Article(id=1198628503559177080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628499750744699, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1152, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1666972800000, receivedDateStr=2022-10-29, revisedDate=1678809600000, revisedDateStr=2023-03-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763704904689, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1683820800000, pubDateStr=2023-05-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763704904689, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763704904689, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763704904689, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198628499750744699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='5', pageStart='0', pageEnd='1400', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763704903781, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766137655840, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1208832201509172104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628499750744699, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1208832201509172105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198628499750744699, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1117, endPage=1127, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198628505115263912, articleId=1198628503559177080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Label-free target discovery technology of small molecule drug and its application in traditional Chinese medicines, columnId=1198628500522496638, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports: Active Ingredients and Mechanism of Action of Traditional Chinese Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The discovery of drug targets plays a crucial role in drug research. Accurate information of small molecule drug-protein interaction can be provided by label-free target discovery technology without any structural modification at the small molecule. So, the label-free drug target discovery technology had become the powerful tool to discover the targets of drugs. Due to the "multi-component and multi-target" characteristics of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), the research on its targets and mechanism had been restricted. Based on potential of the label-free target discovery technology in the research of TCMs, this paper summarized the label-free target discovery technology and its application in TCMs research. It will provide a reference for the discovery of targets of TCMs and a new view for promoting the modernization of TCMs.

, correspAuthors=Jian-liang ZHOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yuan-yuan LIN, Jin-hao YU, Hua-qiu LU, Xuan CHEN, Ning-bo CHEN, Jian-liang ZHOU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198628507015282756, articleId=1198628503559177080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=非标记小分子药物靶点发现技术及其在中药研究中的应用, columnId=1198628500665102977, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道: 中药活性成分与作用机制, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

药物靶点的发现在药物研发中发挥着至关重要的作用, 非标记的药物靶点发现技术因其无需改造药物小分子结构, 能更真实反映小分子药物与靶点互作, 成为药物靶点发现的新途径。中药(traditional Chinese medicines, TCMs) 具有多成分、多靶点的特性, 其作用靶点及机制的研究备受制约, 鉴于非标记的药物靶点发现技术在TCMs化学成分靶点发现研究中的应用潜力, 本文综述了非标记的药物靶点发现新技术及其在TCMs研究中的应用, 为TCMs化学成分靶点的发现提供参考, 为促进TCMs现代化的发展提供新思路。

, correspAuthors=周建良, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*周建良, Tel: 86-571-28860237, E-mail:
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#共同第一作者.

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Don extraction selectively targets stemness-prone NSCLC cells by attenuating SOX2/SMO/GLI1 network loop, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1198960123998733230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628503559177080, awardId=82104544, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(82104544), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198960124141339578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628503559177080, awardId=82074270, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(82074270), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198960124267168712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628503559177080, awardId=LY20H290008, language=CN, fundingSource=浙江省自然科学基金(LY20H290008), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198960116738392242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628503559177080, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960116742586547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628503559177080, companyId=1198960116738392242, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198960116750975157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628503559177080, companyId=1198960116738392242, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=杭州师范大学药学院, 浙江 杭州 311121)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1198960121394070170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628503559177080, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=e3fGccIRivdfSApDdCptCQ==, figureFileBig=3iikM9+w0l6mHrTHEsIT4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960121498927779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628503559177080, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= Schematic representation of label-free drug target discovery technology as an emerging platform for target discovery from traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). DARTS: Drug affinity responsive target stability; SPROX: Stability of proteins from rates of oxidation; CETSA: Cellular thermal shift assay; SIP: Solvent-induced protein precipitation; MSIPP: Mechanical stress induced protein precipitation; I-PISA: Ion-based proteome-integrated solubility alteration assays; TRAP: Target responsive accessibility profiling; TM: Transition midpoint , figureFileSmall=e3fGccIRivdfSApDdCptCQ==, figureFileBig=3iikM9+w0l6mHrTHEsIT4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960121641534132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628503559177080, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=NhRUUKEyPsjyXi5zkgTbXg==, figureFileBig=L4Z6KWy8UDAUw+6FBzG1zA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960121821889223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628503559177080, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Label-free drug target discovery technology based on DARTS. LC-MS/MS: Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry , figureFileSmall=NhRUUKEyPsjyXi5zkgTbXg==, figureFileBig=L4Z6KWy8UDAUw+6FBzG1zA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960121947718359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628503559177080, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=zRYqn4nfIgrwP9ELb7hp1g==, figureFileBig=3c/0whe7/Ic2JzdGdgpCUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960122065158885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628503559177080, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Label-free drug target discovery technology based on CETSA. A: The mechanism and process of CETSA; B: Target discovery techniques derived from CETSA. ITDRF-CETSA: Isothermal dose-response fingerprint CETSA; TPP: Thermal proteome profiling; PISA: Proteome integral solubility alteration; MAPS: Microparticle-assisted precipitation screening; PSTPP: Precipitate-supported TPP; iTSA: Isothermal shift assay , figureFileSmall=zRYqn4nfIgrwP9ELb7hp1g==, figureFileBig=3c/0whe7/Ic2JzdGdgpCUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960122170016502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628503559177080, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=nUTtzDSKV+4U7iDXyPY9Jw==, figureFileBig=224kCXG404KeNVNK43oNtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198960122316817159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628503559177080, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Label-free drug target discovery technology based on SPROX. 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Cell line Target protein Compound TCMs
