Article(id=1198628505304007609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628499750744699, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1138, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1666972800000, receivedDateStr=2022-10-29, revisedDate=1677168000000, revisedDateStr=2023-02-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763704905105, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1683820800000, pubDateStr=2023-05-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763704905105, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763704905105, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763704905105, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198628499750744699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='5', pageStart='0', pageEnd='1400', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763704903781, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766137655840, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208832201509172104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628499750744699, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208832201509172105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628499750744699, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1165, endPage=1172, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198628505660523479, articleId=1198628505304007609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Baicalin inhibits PDK1 to mediate glucose metabolism reprogramming and intervene rheumatoid arthritis synovial inflammation, columnId=1198628500522496638, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports: Active Ingredients and Mechanism of Action of Traditional Chinese Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study started from the effect of baicalin (BC), the main active component of the labiaceae plant Scutellaria baicalensis, on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in rats, to explore the mechanism of glucose metabolism reprogramming in fibroblast like synoviocytes (FLSs), a key effector cell of synovial inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). First of all, CIA rats and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced RASFs in vitro and in vivo models were established, the arthritis index (AI) score and histopathological changes of CIA rats after BC administration were observed, and the levels of inflammatory factors in serum and cell supernatant were quantified by ELISA, immunocytochemistry and Western blot were used to detect the expression of G-protein-coupled receptor 81 (GPR81) and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1) proteins. In addition, the kit was used to measure the levels of key products and enzyme activities in glucose metabolism reprogramming. The results showed that BC (50, 100 and 200 mg·kg-1) could alleviate the symptoms of arthritis in CIA rats in a dose-dependent manner, inhibit synovial hyperplasia, alleviate the infiltration of inflammatory cells, down-regulate the levels of pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α and interleukin (IL)-1β, and up-regulate the levels of anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 in CIA rats. At the same time, the secretion levels of lactate, pyruvate, acetyl-CoA, citrate and the activity of lactate dehydrogenase B (LDH-B) were decreased, and the expressions of GRP81 and PDK1 were down-regulated, suggesting that BC mediated the reprogramming process of glucose metabolism. However, when GPR81 inhibitor 3-OBA inhibited lactate uptake, the activity of LDH-B was significantly increased, suggesting that BC inhibited the expression of PDK1, a key enzyme in the reprogramming metabolism from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation. All animal experiments in this study were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the Laboratory Animal Care Center of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine (approval number: AHUCM-rats-2021049). These studies revealed that baicalin mediated metabolic reprogramming of RASFs from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation by inhibiting PDK1 protein expression, and alleviated joint inflammation in CIA rats.

, correspAuthors=Hong WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yu-long ZHU, Yan-hong BU, Ran DENG, Yan WANG, Pei-rong GAN, Hong WU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198628508894331059, articleId=1198628505304007609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=黄芩苷抑制PDK1介导糖代谢重编程干预RA滑膜炎症, columnId=1198628500665102977, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道: 中药活性成分与作用机制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究从唇形科植物黄芩主要活性成分黄芩苷(baicalin, BC) 对胶原诱导性关节炎(collagen-induced arthritis, CIA) 大鼠作用出发, 以类风湿关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis, RA) 滑膜炎症关键效应细胞—成纤维样滑膜细胞(fibroblast like synoviocytes, FLSs) 糖代谢重编程角度展开机制探讨。建立CIA大鼠模型和肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α) 诱导的类风湿关节炎滑膜成纤维细胞(rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts, RASFs) 体内外模型, 观测BC给药后CIA大鼠关节炎指数(arthritis index, AI) 评分及组织病理学变化, 并ELISA法检测血清和细胞上清中炎症因子水平, 免疫组织化学及Western blot法检测G蛋白偶联受体81 (G-protein-coupled receptor 81, GPR81)、丙酮酸脱氢酶激酶1 (pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1, PDK1) 蛋白表达。试剂盒测定糖代谢重编程中关键产物水平及酶活性。结果显示, BC (50、100和200 mg·kg-1) 剂量依赖性减轻CIA大鼠关节炎症状, 抑制滑膜增生, 减轻炎性细胞浸润, 下调促炎因子TNF-α、白细胞介素(interleukin, IL)-1β, 上调抑炎因子IL-10水平, 同时降低乳酸、丙酮酸、乙酰辅酶A、柠檬酸分泌水平和乳酸脱氢酶B (lactate dehydrogenase B, LDH-B) 活性, 并下调GRP81、PDK1表达, 提示BC调节糖代谢重编程过程。而GPR81抑制剂3-OBA抑制乳酸摄取后, LDH-B活性呈现显著升高, 提示BC抑制从糖酵解到氧化磷酸化重编程代谢中的关键酶PDK1表达。本研究所有动物实验操作均按照安徽中医药大学实验动物护理中心伦理标准进行(批准号: AHUCM-rats-2021049)。以上研究揭示黄芩苷通过抑制PDK1蛋白表达, 介导RASFs从糖酵解向氧化磷酸化的代谢重编程, 缓解CIA大鼠关节炎症。

