Article(id=1198624471486656952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624466902287155, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1244, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1668614400000, receivedDateStr=2022-11-17, revisedDate=1672675200000, revisedDateStr=2023-01-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763703943368, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1681228800000, pubDateStr=2023-04-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763703943368, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763703943368, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763703943368, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198624466902287155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='1092', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763703942275, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763704125380, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198625234971619912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624466902287155, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198625234971619913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624466902287155, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=946, endPage=953, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198624471797035464, articleId=1198624471486656952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Research on the anti-tumor effect of nordihydroguaiaretic acid targeting MyD88, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study mainly explores the role of myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (MyD88) in tumorigenesis and development, to identify active compounds targeting MyD88. CRISPR/Cas9 system and xenograft tumor model were used to detect the effect of MyD88 deletion on tumor growth, and the experimental animal ethics review number was PZSHUTCM200828006. Microscale thermophoresis technology (MST) was used to identify compounds directly bind to MyD88 and further detect the impact of candidate small molecules on cell proliferation. Results showed that depletion of MyD88 significantly inhibited xenograft tumor growth of colon cancer, pancreatic cancer and skin cancer and the activity of NF-κB signaling pathway. MST showed that nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) bound to MyD88, with the binding dissociation constant Kd of 14.61 µmol·L-1. NDGA inhibited NF-κB reporting system activation and phosphorylation of p65, the key factor in NF-κB signal pathway. In addition, the results of colony formation assay showed that NDGA suppressed the proliferation of tumor cells. The above results show that, MyD88 is a potential therapeutic target for colon cancer, pancreatic cancer and skin cancer, NDGA directly binds to MyD88 and inhibits the activity of NF-κB signaling pathway, as well as inhibits the proliferation of pancreatic cancer, skin cancer and colon cancer cells.

, correspAuthors=Xue ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yue WANG, Yi QU, Xi-song KE, Xue ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198624472891748878, articleId=1198624471486656952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=去甲二氢愈创木酸靶向MyD88抗肿瘤研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究主要探究髓系分化初级反应蛋白88 (myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88, MyD88) 在肿瘤发生发展中的作用, 发现靶向MyD88的抗肿瘤活性小分子。本研究利用CRISPR/Cas9技术和裸鼠移植瘤模型检测MyD88缺失对肿瘤生长的作用, 实验动物伦理审查编号为PZSHUTCM200828006; 利用微量热泳动技术(microscale thermophoresis technology, MST) 筛选直接结合MyD88的天然产物小分子, 并进一步检测候选小分子对细胞增殖的影响。结果表明, MyD88缺失后显著抑制结肠癌、胰腺癌和皮肤癌的肿瘤生长并且抑制肿瘤细胞的NF-κB信号通路活性; MST结果发现, 去甲二氢愈创木酸(nordihydroguaiaretic acid, NDGA) 与MyD88直接结合, 其结合解离常数Kd = 14.61 µmol·L-1; 去甲二氢愈创木酸阻断NF-κB报告系统的激活, 并抑制NF-κB通路关键因子p65磷酸化; 此外, 克隆形成实验结果发现去甲二氢愈创木酸抑制肿瘤细胞增殖。以上结果表明, MyD88是结肠癌、胰腺癌、皮肤癌潜在治疗靶标, 去甲二氢愈创木酸与MyD88直接结合并且抑制其下游NF-κB信号通路的活性, 从而抑制胰腺癌、皮肤癌及结肠癌细胞增殖。

, correspAuthors=张雪, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*张雪, Tel: 86-21-51322419, E-mail:
