Article(id=1198624470299673431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624466902287155, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0802, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1656518400000, receivedDateStr=2022-06-30, revisedDate=1672848000000, revisedDateStr=2023-01-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763703943085, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1681228800000, pubDateStr=2023-04-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763703943085, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763703943085, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763703943085, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198624466902287155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='1092', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763703942275, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763704125380, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198625234971619912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624466902287155, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198625234971619913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624466902287155, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=919, endPage=927, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198624470622634851, articleId=1198624470299673431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Effects of propofol on glutamatergic neuronal activity in paraventricular thalamus, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study explored the effects of propofol on the activity of glutamatergic neurons in the paraventricular thalamus (PVT) and the underlying mechanisms at the molecular level using whole-cell patch-clamp techniques. Acute brain slices containing the PVT were obtained from 8 weeks old C57BL/6J mice. The electrophysiological characteristics of PVT neurons were recorded in current-clamp mode, then single-cell sequencing was used to identify neuronal types. The firing frequencies before, during, and after propofol or intralipid application were recorded as FB, FD and FW; and the membrane potentials were recorded as MPB and MPD. Picrotoxin (PTX) was used to block inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors during the application of propofol at 10 μmol·L-1. Then, GABAA receptor-mediated spontaneous and miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs and mIPSCs) were recorded, and the effects of 10 μmol·L-1 propofol were investigated. The animal experiments were approved by the Medical Animal Administrative Committee of Shanghai Medical College Fudan University. The results showed that there were no significant differences in FB, FD and FW during intralipid and 2 μmol·L-1 propofol application. With propofol at 5, 10 and 20 μmol·L-1, FD decreased significantly when compared with FB, and FW increased significantly as compared with FD (P < 0.01). The inhibition degree of the three concentration groups was significantly different (P < 0.01). In addition, with propofol at 20 μmol·L-1, MPD hyperpolarized significantly (P < 0.01). In the presence of PTX, 10 μmol·L-1 propofol could not suppress the firing frequency of PVT glutamatergic neurons. Propofol at 10 μmol·L-1 prolonged the decay time of sIPSCs (P < 0.01) and mIPSCs (P < 0.05), and increased the amplitude (P < 0.01) of mIPSCs of PVT glutamatergic neurons. Together, these results indicate that propofol can inhibit the activity of PVT glutamatergic neurons in a concentration-dependent and reversible manner, and the effect is likely to be mediated by postsynaptic GABAA receptors.

, correspAuthors=Yong-quan CHEN, Lu WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yu-long WANG, Qiong YI, Wei XU, E WANG, Zhi-li HUANG, Yong-quan CHEN, Lu WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198624474598834257, articleId=1198624470299673431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=丙泊酚对丘脑室旁核谷氨酸能神经元活性的影响, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究利用全细胞膜片钳技术探索丙泊酚对丘脑室旁核(paraventricular thalamus, PVT) 谷氨酸能神经元活性的影响及作用机制。在8周龄C57BL/6J小鼠急性脑片上, 用单细胞逆转录PCR技术鉴定PVT神经元类型。记录丙泊酚给药前、后和洗脱后PVT神经元的放电频率(firing frequencies before, during, and after, FB, FD and FW) 及给药前、后的膜电位(membrane potential before and during, MPB and MPD)。探索木防己苦毒素(picrotoxin, PTX) 阻断γ-氨基丁酸A型(gamma-aminobutyric acid type A, GABAA) 受体后对丙泊酚作用的影响, 以及丙泊酚对PVT神经元上自发和微小抑制性突触后电流(spontaneous and miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents, sIPSCs and mIPSCs) 的影响。动物实验已获得复旦大学上海医学院动物实验伦理委员会批准。结果显示, 在脂肪乳组和2 μmol·L-1丙泊酚组, FB、FD、FW之间无统计学差异。在5、10、20 μmol·L-1丙泊酚组, FD与FB相比显著下降(P < 0.01), FW与FD相比显著升高(P < 0.01), 且这3个浓度组之间的抑制程度有显著差异(P < 0.01)。MPD与MPB相比仅在20 μmol·L-1丙泊酚组有显著下降(P < 0.01)。加入PTX后10 μmol·L-1丙泊酚不能抑制放电频率。10 μmol·L-1丙泊酚使sIPSCs的衰减时间延长(P < 0.01), 且使mIPSCs的衰减时间延长(P < 0.05), 幅度升高(P < 0.01)。以上结果表明, 丙泊酚呈浓度依赖和可逆性地抑制PVT谷氨酸能神经元活性, 这种作用可能主要由突触后GABAA受体介导。

, correspAuthors=陈永权, 王露, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*陈永权, Tel: 13956196920, E-mail: ;
王露, Tel: 13761831993, E-mail:
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#共同第一作者.

