Article(id=1198628507237577641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628499750744699, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1135, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1666886400000, receivedDateStr=2022-10-28, revisedDate=1674835200000, revisedDateStr=2023-01-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763704905565, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1683820800000, pubDateStr=2023-05-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763704905565, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763704905565, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763704905565, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198628499750744699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='5', pageStart='0', pageEnd='1400', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763704903781, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766137655840, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208832201509172104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628499750744699, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208832201509172105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628499750744699, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1156, endPage=1164, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198628508642669525, articleId=1198628507237577641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Effect of Angelica dahurica coumarins on the transport behavior of puerarin across blood-brain barrier in vitro and in vivo, columnId=1198628500522496638, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports: Active Ingredients and Mechanism of Action of Traditional Chinese Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A BBB co-culture cell model consisting of rat brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC) and astrocytes (AS) was established to study the effect of Angelica dahurica coumarins on the transport behavior of puerarin across blood-brain barrier (BBB) in vitro and in vivo. The barrier function of this model was evaluated by measuring the transendothelial resistance, phenol red permeability and BBB related protein expression. The permeability assay and western blot methods were performed to study the effects of Angelica dahurica coumarins on the BBB permeability and the expression of BBB related protein. The animal experiment protocols in this study were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Xi'an Jiaotong University (Animal Ethics No.: 2021-1329). The results showed that the established BMEC/AS co-culture model could be used to evaluate drug transport across BBB in vitro. After combined with Angelica dahurica coumarins, the transport capacity of puerarin was significantly increased in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, Angelica dahurica coumarins enhanced BBB permeability and inhibited the protein expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin. Angelica dahurica coumarins might increase BBB permeability by inhibiting the expression of P-gp and tight junction protein, thereby increasing the content of puerarin in brain tissue.

, correspAuthors=Wen LU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wen-jing TA, Ji-hong SONG, Cheng-kun HAN, Jian-xiang WANG, Wen-xue YANG, Wen LU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198628513101213831, articleId=1198628507237577641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=白芷香豆素成分对葛根素跨血脑屏障体内外转运的影响, columnId=1198628500665102977, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道: 中药活性成分与作用机制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

构建原代大鼠脑微血管内皮细胞(rat brain microvascular endothelial cells, BMEC) 和大鼠星状胶质细胞(rat astrocytes, AS) 共培养模型以研究葛根素-白芷香豆素成分联用后对葛根素在大鼠体外血脑屏障(blood-brain barrier, BBB) 模型中转运及大鼠脑组织分布的影响。通过测定模型跨内皮电阻值、苯酚红通透性、BBB相关蛋白表达评价模型屏障功能。通透性实验和Western blot法分别研究了白芷香豆素成分对BMEC、大鼠脑组织通透性及BBB相关蛋白表达的影响。本研究中动物实验方案均获得西安交通大学医学部生物医学伦理委员会的批准(动物伦理号: 2021-1329)。结果表明, 构建的BMEC/AS共培养模型可用于药物体外跨BBB研究; 与白芷香豆素成分联用后, 葛根素在体外共培养模型及大鼠脑组织上的转运量显著提升; 白芷香豆素成分可以增加BBB通透性, 抑制P糖蛋白(P-glycoprotein, P-gp)、紧密连接重要蛋白闭锁连接蛋白-1 (zonula occludens-1, ZO-1) 和闭合蛋白(occludin) 的表达。白芷香豆素成分可能通过抑制P-gp及紧密连接蛋白表达而增加葛根素在脑组织中的含量。

, correspAuthors=卢闻, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*卢闻, Tel: 86-29-82655441, E-mail:
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A: Schematic illustration of BBB models and immunofluorescence staining of BMEC and AS on BBB models; B: TEER values of the BBB mono culture and co culture models (<span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$\bar{x}$</span> ± <i>s</i>, <i>n</i> = 3. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05 <i>vs</i> mono culture model); C: Permeability assay of phenol red in mono culture and co culture models (<span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$\bar{x}$</span> ± <i>s</i>, <i>n</i> = 3. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05 <i>vs</i> mono culture model); D: Western blot strips and relative gray values of BBB related proteins in BBB models (<span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$\bar{x}$</span> ± <i>s</i>, <i>n</i> = 3. