Article(id=1198624470765236632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624466902287155, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1085, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1664380800000, receivedDateStr=2022-09-29, revisedDate=1677686400000, revisedDateStr=2023-03-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763703943196, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1681228800000, pubDateStr=2023-04-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763703943196, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763703943196, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763703943196, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198624466902287155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='1092', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763703942275, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763704125380, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198625234971619912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624466902287155, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198625234971619913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624466902287155, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=834, endPage=843, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198624471021089188, articleId=1198624470765236632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Research progress in bioanalysis and pharmacokinetics of liposome nanomedicine, columnId=1198683343085727886, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports: Study on Pharmacokinetics of Nanomedicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Liposome nanomedicine is a new drug preparation with nano scale, which is encapsulated by lipid bilayer vesicle structure. As a drug delivery carrier, liposome has many advantages such as good biocompatibility, biodegradation in vivo and strong targeting. The application of liposome nano drug delivery system can improve the pharmacokinetic behavior and efficacy of some drugs in vivo to a certain extent, and reduce toxic and side effects. After liposome nanomedicine enter into the body, free drugs will be released, so there will be loaded drugs and free drugs in the body. Loaded drugs are drug repositories, free drugs are related to their efficacy and adverse reactions. Therefore, the pharmacokinetics study of liposomes should focus on both loaded drugs and free drugs. Quantitative analysis of free drugs, liposome particles and their materials is a big challenge. The bioanalysis and pharmacokinetics of liposome nanomedicines will be introduced and discussed in this review. We hope this review will provide a reference for the development of liposome nanomedicine.

, correspAuthors=Lei YIN, Mei-yun SHI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yi LIU, Yu-jie ZHANG, Zi-yu WANG, Jian-song YOU, Lei YIN, Mei-yun SHI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198624472262603234, articleId=1198624470765236632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=脂质体纳米药物制剂的生物分析方法及药代动力学研究进展, columnId=1198624468278018876, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道: 纳米药物药代动力学研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

脂质体纳米药物制剂是一种被脂双分子层囊泡结构包裹的具有纳米尺度的新型药物制剂。脂质体作为药物递送载体, 具备生物相容性良好、在体内可被生物降解以及定位靶向性强等优点。应用脂质体纳米药物递送系统, 可在一定程度上改善某些药物在人体内的药代动力学行为及药效, 减轻不良反应。脂质体纳米药物进入人体后, 会释放游离型药物, 因而体内会同时存在负载型脂质体纳米药物和游离型药物。负载型药物是药物的贮库, 游离型药物与药物的药效和不良反应有关, 因此, 脂质体药代动力学研究应该同时关注负载型药物和游离型药物。游离药物、脂质体粒子及其材料的精准分析是脂质体体内定量研究的一个难点。本篇综述介绍了脂质体纳米药物的前处理方法, 总结了脂质体纳米药物的生物分析方法及其药代动力学的研究进展, 希望能够为脂质体纳米药物制剂的研究开发提供参考。

, correspAuthors=尹磊, 史美云, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*尹磊, Tel: 86-427-2631427, E-mail: ;
史美云, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《药学学报》编辑部2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=p1V8Pf4+QwuiRgbsS4n4kw==, magXml=YzegtkaV4dVlhHGElU0PbQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=zLmjktwRBnUlYJjyhNKjgg==, pdfFileSize=1468235, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=66U0fRiwLuayPwtiCP+5lA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=/u8WAeY/jkC0NGbfZGfQng==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

#共同第一作者.

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脂质体纳米药物制剂的生物分析方法及药代动力学研究进展
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刘一 1, # , 张煜杰 1, # , 王梓榆 2 , 尤建嵩 2 , 尹磊 1, * , 史美云 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 专题报道: 纳米药物药代动力学研究 2023,58(4): 834-843
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药学学报 | 专题报道: 纳米药物药代动力学研究 2023, 58(4): 834-843
脂质体纳米药物制剂的生物分析方法及药代动力学研究进展
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刘一1, #, 张煜杰1, #, 王梓榆2, 尤建嵩2, 尹磊1, * , 史美云1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.大连理工大学生命科学与药学学院, 辽宁 盘锦 124221
  • 2.艾美诚信生物制药有限公司, 辽宁 大连 116100

通讯作者:

*尹磊, Tel: 86-427-2631427, E-mail: ;
史美云, E-mail:
Research progress in bioanalysis and pharmacokinetics of liposome nanomedicine
Yi LIU1, Yu-jie ZHANG1, Zi-yu WANG2, Jian-song YOU2, Lei YIN1, * , Mei-yun SHI1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124221, China
  • 2. Aim Honesty Biopharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Dalian 116100, China
出版时间: 2023-04-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1085
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脂质体纳米药物制剂是一种被脂双分子层囊泡结构包裹的具有纳米尺度的新型药物制剂。脂质体作为药物递送载体, 具备生物相容性良好、在体内可被生物降解以及定位靶向性强等优点。应用脂质体纳米药物递送系统, 可在一定程度上改善某些药物在人体内的药代动力学行为及药效, 减轻不良反应。脂质体纳米药物进入人体后, 会释放游离型药物, 因而体内会同时存在负载型脂质体纳米药物和游离型药物。负载型药物是药物的贮库, 游离型药物与药物的药效和不良反应有关, 因此, 脂质体药代动力学研究应该同时关注负载型药物和游离型药物。游离药物、脂质体粒子及其材料的精准分析是脂质体体内定量研究的一个难点。本篇综述介绍了脂质体纳米药物的前处理方法, 总结了脂质体纳米药物的生物分析方法及其药代动力学的研究进展, 希望能够为脂质体纳米药物制剂的研究开发提供参考。

脂质体纳米药物  /  前处理方法  /  游离型药物  /  生物分析方法  /  药代动力学

Liposome nanomedicine is a new drug preparation with nano scale, which is encapsulated by lipid bilayer vesicle structure. As a drug delivery carrier, liposome has many advantages such as good biocompatibility, biodegradation in vivo and strong targeting. The application of liposome nano drug delivery system can improve the pharmacokinetic behavior and efficacy of some drugs in vivo to a certain extent, and reduce toxic and side effects. After liposome nanomedicine enter into the body, free drugs will be released, so there will be loaded drugs and free drugs in the body. Loaded drugs are drug repositories, free drugs are related to their efficacy and adverse reactions. Therefore, the pharmacokinetics study of liposomes should focus on both loaded drugs and free drugs. Quantitative analysis of free drugs, liposome particles and their materials is a big challenge. The bioanalysis and pharmacokinetics of liposome nanomedicines will be introduced and discussed in this review. We hope this review will provide a reference for the development of liposome nanomedicine.