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Br J Anaesth, 2015, 114: 491-498., articleTitle=Propofol modulates phasic and tonic GABAergic currents in spinal ventral horn interneurones, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1198702046078661199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470299673431, awardId=31970924, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(31970924), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198702046233850458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470299673431, awardId=KJ2020A0605, language=CN, fundingSource=安徽高校自然科学基金重点项目(KJ2020A0605), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198702046405816937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470299673431, awardId=2021jc2-7, language=CN, fundingSource=芜湖市应用基础及创新环境研究项目(2021jc2-7), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198702037060907796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470299673431, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198702037077685014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470299673431, companyId=1198702037060907796, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198702037375480630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470299673431, companyId=1198702037350314803, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.复旦大学基础医学院, 医学神经生物学国家重点实验室, 脑科学前沿研究中心, 上海 200032)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1198702043763405177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470299673431, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ntEXktbWJujqZ2uFZz1ltQ==, figureFileBig=ezRi4sQPjUX2P3pdQDwLCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702043926983051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470299673431, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= Location and morphology of paraventricular thalamus (PVT) neurons. A, B: Position of the PVT in coronal (A) and sagittal (B) sections of mouse brain stereotactic map. The red area represents the PVT; 3V represents the third ventricular; C: Differential interference contrast (DIC) image of a representative location of the PVT in a brain slice. The area within the rectangular box enclosed by the red dotted line represents the PVT; D: DIC image of a typical PVT neuron with a visible patch pipette. The red dotted lines show the pipette (left red arrow), and the blue circle shows the clamped PVT neuron (right red arrow) , figureFileSmall=ntEXktbWJujqZ2uFZz1ltQ==, figureFileBig=ezRi4sQPjUX2P3pdQDwLCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702044107338142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470299673431, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=2zCTsB7JnGSYqEtqNm5oww==, figureFileBig=PuFuEBOCg/iwycu8PdmA0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702044308664751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470299673431, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Prop inhibited the firing rates of glutamatergic neurons in the PVT. A: Representative voltage responses (black lines) to hyperpolarizing and depolarizing current injections (grey lines) of a PVT neuron. The blue arrow indicates the low threshold spike (LTS) after a hyperpolarization step; B: Representative single-cell RT-PCR results confirming vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2) phenotype of the PVT neuron; C: Sample traces of PVT neuronal firing properties recorded before, during, and after bath application of intralipid or Prop at 2, 5, 10, and 20 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>; D: Firing rates of PVT neurons before (Base), during (Intralipid or Prop) and after (Wash) bath application of intralipid (<i>n</i> = 13) or Prop at 2 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> (<i>n</i> = 