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05). ZO-1: Zonula occludens-1; P-gp: P-glycoprotein , figureFileSmall=ikxuCo1Gu/4cf5akzmakfw==, figureFileBig=tnZTuIyKAnkjn7F661fS6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960122472006420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628507237577641, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=HGDZtx3cMspTiN8pxy9cCg==, figureFileBig=95j9ypWCqgo2ZRsGOjh5ew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960122690110249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628507237577641, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Transport behavior of puerarin - <i>Angelica dahurica</i> coumarins in BMEC and rat brain tissue. A: Accumulative transport contents of puerarin (Pue) in BMEC (<span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$\bar{x}$</span> ± <i>s</i>, <i>n</i> = 3. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05 <i>vs</i> Pue group); B: <i>P</i><sub>app</sub> values of Pue in BMEC (<span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$\bar{x}$</span> ± <i>s</i>, <i>n</i> = 3, <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05 <i>vs</i> Pue group); C: Pue contents in brain tissue (<span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$\bar{x}$</span> ± <i>s</i>, <i>n</i> = 5. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05 <i>vs</i> Pue group); D: Pue contents in plasma (<span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$\bar{x}$</span> ± <i>s</i>, <i>n</i> = 5. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05 <i>vs</i> Pue group); E: Distributed of Pue in plasma and brain tissue at the same time point. Imp: Imperatorin; Cou: <i>Angelica dahurica</i> coumarin; Bowel Imp: Intestinal metabolites of Imp; Bowel Cou: Intestinal metabolites of Cou , figureFileSmall=HGDZtx3cMspTiN8pxy9cCg==, figureFileBig=95j9ypWCqgo2ZRsGOjh5ew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960122841105205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628507237577641, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=0Uut5nTa9CR1TBCiZ/TPig==, figureFileBig=uv8Q05z5e+04FdS7ENdfDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960122962740037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628507237577641, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Effect of Pue combined with <i>Angelica dahurica</i> coumarins on BBB permeability and related proteins in BMEC and rat brain tissue (<span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$\bar{x}$</span> ± <i>s</i>, <i>n</i> = 3. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05 <i>vs</i> Pue group). A: <i>P</i><sub>app</sub> values of phenol red in each group; B: Contents of EB in each group; C: Western blot strips and relative gray value of BBB related proteins in BMEC; D: Western blot strips and relative gray value of BBB related proteins in rat brain tissue. 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白芷香豆素成分对葛根素跨血脑屏障体内外转运的影响
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拓文静 , 宋继红 , 韩成坤 , 王建香 , 杨文雪 , 卢闻 *
药学学报 | 专题报道: 中药活性成分与作用机制 2023,58(5): 1156-1164
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药学学报 | 专题报道: 中药活性成分与作用机制 2023, 58(5): 1156-1164
白芷香豆素成分对葛根素跨血脑屏障体内外转运的影响
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拓文静, 宋继红, 韩成坤, 王建香, 杨文雪, 卢闻*
作者信息
  • 西安交通大学医学部药学院, 陕西 西安 710061

通讯作者:

*卢闻, Tel: 86-29-82655441, E-mail:
Effect of Angelica dahurica coumarins on the transport behavior of puerarin across blood-brain barrier in vitro and in vivo
Wen-jing TA, Ji-hong SONG, Cheng-kun HAN, Jian-xiang WANG, Wen-xue YANG, Wen LU*
Affiliations
  • School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
出版时间: 2023-05-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1135
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构建原代大鼠脑微血管内皮细胞(rat brain microvascular endothelial cells, BMEC) 和大鼠星状胶质细胞(rat astrocytes, AS) 共培养模型以研究葛根素-白芷香豆素成分联用后对葛根素在大鼠体外血脑屏障(blood-brain barrier, BBB) 模型中转运及大鼠脑组织分布的影响。通过测定模型跨内皮电阻值、苯酚红通透性、BBB相关蛋白表达评价模型屏障功能。通透性实验和Western blot法分别研究了白芷香豆素成分对BMEC、大鼠脑组织通透性及BBB相关蛋白表达的影响。本研究中动物实验方案均获得西安交通大学医学部生物医学伦理委员会的批准(动物伦理号: 2021-1329)。结果表明, 构建的BMEC/AS共培养模型可用于药物体外跨BBB研究; 与白芷香豆素成分联用后, 葛根素在体外共培养模型及大鼠脑组织上的转运量显著提升; 白芷香豆素成分可以增加BBB通透性, 抑制P糖蛋白(P-glycoprotein, P-gp)、紧密连接重要蛋白闭锁连接蛋白-1 (zonula occludens-1, ZO-1) 和闭合蛋白(occludin) 的表达。白芷香豆素成分可能通过抑制P-gp及紧密连接蛋白表达而增加葛根素在脑组织中的含量。

葛根素  /  白芷香豆素成分  /  血脑屏障  /  脑转运  /  共培养细胞模型

A BBB co-culture cell model consisting of rat brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC) and astrocytes (AS) was established to study the effect of Angelica dahurica coumarins on the transport behavior of puerarin across blood-brain barrier (BBB) in vitro and in vivo. The barrier function of this model was evaluated by measuring the transendothelial resistance, phenol red permeability and BBB related protein expression. The permeability assay and western blot methods were performed to study the effects of Angelica dahurica coumarins on the BBB permeability and the expression of BBB related protein. The animal experiment protocols in this study were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Xi'an Jiaotong University (Animal Ethics No.: 2021-1329). The results showed that the established BMEC/AS co-culture model could be used to evaluate drug transport across BBB in vitro. After combined with Angelica dahurica coumarins, the transport capacity of puerarin was significantly increased in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, Angelica dahurica coumarins enhanced BBB permeability and inhibited the protein expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin. Angelica dahurica coumarins might increase BBB permeability by inhibiting the expression of P-gp and tight junction protein, thereby increasing the content of puerarin in brain tissue.