liposome nanomedicine  /  pretreatment method  /  release drug  /  biological analytical method  /  pharmacokinetics
刘一, 张煜杰, 王梓榆, 尤建嵩, 尹磊, 史美云. 脂质体纳米药物制剂的生物分析方法及药代动力学研究进展. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (4) : 834 -843 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1085
Yi LIU, Yu-jie ZHANG, Zi-yu WANG, Jian-song YOU, Lei YIN, Mei-yun SHI. Research progress in bioanalysis and pharmacokinetics of liposome nanomedicine[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (4) : 834 -843 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1085
伴随着社会的不断进步以及科技的逐步发展, 人们从最初对纳米一词感到陌生到如今对纳米技术应用的需求量越来越大。尤其在医药相关领域, 纳米技术是必不可少的存在且有着巨大的研究开发价值。本篇论文着重介绍了脂质体纳米药物制剂的生物分析方法及药代动力学研究进展。其中, 药代动力学研究是药物研发的重要内容之一, 其可为药物开发、新药安全性、药理和毒理学评价提供科学的依据[1]。本文将关注脂质体纳米药物制剂的生物分析方法及其药代动力学研究进展, 对近年来发表的相关文献进行归纳和总结, 以期为脂质体纳米药物制剂的研发和药代动力学研究提供数据支持和参考。
纳米药物制剂的药剂学角度定义是将制剂尺寸界定在1~1 000 nm级别的一种药剂, 其中, 纳米粒作为载体, 具有搭载包裹、溶解分散药物的作用。纳米药物制剂具有较强的化学稳定性, 其时效、功效、疗效及定位靶向性相较于传统药物有所提高, 可有效提高药物的利用率[2, 3]。脂质体纳米药物制剂在药物制剂研发中扮演着重要的角色。
脂质体于20世纪60年代由剑桥大学Babraham研究所的Alec D Bangham发现, 自被发现以来, 人们就对其进行了深入研究。脂质体因其独特的成分和大小、表面电荷等特殊理化性质而受到重视, 被认为是良好的药物递送载体[4]。脂质体是由磷脂双分子层包封药物所形成的囊泡, 其中磷脂和胆固醇是构成脂质体的重要化学成分, 磷脂是制备脂质体的主要原料; 胆固醇影响膜的通透性和流动性, 具有稳定磷脂双分子层的作用[5]。由于脂质体具有两亲性, 亲水性药物和脂溶性药物均能被包封在脂质体中。脂质体的内核结构是由磷脂分子的亲水头部聚集而形成的中心水相, 水溶性药物可载入其中。除此之外, 磷脂分子的疏水尾部相对, 平行排列成具有亲脂性的圆环结构, 脂溶性药物包裹在双分子层膜间的区域, 如图 1所示。
脂质体纳米药物制剂就是将药物包裹于膜中形成具有纳米结构的一种新型制剂[6]。目前已上市的常见脂质体纳米药物制剂包括盐酸多柔比星脂质体注射液(pegylated liposomal doxorubicin, PLD) 和注射用紫杉醇脂质体纳米药物制剂。盐酸多柔比星脂质体注射液与多柔比星注射液相比较, 具有更强的肿瘤靶向性, 不良反应也有所减少。多柔比星属于蒽环类药物, 是广泛应用于治疗多种肿瘤的药物, 但该类药物会引起脱发、骨髓抑制、心脏毒性等不良反应。其中, 心脏毒性这一不良反应限制了盐酸多柔比星注射液的使用剂量, 这就需要在保证治疗效果和用量的前提下, 降低盐酸多柔比星注射液的心脏毒性, 由此, 人们想到使用脂质体包裹药物。聚乙二醇化多柔比星脂质体在传统多柔比星脂质体的基础上使用聚乙二醇(polyethylene glycol, PEG) 进行修饰, 以延长药物在体内的循环时间[7]。紫杉醇主要从红豆杉科植物中提取, 是一种有效的、广泛普及的抗癌药物。其抗癌原理是抑制癌变细胞的有丝分裂, 从而达到使癌细胞凋亡的效果, 目前被广泛应用在乳腺癌及卵巢癌的治疗中, 经过人们不断改善, 注射用紫杉醇脂质体比传统紫杉醇注射液治疗乳腺癌的效果更佳, 可显著提高用药安全性。同时, 注射用紫杉醇脂质体有效避免了聚氧乙烯蓖麻油和无水乙醇混合溶媒的使用, 极大地减轻了溶媒所引起的过敏反应以及因聚氧乙烯蓖麻油导致的用药限制和不良反应[8]
对于传统药物来说, 药物通过一定时间在人体内释放, 随血液流遍全身, 缺乏靶向性, 有时甚至需要通过服用大量药物来达到一定的药效, 这不仅使药物的有效利用率下降, 也使其引发的不良反应发生几率增加且程度加重。其次, 传统药物在体内经过代谢会削减药效, 滞留时间较短, 需要多次给药来维持血药浓度[9]。而如今研究的脂质体纳米药物制剂可以有效缓解这些问题。