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Cancer Lett, 2018, 433: 65-75., articleTitle=Deleting MyD88 signaling in myeloid cells promotes development of adenocarcinomas of the colon, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1198702045793452921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624471486656952, awardId=81803754, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(81803754), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198702038835101940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624471486656952, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198702038847684855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624471486656952, companyId=1198702038835101940, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198702038868656378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624471486656952, companyId=1198702038835101940, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.上海中医药大学交叉科学研究院, 上海 201203)]), AuthorCompany(id=1198702038998679819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624471486656952, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198702039007068429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624471486656952, companyId=1198702038998679819, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Shanghai 201203, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198702039019651344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624471486656952, companyId=1198702038998679819, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.上海市中药化学生物学前沿基地, 上海 201203)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1198702044136702705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624471486656952, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=MGsi54jAJhlE19pbqMERgQ==, figureFileBig=ydQyMXIMrgOUFvSAtdyuxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702044296086265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624471486656952, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= MyD88 is a potential therapeutic target for colon, pancreatic and skin cancer. A: Schematic diagram of sgRNAs targeting MyD88 exons; B: Western blot to detect the expression of MyD88 in HCT116, A375 and PANC1-wild type and MyD88-KO cells (<i>n</i> = 3); C: MyD88-KO HCT116 cells xenograft growth curve, tumor figure and weight of transplanted tumor in nude mice (<i>n</i> = 10); D: MyD88-KO A375 cells xenograft growth curve, tumor figure and weight of transplanted tumor in nude mice (<i>n</i> = 10); E: MyD88-KO PANC1-wild type cells xenograft growth curve, tumor figure and weight of transplanted tumor in nude mice (<i>n</i> = 6); F: NF-<i>κ</i>B luciferase reporting system to testing the luciferase activity of MyD88-KO HCT116, A375 and PANC1 cell (<i>n</i> = 3).<span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001. MyD88: Myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 , figureFileSmall=MGsi54jAJhlE19pbqMERgQ==, figureFileBig=ydQyMXIMrgOUFvSAtdyuxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702044438692618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624471486656952, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=dbpsX1haxgYR0/wyfOa4Ag==, figureFileBig=1qv/JAqmckXNDKpd1sN6nA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702044598076185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624471486656952, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) binds MyD88. A: Schematic diagram of chemical structure of NDGA; B: Microscale thermophoresis technology (MST) to detect the binding affinity of NDGA with MyD88 (<i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</span> ± <i>s</i>); C: Illustration of MyD88 full-length and truncated mutants; D: Western blot to identify the expression of MyD88 and truncated mutants; E: MST to detect the binding affinity of NDGA with MyD88 truncated mutants , figureFileSmall=dbpsX1haxgYR0/wyfOa4Ag==, figureFileBig=1qv/JAqmckXNDKpd1sN6nA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702044757459753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624471486656952, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=8B9JimaFhWk6VA1cRhJhwA==, figureFileBig=JIt05i7SbfLWFA3w3XMQjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702044900066099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624471486656952, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= NDGA is a candidate for MyD88 as a potential target small molecule. A: Western blot to detect the expression of MyD88 in HCT116, A375 and PANC1 wild type cells with NDGA dose course; B: NF-<i>κ</i>B luciferase reporting system to testing the luciferase activity of exogenous transfer MyD88 in 293FT cells; C: Western blot to detect the expression of p65 and p-p65 in PANC1 wild type cells with NDGA acid dose course; D: CCK-8 assay to detect the inhibition of NDGA on HCT116, A375 and PANC1-wild type cells, NDGA treatment for 72 h; E: Colony formation assay to detect the inhibition of NDGA on HCT116, A375 and PANC1-wild type cells, NDGA treatment for 72 h with dose course. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 , figureFileSmall=8B9JimaFhWk6VA1cRhJhwA==, figureFileBig=JIt05i7SbfLWFA3w3XMQjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702045063643966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624471486656952, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