13), 5 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> (<i>n</i> = 11), 10 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> (<i>n</i> = 13), and 20 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> (<i>n</i> = 10). <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</span>± <i>s</i>, paired <i>t</i> test or Wilcoxon test. <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> Base; <sup>△△</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>△△△</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> Prop; E: Inhibition degree of the firing rate of PVT neurons after bath application of Prop. <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</span>± <i>s</i>. <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 assessed by Dunn's multiple comparisons test; F: Membrane potential (MP) of PVT neurons before (Base) and during bath application of Prop. <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</span>± <i>s</i>, unpaired <i>t</i> test. <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 , figureFileSmall=2zCTsB7JnGSYqEtqNm5oww==, figureFileBig=PuFuEBOCg/iwycu8PdmA0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702044434493886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470299673431, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=BeAvPXmjxNG8hGar7n93pQ==, figureFileBig=qvHMTYdp859jh3WVKk9fZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702044572905933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470299673431, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= PTX blocked the inhibitory effect of 10 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> Prop on PVT neurons. A: Time course of the firing rate of a PVT neuron during the application of 100 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> PTX and 10 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> Prop. Representative traces show the spontaneous firing of the PVT neuron at baseline (a, Base), in the presence of PTX (b, PTX), in the presence of PTX and Prop (c, PTX+Prop), and during washout (d, PTX+Wash); B, C: Prop at 10 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> had no effect on the firing rate (B) and MP (C) in the presence of 100 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> PTX. <i>n</i> = 8, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> Base (paired <i>t</i> test). ns: Not significant, comparison among PTX, PTX+Prop, and PTX+Wash, assessed by one-way ANOVA followed by Turkey's post hoc test , figureFileSmall=BeAvPXmjxNG8hGar7n93pQ==, figureFileBig=qvHMTYdp859jh3WVKk9fZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702044744872415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470299673431, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Dmqsw40v/ITTODiykkapqw==, figureFileBig=I3bS7sPpZfNqRKsNipg6qA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702044895867377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470299673431, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Effects of 10 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> Prop on the amplitude, frequency and decay time of sIPSCs. A: Representative postsynaptic currents recorded in a PVT neuron (left), sIPSCs were recorded in the presence of NBQX and D-AP5 (middle), and sIPSCs were completely blocked by PTX (right); B: Representative sIPSCs recorded in a PVT neuron before (grey lines) and during (black lines) application of Prop at 10 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>; C: Averaged sIPSCs recorded in a PVT neuron before (grey) and during (black) Prop application (100 traces averaged); D-F: Prop at 10 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> deceased the frequency (E), and prolonged the decay time (F), but not changed the