脂质体纳米药物制剂可分为多种类型: 长循环型、配体靶向型、离子型和敏感型[10]。这些类型的脂质体纳米药物制剂是以“第一代”脂质体为基础, 提高了对病患的疾病治疗效果, 一定程度上克服了“第一代”脂质体的限制。从脂质体被发现的20世纪60年代到70年代, 脂质体的应用从化妆品行业拓展到了医药行业。在此期间脂质体相关研究一直受到人们的密切关注, 并不断进步与发展。到20世纪80年代, “第二代”脂质体即长循环脂质体的出现弥补了“第一代”脂质体的限制与不足。如今医药领域技术不断进步, 近年来, 长循环脂质体渐渐向新型多功能长循环脂质体发展[11]。配体靶向型脂质体纳米药物制剂是促进治疗药物精准递送的重要保障。利用靶向配体如多肽、抗体或适配体是实现高靶向率的一个重要策略, 这些配体通过识别相应的受体或抗原进行靶向治疗作用, 实现对病变部位的精准治疗[12]。配体靶向型脂质体纳米药物制剂又可分为非抗体靶向配体修饰型和抗体靶向配体修饰型。
进入体内的脂质体纳米药物可以分为负载型脂质体药物和游离型药物。负载型药物作为游离药物的储库并不发挥作用, 游离型药物是发挥药效的物质基础。游离型药物在靶组织浓度越高, 药效越强; 在正常组织内的游离药物则与药物毒性和不良反应有关。因此, 脂质体药代动力学研究应该同时关注负载药物和游离型药物, 这也就对脂质体的生物分析方法提出了能够分别分析游离型药物和负载型药物的要求。
目前脂质体纳米药物制剂的分析前处理方法主要有固相萃取法、超滤离心法、平衡透析法和超速离心法。
目前分离血浆中脂质体游离型药物和负载型药物的主要方法是固相萃取法[13-15]。因为脂质体表面通常被亲水基团覆盖, 极性较大, 进行固相萃取操作时不会在固相萃取柱上保存, 而游离型的药物极性很小, 可以在固相萃取柱上保留, 因而可以通过两者在固相萃取柱保存结果上的不同将其分离。固相萃取的优点是对脂质体和游离药物的分离度较高, 可有效去除干扰物质, 灵敏度高、安全可靠。而其缺点是操作较为复杂, 药物与固相萃取柱固定相之间吸附作用的强弱受多种因素影响, 需要进行大量实验才能摸索出最佳的实验条件。且仅用固相萃取法处理药物时还需考虑释放药物血浆蛋白结合率的影响, 这部分将在下文进行详细讨论。
超滤技术要求的平均孔径为3~100 nm, 介于微滤和纳滤之间, 具有净化、浓缩溶液, 分离物质的作用[16]。超滤离心法的原理为将脂质体药物放入超滤管内并以一定的转速进行离心, 在离心力的作用下负载型药物无法通过超滤管, 而游离型药物可以透过透析管, 因此可以分离两种药物。超滤离心法常用于计算药物的包封率[17, 18]。超滤离心法的优点是效率高、设备成本低、操作快速、便携性良好, 但超滤过程中, 可能由于堵塞和膜捕获造成原料损失, 且“浓差极化”现象的存在限制了该方法的应用。
脂质体在体内释放游离药物后, 游离药物会根据其理化性质与蛋白发生不同程度的结合, 而这种游离药物-蛋白复合物在诸如固相萃取等分离方法中无法与负载型药物区分, 会导致测量的负载型药物浓度偏高。Skoczen等[19]设计的稳定同位素示踪法配合超滤离心可有效解决这一问题, 其原理如图 2所示。其在样品中加入稳定同位素示踪剂后超滤离心。
因为血浆中被同位素标记的游离药物和未标记的游离药物有相同血浆蛋白结合率, 分别根据公式1~3, 通过测定超滤前示踪剂和脂质体药物浓度、超滤后收集到的示踪剂和游离药物浓度计算实际从纳米载体中释放的游离药物浓度和负载药物浓度。
$ \begin{array}{l}{\rm{示踪剂血浆蛋白结合率}}(\% ) = \\\ \ \ \ \ \ \frac{{\left( {{C_{{\rm{总示踪}}}} - {C_{{\rm{游离示踪}}}}} \right) \times 100}}{{{C_{{\rm{总示踪}}}}}}\end{array}$
$ {C}_{\mathrm{游}\mathrm{离}}=\frac{{C}_{\mathrm{非}\mathrm{结}\mathrm{合}}}{1-\left(\mathrm{示}\mathrm{踪}\mathrm{剂}\mathrm{血}\mathrm{浆}\mathrm{蛋}\mathrm{白}\mathrm{结}\mathrm{合}\mathrm{率}/100\right)} $
$ {C}_{\mathrm{负}\mathrm{载}}={C}_{\mathrm{总}}-{C}_{\mathrm{游}\mathrm{离}} $
其中, C总示踪为加入的稳定同位素示踪剂浓度; C游离示踪为超滤液中的稳定同位素示踪剂浓度; C未结合为超滤液中的游离药物浓度; C为加入的纳米药物总浓度; C游离为从纳米载体中释放的游离药物浓度; C负载为保留于纳米载体中的药物浓度。
