Article(id=1198624473323765814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624466902287155, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0027, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1673280000000, receivedDateStr=2023-01-10, revisedDate=1675612800000, revisedDateStr=2023-02-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763703943805, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1681228800000, pubDateStr=2023-04-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763703943805, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763703943805, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763703943805, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198624466902287155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='1092', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763703942275, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763704125380, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198625234971619912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624466902287155, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198625234971619913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624466902287155, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=954, endPage=962, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198624474590445648, articleId=1198624473323765814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Salvianolic acid B exerts its anti-tumor immunity by targeting USP2 and reducing the PD-L1 level, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the development of small-molecule immunotherapy drugs, its combination with the programmed cell death ligand 1/programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-L1/PD-1) antibodies would provide a new opportunity for cancer treatment. Therefore, targeting PD-L1/PD-1 axis by small-molecule drug is an attractive approach to enhance antitumor immunity and considered as the next generation of tumor immunotherapy. In the present study, we investigated the anti-tumor role of salvianolic acid B (SAB) by regulating the PD-L1 level in tumors. Changes of total PD-L1 and membrane PD-L1 levels were determined by Western blot, flow cytometry and PD-1/PD-L1 interaction assays. The expression of mRNA level of PD-L1 was detected by real-time PCR. The cytotoxicity of activated peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cells toward co-cultured tumor cells was measured by cell impedance assay and crystal violet experiment. Surface plasma resonance technique was used to analyze the direct interaction between SAB and ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 2 (USP2). The antitumor effect of SAB in vivo was examined by C57BL/6 mice bearing MC38 xenograft tumor (all animal experiments were conducted in accordance with the Animal Ethics Committee of the Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences). Western blot and flow cytometry assay showed that SAB can significantly downregulate the abundance of PD-L1 in RKO and PC3 cells in dose- and time-dependent manner. PD-1/PD-L1 binding assay revealed that SAB reduces the binding of tumor cells to recombinant PD-1 protein. Mechanism studies revealed that SAB can bind directly to USP2 protein and inhibit its activity, thus promote the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway degradation of PD-L1 proteins. In addition, Cell impedance and crystal violet staining indicated that SAB enhances the killing activity of co-cultured PBMC cells toward tumor cells. MC38 tumor transplanted mouse experiments revealed that SAB treatment displayed significant suppression in the growth of MC38 tumor xenografts in C57BL/6 mice with an inhibition rate of 63.2% at 20 mg·kg-1. Our results demonstrate that SAB exerts its anti-tumor activity by direct binding and inhibiting the activity of USP2 and reducing the PD-L1 level. Our study provides an important material basis and scientific basis for the potential application of SAB in tumor immunotherapy drug targeting USP2-PD-L1 axis.

, correspAuthors=Xiao-jia LIU, Yan-chun FENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ze-an KUANG, Jing-wen DONG, Cui-cui SUN, Ming-xiao YIN, Lu LIU, Hong-bin DENG, Xiao-jia LIU, Yan-chun FENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198624476033286371, articleId=1198624473323765814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=靶向USP2下调PD-L1表达的丹酚酸B抗肿瘤免疫作用研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

以程序性死亡配体1/程序性死亡受体1 (programmed cell death ligand 1/programmed cell death protein 1, PD-L1/PD-1) 免疫检查点阻断治疗为代表的肿瘤免疫疗法在临床上取得了令人鼓舞的治疗效果。小分子肿瘤免疫治疗药物与免疫检查点抗体药物的联用, 为肿瘤治疗提供了新策略。因此, 研发能阻断PD-L1/PD-1免疫检查点相互作用的小分子药物是下一代肿瘤免疫疗法的新方向。本研究对丹酚酸B (salvianolic acid B, SAB) 下调肿瘤细胞中PD-L1表达发挥抗肿瘤作用及机制进行了研究。利用Western blot、流式细胞术、PD-1/PD-L1相互作用分析SAB对结肠癌细胞RKO和前列腺癌细胞PC3细胞内和膜表面PD-L1蛋白表达水平的影响; 荧光定量PCR检测SAB对PD-L1 mRNA的影响; 细胞阻抗法和结晶紫法检测SAB对人类外周血单核细胞(peripheral blood mononuclear cell, PBMC) 杀伤肿瘤细胞的效果; 表面等离子共振技术分析SAB与泛素羧基末端水解酶2 (ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 2, USP2) 的直接相互作用; MC38荷瘤小鼠(所有动物实验均遵循中国医学科学院医药生物技术研究所伦理委员会的规定) 检测SAB的体内抑瘤效果。结果表明, SAB能分别以浓度依赖性和时间依赖性方式下调RKO、PC3细胞中以及细胞膜表面PD-L1的水平, 这与SAB抑制肿瘤细胞中去泛素化酶USP2的活性有关。机制研究发现, SAB可与USP2发生直接相互作用并抑制其去泛素化酶活性, 从而促进PD-L1发生泛素-蛋白酶体途径降解。此外, SAB可促进共培养的PBMC对RKO细胞的杀伤作用。小鼠荷瘤实验证实, SAB可显著抑制C57BL/6小鼠中MC38移植瘤的生长。20 mg·kg-1 SAB处理荷瘤小鼠后, 可使瘤体积减少63.2%。以上结果说明, SAB通过直接结合USP2并抑制其活性, 促进PD-L1发生泛素-蛋白酶体途径降解, 从而发挥抗肿瘤作用。本研究为将SAB研发成靶向USP2-PD-L1轴的小分子肿瘤免疫治疗药物奠定了基础。