Human embryonic kidney 293T Protein phosphatase 2A Arctigenin Fructus arctii[46]
HeLa Importin-β1 Magnolol Magnolia officinalis[47]
Jurkat Nucleolin Oridonin Rabdosia rubescens (Hemsl.) Hara[48]
Madin-Darby canine kidney Neuraminidase Isoimperatorin Angelica dahurica[49]
A549 Quinone oxidoreductase 2 Curcumin Rhizoma Curcumae[50]
H9c2 Collagen I Protocatechualdehyde Radix Salviae Miltiorrhiae[51]
), ArticleFig(id=1198960123126317911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628503559177080, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Target discovery of TCMs active components based on label-free target discovery technology combined with SPR/molecular docking technology

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cell line Target protein Compound TCMs
Human embryonic kidney 293T Protein phosphatase 2A Arctigenin Fructus arctii[46]
HeLa Importin-β1 Magnolol Magnolia officinalis[47]
Jurkat Nucleolin Oridonin Rabdosia rubescens (Hemsl.) Hara[48]
Madin-Darby canine kidney Neuraminidase Isoimperatorin Angelica dahurica[49]
A549 Quinone oxidoreductase 2 Curcumin Rhizoma Curcumae[50]
H9c2 Collagen I Protocatechualdehyde Radix Salviae Miltiorrhiae[51]
), ArticleFig(id=1198960123235369830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628503559177080, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cell line Target protein Compound TCMs
CNE-2 Nucleolin Curcumol Curcuma wenyujin Y. H. Chenet C. Ling[52]
RAW 264.7 High mobility group protein 1 Celastrol Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f.[53]
HeLa Vacuolar-type H+-translocating ATPase Toosendanin Melia toosendan Sieb. et Zucc[54]
Duke University 145 SHP-2 tyrosine phosphatase Geranylnaringenin Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg[55]
Duke University 145 Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 2-Hydroxycinnamaldehyde Cinnamomum cassia[56]
MLE-12; MH-S Interferon gene Icaritin Epimedium brevicornu Maxim.[57]
), ArticleFig(id=1198960123352810357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628503559177080, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Target discovery of TCMs active components based on label-free target discovery technology combined with activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) technology

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cell line Target protein Compound TCMs
CNE-2 Nucleolin Curcumol Curcuma wenyujin Y. H. Chenet C. Ling[52]
RAW 264.7 High mobility group protein 1 Celastrol Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f.[53]
HeLa Vacuolar-type H+-translocating ATPase Toosendanin Melia toosendan Sieb. et Zucc[54]
Duke University 145 SHP-2 tyrosine phosphatase Geranylnaringenin Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg[55]
Duke University 145 Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 2-Hydroxycinnamaldehyde Cinnamomum cassia[56]
MLE-12; MH-S Interferon gene Icaritin Epimedium brevicornu Maxim.[57]
), ArticleFig(id=1198960123470250883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628503559177080, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cell line Target protein Compound TCMs
Rat PC12 pheochromocytoma cells Apoptosis regulator Bax Icariin Epimedium brevicornu Maxim.[58]
SH‐SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells Dynamin-related protein 1 Andrographolide Andrographis paniculata[59]
BV-2 murine microglial cells Anti-silencing factor 1a Artone Artemisia giraldii[60]
HepG2; Huh7 T-cell factor Bruceine D Brucea javanica[61]
Primary neonatal rat ventricular myocytes Pyruvate kinase isoform M2 Protocatechuic aldehyde Radix Salviae Miltiorrhiae[62]
A549 Cellular-mesenchymal epithelial transition factor Dictamnine Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz.[63]
), ArticleFig(id=1198960123646411668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198628503559177080, language=CN, label=Table 3, caption=

Target discovery of TCMs active components based on two or more label-free target discovery technology

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cell line Target protein Compound TCMs
Rat PC12 pheochromocytoma cells Apoptosis regulator Bax Icariin Epimedium brevicornu Maxim.[58]
SH‐SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells Dynamin-related protein 1 Andrographolide Andrographis paniculata[59]
BV-2 murine microglial cells Anti-silencing factor 1a Artone Artemisia giraldii[60]
HepG2; Huh7 T-cell factor Bruceine D Brucea javanica[61]
Primary neonatal rat ventricular myocytes Pyruvate kinase isoform M2 Protocatechuic aldehyde Radix Salviae Miltiorrhiae[62]
A549 Cellular-mesenchymal epithelial transition factor Dictamnine Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz.[63]
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非标记小分子药物靶点发现技术及其在中药研究中的应用
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林园园 # , 喻金浩 # , 卢华秋 , 陈萱 , 陈宁波 , 周建良 *
药学学报 | 专题报道: 中药活性成分与作用机制 2023,58(5): 1117-1127
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药学学报 | 专题报道: 中药活性成分与作用机制 2023, 58(5): 1117-1127
非标记小分子药物靶点发现技术及其在中药研究中的应用
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林园园#, 喻金浩#, 卢华秋, 陈萱, 陈宁波, 周建良*
作者信息
  • 杭州师范大学药学院, 浙江 杭州 311121

通讯作者:

*周建良, Tel: 86-571-28860237, E-mail:
Label-free target discovery technology of small molecule drug and its application in traditional Chinese medicines
Yuan-yuan LIN, Jin-hao YU, Hua-qiu LU, Xuan CHEN, Ning-bo CHEN, Jian-liang ZHOU*
Affiliations
  • School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
出版时间: 2023-05-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1152
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药物靶点的发现在药物研发中发挥着至关重要的作用, 非标记的药物靶点发现技术因其无需改造药物小分子结构, 能更真实反映小分子药物与靶点互作, 成为药物靶点发现的新途径。中药(traditional Chinese medicines, TCMs) 具有多成分、多靶点的特性, 其作用靶点及机制的研究备受制约, 鉴于非标记的药物靶点发现技术在TCMs化学成分靶点发现研究中的应用潜力, 本文综述了非标记的药物靶点发现新技术及其在TCMs研究中的应用, 为TCMs化学成分靶点的发现提供参考, 为促进TCMs现代化的发展提供新思路。

药物靶点发现技术  /  非标记  /  中药  /  复杂样品  /  活性成分

The discovery of drug targets plays a crucial role in drug research. Accurate information of small molecule drug-protein interaction can be provided by label-free target discovery technology without any structural modification at the small molecule. So, the label-free drug target discovery technology had become the powerful tool to discover the targets of drugs. Due to the "multi-component and multi-target" characteristics of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), the research on its targets and mechanism had been restricted. Based on potential of the label-free target discovery technology in the research of TCMs, this paper summarized the label-free target discovery technology and its application in TCMs research. It will provide a reference for the discovery of targets of TCMs and a new view for promoting the modernization of TCMs.