平衡透析法的操作步骤为将药物放入由半透膜隔开的两个隔室的其中一侧, 另一侧仅为缓冲液, 中间的半透膜仅允许游离型药物通过, 当两侧处于平衡状态时可以实现游离型药物和负载型药物的分离[20]。当达到平衡时测定两侧溶液中分子的浓度即可分别得到游离型药物和负载型药物的浓度[21]。平衡透析法操作简单、温度易于控制、pH值可调、设备成本低廉, 但该操作达成平衡时间较长、溶液体积会变化, 且透析时间过长可能会造成由加热或代谢引起的被测物质的降解。
超速离心法要求离心速度超过20 000 r‧min-1, 且离心的持续时间通常要长于30 min。利用脂质体不溶于溶解游离型药物的水相介质, 会漂浮于体系中, 在离心力作用下脂质体最终存在于沉淀中。依据被沉降颗粒的S值和ρ值特性的不同, 超速离心法可以具体分为差速沉降离心法和密度梯度离心法[22]。因为脂质体与不溶于水的游离药物会一同沉淀下来, 无法将二者分离, 故本法较适合于对水溶性很好的药物检测, 但是使用超速离心法进行超离心时较强的离心力作用可能会引起微粒凝聚, 从而打破脂质体双分子层结构, 造成药物的泄漏。超速离心法也可以用来测定脂质体粒子的沉降系数和粒径分布[23]。差速离心法操作简单、分离时间短、重复性高, 可处理的样品处理量大, 但其分辨率有限、分离效果差, 且壁效应严重, 离心时间过长会导致颗粒变形、聚集失活。密度梯度离心法分辨率较高, 分离效果好, 适用范围广, 且颗粒不会积压变形, 能保持颗粒活性, 并防止已形成的区带由于对流而引起混合。但密度梯度离心法离心时间较长, 需要制备梯度液, 且操作复杂, 不易掌握。
目前脂质体纳米药物在体内有效成分的主要生物分析方法有液相色谱-串联质谱法、酶联免疫吸附测定法和高效液相色谱-紫外光谱法。
LC-MS/MS法是检测、分析游离药物的主流方法[15], 也被用于核酸和小分子药物的药代动力学分析[24, 25], 该方法灵敏度高, 选择性好[13], 但是由于脂质体易碎, 在样品制备的过程中脂质体结构可能会被破坏, 使负载型药物中的活性物质泄露出来, 干扰游离活性物质的测定准确度。因此负载型药物和游离型药物的分离是该方法的关键, 可以用固相萃取法进行分离, 因为覆盖着亲水基团的脂质体极性较大, 不会在固相萃取操作时保存在SPE柱上, 而由于游离型的药物极性很小, 可以在SPE柱上保留。Lu等[26]开发了一种阿法替尼脂质体以避免药物与内源性的蛋白质结合, 进而降低特异性药物反应风险。他们开发了一种高精确度、高选择性的LC-MS/MS检测方法, 以阿法替尼二马来酸盐为标准, 在给大鼠给药之后比较阿法替尼脂质体药物和阿法替尼溶液的药代动力学数据。他们制备了阿法替尼二马来酸盐和吉非替尼的储备溶液, 并在-20 ℃的环境下、用空白血浆将阿法替尼二马来酸盐储备溶液稀释作为校准样品。将含阿法替尼二马来酸盐和吉非替尼内标物的甲醇溶液添加到血浆中涡旋并离心后, 将上清液注入LC-MS/MS系统进行分析。该方法可以应用于体外转化实验和体内的药代动力学研究中。
Smits等[27]采用了新的方法利用LC-MS/MS测定肝组织中负载型磷酸泼尼松龙和游离型磷酸泼尼松龙的浓度。由于磷酸酶在体内可以快速地把游离磷酸泼尼松龙去磷酸化转化为泼尼松龙, 因此可以用泼尼松龙浓度代表游离型磷酸泼尼松龙浓度, 而磷酸泼尼松龙浓度可以代表包裹型磷酸泼尼松龙浓度, 通过LC-MS/MS测定泼尼松龙和磷酸泼尼松龙即可代表游离型磷酸泼尼松龙和负载型磷酸泼尼松龙。该技术仅用简易的蛋白沉淀法对组织样本加以加工, 没有使用繁复的固相萃取流程, 但由于该技术不具备通用性, 精准研究组织样本中脂质体包覆药品和游离药品时仍存在着较大的技术挑战。
ELISA常用于检测抗原性物质, 其核心为令抗体与酶复合物结合形成抗原抗体复合物, 利用酶催化复合物形成有色物质后根据颜色反应深浅进行分析。邓雪等[28]利用ELISA法对SD大鼠分别静脉注射尿酸酶和尿酸酶多囊脂质体, 并进行比较药代动力学研究。研究结果表明: 相较于游离尿酸酶组大鼠, 尿酸酶多囊脂质体组的大鼠体内尿酸酶活性峰值更高、半衰期更长、且达峰时间延后。邓雪等[29]还利用ELISA方法进行了过氧化氢酶脂质体(catalase liposomes, CALP) 和游离过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT) 的比较药代动力学研究。研究表明, 相较于游离过氧化氢酶组大鼠, 过氧化氢酶脂质体组大鼠体内的过氧化氢酶活性更高且半衰期更短。最终得出结论: 脂质体过氧化氢酶延长了过氧化氢酶在体内的滞留时间。