, correspAuthors=刘晓嘉, 冯艳春, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*刘晓嘉, Tel: 86-10-63139387, E-mail: ;
冯艳春, Tel: 86-10-53851539, E-mail:
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A: RKO and PC3 cells were treated with different concentrations of SAB for 24 h, expression levels of PD-L1, CD47 and PVR were detected by Western blot; B: RKO, PC3 and Du145 were treated with 10 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> SAB for the indicated time, expression levels of PD-L1 were detected by Western blot; C: Cell viability in RKO and PC3 cells treating with different concentrations of SAB for 24 h was measured by MTT assay. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± <i>s</i>. PD-L1: Programmed cell death ligand 1; CD47: Leukocyte surface antigen CD47; PVR: Poliovirus receptor , figureFileSmall=QDmmaZYS/svLALmkT3c4bw==, figureFileBig=123i4G1FkYMsAH/ZcttvnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702047978681076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624473323765814, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=kAIxGamZc3Zk3vRPr+cuvQ==, figureFileBig=zQPsOyz8xUnNsclcTAWkdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702048138064644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624473323765814, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= SAB attenuates the ability of tumor cell binding PD-1. A: RKO cells were treated with SAB (5 and 10 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) for 24 h, the plasma membrane PD-L1 was detected by flow cytometry. Statistic of PD-L1 mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) is shown in right; B: PD-L1/PD-1 binding assay in RKO cells treated with SAB (5 and 10 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>, 24 h). Bound PD-1 was calculated according to the intensity of green fluorescence (scale bar, 200 µm); C: The PD-1/PD-L1 interaction between Jurkat NFAT-luciferase reporter cells and RKO cells treated with SAB (5 or 10 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) for 16 h was detected by PD-1/PD-L1 blockade assay. Data are presented as fold induction over untreated control. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> DMSO group. PD-1: Programmed cell death protein 1 , figureFileSmall=kAIxGamZc3Zk3vRPr+cuvQ==, figureFileBig=zQPsOyz8xUnNsclcTAWkdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702048293253906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624473323765814, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=wmZqDx0mbYq09rWWQErDoA==, figureFileBig=NU6Nk4WHWq5bOwDzcxerkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702048452637470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624473323765814, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= SAB enhances the cytotoxicity of PBMC. A: Cell impedance assay analyzing activated PBMC cells-meditated tumor cell killing in RKO cells treated with SAB (5 or 10 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) for 24 h; B: Activated PBMC cell was co-cultured with PC3 cells in 24-well plates for 2 days in the presence of SAB and the surviving tumor cells were visualized by crystal violet staining. Relative fold ratios of surviving cell intensity are shown. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> PC3 DMSO group. PBMC: Peripheral blood mononuclear cell , figureFileSmall=wmZqDx0mbYq09rWWQErDoA==, figureFileBig=NU6Nk4WHWq5bOwDzcxerkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702048595243819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624473323765814, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=bWXTCRGA1oYRqgSQMCx+ug==, figureFileBig=4CBhIFJ9zX5aCitZam7ZLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702048721072957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624473323765814, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= SAB triggers ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent degradation of PD-L1 <i>via</i> binding to ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 2 (USP2). A: Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of the mRNA level of PD-L1 in RKO, PC3 and Du145 cells treated with SAB (10 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>, 12 h); B: PC3 cells were transfected with siRNA control, siRNA targeting USP2 for 24 h. The PD-L1 expression level was determined by immunoblotting (IB); C: Surface plasmon resonance analysis of the SAB and USP2 binding. The activated CM5 sensor chip was used to immobilize the recombinant human USP2 protein and flowed across SAB; D: Molecular docking model carried out by Discovery Studio 4.5 revealed that SAB binds to the USP domain of USP2; E: USP2 activity in an <i>in vitro</i> deubiquitination assay. The activity was measured by 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin (AMC) released from the fluorogenic substrate, ubiquitin-AMC; F: 293 cells were transiently transfected with the indicated constructs. Ubiquitinated PD-L1 was immunoprecipitated (IP) and subjected to IB analysis with the HA antibody. Cells were treated with MG132 prior to ubiquitination analysis , figureFileSmall=bWXTCRGA1oYRqgSQMCx+ug==, figureFileBig=4CBhIFJ9zX5aCitZam7ZLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702048914010957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624473323765814, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=lnx+mY0gPxLnYu2xSPBcag==, figureFileBig=+yBliQYxfJ0XaS3hoAN/qw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702049132114779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624473323765814, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= SAB suppresses tumor xenograft growth <i>in vivo</i>. 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靶向USP2下调PD-L1表达的丹酚酸B抗肿瘤免疫作用研究