puerarin  /  Angelica dahurica coumarin  /  blood-brain barrier  /  brain transport  /  co-culture cell model
拓文静, 宋继红, 韩成坤, 王建香, 杨文雪, 卢闻. 白芷香豆素成分对葛根素跨血脑屏障体内外转运的影响. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (5) : 1156 -1164 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1135
Wen-jing TA, Ji-hong SONG, Cheng-kun HAN, Jian-xiang WANG, Wen-xue YANG, Wen LU. Effect of Angelica dahurica coumarins on the transport behavior of puerarin across blood-brain barrier in vitro and in vivo[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (5) : 1156 -1164 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1135
葛根素是中药葛根的主要活性成分, 它具有许多与脑血管疾病相关的药理活性, 如改善微循环、增加脑血流量、神经保护、抗血栓、抗血小板聚集[1, 2]。此外, 葛根素对治疗帕金森病、阿尔茨海默病等中枢神经疾病也有一定的作用[3]。然而, 低溶解度(1.1×10-2 mol·L-1) 和低大脑渗透性降低了葛根素的治疗效果, 限制了其临床应用[4-6]。大鼠静脉注射葛根素后, 其脑脊液和血清的药时曲线下面积比率仅为2.92%[7]。因此, 提高葛根素大脑渗透性, 促进其在脑组织的分布, 对葛根素治疗脑部相关疾病有重要的意义。
中医理论认为“药无引使, 则不通病所”。引经药与药物配伍可导引诸药直达病所, 增强疗效。如“引药下行”的牛膝能提高小檗碱在膝关节、踝关节、肝脏和肾脏中的浓度, 降低其在心脏和肺脏的分布[8]。“引药上行”的冰片可以提高葛根素的口服生物利用度并促进葛根素在脑组织中的分布[9]。白芷与冰片相似, 都具有芳香开窍, 引药上行的功效。临床治疗中, 白芷葛根药对经常配伍使用, 白芷葛根药对出自《伤寒六书》“柴葛解肌汤”, 其对阳明经头痛的治疗有非常好的效果[10]。研究表明白芷可以促进配伍药物中有效成分的吸收, 招丽君等[11]采用Caco-2细胞模型发现白芷可促进葛根素的肠道转运, 廖正根等[12]等采用大鼠外翻与大鼠在体单向灌流模型, 证实白芷提取物可以促进葛根素在肠道的吸收。实验室前期发现白芷香豆素成分欧前胡素能抑制P糖蛋白(P-glycoprotein, P-gp) 介导的药物外排, 促进P-gp底物的肠吸收。文献[13]报道葛根素是P-gp底物。为考察葛根素与白芷香豆素联用对其脑转运的影响, 本研究首先建立了大鼠脑微血管内皮细胞(rat brain microvascular endothelial cells, BMEC) 和大鼠星状胶质细胞(rat astrocytes, AS) 共培养体外血脑屏障(blood-brain barrier, BBB) 细胞模型、考察了联用白芷香豆素后葛根素在共培养模型上的转运行为; 以及两者联用后葛根素在实验动物脑组织的转运; 探索了白芷香豆素促进葛根素跨BBB转运的初步机制, 为拓展葛根素治疗脑部疾病给药方式提供新思路。
仪器   C2激光扫描共聚焦显微镜、XDS-1B型倒置显微镜(日本Nikon公司); LC-2030-3D高效液相色谱仪(日本Shimadzu公司); Epoch酶标仪(美国BioTeK公司); MiniChemi 610迷你型化学发光成像分析系统(北京赛智创业科技有限公司); Millcell® ERS-2电阻仪(美国Millipore公司)。