高效液相色谱有高选择性和高灵敏度的优点, 常用于药物的定性和质量分析。HPLC是色谱法十分重要的分支之一, 其采用高压输液系统将携带不同极性或不同比例的混合溶液泵入色谱柱进行分离, 之后进入检测器进行分析。高效液相色谱配备紫外等检测器, 具有较高的灵敏度和相对较宽的线性范围, 可用于不同理化性质的物质的定性及定量分析。Batavia等[30]利用显微镜法(微分干涉对比显微镜和交叉极化显微镜) 和HPLC-UV法探究了二丙酸倍氯米松(beclomethasone dipropionate, BDP) 对二棕榈酰磷脂酰胆碱(dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline, DPPC) 脂质体最大包封率的影响。其利用D2O制备脂质体纳米药物来使悬浮液中的BDP晶体和负载型药物有效分离。他们在利用密度梯度离心将D2O中溶解的BDP分离为游离型药物和负载型药物后, 进行HPLC-UV分析。尺寸排阻色谱(size exclusion chromatography, SEC) 在分析脂质体游离和负载药物时有一定限制[31], 固定相和所配样品间有强剪切力, 会导致脂质体在和游离药物分离时破碎[30]。为克服这一问题, 研究者[32-35]开发了一种纳米粒子排斥色谱(nanoparticle exclusion chromatography, nPEC)。其用聚合物整体柱分离负载型脂质体药物和游离型脂质体药物, 这一方法降低了脂质体与固定相硅烷醇基团间的吸附性[34], 降低了固定相与样品之间的剪切力。nPEC具有纳米级介孔和微米级通孔构成的双峰结构, 可以区分包裹型药物和游离型药物的同时对两者进行分离[31]
负载型药物是脂质体纳米药物在体内的一种存在形式, 其生物分析方法主要有荧光标记法、放射标记法和核磁共振成像法。
荧光标记法常用于示踪脂质体, 将有荧光标记的示踪剂与脂质体结合, 通过对荧光示踪剂的检测即可对脂质体进行分析。Ibaraki等[36]利用荧光标记法研究聚乙二醇的修饰和表面电荷对脂质体在炎症部位聚集和被巨噬细胞摄取的能力的影响, 以1, 2-二乙酰基-sn-甘油-3-磷酸乙醇胺ATTO 647Nlai对脂质体进行荧光标记并进行分析。研究结果表明, 聚乙二醇修饰的脂质体比未修饰脂质体在炎症部位积累更多, 而阴离子脂质体比阳离子脂质体更多。聚乙二醇修饰的脂质体的荧光强度比未修饰的脂质体高四倍, 聚乙二醇修饰可以增强脂质体聚集性。Othman等[37]利用荧光标记法探究聚二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵[poly(diallyldimethylammonium)chloride, PDDA] 聚合物和二氧化硅纳米颗粒包裹的二肉豆蔻酰磷脂酰胆碱脂质体对姜黄素的荧光效率和抗癌活性的影响, 根据是否有PDDA和二氧化硅包裹脂质体以及姜黄素所在位置, 制备了三种不同的脂质体N1、N2、N3。研究结果表明: 姜黄素脂质体表面覆盖PDDA和二氧化硅可以增强非极性环境, 使姜黄素更容易渗透到纳米胶囊的疏水袋中, 进而提高脂质体的包封率和载药量。
放射标记法是将脂质体中的原子用放射性同位素标记, 通过追踪放射性同位素完成对脂质体的分析, 该方法具有灵敏度高, 空间分辨率好的优点。药物标记方法用γβ放射性同位素进行表面标记或核心标记, 常用64Cu, 99mTc, 111In, 177Lu进行标记[38]。Karpuz等[39]通过应用放射性标记法研究了磷酸特地唑胺(tedizolid phosphate, TDZ) 脂质体对于治疗急性细菌性皮肤和皮肤结构感染的作用。其利用Na99mTcO4来标记TDZ脂质体, 放射性为37 MBq, 并使用溶于0.005 mol·L-1 HCl的SnCl2作为还原剂, 加入到1 mL脂质体药物制剂中, 在室温下培养30 min。在4 ℃下用截止尺寸为3.5 kDa的再生纤维素膜对含有脂质体纳米药物的磷酸盐缓冲液(phosphate buffer solution, PBS) (pH 7.4) 透析5 h, 以去除游离99mTc。研究结果表明: 与未用Na99mTcO4标记的游离药物相比, 靶细胞对脂质体制剂的放射性摄取更多。因此TDZ脂质体制剂可以向靶组织递送更多的TDZ, 对急性细菌性皮肤和皮肤结构感染有更好的疗效。进行标记时, 如果目的是了解脂质体在体内的分布情况并观察脂质体或脂蛋白的聚集部位, 可以使用膜表面标记, 但如果需要测定脂质体药物的聚集情况及药代动力学参数, 则最好将游离或螯合的放射性核素包封在内核内。
核磁共振成像法是一项采用核磁共振原理的无侵入式检查方法, 对组织有较高的分辨率[40], 多用于医学检测。核磁共振成像法也可用于检测脂质体药物的给药过程。目前常用于脂质体给药过程检测的核磁共振造影剂有T1、T2和化学的饱和转移(chemical exchange saturation transfer, CEST) 造影剂。Elk等[41]制作了装有藻酸盐微球的温度敏感脂质体(temperature sensitive liposomes with barium crosslinked alginate microspheres, TSL-Ba-ms) 用于触发多柔比星(doxorubicin, DOX) 释放栓塞, 并利用DOX、[Gd(HPDO3A)(H2O)] (一种T1造影剂) 和与钬离子交联的空藻酸盐微球(empty alginate microspheres crosslinked with holmium ions, Ho-ms) (一种T2造影剂) 对脂质体进行分析。