Article(id=1198628506813952908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628499750744699, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1332, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1670169600000, receivedDateStr=2022-12-05, revisedDate=1675958400000, revisedDateStr=2023-02-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763704905465, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1683820800000, pubDateStr=2023-05-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763704905465, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763704905465, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763704905465, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198628499750744699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='5', pageStart='0', pageEnd='1400', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763704903781, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766137655840, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208832201509172104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628499750744699, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208832201509172105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628499750744699, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1232, endPage=1244, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198628507241771946, articleId=1198628506813952908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Recent progress on detection techniques for human hormones, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Human hormones at trace levels play a vital role in the regulation of a variety of functions and systems in the body, and an imbalance in hormone levels can lead to the emergence and development of diverse diseases. Therefore, the development of reliable sample pretreatment methods and sensitive and accurate analytical techniques for human hormone detection could contribute to the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases, providing significant improvement for human health. Human samples which are usually used to detecting hormones, such as blood, saliva, urine and other matrix are more complex, so sample pretreatment is an important step to ensure the accuracy and reliability in the detection of hormones. In this review three common sample pretreatment methods including solid phase extraction (SPE), liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and protein precipitation (PP) methods are discussed. Then, recent research progress in conventional techniques like liquid/gas chromatography and liquid/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/GC-MS/MS), as well as some novel strategies, such as immunoassay including chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA), lateral-flow immunoassay (LFIA) and time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TRFIA), and sensor technology including electrochemical (EC), fluorescent (FL) and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensors, and microfluidic chip analysis are discussed for human hormone detection. Finally, the future perspective on the use of these methods for hormone detection is considered. It is hoped to provide powerful insights to researchers for the relevant researches.

, correspAuthors=Jia-bo WANG, Wei-jun KONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Peng-yue SONG, Run-ran MA, Jia-bo WANG, Wei-jun KONG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198628513294151834, articleId=1198628506813952908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=人体激素检测方法的研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

人体激素以微量水平参与体内多种功能和系统的调节, 在人体内发挥着至关重要的作用, 而激素水平的失衡则会导致各种疾病的产生和发展。因此, 开发可靠的样品前处理方法和灵敏、准确的人体激素检测分析方法, 将有助于疾病的预防、诊断和治疗, 为人体健康提供重要保障。通常用以检测激素的人体样品, 如血液、唾液、尿液等基质较为复杂, 因此样本的前处理是保证激素检测准确、可靠的重要环节。本文对固相萃取、液-液萃取和蛋白质沉淀法3种常见样本前处理技术, 液/气相色谱法、液/气相色谱-质谱联用法等常规检测方法, 以及免疫分析技术(如化学发光、侧向流动和时间分辨荧光免疫分析法)、传感器技术(如电化学、荧光和表面增强拉曼散射传感器)、微流控芯片技术等人体激素检测的新型快速分析方法的研究进展进行了综述, 并展望其发展前景, 以期为相关研究提供参考。

, correspAuthors=王伽伯, 孔维军, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*王伽伯, ;
孔维军,
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(reprinted with permission from reference<sup>[<a href="javascript:;" class="mag_content_a" onclick="piaofuRef(this,'b20')" rid="b20">20</a>]</sup>, copyright 2019, Springer) , figureFileSmall=uBz1jI3YaYc+6N4TDMHbxg==, figureFileBig=iFjacO/v9gUwed3HodhG+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960126188159126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628506813952908, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=yOM1yvk4J187fb+0TkMuPg==, figureFileBig=DW/7137WroYfi9Ji2DXkPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960126313988262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628506813952908, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Nanomagnetic lateral-flow immunoassay (LFIA) test strip for thyrotropin (TSH) detection in serum (reprinted with permission from reference<sup>[<a href="javascript:;" class="mag_content_a" onclick="piaofuRef(this,'b27')" rid="b27">27</a>]</sup>, copyright 2020, Elsevier) (A) and surface enhancement of Raman scattering (SERS)-based LFIA platform for hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism detection (reprinted with permission from reference<sup>[<a href="javascript:;" class="mag_content_a" onclick="piaofuRef(this,'b28')" rid="b28">28</a>]</sup>, copyright 2017, Elsevier) (B) , figureFileSmall=yOM1yvk4J187fb+0TkMuPg==, figureFileBig=DW/7137WroYfi9Ji2DXkPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960126490149048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628506813952908, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=6sgn05fEuhqY5I7HBimr6Q==, figureFileBig=Ur/FZ3tvc/uSxCS2E7iCgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960126787944668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628506813952908, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Electrochemical (EC) determination of epinephrine (EP) at