, correspAuthors=吴虹, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*吴虹, Tel: 13485606565, E-mail:
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Science, 1964, 143: 929-933., articleTitle=Lactic dehydrogenases: functions of the two types: rates of synthesis of the two major forms can be correlated with metabolic differentiation, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1198960124564964328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628505304007609, awardId=81874360, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上资助项目(81874360), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198960124762096638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628505304007609, awardId=81473400, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上资助项目(81473400), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198960124892119051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628505304007609, awardId=KJ2021ZD0060, language=CN, fundingSource=安徽高校自然科学研究重大项目(KJ2021ZD0060), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198960125022142484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628505304007609, awardId=gxbjZD2022026, language=CN, fundingSource=安徽省高校拔尖人才学术资助项目(gxbjZD2022026), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198960117438841093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628505304007609, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960117447229702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628505304007609, companyId=1198960117438841093, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Anhui Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230011, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960117459812617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628505304007609, companyId=1198960117438841093, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=安徽中医药大学药学院, 中药研究与开发安徽省重点实验室, 安徽 合肥 230011)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1198960122144850674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628505304007609, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Oz1nGEY1pwAk1/Lh7yy6Sw==, figureFileBig=uEsgGivQtq7Aljh62lEXSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960122270679810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628505304007609, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= Degree of arthritic swelling in rats and score of baicalin on AI in CIA rats. A: Normal group; B: CIA model group; C: Baicalin group (200 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>); D: Methotrexate (MTX, 0.5 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>) group. <i>n</i> = 6, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> normal group; <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> CIA model group. CIA: Collagen-induced arthritis; BC: Baicalin , figureFileSmall=Oz1nGEY1pwAk1/Lh7yy6Sw==, figureFileBig=uEsgGivQtq7Aljh62lEXSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960122417480462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628505304007609, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=F4I2dLsfhrc4fKtFWxadhw==, figureFileBig=6hmA6v+IYoeEuqb7SX5lpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960122543309595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628505304007609, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Effect of baicalin on pathological morphology of synovial tissue in CIA rats. A: Normal group; B: CIA model group; C: Baicalin low dose group (50 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>); D: Baicalin medium dose group (100 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>); E: Baicalin high dose group (200 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>); F: MTX group (0.5 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>) , figureFileSmall=F4I2dLsfhrc4fKtFWxadhw==, figureFileBig=6hmA6v+IYoeEuqb7SX5lpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960122711081776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628505304007609, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=mzAPR9kFyhyLIrD9/2SpgA==, figureFileBig=VeeHADGxUlk3I/HL7Iudxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960122912408384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628505304007609, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Regulation