Article(id=1198628504444175245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628499750744699, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1412, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1671638400000, receivedDateStr=2022-12-22, revisedDate=1675267200000, revisedDateStr=2023-02-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763704904899, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1683820800000, pubDateStr=2023-05-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763704904899, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763704904899, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763704904899, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198628499750744699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='5', pageStart='0', pageEnd='1400', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763704903781, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766137655840, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208832201509172104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628499750744699, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208832201509172105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628499750744699, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1196, endPage=1203, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198628506503577630, articleId=1198628504444175245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=The developments of silicosis drugs, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Pneumoconiosis is the most common occupational disease in China, which severely endangers people's health. Depending on the inhaled air pollutants, pneumoconiosis is classified as anthracosis, silicosis, asbestosis, etc., among which silicosis is the most common and serious. Silicosis is a systemic, poor prognostic disease characterized by diffuse fibrosis of lung tissue, which is caused by long-term exposure to dust with high levels of free silicon dioxide (SiO2) in the occupational environment. Appropriate treatment in time is important for the disease. Unfortunately, no effective drugs have been approved to delay or even reverse pulmonary fibrosis caused by SiO2. This review briefly classifies potent therapeutic drugs and compounds in term of mechanisms, providing the probability for clinical treatment of silicosis.

, correspAuthors=Yun ZHAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Tong-tong LIU, Yan-xing HAN, Jian-dong JIANG, Yun ZHAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198628508672032920, articleId=1198628504444175245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=矽肺药物治疗的研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

尘肺是我国发病人数最多、最常见的职业病, 严重危害人民身体健康。根据吸入空气污染物的不同, 尘肺分为: 煤肺、矽肺、石棉肺等, 其中矽肺最为常见且最严重。矽肺是由于长期暴露于职业环境中游离二氧化硅(silicon dioxide, SiO2) 含量较高的粉尘引起的以肺组织弥漫性纤维化为主要特点的全身性疾病, 预后较差, 治愈困难。在矽肺发病早期采用及时正确的药物干预对疾病的治疗具有决定性的作用, 但遗憾的是目前缺乏能有效延缓或逆转矽肺纤维化的药物。本综述按照疾病发病机制分类, 总结探讨了可能应用于临床治疗矽肺的药物及部分未成药化合物, 为矽肺临床治疗提供参考。

, correspAuthors=詹芸, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*詹芸, Tel: 86-10-63017906, E-mail:
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The structure of pirfenidone

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Name Target Indication Clinical stage Mechanism in silicosis Reference
Anakinra IL-1 receptor Inflammatory diseases, sarcoidosis Approval Preventing collagen deposition, reducing the proportion of damaged lung, and diminishing SiO2 nodule formation [40]
SM-17 IL-17 receptor B Asthma, IPF Phase I Inhibiting the accumulation of neutrophils and the development of Th17 [41]
Pamrevlumab CTGF Liver stiffness, IPF Phase Ⅲ Reducing EMT [45]
Infliximab TNF-α Rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis Approval Lessening the expressing of NF-κB signaling and iNOS [43]
Tralokinumab IL-13 Asthma, IPF Approval Inhibition of collagen deposition and myofibroblasts activation [48]
HTPEP-001 TGF-β Pneumoconiosis, IPF Phase I TGF-β reduction, alleviation of fibrotic progress [50]
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Anti-cytokine drugs. IPF: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; CTGF: Connective tissue growth factor

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Name Target Indication Clinical stage Mechanism in silicosis Reference
Anakinra IL-1 receptor Inflammatory diseases, sarcoidosis Approval Preventing collagen deposition, reducing the proportion of damaged lung, and diminishing SiO2 nodule formation [40]
SM-17 IL-17 receptor B Asthma, IPF Phase I Inhibiting the accumulation of neutrophils and the development of Th17 [41]
Pamrevlumab CTGF Liver stiffness, IPF Phase Ⅲ Reducing EMT [45]
Infliximab TNF-α Rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis Approval Lessening the expressing of NF-κB signaling and iNOS [43]
