Article(id=1198628506268696588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628499750744699, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1055, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1662998400000, receivedDateStr=2022-09-13, revisedDate=1665331200000, revisedDateStr=2022-10-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763704905335, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1683820800000, pubDateStr=2023-05-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763704905335, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763704905335, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763704905335, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198628499750744699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='5', pageStart='0', pageEnd='1400', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763704903781, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766137655840, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208832201509172104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628499750744699, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208832201509172105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628499750744699, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1364, endPage=1371, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198628507103363150, articleId=1198628506268696588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Comparative and phylogeny analysis of Asarum caudigerum and A. cardiophyllum complete chloroplast genomes, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The complete chloroplast genome of medicinal plant Asarum caudigerum Hance and its close relative A. cardiophyllum Franchet were sequenced using Illumina Hiseq technology, and assembled, annotated, and characterized by bioinformatic methods in this study. Then phylogenetic analysis of the complete chloroplast genomes of A. caudigerum, A. cardiophyllum, and twelve published species was conducted. The results indicated that the chloroplast genomes ranged from 186 215-186 985 bp in length, with a large single copy (LSC, 89 445-90 169 bp) and two inverted repeats (IRa/IRb, 48 387-48 408 bp). The overall GC content was 37.4%-37.5%. A total of 144 chloroplast genes were annotated, including 98 protein coding genes, 38 tRNA genes and 8 rRNA genes. In addition, complex genomic rearrangements were detected in the chloroplast genome of Asarum. Meanwhile, visual evaluation of the discrete type of the sequence indicated that the variation level of non-coding region was higher than that of coding region. Phylogenetic analyses suggested that A. caudigerum and A. cardiophyllum were clustered into a single clade and A. cardiophyllum, A. sieboldii var. seoulense, A. misandrum and A. maculatum were clustered into another single branch. These two clade were sister species. This study provides a scientific basis for the identification, phylogenetic relationship, molecular breeding of Asarum species.