of baicalin on inflammatory factors in serum of CIA rats and MH7A cells. The expression level of TNF-<i>α</i> (A), IL-1<i>β</i> (B) and IL-10 (C) in serum of rats in each group; TNF-<i>α</i> (D), IL-1<i>β</i> (E) and IL-10 (F) expression level in MH7A cells of each group. <i>n</i> = 6, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> normal group; <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> model group (CIA or TNF-<i>α</i>). MP7: 10 ng·mL<sup>-1</sup>; 3-OBA: 10 ng·mL<sup>-1</sup> , figureFileSmall=mzAPR9kFyhyLIrD9/2SpgA==, figureFileBig=VeeHADGxUlk3I/HL7Iudxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960123021460299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628505304007609, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=fsILmHZ5cd/8204j6nsrXA==, figureFileBig=pjUX5Zos2syJ8eWJvPKT1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960123130512215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628505304007609, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Effect of baicalin on the expression of GPR81 and PDK1 in glycolytic pathway. A-C: The expression levels of GPR81 and PDK1 in synovium of rats in each group; D-F: Expression levels of GPR81 and PDK1 in MH7A of each group. <i>n</i> = 6, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> normal group; <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> model group (CIA or TNF-<i>α</i>). GPR81: G-protein-coupled receptor 81; PDK1: Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 , figureFileSmall=fsILmHZ5cd/8204j6nsrXA==, figureFileBig=pjUX5Zos2syJ8eWJvPKT1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960123285701484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628505304007609, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=VwG+39JyWdHVqSuge1YRlA==, figureFileBig=IzbAIofJRWo9Wz7Yj/yn+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960123440890750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628505304007609, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= The expression of GPR81 in CIA rats by immunohistochemistry (×400). A: Normal group; B: CIA model group; C: MTX group; D: Baicalin low dose group (50 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>); E: Baicalin medium dose group (100 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>); F: Baicalin high dose group (200 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>) , figureFileSmall=VwG+39JyWdHVqSuge1YRlA==, figureFileBig=IzbAIofJRWo9Wz7Yj/yn+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960123558331276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628505304007609, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=LllG5RTZFgQAebJVy3MwNw==, figureFileBig=RpzU1xK37AqkvonhfVcuYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960123835155360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628505304007609, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= The expression of PDK1 in CIA rats by immunohistochemistry (×400). A: Normal group; B: CIA model group; C: MTX group; D: Baicalin low dose group (50 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>); E: Baicalin medium dose group (100 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>); F: Baicalin high dose group (200 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>) , figureFileSmall=LllG5RTZFgQAebJVy3MwNw==, figureFileBig=RpzU1xK37AqkvonhfVcuYQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960123986150318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628505304007609, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=4uogO1bAxw4m+bael9EUeA==, figureFileBig=rf2PM5wcXrGJo23lSO56IQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960124132950969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628505304007609, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= Effects of baicalin on glycolytic metabolites and key enzymes. Levels of glucose metabolites and activities of key enzymes (A: Lactate; B: Pyruvate; C: LDH-B) in synovium of rats in each group. Levels of glucose metabolites and activities of key enzymes (D: Lactate; E: Pyruvate; F: LDH-B; G: Acetyl-CoA; H: Citric acid) in MH7A cells of each group. <i>n</i> = 6, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> normal group; <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> model group (CIA or TNF-<i>α</i>); <sup>&&</sup> <i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> 3-OBA group. LDH-B: Lactate dehydrogenase B , figureFileSmall=4uogO1bAxw4m+bael9EUeA==, figureFileBig=rf2PM5wcXrGJo23lSO56IQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960124229419971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628505304007609, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Score Joint lesion criteria
0 No redness or swelling
1 Redness and swelling of toe joints
2 Swelling of the toe joints and plantar feet
3 Swelling of the foot and claw below the ankle joint
4 Swelling of all paws including the ankle joint