Tralokinumab IL-13 Asthma, IPF Approval Inhibition of collagen deposition and myofibroblasts activation [48]
HTPEP-001 TGF-β Pneumoconiosis, IPF Phase I TGF-β reduction, alleviation of fibrotic progress [50]
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矽肺药物治疗的研究进展
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柳彤彤 , 韩燕星 , 蒋建东 , 詹芸 *
药学学报 | 综述 2023,58(5): 1196-1203
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药学学报 | 综述 2023, 58(5): 1196-1203
矽肺药物治疗的研究进展
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柳彤彤, 韩燕星, 蒋建东, 詹芸*
作者信息
  • 中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 北京 100050

通讯作者:

*詹芸, Tel: 86-10-63017906, E-mail:
The developments of silicosis drugs
Tong-tong LIU, Yan-xing HAN, Jian-dong JIANG, Yun ZHAN*
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2023-05-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1412
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尘肺是我国发病人数最多、最常见的职业病, 严重危害人民身体健康。根据吸入空气污染物的不同, 尘肺分为: 煤肺、矽肺、石棉肺等, 其中矽肺最为常见且最严重。矽肺是由于长期暴露于职业环境中游离二氧化硅(silicon dioxide, SiO2) 含量较高的粉尘引起的以肺组织弥漫性纤维化为主要特点的全身性疾病, 预后较差, 治愈困难。在矽肺发病早期采用及时正确的药物干预对疾病的治疗具有决定性的作用, 但遗憾的是目前缺乏能有效延缓或逆转矽肺纤维化的药物。本综述按照疾病发病机制分类, 总结探讨了可能应用于临床治疗矽肺的药物及部分未成药化合物, 为矽肺临床治疗提供参考。

矽肺  /  纤维化  /  炎症  /  抗氧化  /  细胞因子  /  药物治疗

Pneumoconiosis is the most common occupational disease in China, which severely endangers people's health. Depending on the inhaled air pollutants, pneumoconiosis is classified as anthracosis, silicosis, asbestosis, etc., among which silicosis is the most common and serious. Silicosis is a systemic, poor prognostic disease characterized by diffuse fibrosis of lung tissue, which is caused by long-term exposure to dust with high levels of free silicon dioxide (SiO2) in the occupational environment. Appropriate treatment in time is important for the disease. Unfortunately, no effective drugs have been approved to delay or even reverse pulmonary fibrosis caused by SiO2. This review briefly classifies potent therapeutic drugs and compounds in term of mechanisms, providing the probability for clinical treatment of silicosis.

silicosis  /  fibrosis  /  inflammation  /  anti-oxidation  /  cytokine  /  medication
柳彤彤, 韩燕星, 蒋建东, 詹芸. 矽肺药物治疗的研究进展. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (5) : 1196 -1203 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1412