, correspAuthors=Chen CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Guo-qing BAI, Yuan LU, Qian WEI, An-cheng LIU, Ren-na LI, Xiao-feng CONG, Jun-hui ZHOU, Chen CHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198628511423496462, articleId=1198628506268696588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=尾花细辛与花叶细辛叶绿体基因组比较及系统发育分析, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究通过Illumina高通量测序技术对细辛属药用植物尾花细辛(Asarum caudigerum Hance) 和花叶细辛(A. cardiophyllum Franchet) 进行了叶绿体基因组测序, 利用生物信息学分析方法进行组装、注释和结构特征分析, 并与已发表的12个马兜铃科植物叶绿体基因组进行了系统发育分析。结果显示, 尾花细辛和花叶细辛叶绿体基因组全长为186 215~186 985 bp, 大单拷贝区(LSC) 长度为89 445~90 169 bp, 两个反向互补重复区(IRs) 长48 387~48 408 bp。两者叶绿体基因组中的GC含量为37.4%~37.5%, 共注释到144个基因, 包括98个蛋白编码基因(PCGs), 38个tRNA基因和8个rRNA基因。此外, 在细辛属叶绿体基因组中检测到复杂的基因组重排现象; 同时, 对序列的离散型进行可视化评估表明, 非编码区变异水平高于编码区。系统发育结果显示, 尾花细辛与长毛细辛聚为一支, 花叶细辛、汉城细辛、A. misandrumA. maculatum则聚为一支, 且这两支互为姊妹关系。本研究为细辛属物种分子鉴定、系统发育及分子植物育种等研究提供科学依据。

, correspAuthors=陈尘, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*陈尘, Tel: 86-29-85251800, E-mail:
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China J Chin Mater Med (中国中药杂志), 2008, 22: 2709-2711., articleTitle=Quantitative analysis of aristolochic acid A in Asarum from different sources, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1198960133968593879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628506268696588, awardId=2017K-12, language=CN, fundingSource=陕西省科学院科技计划项目(2017K-12), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198960134190892012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628506268696588, awardId=2021K-10, language=CN, fundingSource=陕西省科学院科技计划项目(2021K-10), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198960134367052801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628506268696588, awardId=2021SF-391, language=CN, fundingSource=陕西省重点研发计划项目(2021SF-391), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198960134476103696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628506268696588, awardId=2022JM-458, language=CN, 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14 Aristolochiaceae plant chloroplast genomes , figureFileSmall=c+5lgSsSZJ20RhQtdGyA8A==, figureFileBig=zP/8j8OYhB20frjm+YPjtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960132026630946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628506268696588, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=KC4+oGUYc7i6/SCPxiViUQ==, figureFileBig=m+KG/6DrFPwp+lu3Y54pmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960132127294253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628506268696588, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= A comparison of LSC, SSC, and IR region borders among 14 Aristolochiaceae plants , figureFileSmall=KC4+oGUYc7i6/SCPxiViUQ==, figureFileBig=m+KG/6DrFPwp+lu3Y54pmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960132282483516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628506268696588, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=/F8DdFUfApSqTZrWjDCTMQ==, 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No. Species From GenBank No. Size/bp Overall GC content/% LSC/bp SSC/bp IR/bp