MXene/graphite composite paste electrodes (reprinted with permission from reference<sup>[<a href="javascript:;" class="mag_content_a" onclick="piaofuRef(this,'b33')" rid="b33">33</a>]</sup>, copyright 2018, American Chemical Society) (A); detection of dopamine (DA) by EC sensor based on Cu@Pd core-shell nanoparticles modified pencil graphite electrode (reprinted with permission from reference<sup>[<a href="javascript:;" class="mag_content_a" onclick="piaofuRef(this,'b35')" rid="b35">35</a>]</sup>, copyright 2021, American Chemical Society) (B); MoS<sub>2</sub>@Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub> MXene composite nanomaterials based 3D EC aptasensor for 3, 5, 3′, 5′-tetraiodothyronine (T4) detection (reprinted with permission from reference<sup>[<a href="javascript:;" class="mag_content_a" onclick="piaofuRef(this,'b36')" rid="b36">36</a>]</sup>, copyright 2021, Elsevier) (C); PDDA-oSWCNTs and AuNPs based EC aptasensor for 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) detection (reprinted with permission from reference<sup>[<a href="javascript:;" class="mag_content_a" onclick="piaofuRef(this,'b37')" rid="b37">37</a>]</sup>, copyright 2021, Springer) (D); Smartphone signal readout based portable EC aptasensor for simultaneous detection of glucose and insulin (reprinted with permission from reference<sup>[<a href="javascript:;" class="mag_content_a" onclick="piaofuRef(this,'b38')" rid="b38">38</a>]</sup>, copyright 2022, Elsevier) (E) , figureFileSmall=6sgn05fEuhqY5I7HBimr6Q==, figureFileBig=Ur/FZ3tvc/uSxCS2E7iCgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960126938939626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628506813952908, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=/TbRJRpNqe7EzVzT7acjFw==, figureFileBig=lnann/l+mjLFM9a6ygofFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960127102517499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628506813952908, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Exo Ⅲ and SG Ⅰ based unlabeled fluorescent aptasensor for DA detection (reprinted with permission from reference<sup>[<a href="javascript:;" class="mag_content_a" onclick="piaofuRef(this,'b39')" rid="b39">39</a>]</sup>, copyright 2019, Elsevier) (A); Fluorescence aptasensor based on quantum dots (QDs) fluorescence quenching for cortisol (COR) detection (reprinted with permission from reference<sup>[<a href="javascript:;" class="mag_content_a" onclick="piaofuRef(this,'b40')" rid="b40">40</a>]</sup>, copyright 2020, American Chemical Society) (B) , figureFileSmall=/TbRJRpNqe7EzVzT7acjFw==, figureFileBig=lnann/l+mjLFM9a6ygofFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960127232540936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628506813952908, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ugYfIbxTBAM+cFVDlfybsA==, figureFileBig=e/Bz4wt51QrROFl62trJxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960127400313114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628506813952908, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Schematic illustration of the 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人体激素检测方法的研究进展
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宋鹏悦 1, 2 , 马润然 1 , 王伽伯 1, * , 孔维军 1, *
药学学报 | 综述 2023,58(5): 1232-1244
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药学学报 | 综述 2023, 58(5): 1232-1244
人体激素检测方法的研究进展
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宋鹏悦1, 2, 马润然1, 王伽伯1, * , 孔维军1, *
作者信息
  • 1.首都医科大学中医药学院, 北京 100069
  • 2.中国医学科学院药用植物研究所, 北京 100193

通讯作者:

Recent progress on detection techniques for human hormones
Peng-yue SONG1, 2, Run-ran MA1, Jia-bo WANG1, * , Wei-jun KONG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
  • 2. Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
出版时间: 2023-05-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1332
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人体激素以微量水平参与体内多种功能和系统的调节, 在人体内发挥着至关重要的作用, 而激素水平的失衡则会导致各种疾病的产生和发展。因此, 开发可靠的样品前处理方法和灵敏、准确的人体激素检测分析方法, 将有助于疾病的预防、诊断和治疗, 为人体健康提供重要保障。通常用以检测激素的人体样品, 如血液、唾液、尿液等基质较为复杂, 因此样本的前处理是保证激素检测准确、可靠的重要环节。本文对固相萃取、液-液萃取和蛋白质沉淀法3种常见样本前处理技术, 液/气相色谱法、液/气相色谱-质谱联用法等常规检测方法, 以及免疫分析技术(如化学发光、侧向流动和时间分辨荧光免疫分析法)、传感器技术(如电化学、荧光和表面增强拉曼散射传感器)、微流控芯片技术等人体激素检测的新型快速分析方法的研究进展进行了综述, 并展望其发展前景, 以期为相关研究提供参考。

人体激素  /  样品前处理  /  免疫分析  /  传感器  /  微流控芯片

Human hormones at trace levels play a vital role in the regulation of a variety of functions and systems in the body, and an imbalance in hormone levels can lead to the emergence and development of diverse diseases. Therefore, the development of reliable sample pretreatment methods and sensitive and accurate analytical techniques for human hormone detection could contribute to the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases, providing significant improvement for human health. Human samples which are usually used to detecting hormones, such as blood, saliva, urine and other matrix are more complex, so sample pretreatment is an important step to ensure the accuracy and reliability in the detection of hormones. In this review three common sample pretreatment methods including solid phase extraction (SPE), liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and protein precipitation (PP) methods are discussed. Then, recent research progress in conventional techniques like liquid/gas chromatography and liquid/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/GC-MS/MS), as well as some novel strategies, such as immunoassay including chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA), lateral-flow immunoassay (LFIA) and time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TRFIA), and sensor technology including electrochemical (EC), fluorescent (FL) and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensors, and microfluidic chip analysis are discussed for human hormone detection. Finally, the future perspective on the use of these methods for hormone detection is considered. It is hoped to provide powerful insights to researchers for the relevant researches.