drug target discovery technology  /  label-free  /  traditional Chinese medicine  /  complex sample  /  active component
林园园, 喻金浩, 卢华秋, 陈萱, 陈宁波, 周建良. 非标记小分子药物靶点发现技术及其在中药研究中的应用. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (5) : 1117 -1127 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1152
Yuan-yuan LIN, Jin-hao YU, Hua-qiu LU, Xuan CHEN, Ning-bo CHEN, Jian-liang ZHOU. Label-free target discovery technology of small molecule drug and its application in traditional Chinese medicines[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (5) : 1117 -1127 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1152
药物靶点是指药物与机体内生物大分子的直接结合部位, 主要包括受体、酶、离子通道、转运体和核酸等生物大分子[1], 药物分子通过作用于药物靶点并调控药物靶点的生物学功能进而发挥其作用[2]。现代小分子化学新药大部分是基于已知靶点进行设计, 靶点较为明确, 而中药(traditional Chinese medicines, TCMs) 具有“多成分-多靶点”的特点, 复杂的物质基础必然对应庞大而复杂的药理机制, 这一直是TCMs发展的关键点及挑战。TCMs活性成分通过作用于疾病网络的关键靶点发挥调控及治疗作用, 找出TCMs中发挥药理作用的活性成分及其作用的关键靶点是阐明TCMs作用机制的关键, 且目前已知的药物靶点非常有限, 在TCMs成分及靶点阐明的过程中, 还可能发现一些潜在的疾病关键靶点, 这必将为对疾病机制的阐释及新药的研发提供重要基础。目前常用的靶点发现技术主要为标记型-化学蛋白质组学法如基于活性的分子探针靶点发现技术(activity-based protein profiling, ABPP)、基于非标记的靶点发现技术如基于氧化速率的蛋白质稳定方法(stability of proteins from rates of oxidation, SPROX)、表面等离子共振(surface pasmon resonance, SPR) 及分子对接技术等[1]。其中, 非标记的靶点发现技术因其不改变小分子药物的结构、普适性强、具有精准发现的优点而被广泛应用和发展。基于非标记靶点发现技术主要依赖的是小分子药物与靶点结合后形成稳定的复合物, 对外界某些破坏力的敏感度较于非结合蛋白降低, 例如, 基于小分子药物与靶点结合后形成稳定的复合物对蛋白酶敏感度降低的药物亲和反应的靶点稳定性技术(drug affinity responsive target stability, DARTS)[3], 基于小分子药物与靶点结合后形成稳定的复合物对热变性敏感度降低的细胞热位移分析技术(cellular thermal shift assay, CETSA)[4], 基于小分子药物与靶点结合后形成稳定的复合物对溶剂、机械应力及离子诱导变性敏感度降低的溶剂诱导蛋白沉淀(solvent-induced protein precipitation, SIP) 技术、机械应力诱导蛋白沉淀(mechanical stress induced protein precipitation, MSIPP) 技术及基于离子的蛋白质组综合溶解度改变技术(ion-based proteome-integrated solubility alteration assays, I-PISA)[5-7]等。此外, 靶点与小分子药物结合后其空间位阻增加, 目标蛋白质配体结合区中的反应性残基被化学探针标记的能力下降, 基于此特性提出的基于靶点响应性可及性变化谱技术(target responsive accessibility profiling, TRAP)[8], 不仅可以用来发现小分子药物结合的靶蛋白, 同时可以一定程度上揭示药物-靶蛋白结合区域。本文将详细总结基于非标记靶点发现技术及其在TCMs研究中的应用, 以期为TCMs物质基础及靶点的研究提供参考与借鉴。
非标记小分子药物靶点发现技术的基本原理是基于药物与靶蛋白结合后, 结合靶蛋白稳定性增强, 具有对抗酶解、热变性、化学试剂/溶剂诱导变性、离子诱导变性、机械诱导变性等特性。基于这种特性, 利用Western blot和液相色谱-串联质谱(liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, LC-MS/MS) 等技术进行分离及检测, 对比于不结合药物的游离靶蛋白, 进而实现药物靶蛋白的发现。非标记小分子药物靶点发现技术无需改造小分子配体的结构, 直接使用未经修饰的小分子进行实验, 因此不受小分子化学性质的限制, 可用于识别任何小分子的结合靶点, 且未经修饰的小分子化合物能准确反映其与靶点的相互作用, 具有较好的准确性。本文系统地介绍了非标记小分子药物靶点发现技术的原理、技术发展及其应用(图 1), 主要归纳了目前已广泛应用的三类非标记靶点发现技术及其他新提出的非标记靶点发现技术: ① DARTS类靶点发现技术; ② CETSA类靶点发现技术; ③ SPROX类靶点发现技术; ④其他非标记靶点发现技术的研究现状及其在TCMs研究中的应用; 特别强调了非标记靶点发现技术主要的发展策略。此外, 本文还总结了非标记技术在TCMs中的研究现状, 主要聚焦于非标记靶点发现技术在TCMs的活性成分作用靶点发现方面的研究, 还设想了非标记技术在TCMs活性成分发现方面的可能性。非标记靶点发现技术与当前生物、化学及分析技术的总结和整合可能会进一步激发先进的设计和突破, 成为TCMs现代化研究的利器。