Tong-tong LIU, Yan-xing HAN, Jian-dong JIANG, Yun ZHAN. The developments of silicosis drugs[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (5) : 1196 -1203 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1412
矽肺常见于从事采矿、牛仔裤生产、珠宝抛光等产业的工人, 他们常年处于二氧化硅(silicon dioxide, SiO2) 高含量的职业环境中, SiO2由呼吸道吸入后在肺部沉积, 引起肺部炎症、肺纤维化甚至肺功能障碍[1]。目前, 矽肺临床治疗主要采用抗感染、支气管解痉、祛痰镇咳、平喘及营养支持等对症治疗, 同时配合汉防己甲素片对因治疗[2], 治疗手段极其有限, 长此以往, 患者常常表现为疾病加重, 引发严重的肺感染、肺气肿、支气管炎、呼吸衰竭、肺癌等并发症, 增加治疗难度[3], 因此临床治疗亟需特异性针对矽肺的治疗药物, 以期达到标本兼治的效果。
矽肺的发展可分为两个主要阶段, 即炎症阶段和纤维化阶段, 分别以炎症细胞聚集和胶原纤维沉积为主要特征[4]。SiO2颗粒经呼吸道进入肺部, 刺激肺泡巨噬细胞分泌炎症因子, 引起中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞等在肺部聚集, 放大炎症反应[5-7]。随后, 炎症因子刺激成纤维细胞分化为肌成纤维细胞(fibroblast to myofibroblast transition, FMT)、上皮细胞转变为成纤维细胞(epithelial-mesenchymal transition, EMT), 分泌合成大量细胞外基质(extracellular matrix, ECM), 最终发展为不可逆的肺部纤维化[8]。因此, 对矽肺的治疗主要集中在抑制炎症和缓解纤维化两方面(图 1)。随着对矽肺发病机制的深入了解, 越来越多新靶点、新机制药物展现出较好的治疗前景, 本文以矽肺发病机制为依据进行分类, 对矽肺治疗药物的研究进展进行总结。
肺组织弥漫性纤维化是矽肺的主要特征, 因此延缓甚至逆转矽肺纤维化进程是矽肺治疗的首要目标。目前, 特异性针对矽肺纤维化的药物尚未出现, 但经美国食品和药物管理局批准用于特发性肺纤维化(idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, IPF) 的吡非尼酮和尼达尼布在矽肺中的作用已得到充分证明[9, 10], 同时, 在我国上市多年的汉防己甲素也用于治疗矽肺纤维化, 改善肺功能[11]。这些药物主要在矽肺纤维化阶段发挥药理作用, 尽管对SiO2诱导的炎症因子产生、炎症小体激活等过程均有一定调节作用, 但缓解炎症作用有限, 因此将其列为抗纤维化药物。
尼达尼布(nintedanib, ND, 图 2) 是首批批准用于治疗IPF的药物之一, 对矽肺纤维化也有很好的治疗效果[10]。ND具有酪氨酸激酶抑制剂活性, 竞争性结合ATP结合口袋, 靶向多种生长因子受体阻断细胞内信号转导级联反应, 调节细胞增殖, 最初应用于肿瘤的治疗[12]。研究发现, ND对矽肺炎症及纤维化阶段的多个步骤均有调节作用。ND能直接抑制SiO2引起的炎症反应, 减少中性粒细胞和淋巴细胞在肺部浸润与聚集, 降低肺部白介素(interleukin, IL)-1β、IL-6及部分趋化因子水平, 缓解肺部炎症、肉芽肿形成和纤维化进程[10]。其次, ND可以阻断因SiO2受损的肺上皮细胞分泌的大量细胞因子与成纤维细胞表面受体的结合, 包括成纤维细胞生长因子(fibroblast growth factor, FGF)、血小板衍生生长因子(platelet derived growth factor, PDGF)、血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF) 等[13], 抑制肺成纤维细胞增殖。ND也可以抑制受体酪氨酸激酶FLT-3和非受体酪氨酸激酶Lck、Lyn、Src家族的活性, 直接抑制成纤维细胞的过度增殖, 抑制矽肺纤维化[10]。此外, ND可以抑制转化生长因子(transforming growth factor, TGF)-β诱导的FMT及EMT, 减少ECM合成和沉积[10, 14], 同时, 促进肺成纤维细胞分泌基质金属蛋白酶2, 减少基质金属蛋白水解酶组织抑制因子-2的分泌, 促进对ECM的降解, 抑制矽肺纤维化[15]
吡非尼酮(pirfenidone, PF, 图 3) 是吡啶酮类小分子化合物, 通过抗炎、抗纤维化等多重作用机制抑制矽肺发展。王辰团队[9]发现PF减轻早、晚期SiO2诱导的肺功能障碍、减少炎性细胞因子[肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor, TNF)-α、IL-1β、IL-6] 的分泌和纤维化蛋白(胶原蛋白1和纤连蛋白) 的沉积, PF还直接抑制IL-17的分泌, 有效改善了小鼠模型中SiO2诱导的肺功能障碍、肺部炎症和纤维化。巨噬细胞极化是矽肺发展的关键步骤之一, 研究表明, PF干预矽肺大鼠后, 炎性细胞因子和M1/M2巨噬细胞表面标志物均不同程度的降低, PF主要通过JAK2/STAT3信号通路抑制巨噬细胞极化来减少矽肺大鼠的肺纤维化[16]。EMT在矽肺纤维化中起重要作用, PF在大鼠体内调节TGF-β/Smad2/3和JAK2/STAT3信号通路, 抑制成纤维细胞过度增殖和EMT的发生, 阻止表型转移, 维持细胞间连接, 缓解纤维化[16, 17]。此外, PF还通过TAK1-MAPK-Snail/NF-κB通路抑制NLRP3炎性小体的激活, 减少IL-1β、IL-18的分泌, 进而抑制SiO2诱导的人支气管上皮16HBE细胞发生EMT[18]。尽管目前的研究肯定了PF和ND对矽肺纤维化的缓解作用, 但由于其对肺泡上皮细胞干性的影响, 对重症肺纤维化并不能起到良好的治疗作用[19]