human hormone  /  sample pretreatment  /  immunoassay  /  sensor  /  microfluidic chip
宋鹏悦, 马润然, 王伽伯, 孔维军. 人体激素检测方法的研究进展. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (5) : 1232 -1244 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1332
Peng-yue SONG, Run-ran MA, Jia-bo WANG, Wei-jun KONG. Recent progress on detection techniques for human hormones[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (5) : 1232 -1244 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1332
激素(hormone), 旧称“荷尔蒙”, 是由人的内分泌器官或组织直接分泌到血液中对身体有特殊效应的物质。此外, 激素具有信息传递的功能, 在协调机体新陈代谢、生长发育等生理过程中充当了重要角色, 也被称为“第一信使”。自1902年发现第一种人体激素-促胰液素(secretin, SR) 以来, 人们又陆续发现了许多其他激素, 如多巴胺(dopamine, DA)、甲状腺激素(thyroid hormones, TH)、胰岛素(insulin, Ins)、肾上腺素(epinephrine, EP) 等。截至目前, 已发现的人体激素大约有200余种。它们由脑下垂体、甲状腺、胸腺和肾上腺等内分泌腺产生, 男性和女性的性激素则分别由他们的睾丸和卵巢产生[1]
人体内激素的含量很低, 仅在微摩尔-纳摩尔的动态范围内保持恒定, 其水平是人体健康状况的重要指标, 一旦失衡则可能危害人类健康, 如促甲状腺激素(thyrotropin, TSH) 水平异常可能提示甲状腺功能的减退或亢进, 不及时治疗则可能导致不孕不育、肌肉无力、骨质疏松症和一系列自身免疫性疾病[2, 3]; DA[4]和EP[5]代谢障碍可能会导致精神分裂症和帕金森症等; 皮质醇(cortisol, COR) 参与调节人体血压和新陈代谢, 其异常可能会引起阿迪森病和库欣综合征; 胰高血糖素与Ins相互作用维持血糖平衡, 而Ins失调可导致糖尿病及其相关并发症[6]
这些人体激素水平的异常变化或称激素失衡, 都可能会导致不可逆转的不良反应和疾病, 因此, 常把激素作为评估某些腺体功能和疾病的主要生物标志物, 而激素含量的检测有助于诊断和预防这些疾病, 减少或避免其并发症的发生和发展。开发更多灵敏、准确、可靠的样品前处理及分析方法进行人体激素水平的快速检测, 将有助于预防、诊断和治疗由于激素失衡导致的各种疾病, 为人体健康提供重要保障。
目前已经发展了多种检测方法用于检测人体体液中的激素。实际应用过程中, 检测结果除受检测技术本身的影响外, 还受多种分析前因素的影响, 如取样时间、复杂体液基质样品前处理等。例如, 血清、尿液和唾液等体液是激素检测的常用生物样本, 其含有蛋白质、核酸和多糖等大分子物质, 以及盐和代谢物等小分子, 基质的复杂性会影响定量检测结果的准确性和可靠性[7]。因此, 需采用合适的手段进行样品前处理, 以满足检测需求。为此, 本文对人体激素检测的样品前处理技术及常规和新型检测方法的研究进展进行综述, 以期为相关研究提供参考。
样品前处理是激素高效检测中至关重要的一环, 是保证结果准确可靠的重要因素。近年来, 固相萃取(solid-phase extraction, SPE)、液-液萃取(liquid-liquid extraction, LLE) 和蛋白质沉淀法(protein precipitation, PP) 是生物样品中人体激素检测最常用的前处理手段。
SPE法与柱色谱分离过程相似, 其通过待测物在液-固两相之间的分配差异来实现萃取和分离, 能在减弱基质效应的同时, 实现样品的纯化和待测激素的浓缩, 在临床类固醇激素分析的前处理中应用较多, 但其操作过程相对较为繁琐复杂。
LLE法基于相似相溶原理, 能将待测激素从人体体液等基质中萃取出来, 具有简单、高效、快速的特点。但其难以实现操作上的自动化, 限制了实际应用。
PP法操作简单、方便快捷、成本较低, 主要用于血浆、血清、唾液等样品的前处理, 如检测血清中的皮质醇。但该方法的检测灵敏度较低, 且基质效应明显, 故临床上常与SPE等方法结合使用[8]
此外, 一些样本虽然进行了蛋白质沉淀的处理, 但仍会残留一些如盐类和代谢物等杂质成分。因此, 在检测前还需要引入其他工艺对样本进一步纯化, 如衍生化处理主要针对雌二醇、雌酮(extrone, E1)、孕烯醇酮等较难电离的化合物和检测要求高的临床特殊样本[9]
鉴于以上常规样品前处理技术的特点和局限性, 实际检测过程中应根据不同生物样本的特点和要求选择适当的前处理方法, 必要时可将多种前处理方法结合应用于复杂样本的制备[10], 以提高激素的提取效率, 实现省时、省力、省成本的目的。同时, 仍需要不断开发简单快速、试剂消耗少, 使用装置小、重复性好的样本前处理技术, 并进一步提高对待测激素的选择性和回收率, 以保障临床生物样本中激素分析结果的真实性、准确性和可靠性。
激素在人体内多微量存在, 对检测方法的灵敏度要求较高。常规方法如放射性免疫分析法(radioimmunoassay, RIA)、高效液相色谱法、气相色谱法、气相色谱-质谱法、液相色谱-质谱联用法等已被用于激素检测, 但无法满足实时快速检测的需要, 具有一定的局限性。如国内部分实验室和中小型医院曾采用灵敏度较高的RIA法测定激素, 并取得了较高的分析效率, 但是该方法存在放射性污染、同位素试剂有效期短、试剂盒不易储存、不易实现自动化等缺点, 在临床应用中越来越受到限制, 逐渐被其他非放射性标记技术所取代。