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况泽安 1 , 董靖雯 1 , 孙翠翠 1 , 殷明晓 1 , 刘璐 2 , 邓洪斌 1 , 刘晓嘉 3, * , 冯艳春 4, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(4): 954-962
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2023, 58(4): 954-962
靶向USP2下调PD-L1表达的丹酚酸B抗肿瘤免疫作用研究
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况泽安1, 董靖雯1, 孙翠翠1, 殷明晓1, 刘璐2, 邓洪斌1, 刘晓嘉3, * , 冯艳春4, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院医药生物技术研究所, 北京 100050
  • 2.青岛市妇女儿童医院, 山东 青岛 266034
  • 3.北京市临床药学研究所、北京友谊医院, 北京 100050
  • 4.中国食品药品检定研究院, 北京 102629

通讯作者:

*刘晓嘉, Tel: 86-10-63139387, E-mail: ;
冯艳春, Tel: 86-10-53851539, E-mail:
Salvianolic acid B exerts its anti-tumor immunity by targeting USP2 and reducing the PD-L1 level
Ze-an KUANG1, Jing-wen DONG1, Cui-cui SUN1, Ming-xiao YIN1, Lu LIU2, Hong-bin DENG1, Xiao-jia LIU3, * , Yan-chun FENG4, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
  • 2. Qingdao Women and Children′s Hospital, Qingdao 266034, China
  • 3. Beijing Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100050, China
  • 4. National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
出版时间: 2023-04-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0027
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以程序性死亡配体1/程序性死亡受体1 (programmed cell death ligand 1/programmed cell death protein 1, PD-L1/PD-1) 免疫检查点阻断治疗为代表的肿瘤免疫疗法在临床上取得了令人鼓舞的治疗效果。小分子肿瘤免疫治疗药物与免疫检查点抗体药物的联用, 为肿瘤治疗提供了新策略。因此, 研发能阻断PD-L1/PD-1免疫检查点相互作用的小分子药物是下一代肿瘤免疫疗法的新方向。本研究对丹酚酸B (salvianolic acid B, SAB) 下调肿瘤细胞中PD-L1表达发挥抗肿瘤作用及机制进行了研究。利用Western blot、流式细胞术、PD-1/PD-L1相互作用分析SAB对结肠癌细胞RKO和前列腺癌细胞PC3细胞内和膜表面PD-L1蛋白表达水平的影响; 荧光定量PCR检测SAB对PD-L1 mRNA的影响; 细胞阻抗法和结晶紫法检测SAB对人类外周血单核细胞(peripheral blood mononuclear cell, PBMC) 杀伤肿瘤细胞的效果; 表面等离子共振技术分析SAB与泛素羧基末端水解酶2 (ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 2, USP2) 的直接相互作用; MC38荷瘤小鼠(所有动物实验均遵循中国医学科学院医药生物技术研究所伦理委员会的规定) 检测SAB的体内抑瘤效果。结果表明, SAB能分别以浓度依赖性和时间依赖性方式下调RKO、PC3细胞中以及细胞膜表面PD-L1的水平, 这与SAB抑制肿瘤细胞中去泛素化酶USP2的活性有关。机制研究发现, SAB可与USP2发生直接相互作用并抑制其去泛素化酶活性, 从而促进PD-L1发生泛素-蛋白酶体途径降解。此外, SAB可促进共培养的PBMC对RKO细胞的杀伤作用。小鼠荷瘤实验证实, SAB可显著抑制C57BL/6小鼠中MC38移植瘤的生长。20 mg·kg-1 SAB处理荷瘤小鼠后, 可使瘤体积减少63.2%。以上结果说明, SAB通过直接结合USP2并抑制其活性, 促进PD-L1发生泛素-蛋白酶体途径降解, 从而发挥抗肿瘤作用。本研究为将SAB研发成靶向USP2-PD-L1轴的小分子肿瘤免疫治疗药物奠定了基础。

程序性死亡配体1  /  泛素羧基末端水解酶2  /  抗肿瘤免疫  /  丹酚酸B  /  免疫检查点抑制剂  /  去泛素化

With the development of small-molecule immunotherapy drugs, its combination with the programmed cell death ligand 1/programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-L1/PD-1) antibodies would provide a new opportunity for cancer treatment. Therefore, targeting PD-L1/PD-1 axis by small-molecule drug is an attractive approach to enhance antitumor immunity and considered as the next generation of tumor immunotherapy. In the present study, we investigated the anti-tumor role of salvianolic acid B (SAB) by regulating the PD-L1 level in tumors. Changes of total PD-L1 and membrane PD-L1 levels were determined by Western blot, flow cytometry and PD-1/PD-L1 interaction assays. The expression of mRNA level of PD-L1 was detected by real-time PCR. The cytotoxicity of activated peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cells toward co-cultured tumor cells was measured by cell impedance assay and crystal violet experiment. Surface plasma resonance technique was used to analyze the direct interaction between SAB and ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 2 (USP2). The antitumor effect of SAB in vivo was examined by C57BL/6 mice bearing MC38 xenograft tumor (all animal experiments were conducted in accordance with the Animal Ethics Committee of the Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences). Western blot and flow cytometry assay showed that SAB can significantly downregulate the abundance of PD-L1 in RKO and PC3 cells in dose- and time-dependent manner. PD-1/PD-L1 binding assay revealed that SAB reduces the binding of tumor cells to recombinant PD-1 protein. Mechanism studies revealed that SAB can bind directly to USP2 protein and inhibit its activity, thus promote the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway degradation of PD-L1 proteins. In addition, Cell impedance and crystal violet staining indicated that SAB enhances the killing activity of co-cultured PBMC cells toward tumor cells. MC38 tumor transplanted mouse experiments revealed that SAB treatment displayed significant suppression in the growth of MC38 tumor xenografts in C57BL/6 mice with an inhibition rate of 63.2% at 20 mg·kg-1. Our results demonstrate that SAB exerts its anti-tumor activity by direct binding and inhibiting the activity of USP2 and reducing the PD-L1 level. Our study provides an important material basis and scientific basis for the potential application of SAB in tumor immunotherapy drug targeting USP2-PD-L1 axis.