), ArticleFig(id=1198960124325888976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628505304007609, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Scoring criteria of the arthritis index (AI)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Score Joint lesion criteria
0 No redness or swelling
1 Redness and swelling of toe joints
2 Swelling of the toe joints and plantar feet
3 Swelling of the foot and claw below the ankle joint
4 Swelling of all paws including the ankle joint
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黄芩苷抑制PDK1介导糖代谢重编程干预RA滑膜炎症
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祝宇龙 , 卜妍红 , 邓然 , 王言 , 甘珮蓉 , 吴虹 *
药学学报 | 专题报道: 中药活性成分与作用机制 2023,58(5): 1165-1172
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药学学报 | 专题报道: 中药活性成分与作用机制 2023, 58(5): 1165-1172
黄芩苷抑制PDK1介导糖代谢重编程干预RA滑膜炎症
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祝宇龙, 卜妍红, 邓然, 王言, 甘珮蓉, 吴虹*
作者信息
  • 安徽中医药大学药学院, 中药研究与开发安徽省重点实验室, 安徽 合肥 230011

通讯作者:

*吴虹, Tel: 13485606565, E-mail:
Baicalin inhibits PDK1 to mediate glucose metabolism reprogramming and intervene rheumatoid arthritis synovial inflammation
Yu-long ZHU, Yan-hong BU, Ran DENG, Yan WANG, Pei-rong GAN, Hong WU*
Affiliations
  • College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Anhui Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230011, China
出版时间: 2023-05-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1138
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本研究从唇形科植物黄芩主要活性成分黄芩苷(baicalin, BC) 对胶原诱导性关节炎(collagen-induced arthritis, CIA) 大鼠作用出发, 以类风湿关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis, RA) 滑膜炎症关键效应细胞—成纤维样滑膜细胞(fibroblast like synoviocytes, FLSs) 糖代谢重编程角度展开机制探讨。建立CIA大鼠模型和肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α) 诱导的类风湿关节炎滑膜成纤维细胞(rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts, RASFs) 体内外模型, 观测BC给药后CIA大鼠关节炎指数(arthritis index, AI) 评分及组织病理学变化, 并ELISA法检测血清和细胞上清中炎症因子水平, 免疫组织化学及Western blot法检测G蛋白偶联受体81 (G-protein-coupled receptor 81, GPR81)、丙酮酸脱氢酶激酶1 (pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1, PDK1) 蛋白表达。试剂盒测定糖代谢重编程中关键产物水平及酶活性。结果显示, BC (50、100和200 mg·kg-1) 剂量依赖性减轻CIA大鼠关节炎症状, 抑制滑膜增生, 减轻炎性细胞浸润, 下调促炎因子TNF-α、白细胞介素(interleukin, IL)-1β, 上调抑炎因子IL-10水平, 同时降低乳酸、丙酮酸、乙酰辅酶A、柠檬酸分泌水平和乳酸脱氢酶B (lactate dehydrogenase B, LDH-B) 活性, 并下调GRP81、PDK1表达, 提示BC调节糖代谢重编程过程。而GPR81抑制剂3-OBA抑制乳酸摄取后, LDH-B活性呈现显著升高, 提示BC抑制从糖酵解到氧化磷酸化重编程代谢中的关键酶PDK1表达。本研究所有动物实验操作均按照安徽中医药大学实验动物护理中心伦理标准进行(批准号: AHUCM-rats-2021049)。以上研究揭示黄芩苷通过抑制PDK1蛋白表达, 介导RASFs从糖酵解向氧化磷酸化的代谢重编程, 缓解CIA大鼠关节炎症。

黄芩苷  /  丙酮酸脱氢酶激酶1  /  糖代谢重编程  /  类风湿关节炎  /  成纤维样滑膜细胞

This study started from the effect of baicalin (BC), the main active component of the labiaceae plant Scutellaria baicalensis, on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in rats, to explore the mechanism of glucose metabolism reprogramming in fibroblast like synoviocytes (FLSs), a key effector cell of synovial inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). First of all, CIA rats and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced RASFs in vitro and in vivo models were established, the arthritis index (AI) score and histopathological changes of CIA rats after BC administration were observed, and the levels of inflammatory factors in serum and cell supernatant were quantified by ELISA, immunocytochemistry and Western blot were used to detect the expression of G-protein-coupled receptor 81 (GPR81) and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1) proteins. In addition, the kit was used to measure the levels of key products and enzyme activities in glucose metabolism reprogramming. The results showed that BC (50, 100 and 200 mg·kg-1) could alleviate the symptoms of arthritis in CIA rats in a dose-dependent manner, inhibit synovial hyperplasia, alleviate the infiltration of inflammatory cells, down-regulate the levels of pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α and interleukin (IL)-1β, and up-regulate the levels of anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 in CIA rats. At the same time, the secretion levels of lactate, pyruvate, acetyl-CoA, citrate and the activity of lactate dehydrogenase B (LDH-B) were decreased, and the expressions of GRP81 and PDK1 were down-regulated, suggesting that BC mediated the reprogramming process of glucose metabolism. However, when GPR81 inhibitor 3-OBA inhibited lactate uptake, the activity of LDH-B was significantly increased, suggesting that BC inhibited the expression of PDK1, a key enzyme in the reprogramming metabolism from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation. All animal experiments in this study were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the Laboratory Animal Care Center of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine (approval number: AHUCM-rats-2021049). These studies revealed that baicalin mediated metabolic reprogramming of RASFs from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation by inhibiting PDK1 protein expression, and alleviated joint inflammation in CIA rats.

