筛选、种质资源鉴定及遗传多样性分析
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4. Engineering Research Center of Good Agricultural Practice for Chinese Crude Drugs of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100102, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1198960141275071203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628600732811322, authorId=1198960140910166705, language=CN, stringName=魏胜利, firstName=胜利, middleName=null, lastName=魏, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 4, *, address=1.北京中医药大学中药学院, 北京 102488
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尹光耀1, 袁林2, 王馨1, 张志飞1, 陈颖1, 刘珊瑚1, 满金辉1, 石玥1, 黄钰莹1, 张晓芹1, 王晓晖3, * , 魏胜利1, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1.北京中医药大学中药学院, 北京 102488
  • 2.国家药品监督管理局, 北京 100037
  • 3.北京中医药大学北京中医药研究院中药现代研究中心, 北京 102488
  • 4.中药材规范化生产教育部工程研究中心, 北京 100102
通讯作者:
*王晓晖, Tel: 15201166873, E-mail: ;
魏胜利, Tel: 13683336930, E-mail:
Screening of specific DNA barcode, identification of germplasm resources, and analysis of genetic diversity of Atractylodes chinenesis
Guang-yao YIN1, Lin YUAN2, Xin WANG1, Zhi-fei ZHANG1, Ying CHEN1, Shan-hu LIU1, Jin-hui MAN1, Yue SHI1, Yu-ying HUANG1, Xiao-qin ZHANG1, Xiao-hui WANG3, * , Sheng-li WEI1, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
  • 2. National Medical Products Administration, Beijing 100037, China
  • 3. Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
  • 4. Engineering Research Center of Good Agricultural Practice for Chinese Crude Drugs of Ministry of Education, Beijing 100102, China
出版时间: 2023-06-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1118
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北苍术Atractylodes chinensis具有重要药用价值和经济价值。本研究利用Illumina平台测序获得4份不同产地的北苍术的叶绿体全基因组序列, 筛选特异DNA条形码, 并利用特异DNA条形码对不同产区北苍术样品种质资源鉴定及居群的遗传多样性分析。该4份北苍术叶绿体全基因组均为典型的环状四分体结构, 均注释112个基因。比较基因组学研究结果表明ccsAtrnC-GCA_petN是潜在的北苍术种内鉴别的特异DNA条形码。选择ccsAtrnC-GCA_petN对来自9省14产区的256份样品进行PCR扩增, 扩增效率为100%。序列分析结果表明ccsAtrnC-GCA_petN分别有11和22个变异位点, 分别能鉴定16和22个单倍型, 两段序列联合分析鉴定39个单倍型, 命名为Hap1~Hap39, 其中占比最多和分布最广的基因型为Hap9。单倍型多样性(Hd) = 0.896, 核苷酸多样性(Pi) = 0.002 22, 说明北苍术在物种水平上有较高的遗传多样性。各单倍型的遗传距离为0.000 00~0.004 88, 说明各个单倍型之间有较小的遗传差异。系统进化树分析结果表明, 39个单倍型有很近的亲缘关系, 并且与除白术外其余同属类群形成明显的两个分支。本研究为后续鉴定北苍术产地来源和后续种质资源保护和育种方面起到重要作用。

苍术  /  叶绿体基因组  /  DNA条形码  /  单倍型  /  遗传多样性

Atractylodes chinensis has important medicinal and economic values. In this study, the chloroplast genome sequences of four A. chinensis samples from different producing areas were sequenced using the Illumina platform. The specific DNA barcodes were screened and the germplasm resources of A. chinensis samples from different producing areas and the genetic diversity of the population were analyzed basing on the specific barcodes. The whole chloroplast genomes of the four A. chinensis samples had a typical cyclic tetrad structure, with 112 genes annotated. The comparative genomics results indicated that ccsA and trnC-GCA_petN were potential specific DNA barcodes for intraspecific identification of A. chinensis. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of ccsA and trnC-GCA_petN was performed on 256 samples from 14 areas in 9 provinces, and the amplification efficiency was 100%. Sequence analysis showed that ccsA and trnC-GCA_petN had 11 and 22 variant positions, which could identify 16 and 22 haplotypes, respectively. The combined sequence analysis identified 39 haplotypes, named Hap1-Hap39, of which the most abundant and widely distributed genotype was Hap9. Haplotype diversity (Hd) = 0.896 and nucleotide diversity (Pi) = 0.002 22 indicated high genetic diversity at the species level in A. chinensis. The genetic distances of the haplotypes were 0.000 00-0.004 88, indicating that there were small genetic differences among the haplotypes. The results of phylogenetic tree analysis showed that 39 haplotypes had very close genetic relationship, and formed two obvious branches with other groups of the same genus except Atractylodes macrocephala. This study plays an important role in the identification of the origin of A. chinensis and the protection and breeding of germplasm resources.