汉防己甲素(tetrandrine, TET, 图 4) 是从中草药中提取的天然产物, 属于双苄基异喹啉类生物碱, 是中国唯一获批用于治疗矽肺纤维化的药物[20], 能通过多种作用途径缓解矽肺的纤维化。早在90年代, 我国科研工作者就已证实汉防己甲素是一种非选择性钙离子通道阻断剂, 降低细胞内钙离子浓度, 减轻SiO2对兔肺泡巨噬细胞的细胞毒作用[21]。最新研究证实TET降低矽肺大鼠肺组织中的TNF-α、TGF-β1、IL-1β和IL-6表达[22], 靶向经典和非经典NLRP3信号通路共同上游组分, 抑制NLRP3炎症小体激活, 减轻肺部炎症和纤维化[20]。值得注意的是, TET水溶性低, 生物利用度差, 在体内代谢慢、易蓄积, 长期用药降低心血管系统、肝、肾功能[23]。因此, 尽管TET在临床应用已有数十年, 却因其毒副作用导致应用受限。
肺泡巨噬细胞是抵御气管外来物质入侵的第一道防线, 当空气中SiO2颗粒经呼吸道进入肺部时, 肺泡巨噬细胞表面受体识别SiO2颗粒并激活下游炎症小体释放大量细胞因子和趋化因子, 引发严重的炎症反应, 这些促炎因子持续刺激肺组织, 诱导ECM沉积, 促进肺部纤维化[5, 24, 25]。此外, SiO2激活的炎症细胞释放大量活性氧和活性氮等自由基, 过度的氧化应激损伤肺泡上皮细胞, 促进更多炎症因子分泌, 加重肺实质损伤及间质纤维化[26]。对矽肺患者的肺组织和肺泡灌洗液进行研究分析, 发现它们都存在淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞为主的炎症细胞浸润和较高炎症因子水平, 因此可以考虑使用缓解炎症反应的抗炎药物治疗矽肺。
糖皮质激素可以抑制中性粒细胞和淋巴细胞等炎症细胞的浸润, 抑制肺泡巨噬细胞的增殖和分泌并减少成纤维细胞分化增生, 因而减慢肺纤维化的进程[27, 28]。有较多研究表明, 糖皮质激素类药物可有效减轻SiO2引起的肺部炎症。如大鼠滴注SiO2前使用地塞米松预处理显著降低了炎症和NF-κB的表达, 并减少肺泡灌洗液中总细胞和中性粒细胞的计数, 缓解肺部纤维化[29, 30]。使用非甾体抗炎药阿司匹林联合磷虾油治疗矽肺大鼠发现, 大鼠体内消炎介质释放增加, 纤维化因子释放降低, 最大限度地缓解了肺部炎症, 进一步防止成纤维细胞的活化、ECM的沉积和肺实质细胞的破坏[31]。然而, 这两类抗炎药物减轻矽肺纤维化的功效有一定限度。糖皮质激素(地塞米松) 可以降低肺损伤程度, 减少促炎细胞因子(TNF-α和IL-1β) 的表达, 但对二氧化硅诱导TGF-β、IL-10及纤维化没有显著影响。同样, 吡罗昔康对SiO2诱导的肺部炎性浸润有所缓解, 但并未改变胶原蛋白、TGF-β及IL-10的表达。并且, 研究表明这两类药物对SiO2处理的NMRI小鼠炎症和肺纤维化也无明显缓解过程[32], 而且长期使用抗炎药物易引起骨质疏松、骨坏死、血脂血压异常甚至生长抑制, 给患者带来沉重负担, 因此, 此类药物在临床上并未广泛使用[33]
除以上经典的抗炎药外, 双环醇是临床常用的抗病毒性肝炎药物[34], 本课题组目前的研究[35]结果表明, 在矽肺大鼠模型中, 双环醇调节肺部巨噬细胞的聚集与活化, 从而缓解肺部炎症, 显著抑制SiO2结节和纤维化增生。异甘草酸镁也是临床常用抗肝炎、肝纤维化的药物, 近年有研究发现异甘草酸镁对SiO2、博来霉素及放射诱导的肺纤维化、百草枯中毒导致的肺部损伤均有一定的治疗作用[36-38]。双环醇和异甘草酸镁毒副作用小、抗纤维化作用广且均已在我国批准上市, 是矽肺治疗的潜在药物之一, 需要更多的临床前研究为临床用药提供依据。
矽肺发展过程中会产生大量的细胞因子, 因此使用特异性细胞因子单克隆抗体或细胞因子受体拮抗剂缓解炎症是治疗矽肺的有效策略。
IL-1β是矽肺发生过程中重要的促炎因子, 加重矽肺的发展。在矽肺形成过程中, 它既可介导肺泡炎症的发生, 又可促进间质损伤、修复乃至过度修复引起间质纤维化, 促进矽肺进展[39]。使用IL-1受体拮抗剂阿那白滞素治疗SiO2纤维化小鼠后, 小鼠体内胶原沉积延缓, 肺受损比例降低, SiO2诱导的结节形成减少[29]。矽肺患者临床应用阿那白滞素皮下注射100毫克/天, 持续6个月后, 临床报告显示患者呼吸系统症状逐渐改善[40]
IL-17通过调节Th细胞平衡、促进细胞因子产生等促进矽肺炎症, 使用IL-17单克隆抗体后SiO2诱导的肺部炎症和纤维化进展有所缓解[41]。实验结果表明, 中和IL-17降低CD4+ T细胞中Th17细胞占比和IL-6和IL-1β的表达, 增加调节性T细胞占比, 抑制Th1/Th2免疫反应, 延缓矽肺的发展[42]
矽肺患者体内TNF-α水平增加显著, 在SiO2小鼠肺纤维化模型中, 输注TNF-α拮抗剂可降低肺纤维化的生化标志物浓度, 缓解肺受损, 减少胶原蛋白结节的形成。SiO2诱导的急性肺损伤大鼠使用英夫利昔单抗后肺病理状态显著改善, 炎性细胞数和胶原沉积减少, 体内TNF-α水平降低, NF-κB信号和诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase, iNOS) 的表达下调[29, 43]