programmed cell death ligand 1  /  ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 2  /  anti-tumor immunity  /  salvianolic acid B  /  immune checkpoint inhibitor  /  deubiquitination
况泽安, 董靖雯, 孙翠翠, 殷明晓, 刘璐, 邓洪斌, 刘晓嘉, 冯艳春. 靶向USP2下调PD-L1表达的丹酚酸B抗肿瘤免疫作用研究. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (4) : 954 -962 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0027
Ze-an KUANG, Jing-wen DONG, Cui-cui SUN, Ming-xiao YIN, Lu LIU, Hong-bin DENG, Xiao-jia LIU, Yan-chun FENG. Salvianolic acid B exerts its anti-tumor immunity by targeting USP2 and reducing the PD-L1 level[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (4) : 954 -962 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0027
肿瘤的形成和发展是一个复杂的病理过程, 从最初的免疫监视到肿瘤的免疫逃逸, 免疫系统在肿瘤的发生发展过程中都扮演着重要而复杂的角色[1]。近年来, 肿瘤免疫疗法备受关注, 革新了之前以“外源性治疗”为主的临床肿瘤治疗方式, 是继手术、放化疗等传统治疗手段后的新型有效的肿瘤治疗手段[2]。肿瘤免疫疗法通过重新激活和增强肿瘤-免疫微循环, 提高机体抗肿瘤效应细胞功能并逆转免疫抑制状态, 从而达到控制和杀灭肿瘤细胞的目的, 目前已成为肿瘤治疗领域中最热门的方法[3]。肿瘤免疫治疗方法主要包括免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitor, ICIs) 疗法、CAR-T细胞疗法、治疗性抗体和肿瘤疫苗等, 其中ICIs疗法已被广泛应用于多种恶性肿瘤的临床治疗中[3]
ICIs通过阻断免疫检查点与其配体分子的结合, 可阻断免疫检查点作用轴, 打破肿瘤免疫逃逸机制, 激活T细胞和NK细胞, 重塑肿瘤免疫微环境, 发挥抗肿瘤免疫治疗作用[3]。ICIs主要包括程序性死亡受体1 (programmed cell death protein 1, PD-1) 抗体、程序性死亡配体1 (programmed cell death ligand 1, PD-L1) 抗体和细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关蛋白4 (cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen 4, CTLA-4) 抗体等。PD-1/PD-L1相互作用是肿瘤免疫逃逸的重要手段。当PD-1与PD-L1结合, ITSM结构域中的酪氨酸发生磷酸化, 从而募集SHP1/2, 阻断PI3K信号通路以及抑制下游AKT信号的激活, 导致T细胞的增殖减少, 细胞因子释放减少, 进而抑制T细胞的激活和杀伤功能[4]。一些靶向PD-1/PD-L1免疫检查点的抗体药物在临床治疗中显示出令人鼓舞的治疗效果, 但同时这些单抗药物也存在生产成本高、临床患者应答率低及诱发免疫相关不良事件(immune-related adverse events, irAE) 等局限性[5]。与抗体药物相比, 小分子药物在使用过程中更加灵活, 具有来源广泛、价格低廉、容易改造及不良反应小等优势[6], 基于小分子药物的ICI策略在肿瘤免疫治疗领域引起了广泛的兴趣。
天然产物是创新药物的重要来源, 从传统中药中寻找抗肿瘤药物已被证明是一种有效可行的手段[7]。丹酚酸B (salvianolic acid B, SAB) 是中药丹参的主要水溶性活性成分, 大量研究显示SAB具有抗炎、抗氧化、抗凋亡及清除氧自由基的作用[8], 但有关SAB作为免疫检查点抑制剂应用于肿瘤免疫治疗方面的研究还未见报道。本研究对SAB下调肿瘤细胞中PD-L1的表达, 激活T细胞活性从而发挥抗肿瘤作用进行了研究。
主要试剂及材料   DMEM (11965092)、RPMI 1640 (11875093) 培养基购自美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司; 胰蛋白酶(SH40003.01)、胎牛血清(SH30079.03) 和青霉素/链霉素溶液(SV30010) 购自美国Hyclone公司; 十二烷基磺酸钠(0227)、Tris碱(0497)、过硫酸铵(0486) 及Tween-20 (0777) 购自美国Amresco公司; PVDF膜(IPVH00010) 购自美国Millipore公司; PD-L1抗体(#13684)、脊髓灰质炎病毒受体(poliovirus receptor, PVR) 抗体(#81254)、GAPDH抗体(#5174) 和羊抗兔或小鼠二抗(#7074, #7076) 购自美国Cell Signaling公司; CD47抗体(ab218810) 购自美国Abcam公司; 泛素羧基末端水解酶2 (ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 2, USP2) (10392-1-AP) 抗体购自美国Proteintech公司; VigoFect转染试剂(#212E) 购自北京威格拉斯生物技术有限公司; SAB (RS00051020) 购自上海诗丹德生物技术有限公司。