DARTS技术是基于蛋白质在与配体结合后结构变得更为稳定, 更能抵抗蛋白酶水解的特性, 旨在筛选出细胞裂解液中与小分子药物产生亲和作用的靶蛋白。受到“与转录因子结合的DNA位点对DNA酶产生抗性”这一特性的启发, Lomenick等[3]在2009年提出“药物分子与靶点蛋白结合后对蛋白酶的水解产生抗性”这一假说, 并进行一系列的验证工作, 在其研究中, 首先利用特定蛋白水解酶对与配体结合的靶蛋白及未与配体结合的靶蛋白在同样条件下进行限制性酶解, 并对水解后的蛋白剩余量进行对比, 发现与配体结合的靶点可对抗蛋白水解酶的水解, 作者将其扩展到细胞裂解液水平, 发现在小分子药物配体的保护下, 细胞裂解液中的靶点蛋白可对抗蛋白水解酶的水解。基于此原理, 作者将药物与细胞裂解液共孵育一定时间后, 加入蛋白水解酶进行消化, 由于药物的结合可以保护靶蛋白使其对蛋白水解酶的敏感性降低, 电泳凝胶分离并染色后, 对比不加药物的消化组, 找出其中受保护的条带, 再通过质谱技术就可鉴定出药物的直接靶标蛋白, 进而用于药物靶点的发现, 其机制和流程如图 2所示。
DARTS技术中, 不与配体结合的蛋白质通常在“天然”状态下进行限制性酶解。有研究发现, 对于有些天然状态下紧密折叠的蛋白质, 由于蛋白水解酶无法接触到其特异性酶切位点, 即使与蛋白水解酶孵育数天也无法达到实验所需的消化程度[9], 目前的技术DARTS就不适用于该类蛋白了, 为了改善这种情况, 有学者提出了脉冲水解法(pulse proteolysis, PP): 在DARTS技术中引入变性剂辅助蛋白酶切, 即蛋白质酶切是在一系列浓度的变性剂下进行, 蛋白质受到变性剂的影响会发生不同程度的变性和去折叠, 随后将蛋白酶添加到上述溶液中进行脉冲水解, 而与小分子配体结合的蛋白质不易被蛋白酶接触到特异性酶切位点, 进而用于小分子化合物靶点的发现[10, 11]。此外, 由于引入了一系列浓度的变性剂, 可以变性剂浓度为自变量, 靶点蛋白变性程度为因变量, 绘制蛋白变性曲线, 用来计算靶点蛋白的折叠自由能。
由于DARTS与PP技术均使用Western blot进行蛋白的分离和定量检测, 再将蛋白泳道胶条切下进行后续的MS分析。对于蛋白质种类复杂的生物样品, 某些蛋白质由于分子质量相近而在凝胶上聚集在一起, 低丰度蛋白可能被高丰度蛋白掩盖, 无法准确地切下差异性蛋白条带[12], 为了解决这些问题, 在DARTS与PP技术中引入基质辅助激光解吸电离质谱法[13]、串联质量标签(tandem mass tag, TMT)[14]、细胞培养中氨基酸的稳定同位素标记(stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture, SILAC)[15]等技术来定量每个样品中完整蛋白质的相对丰度, 此外, 还通过引入二维凝胶电泳[16]及基于LC-MS/MS的定量蛋白质组学策略等分辨率更高的分离方式提高对分子质量相近及低丰度蛋白的分析能力。
DARTS技术与PP技术均用到了限制性酶解法[17], 旨在研究短时间酶切后样品中剩余的蛋白质, 仅能提供蛋白层面的信息, 不能提供酶切位点相关的结构域信息, 基于此, 有学者提出了一种基于两步消化的限制性酶解方法, 并通过高灵敏度的质谱选择性反应监测技术精确地定量样品组和对照组之间肽段相对强度的差异, 从而推断蛋白结构差异, 进而提供酶切位点相关的结构域信息, 并将其命名为“限制性酶切” (limited proteolysis, Lip) 技术[18, 19]。相较于DARTS与PP技术, Lip技术最大的优点是在药物靶点发现的基础上可以提供一定量的结合区域的信息, 在药物配体的保护下, 靶蛋白在第一步的限制性酶切过程中, 与药物结合的蛋白区域由于药物小分子带来的位阻或者由于小分子的结合, 此区域处于紧密的折叠状态, 均使得限制性蛋白酶不可及, 此区域的肽段将会尽可能多的保留到第二次酶解的过程中, 经过第二次的充分酶解, 相比于靶蛋白未与药物结合的对照组, 与药物结合区域有关的肽段能够显示出丰度上的提升, 这些肽段信息揭示了药物与靶点的结合域, 提供了研究药物作用机制的重要信息(图 2)。此外, 学者将Lip技术与蛋白组学的方法相结合揭示了简单生物的代谢物-蛋白质相互作用关系[20]。还将基于机器学习的框架引入到Lip技术开发了“Lip-Quant”方法来系统研究复杂真核生物(如人类) 蛋白质组中的蛋白质-小分子相互作用, 将其进一步应用到药物靶蛋白筛选以及药物结合区域的研究之中[19]。随后该团队将Lip技术拓展到蛋白翻译后修饰、变构催化、蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用、蛋白质聚集等结构蛋白质组学领域[21]