1 Piper bambusifolium NCBI NC062129 161 476 30.8 89 143 19 429 27 058
2 Saruma henryi NCBI MT130705 159 914 38.8 88 643 19 504 25 884
3 Aristolochia kwangsiensis NCBI NC036153 159 849 38.8 89 395 20 817 25 568
4 Aristolochia hainanensis NCBI NC036152 159 764 43.5 89 134 19 306 25 662
5 Aristolochia contorta NCBI NC061937 160 576 38.3 89 781 21 118 25 459
6 Aristolochia debilis NCBI NC052833 159 793 38.3 89 609 21 107 25 175
7 Aristolochia bracteolata NCBI MG520100 158 234 38.4 88 346 20 855 25 261
8 A. pulchellum NCBI MZ440306 177 905 37.7 90 885 8 921 39 049
9 A. misandrum NCBI NC058739 193 163 36.2 96 357 - 48 403
10 A. maculatum NCBI NC058740 193 105 36.2 96 301 - 48 402
11 A. sieboldii var. seoulense NCBI NC037190 193 356 36.2 96 554 - 48 401
12 A. sieboldii NCBI OP355583 160 521 38.5 89 359 16 729 27 224
13 A. heterotropoides var. mandshuricum NCBI OP355584 160 555 38.5 89 353 16 728 27 237
14 A. cardiophyllum Sequencing - 186 985 37.4 90 169 - 48 408
15 A. caudigerum Sequencing - 186 215 37.5 89 445 - 48 387
), ArticleFig(id=1198960132798382958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628506268696588, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of plastid genome feature and GenBank sequence numbers from Aristolochiaceae used in this study. LSC: Large single copy; SSC: Small single copy; IR: Inverted repeat

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No. Species From GenBank No. Size/bp Overall GC content/% LSC/bp SSC/bp IR/bp
1 Piper bambusifolium NCBI NC062129 161 476 30.8 89 143 19 429 27 058
2 Saruma henryi NCBI MT130705 159 914 38.8 88 643 19 504 25 884
3 Aristolochia kwangsiensis NCBI NC036153 159 849 38.8 89 395 20 817 25 568
4 Aristolochia hainanensis NCBI NC036152 159 764 43.5 89 134 19 306 25 662
5 Aristolochia contorta NCBI NC061937 160 576 38.3 89 781 21 118 25 459
6 Aristolochia debilis NCBI NC052833 159 793 38.3 89 609 21 107 25 175
7 Aristolochia bracteolata NCBI MG520100 158 234 38.4 88 346 20 855 25 261
8 A. pulchellum NCBI MZ440306 177 905 37.7 90 885 8 921 39 049
9 A. misandrum NCBI NC058739 193 163 36.2 96 357 - 48 403
10 A. maculatum NCBI NC058740 193 105 36.2 96 301 - 48 402
11 A. sieboldii var. seoulense NCBI NC037190 193 356 36.2 96 554 - 48 401
12 A. sieboldii NCBI OP355583 160 521 38.5 89 359 16 729 27 224
13 A. heterotropoides var. mandshuricum NCBI OP355584 160 555 38.5 89 353 16 728 27 237
14 A. cardiophyllum Sequencing - 186 985 37.4 90 169 - 48 408
15 A. caudigerum Sequencing - 186 215 37.5 89 445 - 48 387
), ArticleFig(id=1198960133062624128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628506268696588, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Species Location A/% T/% C/% G/% GC/% PCGs tRNA rRNA Number of genes Length/bp