核磁共振成像法用于显示Ho-ms, 并检测TSL-BA-ms中因温度改变触发的[Gd(HPDO3A)(H2O)] 的释放。在钡交联微球中包封的温度敏感脂质体(temperature sensitive liposomes, TSL) 仅轻微改变了触发释放特性: 95%的负载DOX从TSL中释放, 而TSL-Ba-ms在42 ℃的50% FBS中30秒内的释放率为86%。TSL-Ba-ms (76 ± 41 μm) 和Ho-ms (64 ± 29 μm) 具有相似的大小, 这很可能使两者在静脉注射后有相似的体内组织分布, 因此Ho-ms可作为TSL-Ba-ms的示踪剂。加热前后可观测TSL-Ba-ms和Ho-ms混合物(比例95∶5) 在体内外的微球沉积和温度触发释放。在兔VX2肿瘤模型中, 使用核磁共振成像法可观察到含有钬离子的微球簇和[Gd(HPDO3A)(H2O)] 的释放。Ho-ms的沉积与TSL-Ba-ms中[Gd(HPDO3A)(H2O)] 释放的位置非常紧密地重叠, 证明Ho-ms是TSL-Ba-ms的合适示踪剂。该实验证明了微球对于引导栓塞与药物触发释放有很大帮助。
随着纳米技术的迅速发展, 脂质体纳米药物的研发已成为目前药物创新的发展方向之一。由于纳米结构的尺度效应和脂质体独特的物理性质, 脂质体纳米药物的药代动力学特征与普通药物相比存在明显差异, 其药代动力学研究与普通药物相比也有其特殊性。根据相关研究结果, 脂质体纳米药物递送系统可改善药物的ADME特征, 为解决某些药物在实际运用中的局限性, 提高药效并避免或减弱不良反应的发生提供了参考。
与游离药物相比, 由于脂质和细胞膜的物理性质相似, 脂质体纳米药物具有更强的对细胞膜的黏附能力, 可增强细胞对药物的摄取量。通过采用脂质体纳米药物递送系统可以改善药物的理化性质, 提高其与胃肠道黏膜的亲和性和透过性, 改善口服药物的生物利用度。根据Noyes-Whitney溶出公式可知, 药物的溶解度与药物的比表面积有关。药物粒子体积越小, 其比表面积就越大, 溶解性就越好[42]。脂质体纳米药物的纳米级粒径可增大药物的比表面积, 从而达到提高药物溶解度的目的。药物的常见给药方式有口服、静脉注射、肌肉注射等。脂质体纳米制剂因纳米级的分子大小及脂质体良好的透膜性而可为药物递送方式提供新的选项。
Zhang等[43]通过酯化反应将亚油酸与杠柳苦苷(periplocymarin, PPM) 偶联构建了外周香脂素-亚油酸(periplocymarin-linoleic acid, PL) 并制备了聚乙二醇化脂质体(PEGylated liposome, PL-Lip)。PL-Lip的平均粒径为179.29 ± 4.92 nm。PPM是一种从香加皮(cortex periplocae) 中分离出来的强心苷, 对各种癌细胞都具有很强的抑制作用。Zhang等研究了PPM、外周香脂素-亚油酸自组装纳米前药(PL self-assembling nano-prodrug, PL-SNP) 和PL-Lip静脉注射给药之后的SD大鼠药代动力学行为(给药剂量4 mg·kg-1)。研究结果表明: 静脉注射给药之后, 纯PPM、PL-SNP和PL-Lip给药组的Cmax和AUC0-12 h分别为13.39 ± 2.60 μg·mL-1和3.712 ± 0.42 h·μg·mL-1、3.90 ± 0.65 μg·mL-1和2.05 ± 0.37 h·μg·mL-1; 51.98 ± 4.78 μg·mL-1和27.58 ± 3.93 h·μg·mL-1。PL-Lip给药组大鼠血浆中PPM的Cmax和AUC0-12 h相比于纯PPM给药组和PL-SNP给药组显著增加。Chen等[44]制备了载有芦丁的脂质体纳米制剂(rutin-loaded lipid-based nano-formulation, NanoR), 在SD大鼠中分别进行了口服芦丁钠盐(sodium salt of rutin, NaR) 和芦丁脂质体纳米制剂的比较药代动力学研究。研究结果表明: 将芦丁制备成脂质纳米制剂可以显著增加芦丁的口服生物利用度, 与芦丁钠盐口服给药组相比, 芦丁脂质体纳米制剂给药组的Cmax和AUC0-4 h分别增加了2.26倍和2.24倍。Singh等[45]制备了表面结构有生物素修饰的载有波舒替尼的脂质体(biotin-modified bosutinib-loaded liposomes, b-Bos-LPs)。该脂质体的粒径为257.73 ± 4.50 nm。Singh等进行了波舒替尼(bosutinib, Bos)、表面结构有生物素修饰的波舒替尼脂质体和表面结构没有生物素修饰的波舒替尼脂质体(bosutinib-loaded liposomes, Bos-LPs) 的Wistar大鼠口服给药比较药代动力学研究(剂量为30 mg·kg-1)。