细胞培养   人结肠癌细胞RKO和前列腺癌细胞PC3、DU145细胞购自中国医学科学院基础医学研究所, 小鼠结肠癌MC38细胞和活化T细胞核因子(nuclear factor of activated T cells, NFAT) 荧光素酶Jurkat细胞由本室保存。RKO、PC3和DU145均用RPMI-1640培养, MC38细胞用DMEM培养。培养基中加入10% FBS和1%双抗, 并置于培养箱(HERAcell vios 160i, 美国Thermo Scientific公司) (37 ℃、5% CO2) 中进行培养。
流式细胞术检测细胞膜表面PD-L1   将6孔板中细胞经SAB处理相应时间后, 用PBS清洗2遍。加入胰酶进行消化, 1 000 r·min-1, 5 min进行离心, 并用PBS漂洗2次。用PBS溶液配制荧光抗体(1∶1 000), 混匀后加入到细胞中进行染色, 放在4 ℃冰箱中避光孵育20 min后, 1 000 r·min-1离心5 min, 去除荧光染料, 并用PBS洗涤1次。用300目筛网进行过滤, 避免堵塞仪器, 用流式细胞仪(Lumienx Guava BGV, 美国Luminex公司) 检测细胞膜表面PD-L1的荧光信号。
PD-L1-PD-1蛋白相互作用实验   将RKO细胞接种于24孔板中(1×105个/孔), 在无菌培养箱(37 ℃, 5% CO2) 内培养至细胞贴壁, 约24 h后, 更换培养基并加入对照DMSO或不同浓度SAB处理, 药物作用结束后, 吸除培养基并用PBS清洗3遍, 4%多聚甲醛固定细胞(室温, 15 min), 去掉多聚甲醛后用PBS洗两遍。将适量人重组PD-1 Fc蛋白加入已固定的细胞中孵育1 h, 用PBS缓冲液洗细胞数次。加入抗人IgG (Alexa Fluor 488) 荧光二抗(1∶1 000), 4 ℃静置30 min。用DAPI染色液对细胞核进行染色10 min, 用PBS缓冲液冲洗细胞3遍, 最后加入甘油封层。在荧光显微镜下观察绿色荧光信号并拍照记录统计[9]。照片由美国蔡司Axio Vert A1显微镜拍摄。或荧光强度通过Novo cyte流式细胞仪进行检测, 并通过Novo Express 1.5.0软件(美国安捷伦公司) 统计。
MTT法测定细胞存活率   MTT实验按照本课题组已报道的方法进行[9, 10]。将细胞种入96孔培养板, 加入不同浓度的SAB (5、10和20 μmol·L-1), 在培养箱中培养24 h, 每个孔加入20 μL 5 mg·mL-1 MTT, 再放入培养箱中培养4 h, 随后弃去上清, 每孔加入100 μL二甲基亚砜, 震荡20 min后, 在570 nm处测定光吸收值。
Western blot  Western blot实验按照本课题组已报道的方法进行[9, 10]。将细胞种入6孔板中, 用SAB处理相应时间后, 用冰冷的PBS洗细胞2遍, 每孔加入适量裂解液, 用细胞刮刀将6孔板中的细胞刮下, 置于冰上裂解30 min。随后4 ℃、12 000 r·min-1离心15 min。收集上清, 用Bradford法测定蛋白提取液浓度, 配制上样液, 煮沸10 min。取20 μg总蛋白进行10% SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳, 半干法转膜后4 ℃过夜孵育一抗, 在室温孵育二抗1 h, 使用Tanon-5100凝胶成像系统(中国天能公司) 进行成像。
实时荧光定量PCR   将细胞接种于6孔板后, 用SAB处理12 h。使用RNA提取试剂盒(天根生化科技有限公司) 提取细胞中的总RNA, 接着使用iScriptTM cDNA Synthesis Kit (美国Bio-Rad公司) 试剂盒进行逆转录合成cDNA。按照iTaqTM Universal SYBR Green Supermix试剂盒(美国Bio-Rad公司) 进行操作, 加入适当染料、引物和cDNA模板后, 上机检测各组细胞中PD-L1 mRNA的变化。qRT-PCR引物序列为: PD-L1 (forward: 5′-TCACTTGGTAATTCTGGGAGC-3′; reverse: 5′-CTTTGAGTTTGTATCTTGGATGCC-3′); GAPDH (forward: 5′-TGCACCACCAACTGCTTAGC-3′; reverse: 5′-GGCATGGACTGTGGTCATGAG-3′)。
T细胞介导的肿瘤细胞杀伤实验   人类外周血单核细胞(peripheral blood mononuclear cell, PBMC) 购自StemEry公司。PBMC介导的肿瘤细胞杀伤实验由xCELLigence RTCA实时细胞功能分析仪系统(S16, 美国安捷伦公司) 进行。首先, 在RTCA软件设置实验步骤, 填写细胞和药物信息。在E-Plate 16板的每个孔中加入50 μL空白培养基, 将E-Plate 16板放到RTCA Station上测量基线。取出E-Plate 16板, 在检测板中添加含有5×103个RKO或PC3细胞的50 μL培养基, 使得检测版每孔终体积达到100 μL。实时动态检测细胞增殖24 h后, 激活的PBMC细胞与肿瘤细胞数目以10∶1的比例加入后共孵育[9]。将检测板放入仪器, 每15 min通过连续阻抗记录细胞增殖数。结果由xCELLigence RTCA Software 2.2.1软件分析。