A. caudigerum LSC 31.8 32.2 17.5 18.6 36.1 59 22 0 81 89 445
IRA/IRB 30.6 30.6 19.4 19.4 38.8 20 8 4 32 48 387
In total 31.2 31.3 18.5 19.0 37.5 98 38 8 144 186 215
A. cardiophyllum LSC 32.1 32.1 17.4 18.4 35.8 59 22 0 81 90 169
IRA/IRB 30.6 30.6 19.4 19.4 38.8 20 8 4 32 48 408
In total 31.3 31.3 18.4 18.9 37.4 98 38 8 144 186 985
), ArticleFig(id=1198960133217813392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628506268696588, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Chloroplast genome information statistics of A. caudigerum and A. cardiophyllum. PCGs: Protein coding genes; tRNA: Transfer RNA; rRNA: Ribosomal RNA; IRA: Inverted repeat A; IRB: Inverted repeat B

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Species Location A/% T/% C/% G/% GC/% PCGs tRNA rRNA Number of genes Length/bp
A. caudigerum LSC 31.8 32.2 17.5 18.6 36.1 59 22 0 81 89 445
IRA/IRB 30.6 30.6 19.4 19.4 38.8 20 8 4 32 48 387
In total 31.2 31.3 18.5 19.0 37.5 98 38 8 144 186 215
A. cardiophyllum LSC 32.1 32.1 17.4 18.4 35.8 59 22 0 81 90 169
IRA/IRB 30.6 30.6 19.4 19.4 38.8 20 8 4 32 48 408
In total 31.3 31.3 18.4 18.9 37.4 98 38 8 144 186 985
), ArticleFig(id=1198960133444305834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628506268696588, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Category Gene group Gene name
Self-replication Ribosomal RNA genes rrn16Sc, rrn23Sc, rrn4.5Sc, rrn5Sc
Transfer RNA genes trnE-UUC, trnY-GUA, trnD-GUC, trnR-UCU, trnG-UCCa, trnS-GCU, trnQ-UUG, trnK-UUUa, trnH-GUG, trnT-GGU, trnS-UGA, trnG-GCC, trnfM-CAU, trnS-GGA, trnT-UGU, trnL-UAAa, trnF-GAA, trnV-UACa, trnM-CAU, trnW-CCA, trnP-UGG, trnI-CAUc, trnL-CAAc, trnV-GACc, trnI-GAUac, trnA-UGCac, trnR-ACGc, trnN-GUUc, trnL-UAGc, trnC-GCA
Small subunit of ribosome rps2, rps3c, rps4, rps7c, rps8, rps11, rps12bc, rps14, rps15c, rps16a, rps18, rps19c
Large subunit of ribosome rpl14, rpl16a, rpl20, rpl22c, rpl23c, rpl32c, rpl33, rpl36
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase rpoA, rpoB, rpoC1a, rpoC2
Translational initiation factor infA
Genes for photosynthesis Subunits of photosystem Ⅰ psaA, psaB, psaCc, psaI, psaJ
Subunits of photosystem Ⅱ psbA, psbB, psbC, psbD, psbE, psbF, psbH, psbI, psbJ, psbK, psbL, psbM, psbN, psbT, psbZ
NADH oxidoreductase ndhAac, ndhBac, ndhC, ndhDc, ndhEc, ndhFc, ndhGc, ndhIc, ndhJ, ndhK, ndhHc
Subunits of cytochrome petA, petBa, petDa, petG, petL, petN
Subunits of ATP synthase atpA, atpB, atpE, atpFa, atpH, atpI
Large subunit of rubisco rbcL
Other genes Maturase matK
Envelope membrane protein cemA
Subunit of acetyl-CoA accD
C-type cytochrome synthesis gene ccsAc
Conservedreading frames Conserved open reading frames ycf1c, ycf2c, ycf3b, ycf4
), ArticleFig(id=1198960133582717883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628506268696588, language=CN, label=Table 3, caption=