生长因子水平与矽肺的发展紧密相关[14], 其中, 结缔组织生长因子(connective tissue growth factor, CTGF) 是促进成纤维细胞分裂和胶原沉积的生长因子, 其过度表达促进矽肺纤维化[44]。在SiO2小鼠模型中, CTGF水平明显高于正常组, 给予pamrevlumab (CTGF抗体) 28天后, 肺纤维化程度明显降低[45]
IL-13是矽肺关键的促炎和纤维化的细胞因子, 通过直接作用于肺成纤维细胞和巨噬细胞促进肺纤维化和肉芽肿的形成[46, 47]。使用tralokinumab靶向IL-13阻断了矽肺异常肺部重构, 增强肺组织修复缓解纤维化[48]。经鼻给IL-13-PE (IL-13的重组外毒素) 治疗矽肺小鼠, 不仅增加了SiO2颗粒的清除率, 降低肺内细胞因子水平, 还显著抑制了肺部纤维化, 增强肺功能, 因此, 重组免疫毒素是研发矽肺药物的方向之一[49]
除以上生物大分子药物外, 也展开了部分小分子细胞因子靶向药物的研究。TGF-β是矽肺发生过程中研究最为广泛的细胞因子, TGF-β对ECM积累、EMT、基质降解、TGF-β/Smad信号通路等纤维化过程都有影响[13]。成都惠泰生物医药有限公司目前在研的有机杂环药物HTPEP-001以TGF-β为靶点用于矽肺的治疗, 目前正处于临床I期试验。
综上所述, 细胞因子靶向药物旨在中和或抑制促炎、促纤维化因子的分泌, 抑制炎症阶段细胞因子反应, 延缓纤维化进程, 有望成为矽肺治疗的有效手段。表 1[40, 41, 43, 45, 48, 50]总结了目前可能应用于矽肺治疗的细胞因子靶向药及其作用机制。
长期接触SiO2等粉尘造成机体氧化与抗氧化能力失衡也是矽肺的发病机制之一[26], 因此, 使用抗氧化药物减少粉尘刺激带来的氧化应激对肺上皮的损伤也能在一定程度上延缓矽肺的病程发展。
N-乙酰半胱氨酸(N-acetylcysteine, NAC) 是临床常用祛痰药, 具有较强的抗氧化作用, 研究表明, 使用NAC治疗矽肺大鼠, 降低了肺泡巨噬细胞活性氧的含量, 抑制线粒体凋亡途径, 进而降低炎症因子水平, 从而减轻肺纤维化[51]。同样, 在矽肺小鼠模型中, NAC下调氧化酶浓度, 增强抗氧化活性, 增加钙黏蛋白E的表达, 降低维生素和细胞色素C的表达[52]。这些结果表明, NAC对SiO2诱导的肺纤维化有一定的保护作用, 是临床常用矽肺对症治疗药物之一。
依达拉奉是一种公认的自由基清除剂, 矽肺患者服用依达拉奉后出现了较好疗效, 患者肺功能有较明显提升[53]。有研究发现, 依达拉奉处理后矽肺大鼠体内丙二醛降低, 还原性谷胱甘肽活力提高, 证实了依达拉奉对SiO2导致的氧化-抗氧化系统失衡的调节作用, 缓解矽肺纤维化进展[54]
金水宝胶囊是一种中药制剂, 以冬虫夏草菌丝为主要成分, 具有抗炎、抗氧化及免疫调节的药理作用[55]。临床用药常用金水宝胶囊治疗矽肺患者, 该药降低了炎性反应(降低血清TNF-α和TGF-β水平), 改善患者肺活量及最大通气量, 提高了临床疗效及患者生存质量[56]。此外, 矽肺大鼠使用金水宝胶囊治疗后丙二醛水平和超氧化物歧化酶活力均有显著的改善[57]
抗氧化药物主要是恢复机体氧化-抗氧化系统的平衡, 对纤维化阶段成纤维细胞过度增殖、FMT及EMT等过程抑制作用较弱, 因此需要与其他药物联用。临床患者使用NAC与TET治疗后, 肺部胶原沉积降低, 肺纤维化和炎症得到缓解, 并改善了患者的肺功能和运动耐受性[58, 59]。而抗氧化药物与抗炎或者其他种类药物联用治疗矽肺的效果仍需进一步的观察。
SiO2颗粒可诱导自噬相关基因表达增高, 溶酶体数量减少, 诱导巨噬细胞自噬, 进而肺纤维化[5, 60], 因此, 通过药物影响自噬溶酶体系统成为治疗矽肺的可能途径之一。
转录调控因子EB (transcription factor EB, TFEB) 是目前发现的唯一既能促进自噬又能改善溶酶体功能, 将自噬和溶酶体有效联系起来的基因。海藻糖是一种天然非还原性双糖, 是生物制剂、医药、食品保健品中广泛应用的添加剂之一。动物体内实验表明, 海藻糖能够激活TFEB, 改善溶酶体功能, 促进自噬体溶酶体结合, 恢复自噬溶酶体系统的功能, 减少大分子物质聚集, 减轻矽肺模型凋亡和炎性因子的释放, 从而减轻肺纤维化[61, 62]
薯蓣皂苷是多种中草药和天然产物的活性成分, 也是以半合成方式生产部分甾体激素类抗炎药物的重要基础原料, 临床上用于冠心病、心绞痛的治疗。研究表明, 薯蓣皂苷通过促进肺泡巨噬细胞自噬, 减少活性氧的形成, 保护细胞免受SiO2诱导的异常凋亡, 减轻肺部炎症和纤维化[60], 但其用于矽肺的临床治疗仍需更多基础研究的支持。
环磷酸腺苷(cyclic adenosine monophosphate, cAMP) 是由腺苷酸环化酶激活刺激性G蛋白(Gαs) 或阻断抑制性G蛋白(Gαi) 时产生的第二信使, 在磷酸二酯酶的作用下降解。研究表明, cAMP浓度与矽肺相关细胞的增殖和凋亡、ECM合成、炎症反应、EMT等过程相关, 这些作用机制使cAMP用于矽肺治疗成为可能[63-65]
耿玉聪等[66]在矽肺大鼠腹腔埋入含N-乙酰基-丝氨酰-天门冬氨酰-赖氨酰-脯氨酸(Ac-SDKP) 的微量缓释泵, 大鼠纤维化得到了明显缓解, 他们认为Ac-SDKP主要通过影响Gαs/Gαi-cAMP信号通路发挥作用, Ac-SDKP上调Gαs蛋白、抑制Gαi蛋白表达、促进了cAMP水平的上调, 从而抑制了胶原沉积和纤维化的进展。