当小分子配体与靶点蛋白结合时, 蛋白自身热稳定性会增强, 通过加热靶点蛋白去折叠诱导变性的过程会延迟发生, 基于热位移分析(thermal shift assay, TSA) 法测定结合蛋白和游离蛋白变性温度Tm并绘制熔解曲线, 通过对比配体结合蛋白和游离蛋白的热熔曲线中的Tm (热熔曲线中点的位移, 指占绝对量50%的蛋白因热诱导变性而沉淀的温度), 即可判定该蛋白是否为药物的靶点[22]。研发之初, TSA法只适用于分析纯化蛋白, 为了克服这一局限性, 2013年Martinez Molina等[4]将上述蛋白样品拓展到细胞和组织水平, 用于发现活细胞和组织中与小分子药物发生结合的靶点蛋白, 命名为CETSA技术, 其原理与TSA类似, 通过测定活细胞或组织水平中结合靶蛋白与游离蛋白的热力学稳定性的变化来发现小分子配体的直接作用靶点。在CETSA技术中, 利用药物溶液和等体积的空白溶剂分别处理两组完整细胞样品, 孵育后分成多个等份, 并进行多个梯度温度点的等时长加热处理, 冷却后裂解细胞, 随着温度到达蛋白的变性温度, 蛋白因结构热变性发生去折叠进而失去水溶性, 通过高速离心来分离上清中的可溶性蛋白和沉淀不溶性组分, 利用Western blot技术对上清中可溶性蛋白进行分离及定量检测, 以加热温度作为自变量, 蛋白量作为因变量绘制蛋白热熔曲线, 基于药物组与溶剂组中蛋白热熔曲线中点位移的差值(ΔTm) 发现药物靶蛋白, 其机制和流程如图 3A所示。在此基础上, 为了研究药物浓度对配体-靶蛋白之间相互作用的影响, 研究者提出了等温剂量响应指纹图谱方法(isothermal dose-response fingerprint CETSA, ITDRF-CETSA), ITDRF-CETSA通过将活细胞或细胞裂解液用不同浓度的药物处理, 保持加热时间和温度不变, 以蛋白结构受药物保护的程度作为指标, 来确定药物是否以剂量依赖性方式与靶蛋白结合, 不仅可以确定药物的真正靶点, 同时还可以推断出靶点蛋白与药物的亲和力(Kd值)[23], 研究表明通过此方法测得的亲和力与Kinobeads竞争性结合实验结果具有良好的一致性。
由于CETSA技术主要依赖于Western blot及近程放大发光均相检测技术进行检测, 抗体的可用性及检测的通量大大限制了其发展, 因其不能无偏好地识别出药物的靶蛋白, 不利于药物新靶点的发现。基于此, 热蛋白质组分析(thermal proteome profiling, TPP) 技术被提出, TPP技术将CETSA技术与多重定量质谱法相结合, 大大提高了蛋白检测的通量及分析速度, 因此, TPP技术又被称为MS-CETSA技术[24], TPP技术通过在单次LC-MS/MS实验中同时监测10个不同温度下全蛋白质组的热稳定性变化, 可获得大量可溶性蛋白的热熔曲线, 不仅可用于药物靶点的发现, 还可以用于检测细胞TCMs物的脱靶效应, 以及药物-靶蛋白的相互作用模式研究[25]。与CETSA技术一样, TPP技术可以用于完整活细胞及细胞裂解液水平的研究, 通过将这两个水平的样品所得结果进行综合分析, 可区分药物的直接作用靶点及通过影响上下游信号通路而发挥作用的间接靶点[26]。除此之外, TPP也是绘制代谢途径的有效工具, 可用于翻译后修饰、蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用的研究及蛋白质基本功能的阐述, 进而绘制出更全面的蛋白质相互作用网络, 例如在翻译后修饰方面的研究, 蛋白质的磷酸化会影响蛋白质的热稳定性, 其修饰前后的热稳定性差异可以用TPP测量[27]
由于CETSA及TPP技术为了保持蛋白的活性, 依赖于使用不含洗涤剂的缓冲液提取细胞蛋白, 而无法获得足够的膜蛋白, 因此, 在CETSA和TPP实验中引入非变性洗涤剂(NP-40), 扩大了对膜蛋白覆盖率, 通过改良后的方法成功识别出毒毛旋花苷G的膜蛋白靶点钠钾离子泵[28]。此外, CETSA及TPP技术在低丰度蛋白质的检测方面存在限制, 研究者通过将亚摩尔浓度的亲和纯化蛋白复合物样本作为TMT复用器中的等压触发通道引入到突变TPP(mTPP) 技术中来促进热蛋白质组分析实验中低丰度蛋白质的检测[29], 可用来获得基于TPP或mTPP技术遗漏的蛋白质的热分析数据。许多生物学相关、疾病相关的蛋白质在细胞中的丰度相对较低, 该方法在蛋白疾病标志物及低丰度的靶点蛋白发现方面具有很大潜力。
在CETSA及TPP技术中, 为保证数据的可信度, 通常需要至少10个温度点的样品, 若增加重复次数或不同处理条件, 样品数量将达到几十甚至几百个, 虽然TPP通过多重定量质谱法实现了高通量分析, 这庞大的分析通量依然是一个巨大的挑战。基于此, 研究者们提出了“合并为一锅”策略, 命名为蛋白质组整体溶解度改变技术(proteome integral solubility alteration, PISA)[30-32], 并将其与TPP联用, 称为PISA-T。此策略通过将多个加热温度点的样品等量混合成为单个合并样品, 再进行分析, 并将CETSA测定热融曲线的“位移变化”转变为“积分变化”, 这种策略不仅减少了分析样品数量, 增加了筛选靶蛋白的特异性, 同时也减小了实验误差, 但样品的合并减小了单个样品的差异值, 一定程度上导致原有筛选灵敏度的降低[30]