sgRNA Sequence
sgRNA1 F: CACCGAACGTGCGGACACAGGTGG
R: AAACCCACCTGTGTCCGCACGTTC
sgRNA2 F: CACCGAGGTTGGCTAGAAGGCCAC
R: AAACGTGGCCTTCTAGCCAACCTC
), ArticleFig(id=1198702045290136395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624471486656952, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

sgRNAs sequence

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
sgRNA Sequence
sgRNA1 F: CACCGAACGTGCGGACACAGGTGG
R: AAACCCACCTGTGTCCGCACGTTC
sgRNA2 F: CACCGAGGTTGGCTAGAAGGCCAC
R: AAACGTGGCCTTCTAGCCAACCTC
), ArticleFig(id=1198702045424354129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624471486656952, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer Sequence
Negative F: CTGCTCGAGCTGCTTACCAA
R: CAGGGGGTCATCAAGTGTGG
Positive F: TGCCGCAGGAGAAAGAGGA
R: GCTAGGAGGAGATGCCCAGTA
), ArticleFig(id=1198702045579543393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624471486656952, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Primer sequence

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer Sequence
Negative F: CTGCTCGAGCTGCTTACCAA
R: CAGGGGGTCATCAAGTGTGG
Positive F: TGCCGCAGGAGAAAGAGGA
R: GCTAGGAGGAGATGCCCAGTA
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去甲二氢愈创木酸靶向MyD88抗肿瘤研究
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王月 1, 2 , 屈祎 1, 2 , 柯细松 1, 2 , 张雪 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(4): 946-953
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2023, 58(4): 946-953
去甲二氢愈创木酸靶向MyD88抗肿瘤研究
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王月1, 2, 屈祎1, 2, 柯细松1, 2, 张雪1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.上海中医药大学交叉科学研究院, 上海 201203
  • 2.上海市中药化学生物学前沿基地, 上海 201203

通讯作者:

*张雪, Tel: 86-21-51322419, E-mail:
Research on the anti-tumor effect of nordihydroguaiaretic acid targeting MyD88
Yue WANG1, 2, Yi QU1, 2, Xi-song KE1, 2, Xue ZHANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
  • 2. Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Shanghai 201203, China
出版时间: 2023-04-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1244
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本研究主要探究髓系分化初级反应蛋白88 (myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88, MyD88) 在肿瘤发生发展中的作用, 发现靶向MyD88的抗肿瘤活性小分子。本研究利用CRISPR/Cas9技术和裸鼠移植瘤模型检测MyD88缺失对肿瘤生长的作用, 实验动物伦理审查编号为PZSHUTCM200828006; 利用微量热泳动技术(microscale thermophoresis technology, MST) 筛选直接结合MyD88的天然产物小分子, 并进一步检测候选小分子对细胞增殖的影响。结果表明, MyD88缺失后显著抑制结肠癌、胰腺癌和皮肤癌的肿瘤生长并且抑制肿瘤细胞的NF-κB信号通路活性; MST结果发现, 去甲二氢愈创木酸(nordihydroguaiaretic acid, NDGA) 与MyD88直接结合, 其结合解离常数Kd = 14.61 µmol·L-1; 去甲二氢愈创木酸阻断NF-κB报告系统的激活, 并抑制NF-κB通路关键因子p65磷酸化; 此外, 克隆形成实验结果发现去甲二氢愈创木酸抑制肿瘤细胞增殖。以上结果表明, MyD88是结肠癌、胰腺癌、皮肤癌潜在治疗靶标, 去甲二氢愈创木酸与MyD88直接结合并且抑制其下游NF-κB信号通路的活性, 从而抑制胰腺癌、皮肤癌及结肠癌细胞增殖。

髓系分化初级反应蛋白88  /  结肠癌  /  皮肤癌  /  胰腺癌  /  NF-κB信号通路  /  去甲二氢愈创木酸

This study mainly explores the role of myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (MyD88) in tumorigenesis and development, to identify active compounds targeting MyD88. CRISPR/Cas9 system and xenograft tumor model were used to detect the effect of MyD88 deletion on tumor growth, and the experimental animal ethics review number was PZSHUTCM200828006. Microscale thermophoresis technology (MST) was used to identify compounds directly bind to MyD88 and further detect the impact of candidate small molecules on cell proliferation. Results showed that depletion of MyD88 significantly inhibited xenograft tumor growth of colon cancer, pancreatic cancer and skin cancer and the activity of NF-κB signaling pathway. MST showed that nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) bound to MyD88, with the binding dissociation constant Kd of 14.61 µmol·L-1. NDGA inhibited NF-κB reporting system activation and phosphorylation of p65, the key factor in NF-κB signal pathway. In addition, the results of colony formation assay showed that NDGA suppressed the proliferation of tumor cells. The above results show that, MyD88 is a potential therapeutic target for colon cancer, pancreatic cancer and skin cancer, NDGA directly binds to MyD88 and inhibits the activity of NF-κB signaling pathway, as well as inhibits the proliferation of pancreatic cancer, skin cancer and colon cancer cells.

myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88  /  colon cancer  /  skin cancer  /  pancreatic cancer  /  NF-κB signaling pathway  /  nordihydroguaiaretic acid
王月, 屈祎, 柯细松, 张雪. 去甲二氢愈创木酸靶向MyD88抗肿瘤研究. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (4) : 946 -953 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1244
Yue WANG, Yi QU, Xi-song KE, Xue ZHANG. Research on the anti-tumor effect of nordihydroguaiaretic acid targeting MyD88[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (4) : 946 -953 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1244
髓系分化初级反应蛋白88 (myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88, MyD88) 是细胞内重要的接头蛋白(adapter)[1], 现有研究发现MyD88是除了Toll样受体3 (Toll-like receptor 3, TLR3)、白细胞介素-1受体(IL-1R) 和IL-18R外所有TLRs的适配器分子[2]。微生物、内源性配体和炎症介质刺激TLRs后, MyD88二聚化并被招募与白细胞介素-1受体相关激酶4 (interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4, IRAK4)形成复合物, 即“Myddosome”, 介导IRAK1、IRAK2以及下游NF-κB信号通路的激活[3, 4]。结构上MyD88主要由死亡结构域(death domain, DD) 和Toll/IL-1受体(Toll/IL-1 receptor, TIR) 结构域组成, 中间由一个短连接序列中间域(intermediate, INT) 相连[5]
MyD88参与癌基因诱导的细胞内在炎症和肿瘤外部炎症过程, 在多种实验性致癌模型的研究中, MyD88对肝癌、卵巢癌、淋巴癌及肉瘤的发生都是明确的促进作用, 但其对结肠癌、皮肤癌及胰腺癌的发生发展却起着相矛盾的作用[6]。在胰腺癌中, 抑制MyD88通路加剧了胰腺癌的发生和癌变[7]。然而, 胰腺癌的发生又依赖于KRASG12D诱导的IL-1α-MyD88自分泌环激活NF-κB信号通路[8]。在结肠癌中, 敲除MyD88的Apcmin/+自发性肠道肿瘤模型小鼠的小肠腺瘤数量明显减少[9]。而在氮氧乙烷(AOM) 结肠癌小鼠模型(colitis-associated cancer, CAC) 中, 敲除MyD88导致腺瘤形成显著增加, 并进展为浸润性腺癌[10]。在DMBA (7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene)/TPA (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate) 和MCA (3-methylcholanthrene) 诱导的皮肤癌模型上, MyD88敲除小鼠比野生型小鼠产生更少的皮肤乳头状瘤[11]。然而, TLR4-MyD88在DMBA单独诱发的皮肤化学癌变中起促进作用[12]。综上所述, 通过各种体内疾病模型得到MyD88作用机制各不相同, 故MyD88对结肠癌、胰腺癌、皮肤癌的发生发展作用仍有待阐明。