Atractylodes chinensis  /  chloroplast genome  /  DNA barcode  /  haplotype  /  genetic diversity
尹光耀, 袁林, 王馨, 张志飞, 陈颖, 刘珊瑚, 满金辉, 石玥, 黄钰莹, 张晓芹, 王晓晖, 魏胜利. 北苍术特异性DNA条形码筛选、种质资源鉴定及遗传多样性分析. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (6) : 1693 -1704 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1118
Guang-yao YIN, Lin YUAN, Xin WANG, Zhi-fei ZHANG, Ying CHEN, Shan-hu LIU, Jin-hui MAN, Yue SHI, Yu-ying HUANG, Xiao-qin ZHANG, Xiao-hui WANG, Sheng-li WEI. Screening of specific DNA barcode, identification of germplasm resources, and analysis of genetic diversity of Atractylodes chinenesis[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (6) : 1693 -1704 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1118
苍术是菊科植物北苍术[Atractylodes chinensis (DC) KoIdz.] 或茅苍术[Atractylodes lancen (Thunb.) DC.] 的干燥根茎, 具有燥湿健脾、祛风散寒、明目的功效。由于茅苍术多为野生分布, 人工栽培较少, 产量较低, 因此北苍术是目前市场的主流品种。药理学研究表明北苍术具有抗癌、抑菌、抗病毒等药理作用[1], 临床上常用于病毒性疾病的治疗[2-6], 也因此在药物研发中频繁使用。近年来苍术药材市场需求量大, 供不应求, 急需扩大北苍术的生产规模。因此对北苍术药材进行种质资源鉴定和遗传多样性分析, 有利于后续北苍术优良品系的选育和保护。
叶绿体是一种多功能细胞器, 具有独立的遗传物质。细胞中叶绿体基因组最常见的结构是双链环状构型, 包括1个小的单拷贝区(SSC) 和1个大的单拷贝区(LSC); 这两个区域被一对反向重复区域(IRA、IRB) 分开, 形成典型的四部分结构。基因组大小从120到160 kb[7]。叶绿体基因组结构、大小和基因种类都比较保守, 编码区和非编码区进化速率和模式具有物种鉴别意义, 在研究物种遗传背景、系统进化和物种特异DNA条形码筛选方面具有独特优势。随着叶绿体基因组测序和分析技术的进步, 多种药用植物的叶绿体基因组都已解析, 如南柴胡、北柴胡、长梗秦艽、大黄等物种的叶绿体基因组陆续解析出来。目前苍术属植物北苍术、茅苍术、关苍术、朝鲜苍术、白术等的叶绿体基因组已有研究报道, 但同种不同个体叶绿体比较基因组学的相关研究却鲜有报道。
DNA条形码技术利用生物基因组中一段通用的、具有差异特征的片段进行物种鉴定或种质资源鉴定, 可不受经验和外界环境的影响, 具有准确、客观等特点。如Long等[8]的研究结果表明, trnK-matK能区分黄精、滇黄精、点花黄精和湖北黄精, 遗传分化指数比较高, 能区分黄精属物种。Zhang等[9]利用大黄的matK序列能鉴定大黄的41个单倍型, 可将正品大黄的3个基原与混伪品进行区分。比较叶绿体基因组学的发展为物种间和种内鉴定的特异DNA条形码的筛选和应用奠定基础。如通过比较叶绿体基因组学分析和筛选秦艽的特异性DNA片段trnT_trnLycf, 能鉴别长梗秦艽和全萼秦艽[10]
遗传多样性是生物在经历长期的选择后形成的自然属性, 是物种进化的本质。研究种群的遗传多样性, 了解植物遗传多样性的影响因素和变化规律, 对于选育优良植物品种并对其进行保护和开展规范化种植具有重要意义[11]。目前苍术属内的叶绿体基因比较分析及近缘关系已有研究报道, 但针对北苍术物种内的叶绿体高变异区域的遗传多样性研究鲜有报道。本研究选取不同产地北苍术样品, 进行比较叶绿体基因组学研究, 筛选特异性DNA条形码, 并基于筛选的特异性DNA条形码对9省14产区256份样品进行种质资源鉴定、种群遗传多样性分析, 为北苍术种质资源评价、保护和优良品种选育提供科学依据。