CETSA及TPP技术通过分析蛋白质组样品在高温处理下的可溶性上清蛋白进行药物靶蛋白筛选, 而变性沉淀的部分一直未受到重视。配体稳定靶点识别技术(target identification by ligand stabilization, TILS) 将研究对象转变为加热之后产生的不可溶沉淀部分, 成为CETSA及TPP技术的补充方法, 但低效的样品处理程序阻碍了沉淀的分析, 近来研究报道了一种微球辅助的热致沉淀分析方法(microparticle-assisted precipitation screening, MAPS), 通过在加热之前向体系中引入足量的微球材料, 未结合小分子配体的蛋白质结构展开后将聚集在微粒表面, 而结合小分子配体的蛋白质结构展开需要相对较高温度, 通过分析聚集在微粒表面蛋白的差异来识别小分子药物的靶点。在样品前处理步骤中, MAPS技术采用快速、高通量的SP3 (single-pot solid-phase-enhanced sample preparation, SP3) 法并在微粒的表面运行。根据该方法, 将沉淀在微粒上的蛋白质进行洗涤、还原、烷基化、消化及除盐处理, 整个样品制备过程均在微粒表面进行, 不涉及任何样品转移, 样品损失较少, 更加适用于微量样品。在数据处理方面, 开发了灵敏度更高的处理方法, 不再依赖于绘制热熔曲线, 而是以通过比较有无小分子配体存在的整体稳定性差异, 并整合多个温度点的数据, 进而放大了热稳定性变化的差异, 相较于TPP技术, MAPS具有更高的特异性[33]。此外, 近来有学者将TPP热处理得到的上清和沉淀中含有配体诱导的蛋白稳定性转移的互补信息进行有机整合, 开发了一种沉淀支持的TPP (precipitate-supported TPP, PSTPP) 分析方法, 用于在蛋白质组水平上对蛋白质-药物相互作用进行无偏和全面的分析。在PSTPP技术中, 只使用蛋白质沉淀显著的温度来诱导蛋白质变性, 并利用上清组分和沉淀组分中包含的互补信息来提高筛查的特异性和灵敏度。此外, 还提出了一种新的基于深度学习的图像识别算法来识别目标蛋白, 克服了热熔曲线拟合策略存在的问题[34]
由于CETSA及TPP技术均需多个温度点, 研究者开发了等温位移分析(isothermal shift assay, iTSA)[35], 此方法可在单一温度点下进行热稳定性测定, 通过增加样品的重复次数, 可使靶蛋白鉴定的统计学可信度达到与CETSA/TPP相似的效果, iTSA具有更高的通量选择、更简单的实验设计及工作流程, 相较于CETSA/TPP, iTSA是一种更高效的方法, 但由于该方法中增加的样品重复次数, 此方法并不能大幅度减少所需分析的样品数, 且可能会因温度过于单一导致错误识别, 例如识别出脱靶后结合的蛋白[36]
CETSA类靶点发现技术是目前应用最为广泛的非标记靶点发现技术, 且在近年来得到快速的发展, 图 3B将近年来基于CETSA衍生出的几种靶点发现技术进行了梳理。
蛋白质的变性通常伴随着蛋白质整体构象的改变, 其高级结构的改变主要包括展开和去折叠, 这些结构的变化会改变某些受保护的活性氨基酸的表面暴露情况或可及性, 这些残基的表面可及性可以通过特定的化学修饰反应来评估。SPROX是一种可以用来测量蛋白质和蛋白质配体复合物的热力学稳定性的技术, 大多数疏水甲硫氨酸残基(Met) 埋藏在蛋白质的核心内部, Met氧化的基线水平较低, 在一系列浓度的化学变性剂盐酸胍等的存在下, 蛋白变性结构展开后, Met将会暴露出, 其中靶蛋白经过药物孵育结合, 展开暴露的Met数量相对较少。再使用过氧化氢等氧化剂对Met进行氧化生成砜类, 淬灭氧化反应后, 通过“自下而上”蛋白组学样品前处理方法进行酶解等处理, 再由蛋白组学定量分析对含砜类肽段定量(反映了含有Met的多肽的氧化程度), 以变性剂浓度作为自变量, Met肽段氧化程度作为因变量绘制氧化曲线, 通过对比药物处理组与空白对照组中氧化曲线的中点位移(transition midpoint, TM) 差值(ΔTM), 来判断该肽段所属蛋白是否为药物的作用靶点。SPROX不仅可以检测到靶蛋白与药物配体结合后的整体生物物理性质的变化, 也可部分揭示药物配体结合域的信息, 其流程及机制如图 4所示。此外, 基于变性剂浓度对氧化反应速率的依赖性可用来计算蛋白质折叠/展开反应的折叠自由能(ΔG(f)) 和m值(ΔΔG(f)/Δ[Den])。通过测量游离蛋白与配体结合蛋白的ΔG(f) 和m值也可用来评价蛋白质与配体的结合亲和力(结合自由能(ΔΔG(f)) 和Kd)[37, 38]
虽然, 常规的“自下而上”蛋白组学可以满足SPROX技术中肽段的定量需求, 考虑到SPROX多个处理组别的样品定量的需求, 学者将多重定量质谱法与SPROX进行联用[39, 40], 大大提升了SPROX技术的测定通量及准确度, 比如, 将SPROX技术联用TMT, 量化了人类细胞提取物中约3 000个蛋白质中约10 000个独特区域的稳定性[40]。此外, 学者还将(isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation, iTRAQ)-SPROX与SILAC技术进行联用, 用于蛋白质-配体结合相互作用的大规模分析[41]