近年来, 高效液相色谱法在激素检测中的应用较多。如Almeida等[11]采用反相高效液相色谱(reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography, RP-HPLC) 对糖蛋白类激素[包括TSH、促卵泡素(follitropin, FSH)、人绒毛膜促性腺激素(human choriogonadotropin, hCG) 和促黄体素(lutropin, LH)] 进行定性和定量分析。Zou等[12]以Tergitol TMN-6作为非离子型表面活性剂结合超声辅助浊点萃取(ultrasound-assisted cloud-point extraction, UACPE), 建立了一种新颖的高效液相色谱分析方法(HPLC-DAD), 成功用于人尿液中的3种雌激素[17β-雌二醇(17β-Estradiolum, 17β-E2)、雌酮和己烯雌酚(diethylstilbestrol, DES)] 的检测, 检测限(limit of detection, LOD) 分别为0.1、0.2和0.1 ng·mL-1
SPE柱的引入, 促进了气相色谱串联质谱联用法(gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometr, GC-MS/MS) 和液相色谱串联质谱联用法(liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, LC-MS/MS) 在人体激素测定中的广泛应用。但是, 当进行血液等复杂基质中多种激素的同时分析时, GC-MS在分析物的分离和检测方面用时较久, 其需要加入异辛烷、吡啶、乙腈等有机溶剂进行衍生化, 为其应用带来了局限[13]。相较而言, LC-MS/MS比GC-MS/MS的检测时间更短, 一般不需要衍生化处理, 自动化过程更加完善, 应用更广泛。Bowerbank等[14]采用高分辨率的LC-MS技术定量检测人体血清样本中4种“游离”甲状腺激素[3, 5-diiodothyronine (T2)、3, 3′, 5-triiodothyronine (T3)、3, 3′, 5′-triiodothyrone (T3) 和3, 5, 3′, 5′-tetraiodothyronine (T4)], 定量限(limits of quantification, LOQ) 低至0.002~0.008 pmol·L-1, 不仅样品制备前处理过程简单, 且检测时间短(5 min), 应用前景较好。但值得注意的是, 高分辨率LC-MS仪器的成本较高, 可能超出了一般实验室的承受能力。
虽然液/气相色谱法、液/气相色谱-质谱联用法等实验室常规检测方法具有较高的灵敏度和准确性, 但常常依赖精密的大型仪器和专业的操作人员, 且操作流程复杂、分析时间长、成本较高, 设备价格昂贵、不便移动, 只能在实验室等固定区域应用, 较难满足临床实时检测和现场分析的需求。
随着研究的深入, 化学发光免疫分析(chemiluminescence immunoassay, CLIA)、侧向流动免疫分析(lateral-flow immunoassay, LFIA)、时间分辨荧光免疫分析等免疫技术(time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay, TRFIA), 电化学传感器、荧光传感器和拉曼光谱传感器等传感器技术, 以及微流控技术等新型策略和手段被陆续开发, 并应用于人体血液(blood)、尿液(urine)、唾液(saliva) 和汗液(sweat) 中激素的灵敏、准确检测, 见图 1
免疫分析是基于抗原-抗体特异性结合反应进行靶标检测的方法, 具有特异性强、选择性好、灵敏度高等特点。其中, CLIA、LFIA和TRFIA在人体激素检测中的应用比较广泛。
CLIA法是将化学发光与免疫分析相结合的一种高效检测技术, 可分为直接化学发光免疫荧光分析(如吖啶酯直接标记) 和化学发光酶免疫分析。
自20世纪70年代Arakawa等[15]首次报道CLIA分析皮质醇以来, 该方法已成为临床实验室常用的检测技术之一。该方法融合了超微量分析的灵敏性与较高的特异性, 检测灵敏度可达1×10-18 mol·L-1, 具有操作简便、检测时间较短、自动检测运行快、高通量、无放射性污染等明显优势, 逐渐在临床实验室的甲状腺检测中占据领先地位。例如, Liu[16]通过大样本量检测表明, CLIA可快速分析甲状腺功能与激素水平之间的关系, 能够为临床医师诊治提供快速且可靠的参考依据。此外, CLIA已被用于hCG[17]、孕酮[18] (progesterone, PRG, 图 2A)、LH[19] (图 2B)、抗缪勒氏管激素[20] (anti-müllerian hormone, AMH, 图 2C)、皮质醇、皮质酮[21]、TSH[22]等几十种激素的检测。
相较于其他免疫分析方法, 如酶联免疫吸附分析法(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA) 和RIA法, CLIA的标记物更加稳定, 自动检测速度更快, 具有更高的分析性能和应用价值。但是, CLIA目前还存在着发光时间短、仪器故障率较高、试剂稳定性差等缺点, 而且其所用的自动化仪器设备及试剂价格较高, 难以在基层普遍推广使用。
基于LFIA法的试纸条是一种即时检测(point-of-care, POC) 装置, 由样品垫、结合垫、硝酸纤维素(nitrocellulose, NC) 膜、吸收垫和底卡组成, 通过质控线(control, C) 判定试纸条检测结果的有效性, 由检测线(test, T) 上的颜色变化实现定性定量分析。
自1976年首次被用于检测尿液中的hCG以来, 基于LFIA的试纸条已被开发并应用于诸多其他激素的检测中。该方法将免疫反应的高特异性和层析法的良好分离能力有效结合, 在检测时间、检测成本和便携性等方面具有明显优势, 为大批量样本中激素的现场快速检测提供了较好的技术手段。尽管LFIA取得了巨大的商业成功, 但它们仍然存在检测灵敏度相对较低的问题[23], 为了满足下一代诊断市场所要求的标准, 必须对传统LFIA进行改进。