Functional classification present in chloroplast genomes of A. cardiophyllum and A. caudigerum. The superscripts a and b indicate 1 and 2 introns, respectively; the superscript c indicates 2 copies of the gene. NADH: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; ATP: Adenosine triphosphate

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Category Gene group Gene name
Self-replication Ribosomal RNA genes rrn16Sc, rrn23Sc, rrn4.5Sc, rrn5Sc
Transfer RNA genes trnE-UUC, trnY-GUA, trnD-GUC, trnR-UCU, trnG-UCCa, trnS-GCU, trnQ-UUG, trnK-UUUa, trnH-GUG, trnT-GGU, trnS-UGA, trnG-GCC, trnfM-CAU, trnS-GGA, trnT-UGU, trnL-UAAa, trnF-GAA, trnV-UACa, trnM-CAU, trnW-CCA, trnP-UGG, trnI-CAUc, trnL-CAAc, trnV-GACc, trnI-GAUac, trnA-UGCac, trnR-ACGc, trnN-GUUc, trnL-UAGc, trnC-GCA
Small subunit of ribosome rps2, rps3c, rps4, rps7c, rps8, rps11, rps12bc, rps14, rps15c, rps16a, rps18, rps19c
Large subunit of ribosome rpl14, rpl16a, rpl20, rpl22c, rpl23c, rpl32c, rpl33, rpl36
DNA-dependent RNA polymerase rpoA, rpoB, rpoC1a, rpoC2
Translational initiation factor infA
Genes for photosynthesis Subunits of photosystem Ⅰ psaA, psaB, psaCc, psaI, psaJ
Subunits of photosystem Ⅱ psbA, psbB, psbC, psbD, psbE, psbF, psbH, psbI, psbJ, psbK, psbL, psbM, psbN, psbT, psbZ
NADH oxidoreductase ndhAac, ndhBac, ndhC, ndhDc, ndhEc, ndhFc, ndhGc, ndhIc, ndhJ, ndhK, ndhHc
Subunits of cytochrome petA, petBa, petDa, petG, petL, petN
Subunits of ATP synthase atpA, atpB, atpE, atpFa, atpH, atpI
Large subunit of rubisco rbcL
Other genes Maturase matK
Envelope membrane protein cemA
Subunit of acetyl-CoA accD
C-type cytochrome synthesis gene ccsAc
Conservedreading frames Conserved open reading frames ycf1c, ycf2c, ycf3b, ycf4
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尾花细辛与花叶细辛叶绿体基因组比较及系统发育分析
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柏国清 , 卢元 , 尉倩 , 刘安成 , 李仁娜 , 丛晓峰 , 周军辉 , 陈尘 *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(5): 1364-1371
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2023, 58(5): 1364-1371
尾花细辛与花叶细辛叶绿体基因组比较及系统发育分析
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柏国清, 卢元, 尉倩, 刘安成, 李仁娜, 丛晓峰, 周军辉, 陈尘*
作者信息
  • 陕西省西安植物园 (陕西省植物研究所), 陕西植物资源保护与利用工程技术研究中心, 陕西 西安 710061

通讯作者:

*陈尘, Tel: 86-29-85251800, E-mail:
Comparative and phylogeny analysis of Asarum caudigerum and A. cardiophyllum complete chloroplast genomes
Guo-qing BAI, Yuan LU, Qian WEI, An-cheng LIU, Ren-na LI, Xiao-feng CONG, Jun-hui ZHOU, Chen CHEN*
Affiliations
  • Shaanxi Engineering Research Centre for Conservation and Utilization of Botanical Resources, Xi'an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province (Institute of Botany of Shaanxi Province), Xi'an 710061, China
出版时间: 2023-05-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1055
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本研究通过Illumina高通量测序技术对细辛属药用植物尾花细辛(Asarum caudigerum Hance) 和花叶细辛(A. cardiophyllum Franchet) 进行了叶绿体基因组测序, 利用生物信息学分析方法进行组装、注释和结构特征分析, 并与已发表的12个马兜铃科植物叶绿体基因组进行了系统发育分析。结果显示, 尾花细辛和花叶细辛叶绿体基因组全长为186 215~186 985 bp, 大单拷贝区(LSC) 长度为89 445~90 169 bp, 两个反向互补重复区(IRs) 长48 387~48 408 bp。两者叶绿体基因组中的GC含量为37.4%~37.5%, 共注释到144个基因, 包括98个蛋白编码基因(PCGs), 38个tRNA基因和8个rRNA基因。此外, 在细辛属叶绿体基因组中检测到复杂的基因组重排现象; 同时, 对序列的离散型进行可视化评估表明, 非编码区变异水平高于编码区。系统发育结果显示, 尾花细辛与长毛细辛聚为一支, 花叶细辛、汉城细辛、A. misandrumA. maculatum则聚为一支, 且这两支互为姊妹关系。本研究为细辛属物种分子鉴定、系统发育及分子植物育种等研究提供科学依据。