amplitude (D) of sIPSCs recorded in PVT neurons. <i>n</i> = 12, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> Base (paired <i>t</i> test or Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test). NBQX: 6-Nitro-7-ulphamoylbenzo(f)-quinoxaline-2, 3-dione; D-AP5: <i>D</i>(-)-2-Amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid , figureFileSmall=Dmqsw40v/ITTODiykkapqw==, figureFileBig=I3bS7sPpZfNqRKsNipg6qA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702045063639550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470299673431, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=BPvVqEvAXNYjFP2U9MW9Ew==, figureFileBig=V7jLPCKZyam+m7qgsPbRew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702045197857289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470299673431, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Effects of 10 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> Prop on the amplitude, frequency and decay time of mIPSCs. A: Representative mIPSCs recorded in a PVT neuron before (grey line) and during (black line) application of Prop at 10 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>; B: Averaged (top) and normalized (bottom) mIPSCs recorded in a PVT neuron before (grey) and during (black) Prop application (100 traces averaged); C-E: Prop at 10 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> increased the amplitude (C), deceased the frequency (D), and prolonged the decay time (E) of mIPSCs recorded in PVT neurons. <i>n</i> = 10, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 (paired <i>t</i> test or Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test) , figureFileSmall=BPvVqEvAXNYjFP2U9MW9Ew==, figureFileBig=V7jLPCKZyam+m7qgsPbRew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702045323686420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470299673431, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=mAgyvqk2lAwqNhmv78RsXA==, figureFileBig=xJFQkE+xvSKxHwYSWs7yZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702045474681374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470299673431, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Effects of 10 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> Prop on tonic inhibitory currents. A, B: Representative tonic inhibitory currents induced by 100 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> GABA recorded in a PVT neuron before (A) and during (B) application of Prop at 10 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>; C: The amplitude of tonic inhibitory currents recorded in PVT neurons. <i>n</i> = 5, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± <i>s</i>. GABA: Gamma-aminobutyric acid , figureFileSmall=mAgyvqk2lAwqNhmv78RsXA==, figureFileBig=xJFQkE+xvSKxHwYSWs7yZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702045642453543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470299673431, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Group Figure 2D Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5
Intralipid (n = 13) 2 mol·L-1 Prop (n = 13) 5 mol·L-1 Prop (n = 11) 10 mol·L-1 Prop (n = 13) 20 mol·L-1 Prop (n = 10) PTX+Prop (n = 8) sIPSCs (n = 12) mIPSCs (n = 10)
Cm/pF 51.8 ± 15.1 52.5 ± 12.9 53.1 ± 14.9 51.8 ± 18.9 52.1 ± 18.9 50.8 ± 12.2 51.8 ± 13.4 51.4 ± 14.1
Rm/MΩ 557 ± 396 545 ± 222 660 ± 279 585 ± 316 489 ± 170 603 ± 281 515 ± 184 495 ± 218
Ra/MΩ 16.1 ± 2.3 17.2 ± 2.3 17.6 ± 2.2 15.9 ± 2.8 17.5 ± 1.9 16.4 ± 3.0 16.5 ± 2.5 17.4 ± 2.2
Cl/pA -9.2 ± 3.7 -9.8 ± 4.6 -9.2 ± 4.0 -9.4 ± 3.2 -10.0 ± 3.4 -10.6 ± 4.2 -10.4 ± 3.4 -11.2 ± 2.8
), ArticleFig(id=1198702045785059889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624470299673431, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