2015年, Olson等[13]通过高通量计算机虚拟筛选发现T5910047能够干扰MyD88的TIR-TIR同型相互作用, 从而抑制促炎症的下游信号传递; 二代药物T6167923靶向MyD88的TIR域, 阻止了MyD88同二聚体的形成, 干扰MyD88信号, 减轻小鼠的促炎信号。通过筛选定向合成的MyD88候选小分子库, 2016年Zhou课题组[14]发现TJ-M2010-5特异性结合到MyD88的TIR结构域, 干扰其二聚化从而影响蛋白功能, 能够显著降低AOM/DSS引起的结肠炎, 阻止CAC发展, 降低小鼠死亡率。TJ-M2010-5可通过阻断TLR7/MyD88/NF-κB和TLR7/MyD88/MAPK信号通路来纠正R848诱导的B细胞狼疮样免疫紊乱[15]。2019年, Chen等[16]发现2-amino-4-phenylthiazole类似物15d与MyD88相互作用并抑制其同聚, 抑制脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS) 诱导的巨噬细胞炎性细胞因子, 可阻止LPS诱导的MAPK和NF-κB信号通路的激活, 并且15d对LPS所致小鼠急性肺损伤有保护作用。然而, 以往这些研究主要聚焦在抑制MyD88治疗炎症与免疫相关心脑血管等疾病, 靶向MyD88抗肿瘤的研究及相关小分子鲜见报道。
细胞株  293FT人胚胎肾细胞、人结肠癌细胞HCT116、人胰腺癌细胞PANC1、人皮肤癌细胞A375购自ATCC。
主要试剂  去甲二氢愈创木酸(BD145457-0.75 g) 购自上海毕得医药科技股份有限公司, 天然产物活性小分子库(货号: HY-L021) 购自MedChemExpress公司。Dual-Luciferase®双萤光素酶报告基因检测系统(E1960) 购自普洛麦格(北京) 生物技术有限公司。RPMI 1640培养基(C22400500CP)、DMEM培养基(C11965500CP)、胰蛋白酶(25200072)、胎牛血清(10100147)、M-PERTM哺乳动物蛋白抽提试剂(78501)、RIPA裂解和提取缓冲液(89900)、蛋白酶抑制剂(A32963) 购自美国Thermo Fisher Technology公司。CCK-8试剂盒(K1018) 购自美国APExBIO公司。BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒(P0009) 购自上海碧云天生物技术有限公司。MyD88抗体(4283S)、GAPDH抗体(5174S)、β-actin抗体(8457S) 购自美国Cell Signaling Technology公司。Flag抗体(F1804) 购自美国Sigma-Aldrich公司。NF-κB荧光素酶报告基因质粒由华中科技大学周平教授赠送。
实验动物  BALB/c裸鼠, 5~6周龄, 雄性, SPF级, 购买并饲养于上海西普尔-必凯实验动物有限公司[许可证号: SCXK (沪) 2018-0006], 温度(20 ± 2) ℃, 湿度(55 ± 2)%, 自由摄食和饮水, 每日光照/黑暗各12 h (实验动物伦理审查编号为PZSHUTCM200828006)。
仪器  细胞计数仪(美国Thermo Fisher公司); 多功能酶标仪(瑞士Tecan公司); 流式细胞仪(美国Beckman公司); 微量热泳动仪(德国Nano temper公司); 核酸凝胶剂蛋白质印迹成像系统(美国Bio-rad公司)。
细胞培养  将细胞悬液加入已含有10%胎牛血清和1%青霉素和链霉素培养基的细胞培养皿中, 吹打均匀, 于恒温CO2培养箱(37 ℃含有5% CO2) 培养, 待细胞密度为70%~80%时, 使用0.125%胰蛋白酶以1∶3比例传代。HCT116结肠癌细胞系使用RPMI 1640完全培养基, PANC1胰腺癌细胞及A375皮肤癌细胞均使用完全DMEM培养基。
Western blot检测蛋白表达水平  使用RIPA蛋白裂解液提取细胞蛋白, 冰上孵育30 min, 4 ℃、12 000 r·min-1离心15 min, 收集上清。进行蛋白定量及变性后, 电泳并且使用PVDF膜进行转膜, 电流恒定200 mA, 时间为2 h。漂洗膜后加入5%脱脂奶粉, 室温摇床封闭1 h, 依次孵育一抗二抗, 最后使用蛋白印迹成像系统显影。实验分组: ①空白对照组; ②溶剂对照组; ③去甲二氢愈创木酸5 µmol·L-1; ④去甲二氢愈创木酸10 µmol·L-1; ⑤去甲二氢愈创木酸20 µmol·L-1