细辛属  /  尾花细辛  /  花叶细辛  /  叶绿体基因组  /  系统发育

The complete chloroplast genome of medicinal plant Asarum caudigerum Hance and its close relative A. cardiophyllum Franchet were sequenced using Illumina Hiseq technology, and assembled, annotated, and characterized by bioinformatic methods in this study. Then phylogenetic analysis of the complete chloroplast genomes of A. caudigerum, A. cardiophyllum, and twelve published species was conducted. The results indicated that the chloroplast genomes ranged from 186 215-186 985 bp in length, with a large single copy (LSC, 89 445-90 169 bp) and two inverted repeats (IRa/IRb, 48 387-48 408 bp). The overall GC content was 37.4%-37.5%. A total of 144 chloroplast genes were annotated, including 98 protein coding genes, 38 tRNA genes and 8 rRNA genes. In addition, complex genomic rearrangements were detected in the chloroplast genome of Asarum. Meanwhile, visual evaluation of the discrete type of the sequence indicated that the variation level of non-coding region was higher than that of coding region. Phylogenetic analyses suggested that A. caudigerum and A. cardiophyllum were clustered into a single clade and A. cardiophyllum, A. sieboldii var. seoulense, A. misandrum and A. maculatum were clustered into another single branch. These two clade were sister species. This study provides a scientific basis for the identification, phylogenetic relationship, molecular breeding of Asarum species.

Asarum  /  Asarum caudigerum Hance  /  Asarum cardiophyllum Franchet  /  chloroplast genome  /  phylogenetic
柏国清, 卢元, 尉倩, 刘安成, 李仁娜, 丛晓峰, 周军辉, 陈尘. 尾花细辛与花叶细辛叶绿体基因组比较及系统发育分析. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (5) : 1364 -1371 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1055
Guo-qing BAI, Yuan LU, Qian WEI, An-cheng LIU, Ren-na LI, Xiao-feng CONG, Jun-hui ZHOU, Chen CHEN. Comparative and phylogeny analysis of Asarum caudigerum and A. cardiophyllum complete chloroplast genomes[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (5) : 1364 -1371 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1055
尾花细辛(Asarum caudigerum Hance) 隶属马兜铃科(Aristolochiaceae) 细辛属(Asarum), 为多年生常绿药用草本植物, 在中国西南、东南及越南等地均有分布, 常生于海拔350~1 660 m的林下、溪边和路旁阴湿地[1]。其全草入药, 具有温经散寒、化痰止咳、散瘀消肿、止痛之功效, 主治风寒咳嗽、慢性支气管炎、哮喘、风湿痹痛、跌打肿痛等症, 多作土细辛用, 或作兽药[2]。花叶细辛(Asarum cardiophyllum Franchet) 主要分布于中国四川、贵州和云南等西部和西南部海拔500~1 200 m林下阴湿地, 叶片多为肾形、心形或卵心形, 深绿色, 叶面具不规则的白色云斑, 叶背绿色或微紫色[1]。花形奇特, 叶色美丽, 是一种极具优良观赏价值的观叶观花植物, 也是一种集药用、工业用途的种质资源[3]。目前有关尾花细辛和花叶细辛的研究甚少, 仅在野生资源分布[2]、种质资源遗传多样性[4]、生物学特性及引种驯化方法和途径[3, 5, 6]等方面有部分研究报道。细辛属其他植物多数含有挥发油, 在其产地也多作细辛或土细辛使用[4], 但从外观形态上不易区分, 化学成分上也存在较大差异[4], 在实际用药过程中极易因物种误用而危及生命安全。通常植物物种之间的亲缘关系越近, 其所含化学成分也越相似。因此, 利用植物类群之间的亲缘关系, 可高效发掘新药源及其替代品[7]