The passive parameters of patch-clamp recorded PVT neurons. $ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s. Prop: Propofol; PTX: Picrotoxin; sIPSC: Spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic current; mIPSC: Miniature inhibitory postsynaptic current; Ra: Access resistance; Cl: Leakage current; Cm: Membrane capacitance; Rm: Membrane resistance

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Group Figure 2D Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5
Intralipid (n = 13) 2 mol·L-1 Prop (n = 13) 5 mol·L-1 Prop (n = 11) 10 mol·L-1 Prop (n = 13) 20 mol·L-1 Prop (n = 10) PTX+Prop (n = 8) sIPSCs (n = 12) mIPSCs (n = 10)
Cm/pF 51.8 ± 15.1 52.5 ± 12.9 53.1 ± 14.9 51.8 ± 18.9 52.1 ± 18.9 50.8 ± 12.2 51.8 ± 13.4 51.4 ± 14.1
Rm/MΩ 557 ± 396 545 ± 222 660 ± 279 585 ± 316 489 ± 170 603 ± 281 515 ± 184 495 ± 218
Ra/MΩ 16.1 ± 2.3 17.2 ± 2.3 17.6 ± 2.2 15.9 ± 2.8 17.5 ± 1.9 16.4 ± 3.0 16.5 ± 2.5 17.4 ± 2.2
Cl/pA -9.2 ± 3.7 -9.8 ± 4.6 -9.2 ± 4.0 -9.4 ± 3.2 -10.0 ± 3.4 -10.6 ± 4.2 -10.4 ± 3.4 -11.2 ± 2.8
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丙泊酚对丘脑室旁核谷氨酸能神经元活性的影响
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王玉龙 1, # , 易琼 2, # , 徐薇 3 , 王锷 2 , 黄志力 3 , 陈永权 1, * , 王露 3, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(4): 919-927
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2023, 58(4): 919-927
丙泊酚对丘脑室旁核谷氨酸能神经元活性的影响
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王玉龙1, #, 易琼2, #, 徐薇3, 王锷2, 黄志力3, 陈永权1, * , 王露3, *
作者信息
  • 1.皖南医学院弋矶山医院, 安徽 芜湖 241000
  • 2.中南大学湘雅医院, 湖南 长沙 410008
  • 3.复旦大学基础医学院, 医学神经生物学国家重点实验室, 脑科学前沿研究中心, 上海 200032

通讯作者:

*陈永权, Tel: 13956196920, E-mail: ;
王露, Tel: 13761831993, E-mail:
Effects of propofol on glutamatergic neuronal activity in paraventricular thalamus
Yu-long WANG1, Qiong YI2, Wei XU3, E WANG2, Zhi-li HUANG3, Yong-quan CHEN1, * , Lu WANG3, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Yijishan Hospital, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241000, China
  • 2. Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
  • 3. State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
出版时间: 2023-04-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0802
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本研究利用全细胞膜片钳技术探索丙泊酚对丘脑室旁核(paraventricular thalamus, PVT) 谷氨酸能神经元活性的影响及作用机制。在8周龄C57BL/6J小鼠急性脑片上, 用单细胞逆转录PCR技术鉴定PVT神经元类型。记录丙泊酚给药前、后和洗脱后PVT神经元的放电频率(firing frequencies before, during, and after, FB, FD and FW) 及给药前、后的膜电位(membrane potential before and during, MPB and MPD)。探索木防己苦毒素(picrotoxin, PTX) 阻断γ-氨基丁酸A型(gamma-aminobutyric acid type A, GABAA) 受体后对丙泊酚作用的影响, 以及丙泊酚对PVT神经元上自发和微小抑制性突触后电流(spontaneous and miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents, sIPSCs and mIPSCs) 的影响。动物实验已获得复旦大学上海医学院动物实验伦理委员会批准。结果显示, 在脂肪乳组和2 μmol·L-1丙泊酚组, FB、FD、FW之间无统计学差异。在5、10、20 μmol·L-1丙泊酚组, FD与FB相比显著下降(P < 0.01), FW与FD相比显著升高(P < 0.01), 且这3个浓度组之间的抑制程度有显著差异(P < 0.01)。MPD与MPB相比仅在20 μmol·L-1丙泊酚组有显著下降(P < 0.01)。加入PTX后10 μmol·L-1丙泊酚不能抑制放电频率。10 μmol·L-1丙泊酚使sIPSCs的衰减时间延长(P < 0.01), 且使mIPSCs的衰减时间延长(P < 0.05), 幅度升高(P < 0.01)。以上结果表明, 丙泊酚呈浓度依赖和可逆性地抑制PVT谷氨酸能神经元活性, 这种作用可能主要由突触后GABAA受体介导。

丙泊酚  /  丘脑室旁核  /  全细胞膜片钳  /  γ-氨基丁酸A型受体  /  微小抑制性突触后电流

This study explored the effects of propofol on the activity of glutamatergic neurons in the paraventricular thalamus (PVT) and the underlying mechanisms at the molecular level using whole-cell patch-clamp techniques. Acute brain slices containing the PVT were obtained from 8 weeks old C57BL/6J mice. The electrophysiological characteristics of PVT neurons were recorded in current-clamp mode, then single-cell sequencing was used to identify neuronal types. The firing frequencies before, during, and after propofol or intralipid application were recorded as FB, FD and FW; and the membrane potentials were recorded as MPB and MPD. Picrotoxin (PTX) was used to block inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors during the application of propofol at 10 μmol·L-1. Then, GABAA receptor-mediated spontaneous and miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs and mIPSCs) were recorded, and the effects of 10 μmol·L-1 propofol were investigated. The animal experiments were approved by the Medical Animal Administrative Committee of Shanghai Medical College Fudan University. The results showed that there were no significant differences in FB, FD and FW during intralipid and 2 μmol·L-1 propofol application. With propofol at 5, 10 and 20 μmol·L-1, FD decreased significantly when compared with FB, and FW increased significantly as compared with FD (P < 0.01). The inhibition degree of the three concentration groups was significantly different (P < 0.01). In addition, with propofol at 20 μmol·L-1, MPD hyperpolarized significantly (P < 0.01). In the presence of PTX, 10 μmol·L-1 propofol could not suppress the firing frequency of PVT glutamatergic neurons. Propofol at 10 μmol·L-1 prolonged the decay time of sIPSCs (P < 0.01) and mIPSCs (P < 0.05), and increased the amplitude (P < 0.01) of mIPSCs of PVT glutamatergic neurons. Together, these results indicate that propofol can inhibit the activity of PVT glutamatergic neurons in a concentration-dependent and reversible manner, and the effect is likely to be mediated by postsynaptic GABAA receptors.

propofol  /  paraventricular thalamus  /  whole-cell patch-clamp  /  gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor  /  miniature inhibitory postsynaptic current
王玉龙, 易琼, 徐薇, 王锷, 黄志力, 陈永权, 王露. 丙泊酚对丘脑室旁核谷氨酸能神经元活性的影响. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (4) : 919 -927 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0802
Yu-long WANG, Qiong YI, Wei XU, E WANG, Zhi-li HUANG, Yong-quan CHEN, Lu WANG. Effects of propofol on glutamatergic neuronal activity in paraventricular thalamus[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (4) : 919 -927 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0802
全身麻醉药可以使患者的意识可逆性地消失, 消除患者对手术的心理恐惧, 提高手术操作的便利性, 极大推动医学的发展。丙泊酚是临床广泛使用的一种静脉全身麻醉药, 因其诱导和苏醒迅速, 无残留, 患者耐受好, 尽管已经使用近40年, 目前仍然是临床全身麻醉诱导和维持最常用的静脉全身麻醉药。然而, 丙泊酚引起意识可逆性消失的神经机制至今仍然不清楚。
临床脑功能影像学研究显示丙泊酚引起意识消失时, 丘脑、额顶叶和默认模式网络的连接减少, 表明丙泊酚诱导的意识消失与丘脑皮层功能连接的丧失有关[1, 2]。丘脑板内侧核群和中线核群弥散地投射到大脑皮层形成非特异投射系统, 参与维持机体的正常觉醒状态[3], 其与皮层的功能连接在丙泊酚引起意识消失时明显被抑制[1, 4]。在非特异性丘脑核群中, 丘脑室旁核(paraventricular thalamus, PVT) 在稳态信息(觉醒、内脏、昼夜节律和感觉信号) 与行为的整合方面尤为重要[5-8]。近期研究发现, PVT谷氨酸能神经元具有促觉醒作用, 并且参与调控多种吸入性全身麻醉药诱导意识消失[5, 8-10]。然而, PVT是否参与丙泊酚的麻醉作用仍然未知。因此, 本研究采用全细胞膜片钳技术, 探索丙泊酚对PVT谷氨酸能神经元活性的影响及分子机制。
动物  C57BL/6J小鼠购于上海西普尔必凯实验动物有限公司。所有动物饲养于明/暗周期12 h (7 AM开灯, 7 PM关灯, 光照强度≈100 lux)、恒温(22 ± 0.5 ℃)、恒湿(60% ± 2%)、可自由食水的复旦大学实验动物中心的独立通风笼具(individual ventilated cage, IVC) 中。本实验中选用8周龄雄性小鼠, 体重20~26 g。本实验方案通过复旦大学上海医学院动物实验伦理委员会批准, 且在实验中参与人员严格遵守实验动物保护协定。
试剂和药品  在本实验中主要应用到4种溶液, 其中切片液和人工脑脊液(artificial cerebrospinal fluid, ACSF) 用于制备和孵育急性小鼠脑片。葡萄糖酸钾电极内液用于在电流钳模式下记录PVT神经元电生理特性、膜电位和动作电位。氯化钾电极内液用于在电压钳模式下记录PVT神经元的自发、微小抑制性突触后电流(spontaneous and miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents, sIPSCs and mIPSCs) 和外源性γ-氨基丁酸(gamma-aminobutyric acid, GABA) 引起的紧张性抑制电流(tonic inhibitory currents)。其中切片液是由213 mmol·L-1蔗糖、2.5 mmol·L-1 KCl、1.25 mmol·L-1 NaH2PO3、26 mmol·L-1 NaHCO3、10 mmol·L-1葡萄糖、3 mmol·L-1 MgSO4和0.1 mmol·L-1 CaCl2组成; ACSF是由110 mmol·L-1 NaCl、2.5 mmol·L-1 KCl、1.25 mmol·L-1 NaH2PO3、26 mmol·L-1 NaHCO3、25 mmol·L-1葡萄糖、1 mmol·L-1 MgSO4和2 mmol·L-1 CaCl2组成。这两种溶液由超纯水溶解稀释至渗透压为(290~310) mOsm·L-1。葡萄糖酸钾电极内液是由130 mmol·L-1葡萄糖酸钾、10 mmol·L-1磷酸肌酸、10 mmol·L-1 KCl、0.5 mmol·L-1乙二醇四乙酸、0.3 mmol·L-1鸟苷三磷酸钠、4 mmol·L-1腺苷三磷酸镁、10 mmol·L-1 4-羟乙基哌嗪乙磺酸经超纯水混合而成。氯化钾电极内液是由10 mmol·L-1磷酸肌酸、130 mmol·L-1 KCl、0.5 mmol·L-1乙二醇四乙酸、0.3 mmol·L-1鸟苷三磷酸钠、4 mmol·L-1腺苷三磷酸镁、10 mmol·L-1 4-羟乙基哌嗪乙磺酸经超纯水混合而成。这两种溶液由1 mol·L-1 KOH调至pH为7.2~7.3及渗透压为280 mOsm·L-1。上述溶质都购于美国Sigma公司。用于麻醉小鼠的异氟烷购于北京科月华城科技有限公司。丙泊酚购于德国Braun公司。脂肪乳购于德国Fresenius公司。木防己苦毒素(picrotoxin, PTX)、NBQX [6-nitro-7-ulphamoylbenzo(f)-quinoxaline-2, 3-dione]、D-AP5 [D(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid] 和河豚毒素(tetrodotoxin, TTX) 购于英国Tocris公司。丙泊酚、脂肪乳、PTX、NBQX、D-AP5和TTX经ACSF稀释至目标浓度待用。