由于SPROX技术是通过测定蛋白结构展开后暴露的Met的氧化速率, 不含Met的蛋白显然是不适合的, 针对此局限性, 开发了基于赖氨酸残基标记的S-甲基硫代乙酸酯(S-methyl thioacetimidate, SMTA)[42]及基于色氨酸残基标记的二甲基(2-羟基-5-硝基苄基) 磺基溴酰胺[dimethyl (2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl) sulfonium bromide, HNSB] 策略[43], 与SPROX一样, SMTA与HNSB标记策略不仅可用来研究化学变性剂诱导的蛋白质和蛋白配体配合物在溶液中的平衡展开/再折叠特性, 也可以用来评价蛋白质与配体的结合亲和力, 且扩大了化学修饰中的肽和蛋白质的覆盖范围, 常将SMTA/HNSB标记策略整合到SPROX中进一步扩大肽和蛋白质的覆盖范围[43]
为了获得更高的蛋白组覆盖率, 另一种策略是基于SPROX技术的化学变性剂, 结合TPP技术中使用的蛋白质沉淀策略来进行小分子药物靶点的发现, 称之为化学变性和蛋白质沉淀(chemical denaturation and protein precipitation, CPP) 技术[44], 通过化学变性剂将蛋白结构进行去折叠和展开, 再稀释化学变性剂的浓度并离心使展开的蛋白沉淀, 随后对可溶性或沉淀蛋白进行定量分析, 用于蛋白质-药物相互作用的大规模分析, 相较于SPROX, CPP技术可对蛋白进行无差别的变性沉淀, 且均可对变性诱导变性后的可溶性及沉淀蛋白进行定量分析, 因而可获得更高的蛋白组覆盖, 且具有更低的错误发现率。
丙酮、乙醇、甲醇和乙腈等溶剂通常用于沉淀蛋白质, 而小分子配体-蛋白质复合物具有较低的能量状态, 因此小分子配体-蛋白质复合物中的蛋白相较于游离蛋白质更能抵抗溶剂诱导的变性沉淀。基于这一原理, 结合稳定同位素二甲基标记的蛋白质组学, 提出了SIP技术, 其流程及机制如图 5所示。利用SIP技术成功地检测细胞裂解物中甲氨蝶呤、SNS-032和星形孢菌素的已知蛋白质靶标, 验证了SIP方法的可行性, 并利用SIP方法, 成功鉴定了HSP90家族的三种已知蛋白和几种潜在的脱靶蛋白[5]
与热应力类似, 机械应力也可以诱导蛋白质沉淀。在机械应力作用下, 蛋白质会随着蛋白质构象的变化而逐渐沉淀, 从而在微粒表面聚集, 小分子配体-蛋白质复合物中的蛋白相较于游离蛋白质更能抵抗机械应力诱导的变性沉淀, 通过对比微粒表面聚集的蛋白的差异, 开发了一种用于药物靶点发现的MSIPP方法。其流程及机制如图 5所示。基于MSIPP技术成功地发现了细胞裂解物中甲氨蝶呤、雷替曲塞的已知蛋白质靶标, 验证了MSIPP方法的可行性, 这也是首次通过非标记的药物靶点发现技术证明二氢叶酸还原酶是雷替曲塞的直接作用靶点[6]
现有的基于温度的蛋白质沉淀靶点发现方法, 存在许多限制因素, 比如, 有些蛋白并不会随着温度的升高发生去折叠产生沉淀, 热熔曲线并不总是理想的S形, 使得Tm的测定复杂化, 近两年新提出的一些等温蛋白沉淀法(如SIP、MSIPP) 仅适用于裂解液实验。基于此局限性, 有研究提出了I-PISA技术。某些阴离子、阳离子可以改变蛋白质溶解度, 进而导致蛋白质沉淀, 称之为基于离子的蛋白质沉淀方法。I-PISA技术将基于离子的蛋白质沉淀方法与PISA分析相结合, 利用了蛋白结合药物后结构更加稳定, 能够一定程度上抵抗离子诱导沉淀的特性, 通过对比药物孵育和溶剂孵育的裂解液得到的上清液中各蛋白的丰度, 将药物孵育组显著增高的蛋白认定为潜在靶蛋白, 其流程及机制如图 5所示。I-PISA法对于细胞裂解液和完整细胞均适用, 且可以检测微量蛋白的溶解度变化[7]
靶蛋白与小分子配体结合后, 小分子配体结合域与靶点蛋白的活性口袋紧密结合, 其诱导变构区域的氨基酸残基的可及性发生显著变化, 该变化能够被还原烷基化等化学共价标记反应所捕捉, 再利用质谱定量蛋白质组学手段对细胞内的全蛋白组进行分析, 能够获得真实生物体系内小分子孵育后全体蛋白组的可及性变化信息, 从中筛选出小分子诱导可及性变化最显著的蛋白即为小分子靶蛋白[8], 其流程及机制如图 6所示。TRAP技术能够普适性的运用于多个小分子配体的高通量靶标发现, 能够提供部分的配体结合位点的信息, 并适用于与小分子存在弱结合的靶标发现。
TCMs具有“多成分-多靶点”的特点, 其中活性成分靶点的确证一直是TCMs发展的瓶颈问题。随着非标记靶点发现技术的快速发展, 越来越多的TCMs活性成分的靶点得以确证。本文对近年非标记靶点发现技术用于TCMs活性成分靶点发现的应用研究进行了总结, 除了单独用于TCMs活性成分的靶点发现以外[45], 非标记靶点发现技术在TCMs研究中的应用大概分为以下四类。
单一的靶点发现技术往往存在着自身不足, 可能会有假阳性的结果出现, 往往需要像SPR技术及分子对接技术对发现的靶点进一步确证, 表 1[46-51]总结了近几年非标记靶点发现技术结合SPR技术及分子对接技术对TCMs活性成分靶点发现的代表性研究。
ABPP是基于活性的分子探针在蛋白质组的水平上或活细胞内原位标记、捕获、富集和鉴定具有特定生理活性的靶蛋白质的方法, ABPP技术先将分子探针加入到复杂的蛋白质组进行共孵育, 然后分离并富集与小分子探针特异性结合的蛋白质, 最后通过高灵敏度的质谱或生物化学等方法进行鉴定, 从而获取与分子探针有直接相互作用的靶蛋白的生物化学信息, ABPP技术通过原位标记、捕获及富集可直接探测到靶蛋白的活性中心, 并进行下拉等富集操作, 减少了非靶点蛋白的干扰, 减轻了蛋白分析时的压力, 对丰度低的蛋白较为友好, 这是非标记靶点发现技术所缺乏的。但ABPP技术的实施要求每个小分子化合物设计相应的分子探针, 有一定技术难度且普适性较差, 尤其对于成分复杂的TCMs来说适用性不佳, 且经过结构修饰后分子探针与靶蛋白的相互作用不能真实反映小分子化合物与靶蛋白的互作, 这些限制是可以通过与非标记靶点发现技术结合进行优势互补。表 2[52-57]总结了近几年非标记靶点发现技术结合ABPP技术对TCMs活性成分靶点发现的代表性研究。