叶绿体基因组测序材料  北苍术叶绿体基因组测序样品分别来自内蒙古自治区兴安盟扎赉特旗、河北省保定市安国市、辽宁省朝阳市朝阳县台子镇、陕西省商洛市商州区。
实验样品材料  供试的北苍术来源见表 1, 所有样品经北京中医药大学中药资源教研室魏胜利教授鉴定, 来自9省14产区的共计256份样品存放于北京中医药大学种质圃中。样品信息见表 1。选取生长状况良好的植株中部的健康嫩叶, 用70%乙醇擦去叶片表面灰尘用于总DNA的提取。
样品基因组DNA的提取  将分别来自内蒙古自治区兴安盟扎赉特旗(Atractylodes chinensis 1)、河北省保定市安国市(Atractylodes chinensis 2)、辽宁省朝阳市朝阳县台子镇(Atractylodes chinensis 4)、陕西省商洛市商州区(Atractylodes chinensis 5) 的北苍术利用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB) 法[12], 从100 mg新鲜叶片中提取DNA进行高通量测序。对来自9省14产区的共计256份样品(表 1), 选取干燥叶片, 使用75%乙醇擦拭表面, 干燥后放入无菌研钵, 加入适量液氮研磨成细粉, 称取20 mg粉末, 用植物基因组提取试剂盒(Vazyme公司) 提取北苍术DNA, 用于后续PCR扩增获得特定序列和用于验证拼接的正确性等工作。
样品叶绿体基因组的获取  基因组DNA的质量和浓度用琼脂糖凝胶电泳和NanoDrop one分光光度计(Thermo Fisher公司) 进行评价。合格的DNA用于文库构建。在Illumina平台上进行测序。由于原始测序数据可能包含低质量序列、接头序列等, 为了保证信息分析结果的可靠性, 需经过一系列数据处理过滤这些杂质raw reads, 从而得到clean reads, 仍以FASTQ格式存储。对原始测序数据进行如下处理: ①去除质量值连续≤ 20的碱基数达到40%的reads; ②去除含N的碱基数目总和达到10%的reads; ③去除adapter污染; ④去除duplication污染。使用NOVOPlasty组装软件对clean data进行组装, 以NCBI已发表的北苍术叶绿体基因组(MG874805) 作为参考, 获得各样品组装结果。采用PGA (Plastid Genome Annotator) 软件进行组装结果的基因预测, 获得基因信息, 分析采用默认参数。获得测序样品基因集后, 需对基因进行数据库比对注释, 确定基因的功能及相关描述信息。能整体反映出样品基因功能分类及方便后续研究找到目的功能基因。对此进行了GO (gene ontology)、COG (cluster of orthologous groups of proteins)、KEGG (Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes)、ARDB (antibiotic resistance genes database)、PHI (pathogen host interactions)、CAZy (carbohydrate-active enzymes database)、VFDB (virulence factor database)、T3SS (type Ⅲ secretion system effector protein) 等8个数据库注释。基因注释主要基于氨基酸序列比对。将基因的氨基酸序列与各数据库进行比对, 得到对应的功能注释信息。由于每一条序列比对结果超过一条, 为保证其生物意义, 保留一条最优比对结果作为该基因的注释。所有注释均使用BLAST软件结合各个数据库的特点完成, 提供的BLAST结果为M8格式, 同时还提供部分数据库的注释结果汇总。