CRISPR/Cas9技术敲除  MyD88合成表 1靶向MyD88的sgRNAs序列, 构建到pL-CRISPR.EFS.GFP慢病毒载体中, 共转染至293FT细胞中, 待48 h后转染效率较高后, 提取细胞基因组, 根据表 2的阳性引物和阴性引物进行PCR电泳及测序鉴定, 待电泳及测序结果显示成功敲除MyD88基因, 则在目的肿瘤细胞中进行MyD88的敲除。转染48 h后通过流式细胞仪分选出带有GFP荧光的细胞, 并以每孔一个细胞的密度将细胞种入96孔板中, 后续持续培养并对细胞进行扩增。通过PCR电泳、测序及Western blot鉴定, 确认MyD88的敲除情况。
裸鼠移植瘤实验  将人结肠癌HCT116及对应的MyD88敲除细胞按照每毫升1×107个细胞重悬于PBS中, 将人结肠癌HCT116细胞以每只200 μL接种于5~6周龄的雄性裸鼠右腋的皮下, 使每只接种细胞数为1×106个。同样, 接种人胰腺癌细胞PANC1及对应的MyD88敲除细胞(5×106个/只)、人皮肤癌细胞A375及对应的MyD88敲除细胞(1×106个/只)。形成可触及的瘤块后测量瘤体大小并且取材后对取出的瘤体进行称量。
NF-κB荧光素酶实验  取对数生长期的细胞, 在96孔板中每孔铺20 000个细胞, 将铺好板的细胞放入37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱中继续培养。24 h后, 同时每孔转染50 ng NF-κB荧光素酶报告基因质粒和5 ng内参Renilla荧光素酶表达载体; 若需在293FT细胞中使用外源MyD88激活NF-κB信号通路, 则需同时转染60 ng MyD88外源表达质粒; 继续培养24 h, 然后检测荧光素酶强度; 若需给药, 则转染24 h后给药, 给药处理24 h后检测荧光素酶强度。NF-κB信号通路活性用NF-κB荧光素酶与内参的荧光比值来表示。实验分组: ①空白对照组; ②溶剂对照组; ③去甲二氢愈创木酸5 µmol·L-1; ④去甲二氢愈创木酸10 µmol·L-1; ⑤去甲二氢愈创木酸20 µmol·L-1
微量热泳动技术(microscale thermophoresis technology, MST) 实验筛选与鉴定小分子与MyD88结合情况  在处于对数生长期的293FT细胞中, 将绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescent protein, GFP)、MyD88全序列和3个截断突变体的质粒转染24 h后, 用新鲜配置的M-PER细胞裂解液制备过表达了GFP、MyD88以及截断突变体的细胞蛋白。首先, 使用微量热涌动仪的专家模式(expert mode) 对所有小分子进行与MyD88蛋白结合的初筛, 取响应值(ΔR) 大于7的小分子作为候选; 再使用结合亲和力(binding affinity) 模式对梯度稀释的小分子进行结合亲和力复筛, 如果结合则在同样的条件下重复3次; 再使用仅表达GFP的细胞裂解液作为对照。再将候选小分子与不同的MyD88截断突变体进行结合亲和力实验, 检测小分子的结合区域。将所有数据利用MO. Affinity Analysis (x86) 软件分析得到组间对比的结合亲和力曲线图和平均平衡解离常数(Kd) 值。
细胞克隆形成实验  取对数生长期的细胞, 在6孔板中每孔铺1 500个细胞, 将铺好板的细胞放入37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱中继续培养, 3天换1次液, 并在显微镜下观察克隆大小; 若需小分子处理, 则铺板1天后给药; 待孔中大多数单克隆中细胞个数大于50时, 停止实验; 然后进行结晶紫染色。根据细胞耐受不同, HCT116细胞实验分组: 溶剂对照组和去甲二氢愈创木酸处理组2、4、8、16 µmol·L-1; A375细胞实验分组: 溶剂对照组和去甲二氢愈创木酸处理组1、2、4、8 µmol·L-1; PANC1细胞实验分组: 溶剂对照组和去甲二氢愈创木酸处理组0.5、1、2、4 µmol·L-1
CCK-8实验  取对数生长期的细胞, 在96孔板中每孔铺5 000个细胞, 将铺好板的细胞轻轻放入37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱中继续培养, 铺板后按照分组分别于1、2、3、4天更换培养基100 μL; 若需小分子处理, 则铺板后1天给药, 给药3天后更换培养基100 μL; 再每孔加入10 μL CCK-8试剂, 37 ℃孵育1.5 h后, 使用多功能酶标仪检测A450, 细胞增殖率(%) =给药组A值/对照组A值。实验分组: 空白对照组、溶剂对照组及去甲二氢愈创木酸处理组2、4、8、16、32、64、128 µmol·L-1