制备急性脑片  C57BL/6J小鼠8周龄, 异氟烷麻醉后固定于手术台上。快速打开小鼠胸腔暴露心脏, 剪开右心耳, 7#针头扎入主动脉根部后灌注饱和混合氧(95% O2/5% CO2) 的冰冻切片液直至血液被完全置换。为了保证神经元的活性, 小鼠被快速断头取脑, 脑子用胶水固定于切片台上。用振荡切片机(VT1200S, 德国Leica公司) 制备含有PVT核团的冠状切面(图 1AB) 的急性小鼠脑片(300 μm厚, 根据小鼠立体脑图谱[11]), 然后将脑片移入32 ℃饱和混合氧的ACSF中孵育30 min, 最后存放于正常室温下待取用。
全细胞膜片钳记录  通过微电极拉制仪将硼硅酸盐毛细玻璃管制备成电阻为4~6 MΩ的玻璃微电极。待相关仪器设备调试完备后, 使用移液管将脑片轻柔地移入记录槽中, “U”型铂金网压住脑片以防止移动。30 ℃饱和混合氧的ACSF持续灌流保持神经元活性。调节正置相差显微镜(BX51WI, 日本Olympus公司) 的焦距, 在5倍镜下找到PVT区域(图 1C), 然后在40倍镜下寻找状态良好的PVT神经元进行记录。电生理信号由信号放大器(Axon Multiclamp 700B, 美国Molecular Devices公司) 采集, 经消噪后由数模转换器(Axon 1440A Digidata, Molecular Devices公司) 转换为数字信号, 然后由pClampex 10.3软件记录[12]。在电流钳模式下记录PVT神经元电生理特性, 在电压钳模式下将细胞钳制在-70 mV记录突触后电流。实验过程中, 串联电阻控制在(15~20) MΩ, 若波动超过20%则舍弃该次记录。在本实验中, 所有记录细胞的膜反应参数见表 1
单细胞逆转录PCR (reverse transcription PCR, RT-PCR)  为了明确PVT神经元的类别, 待记录PVT神经元电生理特性后, 用连接到电极上的1 mL注射器吸出细胞质, 然后迅速转移到PCR管(美国Axygen公司) 中。采用单细胞RT-PCR方法检测囊泡型谷氨酸转运蛋白2 (vesicular glutamate transporter 2, VGLUT2) 的表达。采用SuperScript Ⅲ one-step RT-PCR试剂盒(12574-018, 美国ThermoFisher公司)。VGLUT2基因特异性引物序列(正向: 5'-TGTTCTGGCTTCTGGTGTCTTACGAGAG-3'; 反向: 5'-TTCCCGACAGCGTGCCAACA-3') 为定制设计合成[生工生物工程(上海) 股份有限公司]。反应程序: 55 ℃ 30 min, 94 ℃ 2 min; 35次循环, 94 ℃ 15 s, 55 ℃ 30 s, 68 ℃ 50 s; 68 ℃ 5 min。PCR产物(600 bp) 用1.5%琼脂糖凝胶电泳显示。在单细胞RT-PCR的所有过程中, 应注意避免RNA污染和降解。
关键研究指标的获取  为了排除丙泊酚溶剂—脂肪乳对PVT神经元的影响, 本研究采用与最高浓度组的20 μmol·L-1丙泊酚等体积的脂肪乳作为对照组。在电流钳模式下记录神经元基础放电(如果神经元自发动作电位发放稳定则维持原发放频率, 如果非自发放电神经元则给予去极化电流刺激以维持其放电频率在自发放神经元基础放电的均值水平) 3 min (基线) 后, 脂肪乳或1%丙泊酚经ACSF稀释成目标浓度(2、5、10、20 μmol·L-1) 后, 经重力给药系统以2 mL·min-1速度灌流至急性脑片, 持续5 min。取给药前1 min、停药前1 min和停药后6 min的PVT神经元平均放电频率作为给药前(FB)、给药后(FD) 和洗脱后(FW) 的指标; 并取给药前12 s和停药前12 s内膜电位平均值作为给药前(MPB) 和给药后(MPD) 的指标。
为了阻断GABAA受体, 在ACSF中加入100 μmol·L-1 PTX, 待PVT神经元膜电位稳定后(约8 min), 再加入10 μmol·L-1丙泊酚灌流5 min, 然后洗脱丙泊酚。取给PTX前1 min, 给丙泊酚前1 min, 停丙泊酚前1 min和停丙泊酚后6 min的PVT神经元平均放电频率分别作为基础(FBase)、给PTX后(FPTX)、加入丙泊酚后(FPTX+Prop) 和洗脱丙泊酚后(FPTX+Wash) 的指标, 并取相应段12 s膜电位平均值MPBase、MPPTX、MPPTX+Prop、MPPTX+Wash作为膜电位指标。
为了检测自发抑制性突触后电流(spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents, sIPSCs), 20 μmol·L-1 NBQX和25 μmol·L-1 D-AP5用于阻断兴奋性谷氨酸α-氨基-3-羟基-5-甲基-4-异恶唑丙酸(α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid, AMPA) 和N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸(N-methyl-D-aspartic acid, NMDA) 受体。为了检测微小抑制性突触后电流(miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents, mIPSCs), 除了NBQX和D-AP5, 1 mmol·L-1 TTX还用于阻断电压门控钠离子通道。在电压钳模式下分别记录PVT神经元的sIPSCs和mIPSCs。基线记录5 min后10 μmol·L-1丙泊酚随ACSF灌流5 min。将丙泊酚给药前2 min内的前100个sIPSCs和mIPSC事件定义为基础sIPSCs和mIPSC (Base组); 而停药前1 min内的前100个sIPSCs和mIPSCs事件定义为丙泊酚给药后sIPSCs和mIPSCs (Prop组)。sIPSCs事件的入选标准为电流大于30 pA, mIPSC事件的入选标准为电流大于20 pA。
为了检测紧张性抑制电流, 20 μmol·L-1 NBQX和25 μmol·L-1 D-AP5用于阻断兴奋性谷氨酸AMPA和NMDA受体, 在电压钳模式下基线记录5 min后100 μmol·L-1 GABA随ACSF灌流4 min, 停药洗脱20 min后, 10 μmol·L-1丙泊酚灌流4 min, 再在灌流丙泊酚的同时给予100 μmol·L-1 GABA灌流4 min, 然后停止灌流GABA, 再保持丙泊酚灌流4 min。将外源性GABA引起内向电流的最大值用作紧张性抑制电流的分析。
统计学处理  所有数据均用平均值±标准差($ \stackrel{-}{x} $± s) 表示, 实验所需样本量大小由预实验结果经GPower 3.1软件分析得到。采用GraphPad软件(Prism 8.0, 美国) 进行统计分析。所有数据在分析前进行Shapiro-Wilk检验, 验证是否正态分布。若数据通过正态检验, 则采用参数检验, 否则采用非参数检验。两者比较采用配对或非配对t检验; 三者及以上采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA)。P < 0.05表示差异有统计学意义。
在高倍镜下PVT神经元胞体呈直径约10~20 μm大小的椭圆形(图 1D)。在电流钳模式下, 停止注入500 ms/-40 pA超极化电流后, PVT几乎所有神经元都呈现出低阈值放电(low threshold spike, LTS) 特征, 当膜电位去极化至-45 mV左右时PVT神经元呈现紧张性放电(图 2A)。在本实验中, 有基础放电的PVT神经元占42%, 正常放电频率范围2~6 Hz; 58%没有基础放电, 通过注入5~25 pA去极化电流使其基础放电频率维持在3~4 Hz。单细胞RT-PCR结果证明, PVT神经元均表达VGLUT2, 表明这些神经元都是谷氨酸能神经元(图 2B)。