baicalin  /  pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1  /  glucose metabolism reprogramming  /  rheumatoid arthritis  /  fibroblast-like synovial cell
祝宇龙, 卜妍红, 邓然, 王言, 甘珮蓉, 吴虹. 黄芩苷抑制PDK1介导糖代谢重编程干预RA滑膜炎症. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (5) : 1165 -1172 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1138
Yu-long ZHU, Yan-hong BU, Ran DENG, Yan WANG, Pei-rong GAN, Hong WU. Baicalin inhibits PDK1 to mediate glucose metabolism reprogramming and intervene rheumatoid arthritis synovial inflammation[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (5) : 1165 -1172 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1138
类风湿关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis, RA) 是一种常见的自身免疫性疾病, 其特征是滑膜慢性炎症和滑膜异常增生, 且发病机制尚未确切证实[1, 2]。在富含一氧化氮、氧自由基和细胞因子的RA滑膜微环境中, 滑膜炎症和关节破坏的主要效应细胞—成纤维样滑膜细胞(fibroblast-like synoviocytes, FLSs) 的代谢平衡被打破, 活化的FLSs为应对激增的能量与物质需求而选择一种适于疾病环境的代谢模式被定义为代谢重编程[3]。已有研究证实在缺氧和营养缺乏的RA滑膜微环境中, FLSs发生肿瘤样的葡萄糖向乳酸持续代谢的糖代谢重编程[4, 5]。相较于氧化磷酸化, FLSs选择糖酵解代谢供能不仅由于其快速的ATP供应满足异常增殖及高侵袭力等生物学功能需求, 代谢中间产物还是细胞间交流的重要信号[6]。滑膜炎性微环境中的代谢重编程决定了糖酵解代谢在RA滑膜增生中的重要作用, 明确糖代谢方式的变化可能为RA的抗滑膜增生治疗策略提供重要方向。
糖酵解过程中, 乳酸不仅是一种能量来源, 而且在生理条件下通过乳酸受体G蛋白偶联受体81 (G-protein-coupled receptor 81, GPR81) 作为信号分子发挥作用, 这类存在于细胞膜上的受体家族因其内源性配体均为细胞能量代谢过程中生成的羟基羧酸类中间代谢物, 被统称为羟基羧酸(hydroxy-carboxylic acid, HCA) 受体, 并参与细胞代谢和炎症的调节[7, 8]。同时, 丙酮酸脱氢酶激酶(pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, PDKs) 是AGC蛋白激酶家族中的一种丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶, 作为糖代谢过程中的关键酶, 其升高调控糖酵解到氧化磷酸化的重编程代谢, 且靶向PDKs不会影响处于稳态及氧化状态的细胞[9]。这些提示研究人员探究RA中FLSs在适应滑膜微环境变化过程中表现出糖代谢模式改变, 且糖代谢重编程中这些关键酶可能参与了FLSs增殖异常和高侵袭力的特性转变。
尽管RA治疗药物已不断更迭, 但直接针对FLSs相关代谢通路以及代谢相关酶的药物尚缺乏, 仍需要新的特异性调节剂来达到适度调控机体免疫应答的目的。黄芩苷(baicalin, BC) 是唇形科植物黄芩(Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi) 根部提取分离的主要黄酮类活性成分, 也是抗RA中成药黄芩清热除痹胶囊主要抗炎、抗氧化、免疫调节成分, 然而其治疗RA潜在药理机制尚不明确[10, 11]。本研究以BC对胶原诱导性关节炎(collagen-induced arthritis, CIA) 大鼠治疗作用出发, 从调控TNF-α诱导的FLSs糖代谢重编程角度展开机制探讨, 以期为开发免疫代谢特异性调节的RA治疗药物及适宜的代谢靶点提供参考与理论基础。
实验动物和细胞   雌性Wistar大鼠36只, SPF级, 体重200 ± 20 g, 由安徽中医药大学动物实验中心提供, 许可证号: AHUCM-rats-2021049, 所有动物实验操作均按照安徽中医药大学实验动物护理中心伦理标准进行。动物于自然光照、整洁、恒温、恒湿、自由摄食、饮水条件喂养。MH7A细胞株购自广州吉妮欧生物科技有限公司。