表面等离子体共振分析SAB与USP2的直接结合作用   采用BIAcore T200生物传感器系统(Biacore S200, 美国GE Healthcare公司) 在温度25 ℃下进行表面等离子体共振实验。活化的CM5葡聚糖芯片用于固定重组人USP2蛋白, 不同浓度的SAB溶液(25、100、150、250和300 μmol·L-1) 为流动相。1 mol·L-1 pH 8.3乙醇胺用于阻断剩余的活性位点。在pH值为7.4、含有0.05% Tween-20的1× PBS缓冲液中, 以20 μL·min-1的流速进行不同浓度的SAB与rhUSP2的结合, 持续120 s。BIAevaluation软件2.0使用1∶1 Langmuir结合模型分析结合动力学, 测定SAB与USP2蛋白结合的Kd值。
去泛素化酶(deubiquitinase, DUB) 活性检测实验   按照比例配置反应溶液(50 mmol·L-1 Tris-HCl, pH 7.5的1 mmol·L-1 EDTA, 1 mg·mL-1卵清蛋白, 5 mmol·L-1 MgCl2, 1 mmol·L-1 DTT, 1 mmol·L-1 ATP), 将重组人USP2蛋白与DMSO或SAB (5、10、20和50 μmol·L-1) 孵育1 h后, 与1 μmol·L-1 Ub-AMC (Boston Biochem公司, U-550) 底物混和于100 μL反应体系中, 反应30 min后上机检测, 在345 nm激发光下检测445 nm波长的发射光。
小鼠结肠癌移植瘤实验   SPF级别C57BL/6小鼠(18~22 g), 雌性, 购自北京华阜康生物科技股份有限公司, 许可证编号: SCXK (京) 2019-0008。实验单位许可证编号: SYXK (京) 2017-0023。所有动物实验均按照中国医学科学院医药生物技术研究所动物伦理委员会批准的指南进行。将小鼠进行称重分组后, 在小鼠右侧腋下接种MC38结肠癌细胞1×106个细胞。接种72 h后, 配制SAB, 腹腔注射给药或生理盐水空白对照, SAB实验组给药剂量10和20 mg·kg-1, 空白对照组给予200 μL PBS, 每日给药1次, 共给药14天。每2天测量1次小鼠体重; 给药第3天开始, 每隔2天测量1次瘤体积。结束给药2天后, 处理小鼠, 分离瘤组织拍照称重, 取出部分组织进行流式实验。
肿瘤免疫浸润淋巴细胞分离及T细胞表型分析   将小鼠肿瘤组织取出, 用胶原酶(1 mg·mL-1) 和DNA酶(0.1 mg·mL-1, #2357215, 美国Gibco公司) 在37 ℃处理1 h, 将组织分离为单个细胞。使用购自美国BioLegend公司的PE/Cyanine7 anti-mouse CD45 (#103114)、APC anti-mouse CD3 antibody (#100235)、FITC anti-mouse CD8a (#100803)、PE anti-mouse CD4 antibody (#100407) 对单细胞进行染色, 4 ℃处理1 h。用细胞激活剂处理细胞后, 对细胞进行透化并用购自美国BioLegend公司的干扰素-γ (interferon-gamma, IFN-γ) 抗体(#505841) 和颗粒酶B (granzyme B, GzmB) 抗体(#396414) 进行染色[10]。细胞用PBS至少漂洗3遍, 最后使用Novocyte流式细胞仪进行检测, 实验结果用Novo Express 1.5.0软件(美国安捷伦公司) 统计。
统计学分析   每组实验重复3次, 实验结果使用Graphpad Prism 8.0.2软件进行分析。实验数据以x ± s表示, 组间比较采用t检验, P < 0.05具有显著性差异。
以人结肠癌细胞RKO和前列腺癌细胞PC3、Du145为研究对象, 本研究检测了SAB对肿瘤细胞中PD-L1总蛋白表达的影响。将不同剂量(0、0.5、1、2、5和10 μmol·L-1) 的SAB分别作用于RKO和PC3细胞24 h后, 用Western blot检测PD-L1的变化。结果显示, SAB可以剂量依赖性地下调PD-L1的表达, 在10 μmol·L-1浓度下SAB即可发挥明显的下调作用(图 1A)。接下来, 本研究将10 μmol·L-1 SAB作用于RKO、PC3和DU145细胞不同时间(0、1、3、6、12和24 h) 后, 用Western blot的方法检测SAB对细胞中PD-L1表达的影响。结果表明, SAB对PD-L1的下调作用具有时间依赖性, 10 μmol·L-1 SAB作用24 h可以明显下调PD-L1的表达水平(图 1B)。此外, 本研究还考察了SAB对RKO和PC3细胞中其他免疫检查点如CD47和PVR的影响, 发现其对CD47和PVR的表达没有明显的抑制作用(图 1A), 说明SAB特异性降解肿瘤细胞中免疫检查点PD-L1的表达。由于肿瘤免疫治疗药物并不直接杀伤肿瘤细胞, 本研究进一步检测了SAB的细胞毒性。MTT结果表明, 10 μmol·L-1浓度内的SAB作用RKO和PC3细胞24 h后, 对细胞增殖活性无明显影响(图 1C)。以上结果表明SAB可以剂量和时间依赖性下调肿瘤细胞中PD-L1的表达。
作为一种膜蛋白, PD-L1分泌至肿瘤细胞表面后与T细胞表面的PD-1相互作用, 抑制T细胞的活性从而发挥免疫抑制作用[11]。为进一步明确SAB对肿瘤细胞膜表面PD-L1表达的影响, 本研究将SAB处理RKO细胞24 h, 用流式细胞术检测膜表面PD-L1的变化情况。结果表明, 5和10 μmol·L-1 SAB作用后可显著降低细胞膜表面的PD-L1水平, 其中10 μmol·L-1 SAB可使膜表面PD-L1平均荧光强度降低50%左右(图 2A)。