试药与试剂   DMEM高糖培养基(美国HyClone公司); 胎牛血清(美国Gibco公司); II型胶原酶(上海笛医生物科技有限公司)、PBS溶液、HBSS溶液(武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司); RIPA裂解液(陕西中晖赫彩生物医药科技有限公司); bFGF、Factor Ⅷ抗体(美国PeproTech公司); GFAP抗体、P-gp、claudin-5、zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1)、occludin兔抗多克隆抗体、β-actin鼠抗单克隆抗体、羊抗鼠IgG、IgG-Loralite-488羊抗兔、羊抗兔IgG (武汉三鹰生物技术有限公司); DNase I胶原酶、嘌呤霉素、牛血清白蛋白(bovine serum albumin, BSA) (美国Sigma公司); 欧前胡素(imperatorin, Imp)、葛根素(puerarin, Pue) (HPLC检测 > 95%)、白芷香豆素(Angelica dahurica coumarins, Cou) (UV检测 > 80%) (成都普菲德生物技术有限公司); 其他试剂与试药分析纯(西安化学试剂厂)。
实验动物   雄性Sprague-Dawley (SD) 大鼠(SPF级), 购自西安交通大学实验动物中心。实验动物使用许可证: SYXK (陕) 2018-001。本研究中动物实验方案均获得西安交通大学医学部生物医学伦理委员会的批准(动物伦理号: 2021-1329)。所有动物实验操作均符合西安交通大学动物实验操作规范要求。
BMEC提取分离   取2周龄SD乳鼠, 脱臼处死, 75%酒精浸泡5 min消毒, 提取乳鼠大脑皮质。将皮质剪碎, 加入等体积20% BSA-PBS溶液, 反复吹打混匀, 离心3次, 得微血管沉淀(图 1)。在微血管沉淀中加入0.1%Ⅱ型胶原酶(含30 mol·L-1 DNaseⅠ), 于37 ℃恒温摇床(160 r·min-1) 消化1 h, 1 500 r·min-1条件下离心5 min, 沉淀用DMEM高糖培养基(含20% FBS, 100 U·mL-1双抗, 10 ng·mL-1 bFGF) 重悬并接种于6孔板培养。培养24 h后, 可见贴壁的微血管段周围长出BMEC, 培养48 h后, 加入含1 μg·mL-1嘌呤霉素的DMEM高糖培养基培养24 h以除去杂细胞。纯化后的BMEC继续培养, 每天换液。
AS提取分离   取1~2日龄SD乳鼠, 脱臼处死, 75%酒精消毒, 提取乳鼠大脑皮质层。将皮质层剪碎, 加入胰酶, 37 ℃消化10 min, 离心(1 500 r·min-1, 5 min) 获取细胞沉淀。沉淀用DMEM高糖培养基(含20% FBS, 100 U·mL-1双抗) 重悬, 接种细胞至细胞培养瓶。当细胞生长至80~90%汇合度时, 将细胞培养瓶置于机械摇床摇动4 h (200 r·min-1) 以除去小胶质细胞。纯化后的AS继续培养, 每天换液。
细胞鉴定   当BMEC (或AS) 生长至80~90%汇合度, 4%多聚甲醛室温固定细胞20 min, 0.2% Triton X-100通透10 min, 3% BSA-PBS封闭2 h, Factor Ⅷ (或GFAP) 一抗4 ℃孵育过夜, 二抗IgG-Loralite-488 4 ℃孵育过夜, Hoechst核染液室温孵育10 min, 甘油封片。激光共聚焦显微镜下观察细胞, 根据特异性染色融合图片统计计算BMEC、AS纯度。
BMEC/AS共培养模型构建   AS按3×104个/孔的细胞量接种于Transwell内插室背侧膜, 于37 ℃, 5% CO2细胞培养箱培养12 h后, 将内插室正置, 然后将密度为1×105个/孔的BMEC接种于Transwell内插室膜, 置培养箱继续培养, 每天换液, 至细胞跨膜电阻值(TEER) 达到150 Ω·cm2
BMEC单层模型构建   BMEC按1×105个/孔的细胞量接种于Transwell内插室膜。细胞培养箱中培养, 每天换液, 至TEER值达到150 Ω·cm2
TEER测定   使用Millcell® ERS-2细胞电阻仪测定BMEC单层模型、BMEC/AS共培养模型电阻值, 计算TEER值(Ω·cm2) = (细胞电阻值-空白膜电阻值) ×膜面积。
苯酚红通透性测定   取TEER值符合要求的两种细胞模型, 于内插室上侧加入25 μg·mL-1苯酚红HBSS溶液0.5 mL, 下侧加入1.0 mL HBSS作为接收液, 37 ℃、50 r·min-1孵育2 h。于15、30、60、90和120 min从下侧取样1.0 mL并补加同温等体积HBSS。参照文献[14]高效液相色谱法(HPLC) 检测接收液中苯酚红含量。采用标准曲线法计算浓度Ci, 按公式(1) 计算苯酚红的细胞转运累积量(Q), 按公式(2) 计算苯酚红表观渗透系数Papp:
$ \mathrm{d}Q={C}_{i}\times V+\sum {C}_{i-1}\times V $
式1中, Ci为不同时间收集的接收液中药物浓度(μg·mL-1); V为溶液体积(mL)。
$ {P}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{p}}=\frac{\mathrm{d}Q}{\mathrm{d}t}\times \frac{1}{A\times {C}_{0}} $
式2中: dQ/dt为单位时间药物转运量(μg·s-1); C0为初始浓度(μg·mL-1); A为Transwell内插室膜面积(cm2)。
蛋白免疫印迹实验   取AS单层细胞, BMEC单层细胞, BMEC/AS共培养细胞, 用预冷的PBS清洗细胞3次, 加入RIPA裂解液冰上裂解细胞30 min, 收集裂解混合液, 超声破碎、4 ℃离心(12 000 r·min-1, 10 min), 收集上清液即细胞总蛋白溶液。BCA蛋白试剂盒测定总蛋白含量。蛋白样品经10% SDS-PAGE电泳, 湿转法转膜, 条带用5%脱脂牛奶室温封闭2 h, 加入1∶1 000稀释的occludin、ZO-1、claudin-5、P-gp及1∶20 000稀释的β-actin一抗4 ℃孵育过夜, 加入1∶10 000稀释的二抗室温孵育1 h, 用ECL化学发光检测试剂盒孵育显色, 化学发光成像分析系统显影, ImageJ软件进行灰度统计并计算相对灰度值。
白芷香豆素、欧前胡素肠代谢物制备   参照文献[15]制备体外模拟肠消化液。分别配制浓度为5 mg·mL-1的白芷香豆素、欧前胡素肠消化液, 封口后置于37 ℃水浴振荡器中振荡120 min, 70 ℃水浴灭酶, 3 000 r·min-1条件下离心10 min, 收集上清, 挥干溶剂, 即得白芷香豆素肠代谢物和欧前胡素肠代谢物。
葛根素与白芷香豆素成分联用在BMEC/AS共培养模型上的转运   将TEER达到150 Ω·cm2的BMEC/AS共培养模型分为5组, 依次向内插室上侧加入0.5 mL浓度为50 μmol·L-1的欧前胡素、白芷香豆素、欧前胡素肠代谢物和白芷香豆素肠代谢物HBSS溶液, 为4个试药组, 以HBSS为对照组; 下侧加入1.0 mL HBSS。孵育30 min后, 吸弃两侧试液, 上侧加入0.5 mL葛根素(150 μmol·L-1) HBSS溶液, 下侧加入1.0 mL HBSS, 37 ℃、50 r·min-1条件下孵育。于15、30、60和90 min时间点接收下侧转运缓冲液, 并立即补加同温等体积HBSS。收集的样品经真空浓缩仪挥干, 甲醇复溶, HPLC测定。流动相为甲醇(A) 和水(B), 梯度洗脱: 0~15 min (25% A), 15~25 min (25%~90% A), 25~35 min (90%~25% A), 流速1 mL·min-1, 柱温25 ℃, 检测波长250 nm。计算葛根素浓度Ci, 根据公式1、2分别计算葛根素累积转运量和Papp值。
葛根素与白芷香豆素成分联用在大鼠脑组织的转运   15只健康成年雄性SD大鼠(200 ± 20 g) 随机分为3组。分别为: 对照组(灌胃葛根素0.2 g·kg-1); 欧前胡素给药组(灌胃欧前胡素30 mg·kg-1, 30 min后灌胃葛根素0.2 g·kg-1); 白芷香豆素给药组(灌胃白芷香豆素30 mg·kg-1, 30 min后灌胃葛根素0.2 g·kg-1)。大鼠连续灌胃两周, 末次给药30 min后, 称重, 10%水合氯醛(3.5 mL·kg-1) 腹腔注射麻醉。眼眶取血, 全血置于肝素化离心管中, 3 000 r·min-1离心10 min即得血浆样品。处死大鼠, 冰上提取大鼠脑组织, 一部分用于后续蛋白免疫印迹实验; 另一部分称重, 加入1.5倍(V/m) 生理盐水, 匀浆得脑组织样品。分别取血浆样品、脑组织样品0.2 mL, 加入甲醇0.4 mL涡旋, 12 000 r·min-1离心10 min, 收集上清液, 挥干溶剂, 残渣用甲醇复溶, HPLC测定大鼠血浆及脑组织中葛根素含量。