统计学分析  应用GraphPad Prism 8软件对数据进行统计分析, 两组间数据分析采用t检验, 多组数据分析采用单因素方差分析。
设计靶向MyD88 DD功能区段的exon 1和exon 3的sgRNA1与sgRNA2 (图 1A), 利用CRISPR/Cas9系统在细胞中可将DD区敲除。通过Western blot实验鉴定在结肠癌细胞HCT116的KO1、KO2中、胰腺癌细胞PANC1的KO1中及皮肤癌细胞A375中的KO1、KO2中成功敲除MyD88 (图 1B)。
本研究利用裸鼠移植瘤实验来检验MyD88的缺失对肿瘤生长的影响, 通过同时接种野生型与敲除MyD88的细胞, 根据测量瘤体生长体积及取材后瘤体重量发现MyD88的缺失使HCT116、A375、PANC1细胞移植瘤生长受到显著抑制(P < 0.01, P < 0.001, 图 1C~E)。
NF-κB荧光素酶实验是基于含荧光素酶(高斯荧光素酶) 启动子和数个串联的NF-κB结合位点的荧光素酶表达载体, 利用激活的荧光素酶的表达强度来代表NF-κB信号通路的活性强度。将荧光素酶报告系统转入野生型及MyD88敲除细胞中24 h后进行检测, 结果发现MyD88的敲除降低了HCT116、A375、PANC1细胞的NF-κB信号通路活性(P < 0.05, P < 0.01, 图 1F)。
通过MST实验检测荧光信号的变化来筛选靶向结合MyD88的活性小分子, MST实验的原理是小分子与蛋白结合后会影响其微观热涌动的定向作用, 捕捉荧光信号并且通过平衡解离常数Kd来表示分子间的相互作用强弱。构建携带GFP与Flag标签的MyD88融合蛋白, 利用Western blot实验鉴定其大小正确。最终筛选到去甲二氢愈创木酸(图 2A) 与MyD88拟合出结合曲线(Kd = 14.61 µmol·L-1), 但与GFP没有结合, 其信噪比(signal to noise ratio, S/N) 低, 未能得到Kd值, 表明去甲二氢愈创木酸与MyD88结合(图 2B)。
MyD88主要由两个结构域组成: 死亡结构域(氨基酸19~109) 和Toll/IL-1受体结构域(氨基酸159~296), 中间由一个短连接序列中间域(氨基酸110~155) 相连。由于MyD88的3个功能域DD、INT和TIR较小, 其单独的突变体可能不能形成正确的结构, 因此为了检测去甲二氢愈创木酸与MyD88的结合位点, 设计合成3个仅突变一个结构域并且保留另外两个结构域, 同时携带GFP与Flag标签的MyD88截断突变体(图 2C), 利用Western blot实验鉴定突变体表达成功(图 2D)。将去甲二氢愈创木酸与MyD88的3个突变体蛋白分别进行MST结合亲和力检测, 发现去甲二氢愈创木酸与M2有明显结合(Kd = 8.01 µmol·L-1), 而与M1和M3有微弱的结合趋势(图 2E), 结果信噪比低, 未能得到Kd值。分析结果发现, 去甲二氢愈创木酸与MyD88的结合同时需要DD和TIR结构域。
Western blot实验发现去甲二氢愈创木酸在肿瘤细胞中均无明显的降低MyD88蛋白的作用(图 3A)。为了进一步探究候选活性小分子能否通过靶向MyD88在肿瘤细胞中发挥功能作用, 利用NF-κB荧光素酶报告系统来检测去甲二氢愈创木酸对NF-κB信号通路的影响, 在易转染的293FT细胞中发现外源转入的MyD88能够显著激活NF-κB通路活性(P < 0.01, 图 3B)。进一步使用去甲二氢愈创木酸处理, 发现在浓度10和20 µmol·L-1时, 去甲二氢愈创木酸能够显著抑制外源转入MyD88激活的NF-κB信号通路活性(P < 0.05, P < 0.01, 图 3B)。利用Western blot实验发现PANC1细胞中, 去甲二氢愈创木酸减少胞内p65及p-p65水平(图 3C)。p65也被称为RelA, 是构成NF-κB转录因子家族的5种成分之一, 与p50能够构成在NF-κB信号传导通路中最为常见的异源二聚体, 其磷酸化表示NF-κB信号通路的激活。分析结果提示, 去甲二氢愈创木酸抑制肿瘤细胞中的NF-κB及其磷酸化蛋白表达。
CCK-8实验结果表明, 去甲二氢愈创木酸对结肠癌细胞HCT116、胰腺癌细胞PANC1、皮肤癌细胞A375均有抑制增殖的作用(图 3D), 进一步利用克隆形成实验发现, 胰腺癌细胞PANC1对去甲二氢愈创木酸最为敏感(图 3E)。