此外, 本研究还将SAB预处理24 h后的RKO细胞与重组的人PD-1-Fc蛋白(一种由人PD-1和Fc-IgG组成的融合蛋白) 相互作用, 随后加入靶向Fc-PD-1蛋白的荧光二抗进行标记, 采用免疫荧光方法分析肿瘤细胞表面结合PD-1量的变化。结果表明, SAB可减少RKO细胞与PD-1-Fc的结合。5和10 μmol·L-1 SAB抑制率分别约为68.1%和81.4% (图 2B)。接下来, 本研究进一步检测了SAB对T细胞上T细胞抗原受体(T cell receptor, TCR) 信号通路的影响。通过PD-L1/PD-1阻断分析实验发现, 在用SAB处理的RKO细胞中, NFAT荧光素酶发光信号值均以SAB浓度依赖性方式显著增加(图 2C), 说明SAB通过下调肿瘤细胞表面PD-L1的表达, 从而解除了对TCR信号抑制, 促进T细胞的增殖。以上结果证实, SAB可显著降低肿瘤细胞膜表面PD-L1的水平并减弱其结合PD-1蛋白的能力。
鉴于SAB可以下调肿瘤细胞内和膜表面PD-L1表达水平, 本研究进一步检测SAB是否会增强T细胞对肿瘤细胞的杀伤能力。通过细胞阻抗分析实验, 将活化的PBMC与RKO细胞共培养, 细胞阻抗分析仪实时监测肿瘤细胞增殖情况。结果表明, PD-1/PD-L1的相互作用会抑制PBMC细胞对RKO细胞的杀伤作用, 而SAB (5和10 μmol·L-1) 作用后可增强PBMC细胞对RKO细胞的杀伤活性(图 3A)。接下来, 采用结晶紫染色实验对上述结果进行验证。与对照组相比, SAB可剂量依赖性增强PBMC细胞对PC3细胞的杀伤活性, 表现在SAB不同剂量给药组染色较浅, 其中5和10 μmol·L-1给药组抑制率分别约为65.3%和82.6% (图 3B)。以上实验表明, SAB可以增强共培养细胞中PBMC细胞对肿瘤细胞的杀伤作用。
为探讨SAB下调PD-L1水平的内在机制, 本研究首先用定量PCR (qRT-PCR) 的方法检测了SAB对PD-L1 mRNA水平的影响。qRT-PCR结果显示, 与对照组相比, SAB (10 μmol·L-1) 作用RKO、PC3和Du145细胞12 h后, 并不影响PD-L1的mRNA水平(图 4A), 提示SAB下调肿瘤细胞中PD-L1表达不依赖转录途径。现有研究表明, 去泛素化酶可在转录后水平调控PD-L1的表达[12]。本课题组前期研究结果证实, 肿瘤细胞中USP2高表达促进PD-L1的表达水平(待发表数据), 并且沉默PC3细胞中USP2表达后显著降低PD-L1的表达(图 4B), 提示SAB可能通过抑制USP2活性下调PD-L1的表达。为验证SAB是否可结合到USP2蛋白上, 本研究采用表面等离子共振(surface plasmon resonance, SPR) 技术分析了SAB和USP2蛋白之间的直接相互作用。SPR结果证实SAB与USP2蛋白的确存在直接相互作用, 二者结合的Kd值约为42.6 μmol·L-1 (图 4C)。此外, 利用计算机辅助分子对接技术, 将USP2蛋白的X射线晶体结构(PDB Id: 3HNE) 与SAB分子化学结构式进行对接, 结果显示SAB可成功对接至USP2蛋白的USP结构域(图 4D)。作为一种去泛素化酶, USP2可使PD-L1发生去泛素化, 而抑制USP2活性则可促进PD-L1发生泛素化降解。因此, 本研究用DUB活性实验分析SAB是否抑制了USP2的去泛素化酶活性。结果显示, SAB可显著抑制USP2的去泛素化酶活性(图 4E)。为了进一步验证上述结论, 对PD-L1泛素化水平进行了检测。将HA-Ub和Myc-PD-L1质粒共转于293细胞中, SAB作用12 h后, 通过免疫共沉淀实验检测PD-L1的泛素化情况。结果显示, SAB可以增强PD-L1的泛素化水平(图 4F), 提示SAB抑制USP2活性后通过泛素-蛋白酶体途径促进PD-L1的降解。以上结果说明, USP2通过与USP2蛋白结合后抑制其去泛素化酶活性, 诱导PD-L1降解。
利用小鼠结肠癌MC38移植瘤模型, 本研究进一步探究了SAB的体内抗肿瘤效果。将约1×106个小鼠MC38结肠瘤细胞悬液接种在C57BL/6小鼠腋下成瘤, 以PBS作为阴性对照, 不同剂量浓度的SAB (10和20 mg·kg-1) 腹腔给药14天, 通过测量给药过程中荷瘤小鼠的体重和移植瘤体积的变化等方法检测SAB的体内抗肿瘤效果。结果表明, SAB可显著抑制小鼠体内移植瘤的生长(图 5A), 但给药期间对小鼠的体重无明显影响(图 5B)。10和20 mg·kg-1 SAB给药组的抑瘤率分别为43.4%和63.2% (图 5CD)。
此外, 用流式细胞术的方法检测了给药组荷瘤小鼠肿瘤浸润的CD8+ T细胞的激活情况。结果表明, SAB可显著激活肿瘤组织浸润的CD8+ T细胞, 表现在SAB给药组中, CD8+ T细胞中IFN-γ和GzmB的含量明显增加(图 5E), 表明SAB通过降低PD-L1表达后, 能够促进肿瘤浸润的CD8+ T细胞激活而抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖。
免疫检查点抑制剂疗法是目前应用范围最广和治疗潜力最大的肿瘤免疫疗法, 其中靶向PD-L1/PD-1抑制剂的研究最多且应用最广。目前, 临床上广泛使用的多为单抗类免疫检查点药物, 如靶向CTLA-4抗体, 包括伊匹单抗(ipilimumab) 和曲美母单抗(tremelimumab); 靶向PD-1/PD-L1抗体, 如帕博利珠单抗和纳武单抗等[5]。与上述单抗类药物相比, 小分子药物具有来源广泛、价格低廉、易于改造等优势[13], 因此利用小分子药物阻断PD-L1/PD-1相互作用来增强抗肿瘤免疫是一个极具潜力的研究方向。