在标记物方面, 金纳米颗粒(Au nanoparticles, AuNPs) 凭借其优异的物理化学性质, 在近几十年的比色型LFIA信号标记中应用广泛。然而由于AuNPs自身亮度较低, 导致其标记的免疫分析方法的灵敏度也相对较低[24]。之前报道的基于AuNPs定量检测TSH, 其LOD大多较低, 不足以用于甲亢的诊断。为了解决这一问题, Bikkarolla等[25]引入了可以提供更高灵敏度的金纳米壳(Au nanoshells, AuNSs), 其表面积是AuNPs的14倍, 亮度大约是AuNPs的35倍。基于该AuNSs设计的LFIA, 可以在30 min内完成人体血清中TSH的检测, LOD可达0.16 µIU·mL-1, 比传统的以AuNPs为标记的比色LFIA的灵敏度高26倍, 可用于甲亢和甲减的诊断。
除了基于金纳米颗粒的目视比色外, 为建立更灵敏、更稳定、更准确的激素检测方法, 量子点、镧系元素和磁性纳米颗粒等材料也被应用于LFIA之中。如Preechakasedkit等[26]通过使用混合纳米复合材料(AuNPs@SiO2-Eu3+) 作为标记物, 灵敏地检测人体TSH水平, 实现了基于AuNPs和镧系元素的比色和荧光双信号标记检测。其中荧光团掺杂的二氧化硅纳米颗粒保护层能够保护荧光Eu3+免受光分解等环境影响和Au核心的猝灭, 从而提供了比自由荧光团更高的稳定性。该方法在人血清中的LOD为0.02 μIU·mL-1, 具有较高的灵敏度和准确性。
为进一步提高检测灵敏度, Znoyko等[27]提出了一种基于超顺磁性纳米颗粒标记的LFIA试纸条新方法(图 3A), 可用于临床快速(25 min内) 定量测定TSH, 且在人血清中对TSH的LOD为0.017 μIU·mL-1, 为偏远地区和发展中国家人群的TSH检测及甲状腺功能障碍症的快速诊断提供了经济、实用、快速的技术手段。
此外, 还可以采用表面增强拉曼散射(surface enhancement of Raman scattering, SERS) 等信号放大策略。如Choi等[28]开发了一种基于SERS的LFIA技术(图 3B), 通过观察T线上的颜色变化可判断临床体液中的TSH的存在, 通过监测SERS纳米标签的特征拉曼峰强度, 可以高度灵敏地定量评估TSH。其对TSH的LOD为0.025 µIU·mL-1, 比基于肉眼识别的传统比色LFIA传感器的灵敏度高两个数量级, 整个检测过程仅需10 min和30 µL样本量, 大大节约时间和经济成本, 在TSH激素相关疾病(如甲亢和甲减)的早期诊断中具有很强的可行性。
与传统ELISA分析相比, LFIA技术检测时间短, 在10~30 min内可观测结果, 且操作更简便, 检测成本更低, 无需昂贵、复杂的精密仪器, 便于携带。近年来LFIA不断朝着开发新的信号放大策略、引入新的标记物以及改进量化系统等方向发展, 使其能够应用于各种激素的现场快速筛查和检测, 特别适合在企业、基层实验室等检测单位中推广应用。
TRFIA是以具有独特荧光特性的镧系元素及其螯合剂作为示踪物建立的一种新型非放射性分析技术。自1983年被用于定量测定hCG以来, TRFIA的方法学研究和临床应用发展迅速。
TRFIA技术具有特定的光谱特性, 包括清晰的发射带和大的斯托克(stokes) 位移, 可弥补常规荧光标记物信号衰减迅速的不足。日常检测中多数生物样品(如组织液、血液、尿液、唾液) 的背景荧光几乎覆盖了整个可见光区域, 这干扰了大多数发光物质的荧光。而TRFIA技术采用具有较长荧光寿命的镧系元素螯合剂作为标记物, 较好地利用了荧光衰减快慢之间的微小差异, 可有效消除背景信号的干扰, 获得较高的信噪比, 解决了大多数荧光标记存在背景干扰的问题。基于其突出的优势, TRFIA已被用于不同样本中人生长激素(human growth hormne, hGH)[29]、TSH[30, 31]、COR[32]等激素的检测。
不断开发设计和合成出理想的镧系元素螯合物探针、采用不同标记手段进行信号放大, 以进一步提高灵敏度和信噪比, 实现多种激素的灵敏快速检测将成为完善TRFIA分析性能的重要发展方向。
传感器(sensors) 是能将检测信息按一定规律转换为电信号或其他所需形式信号输出的检测装置, 以满足信息的传输、处理、存储、显示、记录和控制等要求, 具有制备简便、操作简单、灵敏度高、低成本和检测快速的优点。典型的传感器通常由用于识别目标分子的识别元件(抗体、酶、适配体等) 和用于将识别事件转换成可测量信号的换能器组成。目前, 各种传感器技术, 如电化学(electrochemical, EC)、荧光(fluorescent, FL) 和SERS传感器等已被开发并用于不同激素的灵敏检测中。
在激素的传感器检测方法中, 传统的检测技术存在制备步骤复杂、分析成本高、耗时长等局限性, 而电化学传感器具有灵敏度高、检测快速、所需样品量小、仪器小巧便携等优点, 可较好地克服常规方法的局限性。近年来, 研究人员开发了多种用于激素检测的电化学传感器。目前, 电化学传感技术已被用于临床血清等样本中EP[33] (图 4A)、17β-E2[34]、DA[35] (图 4B)、TH如T4[36]等激素的定量检测。
为了提高电化学传感器检测激素的传感性能, 研究人员通常会在传感器的制备过程中使用纳米材料。纳米材料在其中可发挥固定生物识别元件、承载信号探针、信号放大以及催化电化学反应等作用。如Gajjala等[35]利用DA在铜-钯(Cu@Pd) 核-壳纳米颗粒修饰的铅笔石墨电极上的直接氧化作用, 实现了在高低不同电位下对DA的高灵敏检测, 见图 4B。该方法对DA的检测范围为100 nmol·L-1~3 mmol·L-1, LOD低至12 nmol·L-1。这种利用直接氧化测定电活性激素的传感策略, 对于脂质类激素(具有脂质化学组成的激素, 如PRG、COR、17β-E2等) 以及小分子和电活性氨基酸类激素的检测更简单高效, 且成本更低, 具有较好的应用前景。