白芷香豆素成分对BMEC通透性影响   细胞分组同BMEC细胞转运实验。依次向试药组内插室上侧加入0.5 mL浓度为50 μmol·L-1的欧前胡素、白芷香豆素、欧前胡素肠代谢物和白芷香豆素肠代谢物HBSS溶液, 对照组加入HBSS; 下侧加入1.0 mL HBSS。孵育30 min后, 吸弃药液, 清洗细胞, 于各组内插室上侧加入0.5 mL苯酚红HBSS溶液(25 μg·mL-1), 下侧加入1.0 mL HBSS, 继续孵育60 min, 接收下侧转运缓冲液, HPLC测定苯酚红含量。
白芷香豆素成分对BMEC相关蛋白表达影响   细胞分为5组, 分别加入试药: ① 150 μmol·L-1葛根素+ 50 μmol·L-1欧前胡素的HBSS溶液; ② 150 μmol·L-1葛根素+ 50 μmol·L-1白芷香豆素的HBSS溶液; ③ 150 μmol·L-1葛根素+ 50 μmol·L-1欧前胡素肠代谢物的HBSS溶液; ④ 150 μmol·L-1葛根素+ 50 μmol·L-1白芷香豆素肠代谢物的HBSS溶液; ⑤ 150 μmol·L-1葛根素HBSS溶液(对照组)。药液孵育细胞24 h, 冰上裂解细胞, 离心, 上清即细胞总蛋白。收集的蛋白样品按蛋白免疫印迹实验项下方法测定蛋白表达水平。
白芷香豆素成分对大鼠脑组织通透性影响   健康成年SD大鼠(200 ± 20 g, 雄性) 随机分为3组, 每组3只, 分别为对照组(灌胃溶媒)、欧前胡素给药组(灌胃欧前胡素30 mg·kg-1) 和白芷香豆素给药组(灌胃白芷香豆素30 mg·kg-1)。大鼠连续灌胃两周, 末次给药30 min后, 麻醉大鼠, 颈静脉注射2%的伊文思蓝溶液(Evans blue, EB) (3 mL·kg-1)。1 h后开胸, 穿刺针穿入大鼠左心室, 注入肝素化生理盐水, 直至心房流出无色液体。处死大鼠, 冰上提取大鼠脑组织, 称湿重(M), 并向其中加入70%丙酮生理盐水溶液4 mL, 放置过夜, 3 000 r·min-1离心20 min, 上清液用酶标仪于620 nm处测OD值。采用EB的标准曲线计算EB的浓度(C), 计算EB在大鼠脑组织中的含量, 如公式3。
$ \mathrm{大}\mathrm{脑}\mathrm{中}EB\mathrm{的}\mathrm{含}\mathrm{量}=\frac{4\times C}{M} $
白芷香豆素成分对大鼠脑组织中BBB相关蛋白表达影响   取大鼠脑组织转运实验项下大鼠部分脑组织, 称重, 加入裂解液(每克组织加4 mL裂解液), 冰浴匀浆30 min, 收集匀浆液4 ℃离心, 取上清液得组织总蛋白溶液, 按蛋白免疫组化实验项下方法测定蛋白表达水平。
统计学方法   数据以$ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s表示, Graph Pad Prism 8软件进行数据分析, 两组间数据统计分析采用两独立样本均数t检验, P < 0.05为有统计学意义。
在选定的色谱条件下, 空白细胞渗透液、空白血浆及空白脑组织匀浆液对葛根素色谱峰无干扰。葛根素在细胞渗透液、血浆及脑组织匀浆液中的标准曲线线性关系良好, r大于0.99。高、中、低浓度葛根素在细胞渗透液、血浆及脑组织匀浆液中的准确度分别为93.8%~101.4%、96.1%~102.9%和96.3%~97.2%; 批内精密度RSD < 7.3%、批间精密度RSD < 5.2%。
倒置显微镜观察BMEC和AS细胞形态随时间变化的过程。结果显示, 培养12 h, 贴壁微血管段中逐渐游离出短梭形BMEC; 24 h后, 游离BMEC数目增加, 细胞呈现“团簇样”形态; 培养2~4天, 微血管段逐渐脱落, 细胞呈现单层生长状态并增殖; 培养第5天, 细胞呈现典型的“铺路石样”形态(图 2A)。通过免疫荧光染色鉴定BMEC细胞纯度, 特异性Factor Ⅷ标记的BMEC呈现绿色荧光, 镜下计数BMEC的纯度大于98% (图 3A)。AS细胞培养初期, 细胞生长较慢, 培养至第3天, 细胞胞体突触伸长, 细胞快速增殖; 培养至第5或6天, 细胞基本融合(图 2B)。GFAP是AS细胞质中特有的蛋白, 经GFAP特异性染色的AS细胞呈现绿色荧光, 镜下计数AS的纯度高于97% (图 3A)。纯化后的BMEC、AS细胞用于构建体外BMEC单层模型及BMEC/AS共培养模型。