实验药品、试剂和仪器   黄芩苷购自成都克洛玛生物科技公司, 纯度≥99.0%;弗氏完全佐剂(Freund's complete adjuvant, FCA) 购自美国Sigma公司(批号: SLCD4457); 甲氨蝶呤(methotrexate, MTX) 购自中国食品药品检定研究所(批号: ABSA-2EVR); MP7、3-OBA购自上海创赛科技有限公司, 纯度≥99.0%; 肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α) 购自美国Novus Biologics公司(批号: F10301041); PDK1抗体、GPR81抗体购自上海艾博抗贸易公司(货号: ab90444, ab106942); TNF-α、白细胞介素(interleukin, IL)-10、IL-1β ELISA测定试剂盒购自上海江莱生物科技公司(货号: JL10208、JL13662、JL45629); 乳酸测定试剂盒、丙酮酸测定试剂盒购自南京建成生物有限公司; 乳酸脱氢酶B (lactate dehydrogenase B, LDH-B) 活性检测试剂盒购自美国Biovision公司(货号: K726); 乙酰辅酶A测定试剂盒、柠檬酸测定试剂盒购自上海酶联生物公司; DMEM培养基(货号: C119955BT)、胎牛血清(FBS) (货号: 04-001ACS) 均购于美国Gibico公司; 全波长酶标仪(DR-200Bn, 美国Thermo Fisher公司); ASP组织脱水机(ASP200 S, 德国Leica公司); 荧光显微镜(BX53, 日本Olympus公司); MiLi-Q超纯水机(Advantage A10, 美国Millipore公司)。
CIA大鼠模型制备及分组   将FCA乳化后的鸡Ⅱ型胶原蛋白(CII) 于每只大鼠尾底注射100 μg (设定为第0天), 在初次免疫后1周再注射100 μg不完全弗氏佐剂乳化后的CII增强针[12]。分组情况: 将大鼠在关节炎发病前随机平均分为6组, 每组CIA大鼠分别在免疫成功后第15~30天灌胃BC (50、100、200 mg·kg-1) 和MTX (0.5 mg·kg-1)。正常组和CIA组大鼠给予同等剂量0.5%羧甲基纤维素钠(carboxymethylcellulose sodium, CMC-Na)。
MH7A细胞培养及分组   MH7A是从类风湿关节炎患者切除的滑膜中提取的细胞系, 在含5%胎牛血清和1%青霉素-链霉素溶液的DMEM培养基中培养, 浓度为5% CO2, 温度为37 ℃。组别分别为空白对照组、模型组(TNF-α, 10 ng·mL-1)、BC药物低、中、高浓度组[TNF-α (10 ng·mL-1) + BC (10、20、30 μmol·L-1)]、3-OBA (GPR81抑制剂) 组[TNF-α (10 ng·mL-1) + 3-OBA (10 ng·mL-1)]、MP7 (PDK1抑制剂) 组[TNF-α (10 ng·mL-1) + MP7 (10 ng·mL-1)]。
CIA大鼠关节炎指数测定   关节炎指数(arthritis index, AI) 评分准则见表 1, 总分8分(累计大鼠两后足评分)。
CIA大鼠踝关节组织病理学观察   在免疫后第30天麻醉处死大鼠, 取出大鼠踝关节, 用10%甲醛在磷酸缓冲盐中固定, 梯度乙醇脱水处理, 包埋石蜡后切片厚度为4 μm, 并用中性树脂在苏木精-伊红染色后封片, 于光学显微镜下观察。
免疫组织化学(IHC) 染色观察   将大鼠关节滑膜组织于二甲苯中脱蜡, 乙醇逐级脱水, 并在10 mmol·L-1柠檬酸缓冲液中热修复10 min, 再用3% H2O2孵育切片。清洗后, 分别用GPR81、PDK1抗体在4 oC下孵育过夜, 然后用PBS清洗。在37 oC下将切片与二抗孵育30 min, 并用苏木精染色, 所有图像均于光学显微镜下观察。
细胞炎性因子水平测定    采集各组大鼠血清及MH7A细胞上清, 用ELISA试剂盒按其说明书分别测定IL-1β、IL-10和TNF-α含量。
Western blot分析   将滑膜组织和MH7A分别于RIPA裂解液在冰上混合20 min, BCA蛋白测定试剂盒测定蛋白浓度。蛋白质样品置于10% SDS/PAGE凝胶中, 80~120 V恒压, 60~90 min, 然后转移置200 mA PVDF膜上。转膜后, 于含5%脱脂奶粉的TBST培养箱中, 37 oC封闭3 h, 与一抗4 oC下摇床上孵育过夜, 再TBST洗涤, 蛋白带转移到二抗上, 室温孵育1 h, 加入ECL显影液曝光成像。
糖代谢重编程中间产物、酶活性检测   根据各测定试剂盒说明书对各组大鼠及MH7A细胞的乳酸、丙酮酸、乙酰辅酶A、柠檬酸分泌水平及LDH-B活性进行检测。