除了纳米材料以外, 还可通过整合具有更高特异性识别能力的生物识别元件(如适配体、酶、分子印迹聚合物等) 来建立生物亲和性传感平台, 以改进和提高电化学传感器的性能。如Li等[37]于丝网印刷碳电极(screen printed carbon electrode, SPCE) 上层层自组装带正电荷的聚二烯丙基二甲基胺包覆的氧化单壁碳纳米管[poly (diallyldimethylammonium)-oxidized single-walled carbon nanotubes, PDDA-oSWCNTs]、带负电荷的5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT, 又称血清素) 特异性适配体和酪氨酸酶(tyrosinase, Tyr)-AuNPs复合物从而构建了电化学适配体传感器(图 4C), 其将5-HT特异性适配体和Tyr结合可显著提高该传感器的选择性, 纳米复合材料的引入可大大提高检测灵敏度, 采用差分脉冲伏安法(DPV)以直接测定患者的未稀释血清样品中天然5-HT, LOD可达2 nmol·L-1, 展现了高选择性、高灵敏性和低成本的优势。
此外, 基于适配体的特异识别能力和二维(two-dimensional, 2D) 过渡金属碳/氮化物(MXenes) 及过渡金属硫化物(MoS2) 纳米材料的独特物化性质(如表面官能团丰富、导电性强、比表面积大、亲水性好等), Kashefi-Kheyrabadi等[36]于SPCE表面构建了一种MoS2@Ti3C2Tx MXene复合纳米材料的3D电化学适配体传感器, 见图 4D。该三维(three-dimensional, 3D) 结构的设计可捕获大量的T4激素, 从而实现6个数量级的电化学信号放大, 使该传感器对T4的LOD低至0.39 pg·mL-1, 线性范围为7.8×10-1~7.8×106 pg·mL-1, 且于10 min内可完成人血清样品中T4的快速、灵敏检测。
近年来, 将电化学传感器与智能手机相结合构建便携式智能平台已成为临床激素检测和疾病早期精确诊断、及时预防和科学管理的重要手段。Liu等[38]将基于SPCE的电化学适配体传感器的传感接口与具有蓝牙传输系统的便携式无线生物芯片集成在一起, 通过智能手机以无创方式读取信号, 成功实现了唾液中葡萄糖(glucose, Glu) 和Ins的连续实时检测(图 4E)。他们通过Au-S键将Glu和Ins的两个特异硫代化适配体修饰到SPCE表面的AuNPs上, 形成了SPCE-AuNPs-GluApt-MB和SPCE-AuNPs-InsApt-MB的传感界面。采用智能手机以非侵入方式读取电化学信号, 对Glu和Ins的LODs分别为0.08 mmol·L-1和0.85 nmol·L-1。该智能手机电化学传感器在唾液样本Glu和Ins的成功检测证明了其具有优良的性能和广阔的应用前景。后续研究中, 可将该传感系统与皮肤微针集成, 以制造可穿戴设备, 用于连续同时检测间质液中的Glu和Ins, 从而实现慢性疾病的早期诊断和管理。
此外, 如何提高电化学传感器在复杂人血清样品中检测的选择性、灵敏度以及解决电极结垢以及电极寿命有限、成本较高等基本问题, 仍是该类传感器在临床诊断中的挑战性障碍。
荧光传感技术是根据传感材料在目标激素分子引入前后的荧光强度、荧光光谱形状、激发态寿命, 以及荧光偏振或荧光各向异性等基本光物理性质的改变, 以实现激素的检测, 具有灵敏度高、特异性强及可进行实时原位检测的优势。
探针材料的选择是荧光传感器的构建过程中实现其灵敏、准确检测的重要步骤。SYBR Green Ⅰ (SG Ⅰ) 是一种结合于所有双链DNA (dsDNA) 双螺旋小沟区域的具有绿色激发波长的荧光染料。其处于自由态时发出微弱荧光, 而当其与dsDNA中的双螺旋槽区域结合时, 荧光显著增强。此外, 为了进一步放大荧光信号, 提高检测灵敏度, 基于外显核酸酶Ⅲ (exonuclease Ⅲ, Exo Ⅲ) 的循环扩增技术也被引入到荧光传感器的构建之中, 其从dsDNA的3′-羟基末端逐步水解去除单核苷酸, 首选底物为dsDNA的钝端或凹端。基于以上优势, Wang等[39]开发了一种新型无标记荧光适配酶传感器检测DA (图 5A)。其以SG Ⅰ为荧光指示剂, 与dsDNA结合时发出较强的荧光, 而在模板DNA另一区域中不同浓度DA与适配体结合后会触发Exo Ⅲ的限制性消化, 释放SG Ⅰ, 导致荧光强度显著降低, 且荧光强度变化与DA浓度成正比。在优化的条件下, 所构建的传感器可定量检测的DA浓度范围为1.0×10-10~10.0×10-9 mol·L-1, LOD为8.0×10-11 mol·L-1。该荧光适配酶传感器具有良好的选择性和敏感性, 适用于DA的常规检测, 从而更好地预防、诊断和治疗相关疾病, 改善整体医疗保障。
除了传统的荧光染料(如荧光素、SG Ⅰ) 外, 碳纳米管(CNT)、石墨烯和量子点等纳米材料也经常组合在荧光传感器检测系统中。量子点(quantum dots, QDs) 是一种光学性质优良的新型纳米级半导体, 对其施加一定的电场或光压后便会发出特定频率的光, 而且部分量子点还可以通过调节尺寸控制发光的颜色, 具有光稳定性好、激发谱宽和发射谱窄、斯托克斯位移较大、荧光寿命长、生物相容性好等优势, 已被广泛用于荧光传感之中。受几种类型的类固醇激素(如COR) 会在近距离处熄灭QDs荧光这一现象的启发, Liu等[40]开发了一种基于QDs的无标记荧光适配体传感器(图 5B), 通过由QD表面结合的适配体选择性捕获靶标COR而诱导的功能化QDs探针的荧光强度变化而实现灵敏检测, LOD低至1 nmol·L-1, 在唾液样本中的加标回收率为95%~107.24%。该荧光适配体传感器无需额外的标记, 免去了猝灭基团的筛选和荧光过程的烦琐步骤和高成本。
与普通量子点相比, 石墨烯量子点(Graphene quantum dots, GQD) 具有低细胞毒性和优异的生物相容性。作为一种碳基材料, 其既具有石墨烯的特性, 又具有量子点的特性。GQD表现出良好的机械、电、热和光学性能, 以及较大的比表面积、化学惰性、高荧光活性和光致发光稳定性[41]。研究人员发现, 在没有DA的情况下, GQD溶液显示出较强的荧光强度, 而在碱性环境下DA容易被O2氧化为已知电子受体(多巴胺-奎宁), 多巴胺-奎宁可以接受来自光激发的GQD的电子, 从而导致量子点的荧光猝灭。根据这种荧光猝灭现象, Zhao等[42]制备了一种基于GQDs的荧光传感器, 可用于包括人体血清样本在内的86个生物样品的DA灵敏检测, LOD为0.25~50 μmol·L-1, 在血清样本中的加标回收率为98.8%~106.4%, 具有方法简单和成本低等优点。