SAB作为传统中药丹参的单体成分之一, 具有抗氧化、保护心脏、预防动脉粥样硬化等多种药理学活性[14]。此外, SAB可以通过多种信号通路发挥内在的抗肿瘤活性, 如诱导细胞分化、抑制炎症、抑制血管生成等机制[15]。但关于SAB下调PD-L1表达的研究还鲜有报道。本研究证明了SAB可以明显下调肿瘤细胞中以及细胞膜表面PD-L1的表达, 且可以激活共培养的PBMC细胞对肿瘤的杀伤活性。进一步的机制研究发现, SAB通过直接结合至USP2并抑制其去泛素化酶活性, 诱导PD-L1发生泛素-蛋白酶体途径降解, 从而发挥其抗肿瘤作用。此外, 在小鼠结肠癌皮下移植瘤模型中, SAB亦显示了良好的抗肿瘤活性。本研究表明, 天然化合物SAB具有以新的抗肿瘤机制重新应用于抗肿瘤领域的潜力, 体现了药物“古为今用”的研发理念。
泛素-蛋白酶体途径是维持细胞中蛋白稳态的重要途径之一。泛素分子通过E1泛素活化酶、E2结合酶、E3连接酶与靶蛋白结合, 经由泛素-蛋白酶体通路吞噬、降解靶蛋白。而去泛素化酶可逆向调节泛素化过程[16]。在SAB降解PD-L1的机制研究中发现, SAB通过抑制USP2蛋白活性, 进而促进PD-L1通过泛素-蛋白酶体依赖性途径降解。已有研究表明, PD-L1受到泛素-蛋白酶体途径调控, 如泛素-特异性蛋白酶22 (USP22)[17]和泛素-特异性蛋白酶(USP15)[18]可以稳定癌细胞中PD-L1的表达, 抑制T细胞活性; 去泛素化酶CSN5可以通过去泛素化过程稳定癌细胞中的PD-L1, 从而逃避T细胞的免疫监视[19]。因此, 靶向PD-L1的多聚泛素化途径, 如靶向抑制去泛素化酶活性, 进而增强PD-L1发生泛素化是肿瘤免疫治疗的新策略之一。本研究通过表面等离子共振、免疫共沉淀等多种方法证实, SAB与USP2之间存在直接相互作用。SAB结合于USP2后可抑制USP2的去泛素化酶活性, 导致PD-L1发生泛素化和随后降解过程。
本研究为肿瘤免疫治疗提供了一种替代策略。作为一种天然活性小分子化合物, SAB具有较好的组织和肿瘤渗透性, 易于分布在肿瘤微环境中调控免疫细胞的活性。此外, SAB是一种临床上广泛使用的药物, 对正常细胞的毒性较小。因此, SAB有望成为一种新型的肿瘤免疫治疗候选药物, 可与PD-1、CTLA-4等抗体药物联用, 进一步改善临床上这些免疫检查点抑制剂的疗效。SAB的半衰期较短, 后期可通过结构改造、改变剂型等进一步提高SAB的靶向性和生物活性。本研究为将SAB发展成为一个新的肿瘤免疫治疗小分子药物提供了科学依据。
作者贡献: 况泽安负责主要实验操作、部分实验设计、结果分析与统计; 董靖雯、孙翠翠、殷明晓、刘晓嘉和刘璐负责部分实验实施; 冯艳春、刘晓嘉负责文献检索和数据分析; 邓洪斌、刘晓嘉和冯艳春负责实验设计、结果分析、论文撰写与修改。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上资助项目(82273960)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上资助项目(81973366)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上资助项目(82003792)
  • 中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程重大协同创新项目(2021-I2M-1-070)
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2023年第58卷第4期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2023-0027
  • 接收时间:2023-01-10
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-04-12
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  • 收稿日期:2023-01-10
  • 修回日期:2023-02-06
基金
国家自然科学基金面上资助项目(82273960)
国家自然科学基金面上资助项目(81973366)
国家自然科学基金面上资助项目(82003792)
中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程重大协同创新项目(2021-I2M-1-070)
作者信息
    1.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院医药生物技术研究所, 北京 100050
    2.青岛市妇女儿童医院, 山东 青岛 266034
    3.北京市临床药学研究所、北京友谊医院, 北京 100050
    4.中国食品药品检定研究院, 北京 102629

通讯作者:

*刘晓嘉, Tel: 86-10-63139387, E-mail: ;
冯艳春, Tel: 86-10-53851539, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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