研究结果表明: Bos给药组的Cmax为4.71 ± 1.01 μg·mL-1, t1/2为11.33 h, AUC0-48 h为50.01 ± 2.98 h·μg·mL-1。Bos-LPs给药组的Cmax为68.07 ± 3.01 μg·mL-1, t1/2为14.59 h, AUC0-48 h为1 526 ± 28.93 h·μg·mL-1。b-Bos-LPs给药组的Cmax为79.07 ± 5.06 μg·mL-1, t1/2为17.11 h, AUC0-48 h为1 916.61 ± 39.03 h·μg·mL-1。与Bos-LPs和游离Bos给药组相比, b-Bos-LPs组血液样本中的Bos浓度显著提高, b-Bos-LPs的清除率降低, 药物在血液循环中的停留时间延长。生物素对脂质体表面进行修饰可以进一步增加脂质体所包裹药物的口服生物利用度并延长药物在体内的循环时间。Nair等[46]进行了苯妥英钠脂质体鼻腔途径给药和苯妥英钠注射液静脉注射给药Wistar大鼠的比较药代动力学研究(药物剂量800 μg)。研究结果表明: 苯妥英钠脂质体给药组脑内Cmax为712.53 ± 7.6 μg·g-1, 脑内AUC0-∞为492.45 ± 7.8 h·μg·g-1; 苯妥英钠静脉注射液给药组脑内Cmax为10.80 ± 4.9 μg·g-1, 脑内AUC0-∞为9.15 ± 2.1 h·μg·g-1。与苯妥英钠静脉注射给药组相比, 苯妥英钠脂质体给药组在脑组织中的药物积累量更多, 可以增强苯妥英钠治疗急性癫痫发作、降低外周毒性的药效。
综上, 脂质体纳米药物递送系统可以改善药物的理化性质, 提高难溶性药物的溶解度及生物利用度。
与游离药物相比, 脂质体纳米药物作为药物的递送载体可改善药物的靶向递送并提高药物透过生物屏障的能力, 提高药物吸收效率, 降低药物对正常细胞的毒性, 减轻或避免发生不良反应[47]
Zhang等[43]进行了PPM, PL-SNP和PL-Lip静脉注射给药H22荷瘤小鼠的比较药代动力学研究。组织分布研究结果表明: PL-SNP和PL-Lip在肝、脾和肺中含量较高, 这与这些组织中含有大量单核巨噬细胞有关[48]。与PPM给药组相比, PL-SNP给药组PPM在正常组织和肿瘤组织中的药物含量均有所提高, PL-Lip给药组肿瘤组织中的药物含量显著较高, 而在正常组织中的药物水平显著降低, PL-Lip可以提高药物对肿瘤组织的靶向性和降低药物对正常组织的毒性。Sun等[49]设计了表面有透明质酸和聚乙二醇修饰的斑蝥素(cantharidin, CTD) 脂质体药物并进行了斑蝥素和斑蝥素脂质体尾静脉注射给药SD大鼠的比较药代动力学研究。组织分布研究结果表明: 与斑蝥素给药组相比, 斑蝥素脂质体给药组药物在肿瘤中的含量明显增加, 而在心脏、肾脏、脾脏和肺部等正常组织中的含量明显降低。脂质体给药系统可以提高斑蝥素对肿瘤的靶向效率并显著降低其在正常组织中的药物浓度, 缓解不良反应。Zhao等[50]设计并制备了包载多柔比星和化疗增敏剂洛尼达明(lonidamine, LND) 的脂质体(novel cascade-targeted liposomes, Lip-TPGS) 并进行了多柔比星和洛尼达明协同给药以及多柔比星脂质体的C6脑胶质瘤小鼠的比较药代动力学研究。研究结果表明: 纯DOX和LND协同给药组脑中DOX的Cmax为1.97 ± 0.16 μg·g-1, tmax为30 min。Lip-TPGS给药组脑中DOX的Cmax为2.45 ± 0.20 μg·g-1, tmax为120 min。与纯DOX和LND给药组相比, 脂质体纳米药物Lip-TPGS组小鼠的脑内组织对药物相对摄取效率为6.50 ± 0.16, 相对富集效率为1.24 ± 0.10。与游离药物组相比, 脂质体给药组在脑内的药物浓度更高, 说明脂质体给药更易于透过血脑屏障。此外, 纳米级新型联靶向脂质体在心脏和肾脏中积累的DOX量较少, 这将减少DOX对心脏和肾脏的毒性和不良反应。与游离药物组相比, 脾脏对脂质体制剂有更多的摄取, 这可能与脾脏含有较多的巨噬细胞有关。在Lip-TPGS中装载的药物通过长循环、葡萄糖的介导和血脑屏障的静电吸附等途径显著提升药物的脑靶向能力。
综上, 脂质体纳米载体具有结构完整性高、生物相容性好、控释能力强等特点, 可以增强药物对肿瘤组织的靶向性, 降低药物对正常组织的毒性, 避免不良反应。
脂质体纳米药物制剂可以通过避免药物与体内药物代谢酶的接触减缓药物的代谢速度, 延长药物在体内的停留时间[51, 52], 降低药物被排出体外的速度, 提高药物药效。