二丁酰-cAMP (db-cAMP) 是cAMP的细胞渗透性类似物, db-cAMP调节Gαs蛋白并抑制Gαi蛋白的表达, 从而增加内源性cAMP浓度。db-cAMP主要通过蛋白激酶A信号传导增加cAMP反应元件结合蛋白磷酸化, 干扰p-Smad2/3与CREB结合蛋白的结合, 抑制肌成纤维细胞分化和ECM沉积, 使用db-cAMP治疗矽肺大鼠, 发现矽肺结节的数量和大小明显减小[67]。遗憾的是, cAMP浓度增加易引起支气管扩张, 导致支气管炎、肺结核、咯血等矽肺并发症的加重, 临床应用受限[68, 69]
除经典药物治疗手段外, 细胞疗法、基因治疗等新型生物药物也有望用于矽肺的治疗。
SiO2吸入引起气管上皮细胞损伤, 为了维持气道上皮的完整性和正常功能, 有限的上皮干细胞会通过增殖分化修复损伤。然而, SiO2的长期暴露会导致上皮干细胞的增殖衰竭, 最终通过EMT导致气道上皮重塑[70, 71]。因此, 恢复肺内源性上皮干细胞的效力是矽肺治疗的替代策略。已有报道使用了骨髓干细胞、脂肪干细胞、脐带间充质干细胞治疗矽肺[70, 72]。干细胞还具有免疫调节功能, 如间质干细胞参与调节多种免疫细胞的增殖, 影响细胞因子的合成释放, 发挥免疫重建的功能, 这些特性优势使其成为治疗矽肺的先进手段[73, 74]
非编码核糖核酸(non coding RNA, ncRNA) 是矽肺疾病中重要的调节因子, 目前发现与矽肺相关的有微小RNA (microRNA, miRNA)、长链ncRNA (long ncRNA, lncRNA) 和环状RNA (circular RNA, circRNA)[75]。其中miRNA表达失调及其调控的胞内信号级联反应紊乱与矽肺ECM沉积、瘢痕形成相关, miRNA治疗通过正/负调控靶蛋白的表达而治疗肺纤维化[76]。如miR-503靶向调控VEGF、FGF靶蛋白, 抑制SiO2诱导的成纤维细胞的激活和肌成纤维细胞分化[77], miR-133a下调TGF-β1诱导FMT模型中胶原蛋白和α-肌动蛋白的表达, 并维持基质金属蛋白酶的表达, 从而促进ECM的降解[78]。因此, 使用基因治疗的手段平衡miRNA等的表达也是治疗矽肺的手段之一。lncRNA作为非编码RNA中的一种, 在肺纤维化中的调控作用也被人们注意。lncRNA UCA1参与多种癌症的EMT过程, 已被证明可竞争性吸附miR-204-5p, 靶向锌指蛋白1, 从而促进EMT和癌细胞的侵袭和迁移。小鼠矽肺模型中, 沉默UCA1可以上调miR-204-5p的表达, 降低锌指蛋白1的水平, 从而抑制EMT过程[79]。circRNA也可以通过调控EMT、FMT的发生及巨噬细胞活化等过程参与调控矽肺纤维化[80]。ncRNA通过不同的作用机制调节矽肺炎症和纤维化, 因此调控ncRNA表达对矽肺的治疗是可行且有前途的。目前, ncRNA疗法的特异性、药物递送和耐受性相关问题还有待解决, 其应用于临床治疗仍然需要较为漫长的时间。
综上, 研究者们从抗纤维化、抗氧化、抗炎、恢复自噬溶酶体系统功能、增加cAMP浓度、补充干细胞等方面进行了广泛的研究。虽然其中完全成药上市的化合物较少, 但已经取得了进步, 为患者带来了希望。目前, 在精准医疗新形势指导下, 研发治疗矽肺纤维化的特异性药物势必会成为研究者们关注的热点。矽肺发病机制复杂且多样, 目前对其预防、诊断、治疗方案尚未明确。因此, 研发早期预防、早期诊断和及时的药物治疗手段具有重要意义。《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》将职业健康列为重大项目之一, 相信在不久的将来, 研究者将探索出更多靶向矽肺病纤维化的药物, 改善全球矽肺病患者的预后。
  • 中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程(2022-I2M-2-002)
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2023年第58卷第5期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1412
  • 接收时间:2022-12-22
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-05-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-12-22
  • 修回日期:2023-02-02
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中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程(2022-I2M-2-002)
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    中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 北京 100050

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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