非标记靶点发现技术普适性强, 非常适用于成分复杂的TCMs小分子化合物靶点的发现, 但非标记靶点发现技术通过探测靶蛋白与小分子化合物结合后特定物理性质的变化, 小分子化合物与靶蛋白结合后, 这些物理性质的变化不一定会全部凸显, 有一定假阳性率, 将不同的非标记靶点发现技术相结合, 可减少假阳性发生率, 提高靶点发现准确性。此外, 非标记靶点发现技术在药物-靶蛋白互作的阐释程度方面也有所差异, 将不同水平的技术相结合, 可进行更全面的分析。表 3[58-63]总结了近几年结合两种及以上非标记靶点发现技术对TCMs活性成分靶点发现的代表性研究。
非标记技术可直接揭示药物小分子与靶点的相互作用, 因此可用于像基于计算机虚拟技术的筛选及基于SPR技术的筛选技术一样对TCMs活性成分进行基于靶点的依次筛选。鉴于非标记技术在靶点发现过程中强大的分析能力得以从细胞裂解液等复杂体系中发现小分子药物的作用靶点, 受此启发, 学者将非标记技术对TCMs复方制剂速效救心丸中活性成分的筛选及靶点的发现进行了尝试[64], 首先通过对临床治疗状态的统计与分析, 得出速效救心丸通过扩张胸主动脉进而增加心脏排血量来治疗心血管疾病, 进一步通过CETSA技术结合基于iTRAQ的差异蛋白质组学分析确定了速效救心丸致使血管扩张的潜在靶蛋白, 将这些靶点相关的信号通路进一步与扩张胸主动脉相关的信号通路进行比对, 鉴定出CaMKII蛋白是速效救心丸发挥治疗作用的靶蛋白, 通过对速效救心丸中的化学成分进行基于CaMKII蛋白靶点的依次筛选, 发现速效救心丸中川芎内酯为CaMKII蛋白靶点的拮抗剂, 且进一步揭示了川芎内酯发挥作用的机制。这次基于非标记技术对TCMs复杂体系的活性成分及靶点筛选的尝试将是非标记技术在TCMs研究中的一个重要方向。
TCMs在我国有着悠久的临床实践历史, 也是新药开发的重要宝库。由于TCMs成分复杂, 且具有多成分、多靶点、多通路及协同作用的特点, TCMs的药效物质、作用靶点及作用机制等基础研究一直进展缓慢, 成为制约TCMs现代化、产业化和国际化进程的瓶颈。阐明TCMs活性成分-靶蛋白靶点的相互作用是TCMs现代研究的重中之重, 阐明过程中所使用的方法和技术是利器, 非标记靶点发现技术无需对小分子进行结构修饰, 可以最大程度地测定小分子与靶蛋白真实的互作, 且无结构修饰所面临的技术难点, 普适应性强, 非常适合成分复杂的TCMs活性成分及其作用靶点的研究, 且基于TCMs多成分的特点, 有利于发现新治疗靶点。但非标记靶点发现技术有其自身的局限性, 像依赖于Western blot的DARTS及CETSA技术, 容易丢失低丰度靶蛋白的信息, 而其改进技术Lip及TPP是基于蛋白组学技术, 从组学产生的大量数据中找到小分子化合物的靶点信息并非易事, 尤其是对复杂的TCMs组分, 所以, 将非标记靶点发现技术与其他药物-靶点和相互作用研究技术相结合是一个很好的解决方案。随着质谱技术及分子生物学技术的发展, 这种结合将会越来越深入, 进一步为TCMs活性成分-靶蛋白靶点的相互作用研究提供技术支持。此外, TCMs药效物质和其作用靶点是同时发挥作用的, 基于非标记靶点发现技术在TCMs复杂体系中活性成分及靶点方向的研究是一次很好的尝试, 本文认为将非标记靶点发现技术应用于TCMs药效物质和其作用靶点的同步发现将是一个非常有吸引力的方向, 这将为对TCMs的药效物质、作用靶点及作用机制等基础研究提供重要的方法基础和技术支持。
作者贡献: 林园园、喻金浩负责文献检索及论文撰写; 周建良负责文章选题、指导写作; 卢华秋、陈萱、陈宁波负责修改及校对文章。
利益冲突: 所有作者声明本文不存在任何利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金(82104544)
  • 国家自然科学基金(82074270)
  • 浙江省自然科学基金(LY20H290008)
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2023年第58卷第5期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1152
  • 接收时间:2022-10-29
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-05-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-10-29
  • 修回日期:2023-03-15
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国家自然科学基金(82104544)
国家自然科学基金(82074270)
浙江省自然科学基金(LY20H290008)
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    杭州师范大学药学院, 浙江 杭州 311121

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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