就目前所开发和应用的荧光传感器而言, 复杂基质和环境中某些未知酸或类似物的干扰问题仍是一大挑战, 后续需要继续开发具有更高特异性的识别探针或采取基团保护措施, 以提高结果的准确性。而且目前所构建的大多数荧光传感器只能检测单一物质, 能同时检测多种激素的多功能性荧光探针和传感平台较少。
SERS作为一种快速、无损、高灵敏度的光谱分析技术, 具有采样简单、检测快速、对样品无损、应用范围广等诸多优点, 在分析检测领域具有广泛应用。其中, SERS效应是一种基于纳米尺度颗粒体系或粗糙金属表面的异常光学增强现象, 同时使用表面增强技术采集待测样品的拉曼光谱, 可以在原有基础上大幅度提高信号强度(1×106~1×1014倍)[43]
17β-E2是人类分泌的一种天然雌激素, 其对生殖和性功能有着特殊的影响, 对其进行敏感和特异的检测, 有助于医生诊断与性激素失衡相关的疾病。但是青春期前女孩血清中的E2浓度非常低(< 10 pg·mL-1), 迫切需要高灵敏检测17β-E2的新方法。为了解决这一问题, Wang等[44]结合SERS大幅度提高信号强度的优势, 建立了一种定量检测人血清中17β-E2的灵敏方法, 检测下限为0.65 pg·mL-1。该方法中, 当游离靶标与17β-E2和雌二醇-卵清蛋白结合物(17β-E2-OVA) 偶联的SERS纳米标签与磁珠混合时, 它们与磁珠表面的抗17β-E2抗体发生竞争反应。免疫复合物形成后, 通过监测SERS纳米标签的特征拉曼峰强度, 以进行17β-E2的定量, 如图 6A
为了实现多种激素的同时检测, Liu等[45]建立了基于SERS的传感新方法。该方法基于酚类雌激素和鲍利试剂(Pauly's reagent) 之间的偶联反应可以大大增强酚类雌激素与金属(Ag) 纳米颗粒表面的黏附性以及表面增强拉曼散射信号的原理, 实现了3种酚类雌激素的灵敏检测。该方法只需将雌激素、Pauly's reagent和银胶体(silver colloid) 混合而不需要分离或纯化程序, 偶联反应和SERS测量需要2 min左右, 对雌酮、雌三醇(estriol, E3) 的LOD低至0.2×10-4 mol·L-1, 充分体现了简单、快速、应用广泛和选择性高的优点, 为实际应用中酚类雌激素的检测提供了理想的平台。
近期, 为了促进全面疾病特征描述和监测, 一种被称为液体活检的方式备受关注。其中, SERS因其高灵敏度、高特异性、多靶标同时检测及独特的生物分子指纹光谱被认为是最强大的液体活检分析技术之一。基于此, Kim等[46]开发了基于银纳米片(silver nanoflakes, SNSFs) 的人体汗液中肌酐(creatinine) 和皮质醇的SERS传感器双重检测。他们采用多元醇方法制备SNSFs并将其滴在疏水滤纸上, 进而以SNSFs和疏水滤纸为SERS底物, 结合手持式拉曼光谱仪, 仅需2 μL样本量, 即可同时检测人体汗液中的肌酐和皮质醇, 为未来开发血液、尿液等生物样本中多种激素的现场、快速分析方法, 及疾病的全面监测提供了新思路。
目前, 虽然便携式或手持式拉曼光谱仪已被研发并用于临床样本中多种激素的检测, 但是检测设备的价格偏高, 应用范围有限。随着新型测试方法的开发与仪器性能的完善, SERS传感器将在大批量样品中激素的现场快速检测领域发挥突出和重要的作用。
在不断追求高灵敏度和选择性的同时, 希望能够降低对复杂的仪器和训练有素的人员的依赖, 发展允许同时集成、自动化和多路检测的小型化临床应用设备, 在这方面最接近的是微流控设备。基于该技术开发的微流控芯片具有体积小、便于携带, 及易于微型化、集成化、自动化、平行化等特点, 在进行化学反应、物质分离时, 试剂用量小, 避免了浪费, 在生物医学研究、合成分析、司法鉴定等众多领域有着广泛的应用[47]
Yang[48]构建了一种自驱动智能微流控芯片(self-powered microfluidic chip, SP-芯片) 以检测血清样品中hCG, 见图 7A。该智能微流控平台集成了具有高灵敏度、高特异性及宽的动态检测范围的荧光显微镜计数技术, 以一步滑动的方式自动完成多种清洗过程和抗原-抗体结合反应, 可在10 min内快速定量检测hCG, LOD为2 mIU。这种自主、准确、廉价、独立且易于使用的芯片可用于更多具有样本输入-响应-输出特征的生物标记物分析[49], 为疾病治疗和个性化诊断领域中生物标记物的定量检测提供了可靠的参考方法。
此外, 微流控芯片技术往往需要与其他方法或技术相结合使用, 如其与电化学技术相结合之后, 才把物质的微量变化转换为电信号输出, 如Ming等[50]将电化学检测的高灵敏性与微流控技术相结合, 采用自合成的胺基功能化单壁碳纳米管(single-walled carbon nanotubes, SWCNTs)/新型亚甲基蓝(new methylene blue, NMB)/AuNP纳米复合物修饰工作电极, 从而构建了一种带有微流控通道的折叠适配体传感器平台, 可在68 min内完成17β-E2的无标记电化学检测, LOD为5 pg·mL-1。该平台集成了过滤孔、微流控通道、反应室和三电极系统的精细折叠结构, 使用极其方便, 逐渐成为激素分析领域的研究热点之一。最近, Ahi等[51]将SERS和微流控芯片技术相结合, 开发了一种毛细管驱动微流控芯片以实现人体尿液样本中hCG的SERS免疫检测(图 7B)。他们使用抗体修饰的磁性金属有机骨架纳米粒子(magnetic metal organic framework nanoparticles, MMOFs) 作为捕获探针, 其捕获的靶标hCG被转移到毛细管驱动微流控芯片的腔室中, 而MMOFs与以5, 5′-二硫代双-(2-硝基苯甲酸) [5, 5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid), DTNB] 作为Raman标记的金纳米棒(Au nanorods) 在腔室中发生相互作用, 并在外加磁场下于腔室间进行移动。在毛细管驱动微流控芯片的最后一个腔室中, 采用拉曼分光光度计记录三明治夹心复合物中DTNB分子的SERS信号, 进而可实现hCG的检测。结果表明, 该方法对hCG的LOD为0.61 IU·L-1, 在人体尿样的平均加样回收率为97.9%。更为重要的是, 毛细管驱动微流控芯片的使用, 能够最大限度地减少试剂和样本的用量, 检测成本更低; 此外, 得益于MMOFs的优异磁性, 整个检测流程可于1 h内完成, 分析效率更高。