统计学分析   数据以均值±标准差表示, 采用单因素方差分析检验和配对资料t检验(SPSS 17.0) 来确定组间的显著差异。在所有检验中, P < 0.05或P < 0.01被认为有统计学意义。
大鼠关节炎肿胀程度代表图见图 1A~D, 相较正常组大鼠, CIA模型组于初次免疫后第7~16天AI评分显著升高, 并于第30天达到峰值, 后不断下降; MTX (0.5 mg·kg-1) 组相比模型组, AI评分在第20天显著下降(P < 0.01); 与模型组相比, BC (50、100、200 mg·kg-1) 大鼠AI评分在初次免疫后第20天呈剂量依赖性明显下降(P < 0.05, P < 0.01), 如图 1E
免疫接种后18天, CIA模型组大鼠滑膜组织显著增厚, 巨噬细胞等炎性细胞浸润以及内膜下较多新生血管(图 2AB)。经给药治疗10天后, MTX (0.5 mg·kg-1) 和BC (200 mg·kg-1) 组滑膜增生明显减轻。BC治疗组和MTX组的关节滑膜组织无或仅有轻度增生, 且只有低水平的炎性细胞聚集浸润及血管增殖(图 2C~F)。
相比正常组, CIA模型组大鼠血清中促炎因子TNF-α和IL-1β水平显著升高(图 3AB, P < 0.01), 抑炎因子IL-10水平显著降低(图 3C, P < 0.01)。BC (50、100、200 mg·kg-1) 可显著降低CIA模型血清中TNF-α、IL-1β表达水平, 并不同程度升高IL-10水平, 其各组药效和MTX (0.5 mg·kg-1) 组相比无显著性差异(图 3C)。与体内发现一致, 体外BC (10、20、30 μmol·L-1) 及MP7、3-OBA处理MH7A细胞后, 与空白对照组相比, TNF-α诱导的MH7A细胞模型组IL-1β、TNF-α表达水平显著升高, IL-10水平显著降低(图 3D~F, P < 0.01), 而BC (10、20、30 μmol·L-1)、MP7 (10 ng·mL-1) 组、3-OBA (10 ng·mL-1) 组皆可显著降低模型组上清中IL-1β、TNF-α表达水平(P < 0.05, P < 0.01), 亦升高抑炎因子IL-10水平, 差异具有显著性(P < 0.05), 见图 3
与正常组相比, CIA模型组大鼠关节滑膜GPR81、PDK1蛋白表达显著升高, BC (50、100、200 mg·kg-1) 处理后, GPR81、PDK1蛋白表达均为降低(图 4A~C), 呈剂量依赖性。相比空白对照组, TNF-α诱导的MH7A细胞模型组GPR81、PDK1表达显著升高, 而BC (10、20、30 μmol·L-1) 和MP7 (10 ng·mL-1) 处理后与模型组比较, GPR81、PDK1蛋白表达均显著降低, 但较3-OBA (10 ng·mL-1) 组, GPR81蛋白表达量升高, PDK1蛋白表达无显著性差异。同时BC (20、30 μmol·L-1) 与MP7处理后的GPR81、PDK1表达无显著差异(图 4D~F)。
另外, 通过IHC检测GPR81、PDK1在CIA大鼠滑膜组织中的表达, 如图 56, BC (50、100、200 mg·kg-1) 组中GPR81、PDK1表达相较于CIA模型组明显减少, 这与Western blot测定结果相一致。
与正常组相比, CIA模型组大鼠关节滑膜中乳酸、丙酮酸分泌水平和LDH-B活性均显著性升高(均P < 0.01), BC (50、100、200 mg·kg-1) 可剂量依赖性显著降低CIA模型滑膜中乳酸、丙酮酸分泌水平和LDH-B活性(图 7A~C)。同样的, 与空白对照组比较, TNF-α诱导的MH7A模型组乳酸、丙酮酸、乙酰辅酶A、柠檬酸分泌水平和LDH-B活性均显著性升高(均P < 0.01), BC (10、20、30 μmol·L-1)、MP7 (10 ng·mL-1) 和3-OBA (10 ng·mL-1) 处理后可显著下调TNF-α诱导的MH7A上清中上述糖代谢产物分泌水平及关键酶活性(图 7D~H)。但与3-OBA处理组相比, BC (30 μmol·L-1)、MP7组调控乳酸、丙酮酸、乙酰辅酶A和柠檬酸分泌水平虽无显著性差异(P > 0.05), 但LDH-B活性具有显著性差异(图 7F)。
RA是一种在全球范围内致病率高达5%的慢性自身免疫性疾病, 并以滑膜异常增生与炎症微环境失衡为特征, 严重侵害患者生活质量[13-15]。微环境的概念于1978年提出用来描述维持细胞存活的特定生理环境[16], 且对维持人体系统中关节腔的稳定性有影响[17]