近年来, 叶绿体基因组已应用于羌活属[8]、柴胡属[9]、甘草属[10]、芍药属[11]及龙胆属[12]等药用植物的条形码鉴定、分子标记和系统发育等研究, 推动了药用植物的分子鉴定和系统进化等研究进程, 进一步促进了本草基因组学科的发展[13]。目前, 细辛属植物细辛A. heterotropoides、汉城细辛A. sieboldii var. seoulense等物种的叶绿体基因组已有研究报道, 但对细辛属其他物种间叶绿体比较基因组学和系统发育相关研究还鲜有报道, 尤其是有关尾花细辛的叶绿体特征研究。
本研究以尾花细辛及花叶细辛为研究对象, 通过对其叶绿体基因组进行测序和比较分析, 以期挖掘更多高效的信息位点; 同时, 通过比较分析细辛属植物的叶绿体基因组结构以及构建系统发育树, 阐明细辛属种间亲缘关系。本研究不仅丰富了细辛属植物叶绿体基因组信息, 进而为该属物种分子鉴定、系统发育、分子植物育种等研究提供科学依据。
材料  尾花细辛和花叶细辛均采集于湖南永州(东经111°54′19″; 北纬25°18′34″)。采集新鲜的叶片放入硅胶中快速干燥, 用于基因组DNA提取。实验材料由柏国清副研究员鉴定, 凭证标本(XBGH-20-BGQ026和XBGH-20-BGQ101) 保存于陕西省西安植物园标本馆。
基因组DNA提取和测序  总基因组DNA采用改良CTAB法提取。DNA产物质量和浓度通过1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳和荧光染料进行评估。样品检测合格后, 根据Illumina TruSeq Nano DNA LT文库制备实验流程构建插入片段大小(insert size) 为400 bp的DNA文库。利用Illumina HiseqX测序平台对DNA文库进行双端测序(paired-end, 2×150 bp)。DNA提取和测序工作均在诺禾致源基因科技有限公司完成。
叶绿体基因组组装和注释  下机测序的原始数据(raw data) 经过NGSQCToolkit_v2.3.3[14]工具进行数据过滤后获得clean data。然后, 以公布的完整A. misandrum叶绿体基因组(NC_058739) 为参考, 利用GetOrganelle (https://github.com/Kinggerm/GetOrganelle)[15]进行组装拼接。随后利用PGA[16]和DOGAM (http://dogma.ccbb.utexas.edu/)[17]对叶绿体基因组进行功能注释, 并通过Geneious v9.0.2[18]进行手动校准, 最后, 使用在线工具Chloroplot[19] (https://irscope.shinyapps.io/Chloroplot/) 绘制叶绿体基因组物理图谱。本文中用到的其他叶绿体基因组序列均下载于NCBI (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov), 其详细信息见表 1
叶绿体基因组比较分析  首先, 利用共线性比对软件Mauve[20]进行14种马兜铃科植物叶绿体全基因组的结构比较分析。其次, 运用mVISTA[21]中的Shuffle-LANGAN模式对上述物种叶绿体基因组序列进行全局比对, 进而评估序列之间的相似性。另外, 不同植物的叶绿体基因组边界通常会出现不同程度的收缩(IR contraction) 和扩张(IR expansion) 事件。因此, 通过IRscope (https://irscope.shinyapps.io/irapp/) 对叶绿体基因组LSC/IR边界图和序列差异进行了绘制。
系统发育树构建  从GenBank中下载已发表的13个物种完整叶绿体基因组, 包括蹄香属(Saruma) 1个、马兜铃属(Aristolochia) 5个及细辛属6个物种, 以竹叶胡椒(Piper bambusifolium) 作为外类群(表 1)。利用MAFFT[22]插件进行多重序列比对, 通过Geneiousv 9.0.2[18]软件去除模糊对齐的位点。然后利用软件JModeltest v.2.1.1[23]根据AIC (Akaike information criterion) 标准[24]进行运算, 确定最佳的核苷酸替换模型(GTR+I+G)。使用在线网站(https://www.phylo.org) 工具包中的软件RAxML v.8.1.24[25]构建每个物种的系统发育树。
尾花细辛和花叶细辛分别获得18 473 963和19 914 574 raw reads, 经过数据过滤、组装拼接后均获得完整的环状四分体结构叶绿体基因组, 序列总长度分别为186 215和186 985 bp, 由大单拷贝区(长度分别为89 445、90 169 bp)、两个反向重复区(48 387、48 408 bp) 组成(图 1)。叶绿体基因组的GC含量为37.4%~37.5%, 其LSC (大单拷贝区)、IRs (反向重复区) 区域的GC含量分别为35.8%~36.1%、38.8%。
尾花细辛和花叶细辛叶绿体基因组均注释到144个基因, 包括98个蛋白编码基因(PCGs)、38个转运RNA (tRNA) 及8个核糖体RNA (rRNA) (表 2)。LSC包括59个PCGs和22个tRNA。另外, 20个PCGs (ndhFrpl32ccsAndhDpsaCndhEndhGndhIndhAndhHrps15ycf1rps12rps7ndhBrpl23ycf2rps19rpl22rps3)、8个tRNA (trnL-UAGtrnN-GUUtrnR-ACGtrnA-UGCtrnI-GAUtrnV-GACtrnL-CAAtrnI-CAU) 及所有的rRNA分布于IRs区域(表 2)。
植物叶绿体基因组主要编码三类基因: 与光合作用有关的基因, 与转录翻译有关的遗传系统基因及与生物合成有关的基因。其中, 在蛋白质编码基因中, 除与自我复制相关基因rRNA基因和tRNA基因外, 还包括12个核糖体小亚基基因、8个核糖体大亚基基因和4个RNA聚合酶亚基基因; 光合作用相关的基因有44个; 此外还有4个其他功能基因及4个未知功能基因(表 3)。
使用mVIST对马兜铃科物种基因组进行比较分析, 结果显示, 叶绿体基因组序列较为保守, 具有高度的序列相似性, 但是也存在一些高变区域, 且非编码区变异明显高于编码区变异(图 2)。在细辛属植物中, tRNA和rRNA编码基因极其保守; 变异较高的区域集中在LSC区域, 变异稍高的基因间隔区有: atpI-atpHtrnC-GCA-rpoBtrnT-GGU-psbycf4-petA可用作细辛属物种鉴定的潜在分子标记。