Chen等[53]进行了积雪草苷脂质体和积雪草苷尾静脉注射SD大鼠的比较药代动力学研究(剂量为20 mg·kg-1)。研究结果表明: 脂质体给药组积雪草苷在大鼠血浆中的t1/2为101.35 ± 12.47 min, 积雪草苷静脉注射给药组积雪草苷在大鼠血浆中的t1/2为14.52 ± 0.56 min。积雪草苷的脂质体制剂半衰期明显长于积雪草苷溶液, 且清除率比积雪草苷溶液更低, 证明了积雪草苷的脂质体制剂可以有效降低药物的代谢和排泄速率。Cha等[54]研究了人参茎叶总皂苷水溶液和其脂质体静脉注射SD大鼠的比较药代动力学研究。研究结果证明: 相较于游离药物, 脂质体在体内的的停留时间较长, 清除率更低, 排泄速率更慢。Han等[55]制备了聚乙二醇修饰的紫杉醇脂质体制剂(long-acting targeted paclitaxel liposome formulation, ES-SSL-PTX) 并进行了相同剂量的经聚乙二醇修饰的长效靶向紫杉醇脂质体制剂与普通紫杉醇脂质体尾静脉注射ICR小鼠的比较药代动力学研究(剂量为10 mg·kg-1)。实验结果表明: ES-SSL-PTX在每个时间点的血药浓度都显著高于普通紫杉醇脂质体, 且前者的消除半衰期是后者的9.3倍, 清除率显著降低, 平均停留时间(MRT) 显著延长。聚乙二醇修饰的长循环脂质体与传统脂质体相比, 长循环脂质体的消除半衰期更长, 减缓排泄速率的效果更明显[56-58]。Wang等[59]进行了盐酸多柔比星脂质体(doxorubicin hydrochloride PEGlyted liposome injection, DOX·HCL-PLI) 和盐酸多柔比星(doxorubicin hydrochloride, DOX·HCL) 尾静脉注射给药Wistar大鼠的代谢和排泄研究(剂量为5 mg·kg-1)。研究结果表明: 相比于游离药物制剂, DOX·HCL-PLI显著改变了药物经肝脏和肾脏的排泄状况。脂质体制剂经胆汁的排泄量降低了80.16%, 经尿液的排泄量降低了69.91%。游离药物制剂与DOX·HCL-PLI仅在排泄量较低的代谢物组分上有所区别, DOX·HCL-PLI给药后, 大鼠尿液中未发现7-脱氧多柔比星苷元和7-脱氧多柔比星醇苷元。结合其他数据, 该研究说明DOX·HCL进入体内后, 会迅速分布在肝脏和肾脏, 并被快速排出体外。而DOX·HCL-PLI不能被肾脏直接过滤或被肝脏细胞直接代谢, 具有缓释药物的能力。
综上, 与游离药物相比, 脂质体纳米药物制剂可以减缓药物的代谢速率, 降低清除率, 延长体内停留时间。聚乙二醇对脂质体具有保护作用, 经聚乙二醇修饰的脂质体纳米药物比传统脂质体药物具有更长的消除半衰期。
目前, 脂质体药物递送系统已广泛应用在了许多生物医学领域并产生了重大影响。脂质体纳米药物由于其自身的理化性质, 可以被加工和修饰, 由“功能单一化”转变为“多功能化”。尽管近50年来, 经过人们的不断探索, 脂质体给药递送系统的研发已经取得了一定的进展, 但其临床转化成功率仍有待提高[60]。本篇综述总结了脂质体纳米制剂的分析方法及药代动力学研究进展, 希望能够为脂质体药物递送系统的研发和临床应用提供参考。
作者贡献: 刘一、张煜杰、王梓榆负责文献检索、分析及文稿撰写; 尹磊、史美云、尤建嵩负责文稿修改和检查。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在任何利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金(81603182)
  • 国家自然科学基金(81703607)
  • 大连市科技创新基金(2022JJ13SN075)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费资助引进人才科研专题(DUT21RC(3)057)
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2023年第58卷第4期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1085
  • 接收时间:2022-09-29
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-04-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-09-29
  • 修回日期:2023-03-02
基金
国家自然科学基金(81603182)
国家自然科学基金(81703607)
大连市科技创新基金(2022JJ13SN075)
中央高校基本科研业务费资助引进人才科研专题(DUT21RC(3)057)
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    1.大连理工大学生命科学与药学学院, 辽宁 盘锦 124221
    2.艾美诚信生物制药有限公司, 辽宁 大连 116100

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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