重复序列检测  利用REPuter软件(https://bibiserv.cebitec.uni-bielefeld.de/reputer) 检测叶绿体全基因组序列中的分散重复序列(dispersed repeats), 参数设置为最小重复序列长度= 30 bp, 重复序列间的相似度 > 90%[13]。串联重复序列(tandem repeats) 利用Tandem repeats finder软件(https://tandem.bu.edu/trf/trf.html) 进行检测, 参数设置选择默认值[14]。利用MISA软件对本研究新测序获得的北苍术4个体叶绿体全基因组序列中的简单重复序列(simple sequence repeats, SSRs) 分别进行检测, 参数设置均为单核苷酸重复单元不少于10个, 二核苷酸重复单元不少于5个, 三核苷酸和四核苷酸重复单元不少于4个, 五核苷酸和六核苷酸重复单元不少于3个, 且两个SSRs之间的距离不小于100 bp[15]。并对SSRs的类型、数量和分布模式分别进行比较分析。
叶绿体全基因组比较分析与序列变异比较  利用mVISTA软件在LAGAN模型[16]下对本研究新测序获得的北苍术个体的叶绿体全基因组序列进行比较分析。同时, 对同种不同个体间叶绿体基因组的IR/SC边界位置进行比较, 分析IRs区收缩与扩张情况。为了进一步分析苍术属植物叶绿体全基因组序列间的变异情况, 利用DnaSP软件[17]进行滑动窗口分析(sliding window analysis), 计算核苷酸多样性(Pi), 并根据分析结果筛选种间高变异序列。滑动窗口(windows length) 大小设置为600 bp, 步长(step size) 为200 bp。
PCR扩增体系及条件#160; PCR扩增体系为50 μL, 包括总DNA 1.0 μL, 10×Taq buffer 5.0 µL, dNTP Mix (2.5 mmol·L-1) 4.0 µL, Taq (2.5 U·µL-1) 0.5 µL, 0.1% BSA 1.0 μL, 正反向引物各1.0 µL (10 µmol·L-1), 加ddH2O至50.0 µL。充分混匀后备用。PCR扩增结束后, 产物经过纯化采用双向测序。引物名称、序列及扩增条件见表 2
数据处理  利用DNAMAN和Chromas软件对测序结果进行核对和单倍型汇总。将汇总后的单倍型序列通过mafft软件进行比对, 比对后的序列通过MEGA 5软件构建邻接法系统进化树, 设置bootstrap重复值为1 000。通过DnaSP 6对总体和每个种群的遗传多样性参数、种群间的基因流(Nm) 和分化系数(Gst) 进行估计。
组装拼接后4份不同产地的北苍术样品均得到完整的环状四分体结构叶绿体全基因组, 序列总长度分别为153 111、153 068、153 266和153 194 bp。由大单拷贝区(长度分别为84 160、84 302、84 249和84 279 bp)、小单拷贝区(18 657、18 658、18 679和18 626 bp) 和一对反向重复区(25 147、25 054、25 149和25 147 bp) 组成(图 1)。4份北苍术叶绿体全基因组序列及SSC和IRs区的GC含量均相同, 依次为38.5%、31.5%和43.2%, LSC区的GC含量分别为37.8%、37.8%、37.7%和37.7% (表 3)。
在北苍术叶绿体全基因组序列中注释得到112个基因, 包括76个蛋白编码基因、28个tRNA基因和8个rRNA基因(表 4)。其中, 16个基因(ndhAndhBpetBpetDatpFrpl16rpl2ps12rps16rpoC1trnA-UGCtrnG-UCCtrnI-GAUtrnK-UUUtrnL-UAAtrnV-UAC) 含有1个内含子、2个基因(clpPycf3) 含有2个内含子和18个基因(ndhBrpl2rpl23rps12rps7rrn16rrn23rrn4.5rrn5trnA-UGCtrnI-CAUtrnI-GAUtrnL-CAAtrnN-GUUtrnR-ACGtrnV-GACycf15ycf2) 为多拷贝基因。rps12基因的5′端和两个重复的3′端分别位于LSC区和IR区, 被分成2个独立的转录单元, 为反式剪切(trans-spliced) 基因。
4份不同产地北苍术植物的叶绿体基因组中分别检测到49、50、49、44个SSR (Atractylodes chinensis 1、2、4、5)。SSR在叶绿体基因组中随机分布。4份样品的LSC区分别有36、37、34、32个SSR; SSC区分别有6、6、7、6个SSR; IRa区分别有2、2、5、3个SSR; IRb区分别有5、5、4、3个SSR。间隔区分别有32、33、33、30个SSR; 内含子中分别有8、8、8、5个SSR; 外显子中分别有9、9、9、9个SSR。在个体基因组中, 大多数SSR存在于LSC和间隔区。最常见的SSR是单核苷酸, 在不同个体中分别占71%、70%、72%、70%, 其次是四核苷酸, 在不同个体中分别占10%、12%、12%、13%, 二核苷酸SSR在不同个体中分别占10%、10%、6%、7% (图 2A)。几乎所有的单核苷酸SSR (99%) 在所有6个物种中都由A和T组成。TA的二核苷酸重复序列和TTTC的四核苷酸重复序列是第二常见的SSR (图 2B)。