A. heterotropoides叶绿体基因组为参考序列, 对马兜铃科植物的叶绿体基因组进行共线性比对。结果如图 3所示, 8个细辛属植物存在复杂的基因组重排现象。细辛属叶绿体基因组序列信息表明, 细辛属物种蛋白编码基因数目85~100, tRNA基因数目34~38, 基因数128~146及序列长度160 521~193 356 bp (表 1)。综上可知, 该属物种叶绿体基因组基因数目、类型和排列顺序在种间差异较大。8个细辛属植物的LSC/IRb节点位于rpl22基因中, SSC/IRa节点位于ycf1中, 这使得LSC/IRb和SSC/IRa节点分别保留了部分rpl22ycf1基因片段。IR区没有发生明显扩张和收缩现象(图 4), 与马兜铃科其他属植物的节点图谱类型相近。
本研究以Piper bambusifolium作为外类群, 选取马兜铃科共14个个体的叶绿体全基因组序列, 通过最大似然法(ML) 对其进行聚类分析(图 5)。在整个马兜铃科植物系统关系上, 与细辛属植物亲缘关系最近的属是马蹄香属植物。在细辛属内, 尾花细辛与长毛细辛聚为一支, 花叶细辛、汉城细辛、A. misandrumA. maculatum则聚为一支, 且这两支互为姊妹关系(图 5)。
本研究完成了尾花细辛和花叶细辛叶绿体基因组的测序、组装和注释, 并对其结构、GC含量等进行了分析。结果表明, 二者均具有典型的环状DNA分子, 且具有保守的四分状结构, 全长186 215~186 985 bp, 与本课题前期组装的同属植物华细辛、辽细辛等叶绿体基因组大小相似。细辛属植物约有90种, 在我国分布有30种、4变种、1变型, 但有关本属物种叶绿体基因组测序的报道较少, 目前仅有6个物种被报道, 分别是A. pulchellumA. misandrumA. maculatumA. sieboldii var. seoulenseA. heterotropoides var. mandshuricumA. sieboldii, 通过比较叶绿体基因组组成和结构特征发现, 各个区段组成及GC含量差异不明显。尾花细辛基因组GC含量为37.5%, 花叶细辛GC含量为37.4%。尾花细辛和花叶细辛叶绿体基因组均注释到98个蛋白编码基因, 38个tRNA基因和8个rRNA基因, 以上结果与已发表的细辛属其他物种的叶绿体基因组特征较为吻合[26-28]
在叶绿体基因组中, 其差异性主要由反向重复区的收缩与扩张引起, 而IR在稳定叶绿体基因组结构和影响叶绿体基因组大小方面起着非常重要的作用[29, 30]。本研究中细辛属植物叶绿体基因组在边界LSC/IRb边界存在差异, 其余边界均较为保守。该现象与已报道的柴胡属[9], 石豆兰属[31]等植物相似。总之, 叶绿体基因组的结构稳定, 总体进化速度较慢, 在同属内植物表现出保守性[29]。在细辛属叶绿体基因组中检测到复杂的基因组重排现象; 此外, 基于mVISTA分析结果表明, 非编码区变异水平高于编码区, 且在atpI-atpHtrnC-GCA-rpoBtrnT-GGU-psbycf4-petA区域存在明显变异, 符合被子植物叶绿体基因组变异的特征, 这些高变区可为细辛属物种分子标记开发、特异性DNA条形码筛选及物种分类鉴定提供科学依据。
本研究以已测得的尾花细辛和花叶细辛叶绿体基因组联合课题组前期已发表的华细辛和辽细辛及NCBI下载的12种马兜铃科植物叶绿体基因组序列构建了ML进化树, 结果显示, 该进化树的分辨率较高, 各节点也获得了较高的支持率, 马兜铃科内属间呈现出较为明确的发育关系, 与Zhao等[28]的研究结果一致, 即细辛属、马兜铃属及马蹄香属各聚为一支, 且与传统分类结果一致。细辛属内物种呈明显的姐妹关系, 尾花细辛与长毛细辛聚为一支, 花叶细辛、汉城细辛、A. misandrumA. maculatum则聚为一支。据已有细辛属植物化学特征报道, 汉城细辛和辽细辛挥发油中甲基丁香酚含量较高, 黄樟醚含量较低, 华细辛中黄樟醚含量较高, 甲基丁香酚含量较低[32]。本研究的聚类结果显示, 花叶细辛与汉城细辛的遗传一致度相对较高, 而与辽细辛遗传一致度相对较低; 相反, 华细辛与辽细辛的遗传一致度相对较高。该结果并未直接表明植物亲缘关系越相近, 其化学特征也越相近。但也不宜一概而定, 有效成分的测定可能与细辛挥发油的挥散程度有关[4], 对更加关注药用成分含量的药用植物而言更是如此, 其与药材种植土壤、气候、采挖年限、季节等因素密切相关[33]。药用细辛品质是否与种水平上的遗传特征相关仍需进一步整合大量遗传学与植物代谢组学等多学科手段来研究。
本研究首次对尾花细辛和花叶细辛叶绿体基因组进行测序组装, 并对其基因结构及分布等进行了比较分析, 结合已公布的马兜铃科物种叶绿体基因组序列, 构建了系统发育树, 阐明了不同属物种之间的系统发育关系, 不仅丰富了马兜铃科植物的遗传资源, 也为对植物进行分子鉴定及为后续开展细辛属物种进化和系统发育等研究奠定了科学基础。
作者贡献: 第一作者柏国清负责论文设计、实验、数据分析及论文撰写; 通讯作者陈尘负责论文设计、数据分析和论文指导; 尉倩、刘安成、周军辉参与实验及数据分析; 卢元、李仁娜、丛晓峰参与样品采集; 所有作者参与论文修改。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在任何利益冲突。
  • 陕西省科学院科技计划项目(2017K-12)
  • 陕西省科学院科技计划项目(2021K-10)
  • 陕西省重点研发计划项目(2021SF-391)
  • 陕西省自然科学基础研究计划项目(2022JM-458)
  • 陕西省创新能力支撑计划项目(2022KJXX-27)
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2023年第58卷第5期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1055
  • 接收时间:2022-09-13
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-05-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-09-13
  • 修回日期:2022-10-10
基金
陕西省科学院科技计划项目(2017K-12)
陕西省科学院科技计划项目(2021K-10)
陕西省重点研发计划项目(2021SF-391)
陕西省自然科学基础研究计划项目(2022JM-458)
陕西省创新能力支撑计划项目(2022KJXX-27)
作者信息
    陕西省西安植物园 (陕西省植物研究所), 陕西植物资源保护与利用工程技术研究中心, 陕西 西安 710061

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*陈尘, Tel: 86-29-85251800, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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