TEER值反映了小分子通透物理屏障的电阻抗, 常用来评价BBB模型的完整性[16]。TEER值越高, 表明其形成的屏障功能越完整。图 3B显示BMEC单层模型与BMEC/AS共培养模型TEER值随时间变化的趋势相似。TEER值在1~4天增加缓慢, 5~6天时TEER值快速上升; 第6天, 两种模型电阻均达到最大值, 分别为212.52 ± 1.72 Ω·cm2 (共培养模型) 和171.45 ± 4.62 Ω·cm2 (单层模型)。当TEER值为80~140 Ω·cm2时表明细胞紧密且完整, 认为BBB基本形成[17]。细胞培养第7天TEER值呈现缓慢下降趋势; 8天后, 电阻值明显下降。此外, 共培养模型TEER值在6~7天显著高于单层模型(P < 0.05), 其余培养时间两模型电阻值无明显差异。苯酚红在两模型上的通透量结果如图 3C所示, 共培养模型苯酚红的Papp值显著低于单层模型(1.10 ± 0.16×10-5 cm·s-1 vs 6.73 ± 0.48×10-5 cm·s-1) (P < 0.05)。TEER及苯酚红通透性结果显示AS可以一定程度上增加BMEC的TEER值, 降低苯酚红在BMEC上的通透性, AS细胞在维持BBB屏障完整性中发挥着重要作用, BMEC与AS共培养有利于增加BBB细胞模型的紧密性[18]
BBB功能主要依赖于内皮细胞形成的紧密连接以及存在于内皮细胞上的转运体。紧密连接蛋白ZO-1、claudin-5、occludin[19]以及转运蛋白P-gp都是存在于BMEC上的具有屏障作用的重要蛋白质, 对维持脑内内环境的稳定具有非常重要的意义[20], 因此考察了单层模型和共培养模型中ZO-1、occludin、claudin-5以及P-gp蛋白的表达情况。结果如图 3D所示, BMEC/AS共培养细胞, BMEC单层细胞及AS单层细胞均能表达上述四种蛋白, 表现出典型的BBB特性; 而且共培养模型蛋白的表达水平最高, 显著高于两个单层细胞模型, 表明BMEC/AS共培养能够促进紧密连接相关蛋白和P-gp蛋白表达[21]
细胞活力考察可知, 葛根素、欧前胡素在25~150 μmol·L-1浓度内, 白芷香豆素及其肠代谢物、欧前胡素肠代谢物在25~200 μmol·L-1浓度内对BMEC、AS细胞活力无影响。
葛根素-白芷香豆素成分转运结果显示各组葛根素累积转运量随时间变化的趋势相似, 均随孵育时间增加而增加, 呈现出一定的时间依赖性; 与葛根素对照组相比, 各时间点联用药实验组的葛根素累积转运量均显著提高(图 4A)。相似的结果也表现在各组转运Papp值上, 白芷香豆素、欧前胡素及其肠代谢物在各检测时间点都显著提高葛根素的表观渗透系数(图 4B)。结果表明白芷香豆素成分均可以促进葛根素在体外共培养模型上的转运, 增加葛根素的转运速率; 白芷香豆素、欧前胡素经肠液消化后仍具有促吸收作用。
考察大鼠灌胃葛根素以及葛根素-白芷香豆素成分混合药液后, 葛根素在大鼠脑组织和血浆中的分布情况。结果如图 4C所示, 与葛根素对照组相比, 联用欧前胡素和白芷香豆素后, 大鼠脑组织中的葛根素含量显著提升(P < 0.05); 然而, 血浆分布却显著降低(图 4D), 对照组动物血浆中葛根素含量最高, 分别是联用欧前胡素和香豆素组的1.52和1.65倍。葛根素属于生物药剂学分类系统第IV类药物, 在BBB和肠道中具有低渗透性, 难以通过人体的各种屏障[22]。比较同一时刻, 各组葛根素在血浆和脑组织的分布量(图 4E) 亦可知, 与欧前胡素和白芷香豆素的联用, 增加了葛根素由血浆向脑组织的转运。体外、体内转运研究表明白芷香豆素成分均能显著提高葛根素在BBB上的转运量, 增加葛根素的脑组织分布。
为探索葛根素与白芷香豆素及成分联用增加其脑转运的原因, 考察了白芷香豆素及欧前胡素对BBB通透性的影响。体外BMEC通透性实验选择苯酚红为标识物, 结果表明白芷香豆素及其肠代谢物, 欧前胡素及其肠代谢物显著提高苯酚红的Papp值(图 5A), 增加了BMEC的通透性。EB是经典的BBB示踪剂, 正常情况下EB不能通过BBB, 但在BBB完整性破坏时, EB则能通过开放的BBB进入脑实质。EB的渗出量与BBB的开放程度成正相关, 检测脑组织中EB含量, 可判断BBB的开放程度[23]。因此, 体内实验选择EB作为评价BBB通透性的指标。白芷香豆素组和欧前胡素组大鼠脑组织中EB含量显著高于空白对照组(图 5B), 表明白芷香豆素成分能够增加大鼠BBB的通透性。