研究发现IR/SC边界区域在Atractylodes chinensis 1、2、4、5样本中仍相对保守(图 3)。这4个不同产地北苍术叶绿体的比较表明, IRS区没有明显的扩张和收缩。在LSC/IR和SSC/IR交界处发现了rps19ndhFrpl22ycf1rpl2trnH (Gug) 基因。这些基因在4个叶绿体的SC/IR交界处表现出相似的分布状态。
北苍术植物叶绿体全基因组序列所编码的基因类别、数量和排列顺序在种内均高度一致; 序列间的变异主要发生在非编码基因间区。核苷酸多样性分析结果显示, 种内序列的Pi值整体变化范围为0~0.003 89。同时, 筛选到7条Pi值较高的种内高变异序列, 分别位于LSC区(psbAatpI_atpHrpI16trnC-GCA_petNrps14) 和SSC区(rps15ccsA) (图 4)。此外, 基于mVISTA的比较分析在苍术属的4个叶绿体基因组中进行, 以确定变异的水平(图 5), 结果表明整个叶绿体基因组的序列高度相似, 说明叶绿体基因组是高度保守的。IR区和编码区比单复制区和非编码区更保守。trnR-TCTccsArps16ndhDtrnT-GGT基因及trnC-GCA_petNtrnN-GTT_rps15基因间隔区的编码区比其他基因的编码区更具变异性。综上所述, 北苍术种内基因的保守程度很高, 结合DnaSP结果中的Pi值和mVISTA结果, ccsAtrnC-GCA_petN为潜在的北苍术种内鉴定的特异性DNA条形码。
基于上述筛选的特异性DNA条形码的结果, ccsAtrnC-GCA_petN大小为969、821 bp, 设计基因ccsAtrnC-GCA_petN特异性引物, 提取来自9省14产区256份北苍术样品总DNA, 以DNA为模板进行PCR扩增, 并对测序结果进行分析。设计的引物均可对9省14个地区的北苍术256份样品样品进行高效扩增。所有实验样本的PCR扩增效率为100%, 序列获得率(有效序列比例) 为100%, 目标条带单一明亮(图 6AB)。分析结果显示, 基因ccsA扩增区为969 bp, GC含量为31%, 该序列有11个突变位点(表 5), 分别在280、310、395、588、596、607、636、693、783、798和817 bp有碱基突变发生, 没有碱基的缺失和插入, 有16个单倍型。trnC-GCA_petN序列长度为821 bp, GC含量为32%, trnC-GCA序列有22个不同碱基, 分别在138、139、140、154、194、285、419、420、421、423、428、519、569、582、592、610、624、628、678和715 bp有碱基突变发生, 在395~400 bp出现AAGTA碱基的缺失, 在452~456 bp出现ATATA插入, 发现22个单倍型(表 6)。通过这两个片段联合分析, 发现24个变异位点、39个单倍型(图 7)。其中Hap9占比最多, 为26%; Hap30其次, 为13%。各个产地单倍型分布如表 7, 从省份来看, 内蒙古、河北所囊括的单倍型种类最多, 分别有15、17个单倍型; 其次是河南, 有13个单倍型。从产区看, 河北承德单倍型种类最多, 有13个单倍型; 其次为内蒙古扎赉特旗地区, 有9个单倍型。河北承德(HBCD) 有4个特有单倍型(Hap24、Hap27、Hap28、Hap29); 河北张家口(HBZJK) 有1个特有单倍型(Hap3); 内蒙古扎赉特旗(NZL) 和呼伦贝尔(NHL) 分别有1个特有单倍型(Hap38、Hap8); 陕西西安(SXXA) 和陕西商洛(SXLSL) 分别有1个特有单倍型(Hap4、Hap14); 河南新乡(HNXX) 有3个特有单倍型(Hap3、Hap25、Hap32); 黑龙江大兴安岭(HLJDX) 有5个特有单倍型(Hap12、Hap16、Hap17、Hap35、Hap36)。