合适的体内外实验模型是研究RA发病机制和开发新药的基本前提。在本项研究中, CIA模型在临床和组织病理学特征上与人体RA相似, 故选作体内实验模型用于证明BC对人体RA的影响。同时, 类风湿关节炎滑膜成纤维细胞(rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts, RASFs) 来源于RA患者, 是RA的主要效应细胞, 也是滑膜微环境中最重要的参与者之一[18], 异常增殖的滑膜细胞可分泌大量炎性因子, 引起炎性细胞浸润缺氧和滑膜微环境失衡, 加重RA病程[19], 故体外实验模型选用TNF-α诱导的MH7A细胞。本项实验证实FLSs的异常激活, 而BC改善炎性微环境, 剂量依赖性降低CIA大鼠关节炎评分, 表明BC可能对胶原诱导引起的炎症损伤具有保护作用。同时, BC下调体内外模型中丙酮酸、乳酸等糖酵解代谢产物分泌水平, 支持BC介导RA中FLS糖代谢重编程改善CIA大鼠炎症的观点。
研究表明, RA滑膜增生的主要原因是FLSs细胞表现出肿瘤样的过度增殖[20], 用以适应炎症关节内缺氧和营养缺乏的微环境。FLSs细胞会发生肿瘤样的代谢变化, 即葡萄糖向乳酸持续代谢的糖代谢重编程[4, 5]。在糖酵解过程中, 曾经被认为是葡萄糖代谢废物的乳酸, 如今已被证明在调节各种生物和病理过程中起着至关重要的作用, 并在炎症微环境下激活其特异性受体GPR81在细胞膜上穿梭以执行复杂的作用[21]。乳酸被GPR81受体转移至胞内, 被线粒体中LDH-B催化转变为丙酮酸, 为三羧酸循环做准备[22], 随后丙酮酸进入线粒体, 在此过程中PDK1调控着糖酵解向氧化磷酸化的重编程代谢[23]。在本研究中, CIA大鼠滑膜组织中GPR81、PDK1表达显著升高, BC处理后二者又存在显著降低的情况, 发现GPR81、PDK1的表达升高是增殖性FLSs的特征, 而为确证BC对RA中糖代谢重编程GPR81、PDK1等关键通路蛋白的调控, 探究其病理机制, 分析了在给予PDK1抑制剂MP7时, FLSs糖代谢重编程中重要产物和关键酶: 乳酸、丙酮酸、LDH-B、乙酰辅酶A和柠檬酸的分泌水平, 发现其与BC (30 μmol·L-1) 组无显著差别, 且GPR81、PDK1等关键通路蛋白表达也无显著差异。同时又给予GPR81抑制剂3-OBA, FLSs中LDH-B活性不同于BC和MP7处理后的结果, 而是存在显著性差异, 这提示了BC通过抑制PDK1从糖酵解到氧化磷酸化的重编程代谢, 减少FLSs细胞增殖和促炎因子的分泌, 而达到干预RA的目的。
总之, 本研究通过体内外实验表明, 在炎性微环境下RASFs糖代谢重编程被激活, 而PDK1在RASFs增殖中显著升高表达, 其可能是RA治疗具有前景的代谢靶点。同时, BC作为抗RA中成药黄芩清热除痹胶囊的主要抗炎、免疫调节成分, 可缓解CIA大鼠关节炎症, 针对RA中FLSs糖代谢通路及代谢酶进行特异性调节, 最终可抑制PDK1介导糖代谢重编程来缓解关节炎症, 为开发免疫代谢特异性调节的RA治疗药物及其作用靶点提供科学数据和参考。
作者贡献: 祝宇龙负责完成相关实验及论文撰写; 卜妍红、邓然、王言、甘珮蓉负责完成数据采集; 吴虹负责指导实验与修改论文。
利益冲突: 本文所有作者均声明无任何利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上资助项目(81874360)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上资助项目(81473400)
  • 安徽高校自然科学研究重大项目(KJ2021ZD0060)
  • 安徽省高校拔尖人才学术资助项目(gxbjZD2022026)
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1138
  • 接收时间:2022-10-29
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-05-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-10-29
  • 修回日期:2023-02-24
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国家自然科学基金面上资助项目(81874360)
国家自然科学基金面上资助项目(81473400)
安徽高校自然科学研究重大项目(KJ2021ZD0060)
安徽省高校拔尖人才学术资助项目(gxbjZD2022026)
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    安徽中医药大学药学院, 中药研究与开发安徽省重点实验室, 安徽 合肥 230011

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Genus
种数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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