进一步考察葛根素与白芷香豆素及成分联用后对BMEC及大鼠脑组织中关键紧密连接蛋白和转运蛋白表达的影响。细胞实验结果表明(图 5C), 与对照组(未经药物干预的BMEC) 相比, 单给葛根素反而使BMEC细胞的P-gp、ZO-1和occludin蛋白的表达增高, 增强了血脑屏障功能, 这与文献[24]报道葛根素能降低血脑屏障通透性相符。当葛根素与白芷香豆素、欧前胡素及其肠代谢物联用时, 降低了由葛根素引起的较高的P-gp、ZO-1和occludin蛋白表达。动物实验结果显示(图 5D), 与白芷香豆素及成分联用后, 3种蛋白表达的灰度值均显著低于葛根素给药组(P < 0.05)。ZO-1和occludin蛋白表达水平的下调意味BBB紧密连接被打开, 增加药物通过细胞旁通路转运的机率; 而P-gp蛋白下调则使细胞外排能力下降, 减少了药物从细胞内外排到细胞外的机率。结合文献[13]报道葛根素为P-gp的底物, 推测白芷香豆素及成分促进葛根素入脑的机制可能是一方面抑制ZO-1和occludin蛋白的表达, 增加BBB的开放性; 另一方面下调P-gp蛋白表达, 降低了葛根素的外排。
血脑屏障是由脑微血管内皮细胞、星形胶质细胞、周皮细胞、基底膜等共同组成的动态生理结构, 它的存在使处于循环中的内源性和外源性物质无法轻易进入大脑组织, 从而保护大脑不被血液内的微生物和毒素伤害, 同时也导致大多数中枢神经系统(central nervous system, CNS) 药物如葛根素无法进入脑组织, 影响其治疗效果[25]。因此, 寻找改进CNS药物跨越BBB、增加其在脑部位分布是目前科研工作者亟需解决问题。体内研究成本高, 并且存在多种干扰因素, 而体外研究有着比体内研究更加可控、简单易操作、以及更加符合伦理学的优点[26, 27], 是目前研究BBB结构以及CNS药物高通量筛选的重要工具。本研究构建了大鼠BBB体外BMEC/AS共培养模型, 模型TEER大于150 Ω·cm2且能表达BBB特异性蛋白ZO-1、occludin、claudin-5以及P-gp, 表现典型的BBB功能特性。应用共培养模型研究葛根素-白芷香豆素联用的转运行为及机制, 发现共培养模型实验结果与大鼠体内实验结果一致, 表现出良好的相关性, 表明本研究构建的BBB体外BMEC/AS共培养模型可应用于药物脑转运实验研究。此外, 本研究中白芷香豆素成分增加葛根素的脑转运、促进其脑分布, 可为改善葛根素脑疾病疗效的新型给药方式提供选择。
作者贡献: 拓文静负责完成文中实验部分及撰写文章; 宋继红、韩成坤协助进行相关实验研究; 王建香、杨文雪负责数据处理分析; 卢闻设计、指导实验, 指导论文写作与修改。
利益冲突: 全体作者声明不存在任何利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82173775)
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2023年第58卷第5期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1135
  • 接收时间:2022-10-28
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-05-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-10-28
  • 修回日期:2023-01-28
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(82173775)
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    西安交通大学医学部药学院, 陕西 西安 710061

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
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红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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