用DnaSP软件计算北苍术居群变异位点数(number of segregating sites, S)、单倍型数目(number of haplotypes, h)、单倍型多样性(haplotype diversity, Hd)、核苷酸多样性(nucleotide diversity, Pi)。将ccsAtrnC-GCA_petN联合分析, 发现北苍术Hd为0.896, Pi为2.22; Hd变化范围0.00~0.972, Pi变化范围0.0~2.49; 其中陕西商洛(SXSL) Hd最高(0.972), 内蒙古呼伦贝尔(NHL) Pi值最高(2.49)。河北承德(HBCD)、黑龙江大兴安岭(HLJDX)、河南新乡(HNXX) 等地都有很高的Hd (> 0.9), 说明北苍术总的遗传多样性比较丰富, 大部分产区群居也有较高的遗传多样性。各产区群居遗传多样性如表 8所示。
基于联合片段基因种群间总的遗传分化系数Gst为0.036 95 (< 0.05), 说明各个群居间存在较小的遗传分化, 各群居间有较大的基因流(Nm = 14.03)。其中内蒙古赤峰(NC) 与陕西西安(SXXA) 有一定的种间分化(Gst为0.085 37); 河北张家口(HBZJK) 与河南洛阳(HNLY) 有一定的种间分化(Gst为0.051 34); 山西临汾(SXLF) 和陕西商洛(SXSL) 都与河南洛阳(HNLY) 有一定的种间分化(Gst分别为0.069 93和0.078 38)。河北省内承德与张家口的种群间分化较大(Gst为0.063 83)。
对39个单倍型进行了遗传距离计算, 各单倍型遗传距离范围为0.000 00~0.004 88。其中Hap17与Hap9、Hap27与Hap21、Hap26与Hap38、Hap23与Hap28、Hap17与Hap18的遗传距离最小为0.000 00。Hap3、Hap23、Hap28与Hap20遗传距离最大, 为0.004 88。总体的遗传距离较小, 说明各个单倍型之间有较小的遗传差异, 侧面表明北苍术各群居之间可能存在较大的基因交流, 减少了群居间的遗传分化。
对39个单倍型及苍术属其他同属植物序列构建NJ系统发育进化树(图 8), 通过联合分析可发现, 外类群朝鲜苍术、关苍术、茅苍术聚为一支, 北苍术39个单倍型与白术聚为一支。一方面说明北苍术和外类群相比, 与白术有更近的亲缘关系; 另一方面说明各个单倍型之间亲缘关系很近, 遗传距离较小。
随着叶绿体基因组测序的发展, 多种叶绿体基因组序列被揭示, 而基于叶绿体基因组测序的比较叶绿体基因组学的研究为筛选物种种间和种内的特异DNA条形码、种质资源鉴定、遗传多样性的研究奠定了基础。目前苍术属的大部分植物的叶绿体基因组已被揭示, 但关于北苍术种内的比较叶绿体基因组学的相关研究鲜有报道。本研究对来自不同产地的4份北苍术样品进行叶绿体基因组测序, 测序结果与以前报道的苍术属植物的叶绿体基因组长度相似, 但编码基因的数量略有差别, 可能是由于不同的取样地区造成的差异。
特异性的DNA条形码在物种鉴定的过程中起到重要作用。以前的研究经常使用常用的叶绿体高变区如matK序列进行物种鉴别, 但不同物种叶绿体基因组的高变区可能不同, 随着叶绿体基因组测序技术和比较叶绿体基因组学的进步和发展, 为筛选物种间和种内的特异性DNA片段提供了条件。有学者通过比较基因组学分析柴胡属植物叶绿体基因组高变区trnK-UGG_rps16petN_psbMpetA_psbJndhFndhF_rpl32ycf为柴胡属种间高变区, 但没有相应的实验验证[18]。目前也有少量研究通过比较基因组学筛选的特异DNA片段用于种质资源进行鉴定。如通过对大黄3个基原植物叶绿体基因组进行比较分析, 得到高变区rps16-trn Qpsa A-ycf3rps16-trnQpsbE-petLndhF-rpl32trnT-trnL, 通过验证发现这些片段也可作为鉴定大黄药材3个基原的特异性DNA条形码[19]。但也有相关报道证明利用叶绿体基因组测序获得特异DNA条形码后扩增效果不理想, 如比较叶绿体基因组筛选的豆蔻属的特异性DNA片段atpH_atpI扩增效果不理想, 不适合豆蔻属的鉴定等[20]。因此, 在利用比较叶绿体基因组筛选后需进行实际验证。近期已有学者研究表明rpl22-rps19-rpl2psbM-trnDtrnR-trnT_UGGtrnT_ UGG-trnL可作为苍术属植物潜在的特异DNA条形码, 但目前没有相关的实验验证[21]。