关于MyD88的研究, 以往多采用MyD88敲除动物[9]或MyD88敲低肿瘤细胞, 包括来源于敲除动物的髓样细胞[17]及免疫细胞[18], 但是得到的关于MyD88对肿瘤的驱动作用却截然不同。本研究则建立了多种MyD88敲除的肿瘤细胞, 直接利用肿瘤细胞作为研究的模型, 并且利用裸鼠移植瘤探究MyD88的作用。本研究使用CRISPR/Cas9技术对靶基因进行敲除, 使目标基因的表达完全丧失, 建立的单克隆细胞中目标基因的缺失具有确定性并且效率很高, 即可以得到大量的、目的蛋白完全敲除的单克隆细胞株。
本研究结果表明, MyD88的缺失抑制了人结肠癌HCT116、人胰腺癌PANC1、人皮肤癌A375的裸鼠移植瘤生长。此外, NF-κB荧光素酶报告系统实验揭示了MyD88敲除能够显著抑制NF-κB通路活性。MyD88是介导肿瘤发生发展的关键蛋白, 其可能是通过NF-κB信号通路影响肿瘤生长, 因此, 靶向MyD88来治疗肿瘤具有重要意义。
同时本研究旨在发现靶向MyD88的小分子化合物。与靶蛋白的直接结合是小分子调控靶标的必要条件。本研究利用MST技术, 从小分子与蛋白结合的角度出发筛选出靶向MyD88的小分子去甲二氢愈创木酸, 并且通过与截断突变体的结合实验发现去甲二氢愈创木酸与MyD88的结合同时需要DD和TIR结构域。
去甲二氢愈创木酸对MyD88的蛋白水平没有明显改变, 但是显著抑制外源转入MyD88激活的NF-κB信号通路活性, 其作用可能是通过结合MyD88来抑制其活性及下游通路。在PANC1细胞中, 去甲二氢愈创木酸减少胞内p65及p-p65水平, 抑制NF-κB及其磷酸化蛋白表达。但需要更多关于去甲二氢愈创木酸抑制NF-κB信号通路的研究, 来更好地支持这一结论。通过CCK-8实验发现去甲二氢愈创木酸对胰腺癌、皮肤癌及结肠癌细胞均有抑制增殖的作用, 进一步利用克隆形成实验发现, 胰腺癌细胞PANC1对去甲二氢愈创木酸最为敏感, 可能是由于不同肿瘤细胞的蛋白表达及内环境差异较大, 去甲二氢愈创木酸对MyD88的靶向作用受到影响, 从而改变对细胞的影响。而且本文报道的小分子去甲二氢愈创木酸, 其抑制而非完全阻断MyD88介导的下游信号通路, 较为温和的效果可能会使去甲二氢愈创木酸具有较高的安全性。另外, 与以往抑制剂不同, 此研究关注的是去甲二氢愈创木酸靶向MyD88后对肿瘤的作用, 其可能为靶向MyD88抗肿瘤的研究提供一定参考, 同时丰富了MyD88靶向先导化合物的骨架。
本研究发现MyD88是介导肿瘤发生发展的关键蛋白, 揭示了去甲二氢愈创木酸可以靶向结合调控MyD88及其信号通路, 为后续MyD88的肿瘤靶向机制研究及去甲二氢愈创木酸抗肿瘤机制研究提供参考。
作者贡献: 柯细松、屈祎负责课题总体设计; 王月负责完成实验的具体实施、实验数据分析和文章撰写; 柯细松、屈祎、张雪对课题及论文撰写进行指导。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81803754)
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2023年第58卷第4期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1244
  • 接收时间:2022-11-17
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-04-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-11-17
  • 修回日期:2023-01-03
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(81803754)
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    1.上海中医药大学交叉科学研究院, 上海 201203
    2.上海市中药化学生物学前沿基地, 上海 201203

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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