可以预见, 利用微流控芯片技术及其与其他方法相结合的平台, 将在激素检测等医疗诊断上得到更加广泛的应用。此外, 如何进一步降低分析芯片的成本、改进平台的结构, 简化其制造工艺, 开发针对不同激素多重检测的高灵敏度生物传感器仍是微流控技术在未来研究中所面临的重要挑战。
激素在人体内具有微量高效的特点, 是人类生命中的重要物质。每一种激素都具有不同的功能, 它们共同作用调节着人体的生长、发育、代谢、繁殖、性别、性欲和性活动等各种机能, 在人体内发挥着至关重要的作用。而激素的紊乱或失衡则可能导致不可逆转的不良反应或疾病, 严重影响着人体的生命健康。此外,在药物治疗过程中,一些激素也可作为发挥间接调控作用的中间媒介物质(intermediate substances, IMs),被远程递送到疾病靶器官发挥治疗作用[52, 53]。因此,进行痕量激素的灵敏、准确检测对疾病预防和新药研发具有重要的参考价值和现实意义。
测定人体激素常用体液样本过程中, 基质的复杂性往往会影响定量检测结果的准确性, 而根据不同生物样本的特点和要求进行适当的样本前处理, 则是保证检测结果准确、可靠的重要环节。因此, 开发可靠的样品前处理及灵敏、准确的分析方法进行人体激素水平的快速检测, 将有助于预防、诊断和治疗由于激素失衡导致的各种疾病, 为人体健康提供重要保障。
在目前已开发出的激素检测方法中, RIA法因其放射性污染而逐渐被其他方法所取代; 以LC和GC等为代表的常规实验室检测方法, 虽然实现了对激素的高灵敏度检测, 但这些方法通常需要昂贵的精密仪器和专业的技术操作。随着临床应用对灵敏、便携、快速和低成本设备需求的不断增加, 常规方法已无法满足实时快速检测的需要, 创新方法至关重要。因此, 激素的快速检测方法应运而生, 如特异性强、选择性好、灵敏度高的免疫分析法; 制备简便、操作简单、灵敏度高、检测快速的传感器技术; 具有高通量特点, 分析检测速度快、便于携带的微流控技术。这些技术方法与常规方法相互补充, 实现了对人体激素的实时、快速、准确的低成本检测。
在上述这些检测方法中, 很容易发现碳纳米材料(如碳纳米管、碳量子点和石墨烯)、贵金属纳米材料[如金(Au) 和银(Ag)]、聚合物纳米材料(如MIP) 等纳米材料在激素的分析检测中得到了非常广泛的应用, 这些纳米材料是提高激素传感性能的重要研究对象和突破口。而且多种纳米材料复合使用时, 往往也会提供更明显的附加优势。
此外, 随着科技的进步和对检测需求的不断提高, 激素的检测方法的逐渐从大型的精密台式仪器向便携式和可穿戴的生物传感器, 以及集成化、自动化、高通量的微流控芯片发展。因此, 可实时连续监测体内激素的植入式传感装置, 以及具有便携、无痛、可实时监测特点的可穿戴装置[54, 55]可能是未来研究和发展的重点。在当前人工智能与大数据时代, 进一步将微流控芯片、侧流免疫分析试纸条及可穿戴生物传感器等装置与智能手机等智能化设备相结合, 可以降低成本, 简化大规模分配和减少工作时间, 使激素的检测更加快速便捷, 将是未来发展的重要趋势。
作者贡献: 宋鹏悦负责文献检索及综述撰写; 马润然、孔维军负责文章修改; 王伽伯、孔维军负责文章的思路指导、审阅以及完善工作。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(82274089)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(82074112)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(81973474)
  • 北京市杰出青年科学基金项目(JQ21026)
  • 北京市自然科学基金面上项目(7232265)
  • 首都医科大学优秀青年人才项目(1220090104)
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2023年第58卷第5期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1332
  • 接收时间:2022-12-05
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-05-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-12-05
  • 修回日期:2023-02-10
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(82274089)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(82074112)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(81973474)
北京市杰出青年科学基金项目(JQ21026)
北京市自然科学基金面上项目(7232265)
首都医科大学优秀青年人才项目(1220090104)
作者信息
    1.首都医科大学中医药学院, 北京 100069
    2.中国医学科学院药用植物研究所, 北京 100193

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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