本研究通过比较不同地区的4份北苍术样品, 发现并验证了ccsAtrnC-GCA_petN是北苍术潜在的种内鉴定的特异DNA条形码, 进一步选择这两个片段对来自9省14产区256份样品进行种质资源鉴定。结果表明, ccsAtrnC-GCA_petN分别形成16和22个单倍型, 两者联合分析发现39个单倍型; 河北承德(HBCD)、河北张家口(HBZJK) 等地有特有的单倍型, 可用于北苍术种质资源中产地鉴别的分子标识; 根据河北、内蒙古、黑龙江等地区不同的地理环境, 区分出不同地理类型特有的单倍型, 可引种其他地理环境相似地区进行栽培。通过mVISTA及Pi对北苍术、白术、茅苍术、关苍术、朝鲜苍术进行分析, 也构建了系统发育进化树进行分析, 结果表明ccsAtrnC-GCA_petN只能区分苍术属内的部分物种, 没有办法完全区分苍术属中的所有植物, 故认为ccsAtrnC-GCA_petN具有一定的种间鉴别能力。经上述的叶绿体基因组分析及实验验证, ccsAtrnC-GCA_petN可用于北苍术种内资源的鉴别, 为后续研究北苍术产地鉴别、种质研究奠定基础。
Jiang等[22]利用ISSR实验对22个不同来源的北苍术种子个体进行研究表明, 北苍术种质资源的遗传多样性非常丰富。物种的遗传多样性是常用于衡量其进化潜力的一个重要指标, 而核苷酸多样性和单倍型多样性又是度量物种遗传多样性的两个指标。单倍型多样性以0.5为临界[23], 越高多样性越好。本研究基于特异性DNA片段ccsAtrnC-GCA_petN联合分析对来自9省14产区北苍术进行遗传多样性分析, 结果表明北苍术物种水平上有着较高水平的单倍型多样(Hd = 0.896) 和核苷酸多样性(Pi = 2.22), 庭藤复合群Hd = 0.778[24], 羌活Hd = 0.873[25], 遗传多样性丰富; 北苍术各群居间有较大的基因流(Nm = 14.07), 基因流有助于提高植物群体的遗传多样性水平防止种群分化[26]。总体遗传距离为0.000 00~0.004 88, 总体的遗传距离比较小; 同时进化树结果表明单倍型聚为两支, 这些结果表明各群居之间存在较大的基因交流, 通过基因流新的北苍术个体或稀有基因被带到不同群居中增加了群居内的遗传变异, 丰富了北苍术遗传多样性。这些结果也为北苍术遗传育种、种质资源评估和品种鉴定提供了理论基础。
作者贡献: 第一作者尹光耀负责论文设计、实验、数据分析及论文撰写; 通讯作者魏胜利、王晓晖负责论文设计、数据分析和论文指导; 袁林参与全国实验样品的收集及实验指导; 王馨、张志飞、陈颖、刘珊瑚参与实验及数据处理; 满金辉、石玥、黄钰莹、张晓芹负责参与数据分析指导。
利益冲突: 无相关利益冲突。
  • 北苍术、赤芍精准药材批次分子防伪技术研究项目(2020110037009381)
  • 北京市科学技术委员会基金项目(Z201100005420005)
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2023年第58卷第6期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1118
  • 接收时间:2022-10-18
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-06-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-10-18
  • 修回日期:2022-11-29
基金
北苍术、赤芍精准药材批次分子防伪技术研究项目(2020110037009381)
北京市科学技术委员会基金项目(Z201100005420005)
作者信息
    1.北京中医药大学中药学院, 北京 102488
    2.国家药品监督管理局, 北京 100037
    3.北京中医药大学北京中医药研究院中药现代研究中心, 北京 102488
    4.中药材规范化生产教育部工程研究中心, 北京 100102

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*王晓晖, Tel: 15201166873, E-mail: ;
魏胜利, Tel: 13683336930, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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