观察脂肪乳和2、5、10、20 μmol·L-1丙泊酚对PVT谷氨酸能神经元放电频率和膜电位的影响。结果发现脂肪乳对PVT谷氨酸能神经元放电频率没有影响(F = 0.413 2, P > 0.05)。2 μmol·L-1丙泊酚有降低PVT谷氨酸能神经元放电频率的趋势, 然而作用不显著(P = 0.407 0, n = 13)。而5、10、20 μmol·L-1丙泊酚分别使PVT谷氨酸神经元的放电频率从FB (3.7 ± 1.6、3.4 ± 1.1、4.1 ± 0.8 Hz) 降至FD (2.3 ± 2.0、1.3 ± 1.2、0.4 ± 1.0 Hz); 并且在丙泊酚洗脱后PVT放电频率恢复至FW (3.1 ± 1.9、2.8 ± 0.8、2.9 ± 1.7 Hz) (图 2CD)。在5 μmol·L-1丙泊酚组中, FD与FB相比, 差异有显著统计学意义(P = 0.006 8, n = 11, 配对t检验); 并且FW与FD相比, 差异有显著统计学意义(P = 0.001 4); 在10 μmol·L-1丙泊酚组中, FD与FB相比, 差异有显著统计学意义(P < 0.000 1, n = 13); 并且FW与FD相比, 差异有显著统计学意义(P = 0.000 4); 在20 μmol·L-1丙泊酚组中, FD与FB相比, 差异有显著统计学意义(P = 0.002 0, n = 10); 并且FW与FD相比, 差异有显著统计学意义(P = 0.002 0) (图 2D)。5、10、20 μmol·L-1丙泊酚组对PVT谷氨酸能神经元放电频率的抑制程度分别是40.4% ± 39.7%、65.0% ± 28.9%、88.8% ± 28.1%, 3组比较有显著统计学差异(F = 0.005 9, 非配对秩和检验), 其中5与20 μmol·L-1丙泊酚组相比有显著统计学差异(P = 0.004 9) (图 2E)。这些结果表明, 丙泊酚能可逆地和剂量依赖地抑制PVT谷氨酸能神经元放电频率。
丙泊酚2、5、10、20 μmol·L-1组所有PVT神经元的平均基础膜电位是MPB (-41.3 ± 2.7 mV), 而在丙泊酚灌流后膜电位分别是MPD (-41.3 ± 2.1、-41.7 ± 3.2、-41.0 ± 2.7、-50.3 ± 4.7 mV)。与MPB相比, 其中只有20 μmol·L-1丙泊酚组有显著统计学差异(P < 0.000 1, 非配对t检验, 图 2F)。
为了探明丙泊酚抑制PVT谷氨酸能神经元活性的分子机制, 本实验选用临床生理血浆浓度的丙泊酚10 μmol·L-1。结果发现, 加入100 μmol·L-1 PTX后PVT谷氨酸能神经元的放电频率从FBase (3.3 ± 1.1 Hz) 升高至FPTX (4.7 ± 1.1 Hz), 膜电位从MPBase (-42.4 ± 1.8 mV) 上升至MPPTX (-39.7 ± 2.9 mV); 再加入丙泊酚10 μmol·L-1后放电频率为FPTX+Prop (4.7 ± 1.5 Hz), 膜电位为MPPTX+Prop (-39.2 ± 2.9 mV); PTX继续持续灌流而洗脱丙泊酚后放电频率为FPTX+Wash (4.9 ± 1.4 Hz), 膜电位为MPPTX+Wash (-39.3 ± 3.0 mV) (图 3A)。FPTX、FPTX+Prop、FPTX+Wash分别与FBase相比, 都有显著统计学差异(均P < 0.05, n = 8, 配对t检验); 而FPTX、FPTX+Prop、FPTX+Wash三者相比无统计学差异(F = 0.224 0, P = 0.779 6) (图 3B)。MPPTX、MPPTX+Prop、MPPTX+Wash分别与MPBase相比, 有显著统计学差异(P < 0.01), 而MPPTX、MPPTX+Prop、MPPTX+Wash三者相比, 无统计学差异(F = 3.133, P = 0.095 8) (图 3C)。这些结果表明, 通过PTX阻断GABAA受体可消除10 μmol·L-1丙泊酚对PVT谷氨酸能神经元放电频率的抑制作用, 提示10 μmol·L-1丙泊酚主要通过影响GABAA受体介导的抑制性突触传递发挥抑制作用。
为了探明10 μmol·L-1丙泊酚对GABAA受体介导的抑制性突触传递的影响, 本实验通过NBQX和D-AP5灌流阻断兴奋性突触传递, 在PVT谷氨酸神经元上记录sIPSCs (图 4AB)。在加入GABAA受体拮抗剂PTX 100 μmol·L-1后, sIPSCs被完全阻断(图 4A), 表明该sIPSCs主要由GABAA受体介导。结果发现丙泊酚给药前后, sIPSCs的幅值不变(P = 0.739 5, n = 12, 配对t检验) (图 4CD); sIPSCs的频率从(2.4 ± 2.0 Hz) 降低至(2.0 ± 1.5 Hz), 差异有统计学意义(P = 0.015 6, n = 12, 配对秩和检验) (图 4E); sIPSCs的衰减时间从(13.4 ± 3.3 ms) 延长至(17.8 ± 3.2 ms), 差异有显著统计学意义(P = 0.001 6, n = 12, 配对t检验) (图 4CF)。以上结果提示, 10 μmol·L-1丙泊酚可能通过直接作用于突触后GABAA受体发挥抑制作用。
为了进一步探明10 μmol·L-1丙泊酚对突触后GABAA受体的影响, 本实验通过NBQX、D-AP5和TTX灌流阻断兴奋性突触传递和神经元动作电位, 在PVT谷氨酸能神经元上记录由突触前单个囊泡释放GABA而作用于突触后GABAA受体介导的mIPSCs (图 5AB)。结果发现, 丙泊酚给药前后, mIPSCs的幅度从(47.4 ± 12.5 pA) 升至(60.2 ± 14.7 pA), 差异有显著统计学意义(P = 0.001 0, n = 10, 配对t检验, 图 5BC); mIPSCs的频率从(5.1 ± 2.8 Hz) 降至(3.4 ± 2.2 Hz), 差异有统计学意义(P = 0.002 0, 配对秩和检验, 图 5D); mIPSCs衰减时间从(7.2 ± 1.3 ms) 升至(10.4 ± 2.9 ms), 差异有显著统计学意义(P = 0.011 1, n = 10, 配对t检验, 图 5BE)。
有研究显示, 临床生理血浆浓度的丙泊酚可作用于突触外GABAA受体, 增强紧张性抑制电流[13, 14]。为了探明10 μmol·L-1丙泊酚对PVT谷氨酸能神经元上突触外GABAA受体的影响, 本实验通过NBQX和D-AP5灌流阻断兴奋性谷氨酸受体, 在PVT谷氨酸能神经元上记录由100 μmol·L-1外源性GABA引起的紧张性抑制电流(图 6AB)。结果发现, 加入10 μmol·L-1丙泊酚不会引起紧张性抑制电流(图 6B), 而加入10 μmol·L-1丙泊酚前后, 100 μmol·L-1 GABA引起的紧张性抑制电流分别为81.2 ± 50.4和84.3 ± 47.2 pA, 无统计学差异(P = 0.776 6, n = 5, 配对t检验, 图 6C)。这些结果表明, 10 μmol·L-1丙泊酚不作用于PVT谷氨酸能神经元上的突触外GABAA受体, 可能主要通过增强突触后GABAA受体介导的抑制性突触传递发挥抑制作用。
PVT是边缘系统的接口, 与边缘皮质区域(如前额叶和岛叶皮质) 相互连接, 并向伏隔核、终纹床核、杏仁核和其他边缘区域发送大量输出投射[15], 密切参与进食、奖励、成瘾和适应性行为[5, 16, 17]。此外, PVT接收来自脑干和外侧下丘脑的许多传入投射, 这些投射与动物的觉醒和注意状态密切相关[5, 8]。作为上行激活系统的一部分, 以前的研究发现其参与调节吸入全身麻醉的意识状态[9, 10]。本研究利用全细胞膜片钳技术证明了丙泊酚能够抑制PVT谷氨酸神经元的活性。
离体全细胞膜片钳方法已经非常成熟地用于探索全身麻醉药在脑内作用区域及机制的研究[18, 19]。本研究结果发现绝大部分PVT神经元具有典型的LTS电生理特性, 并且结合单细胞RT-PCR技术确定该种PVT神经元是谷氨酸能神经元, 这与先前研究结果一致[8, 20]。在本实验中, 当PVT神经元去极化到一定程度则启动紧张性放电模式, 且放电频率与去极化程度呈正相关。在体研究发现, PVT谷氨酸神经元在小鼠非快速动眼睡眠和清醒状态相互转换时神经元放电频率发生改变, 并且在一定程度上放电频率与觉醒程度呈正相关[5, 8]。因此, 在本实验中, 丙泊酚抑制PVT谷氨酸能神经元紧张性放电频率, 提示丙泊酚可以抑制PVT神经元的觉醒作用, 从而可能达到镇静或是麻醉的效果。并且与临床上丙泊酚的麻醉作用一致, 这种抑制作用是可逆的, 当丙泊酚洗脱后, PVT神经元活性快速恢复。在本实验中, 丙泊酚抑制PVT谷氨酸神经元放电频率的程度呈浓度依赖性, 表明丙泊酚诱导的意识状态与血浆浓度密切相关。这与脑功能成像研究结果一致, 在镇静状态时丘脑皮层网络连接轻度下降, 而在意识消失瞬间网络连接突然完全中断密切相关[21]
与临床现象不同, 临床上静脉注射丙泊酚标准诱导剂量后可以在30~60 s内快速引起意识消失, 而本实验中低浓度的丙泊酚灌流至脑片在达到稳定浓度后3~4 min才出现抑制效果。其原因可能是在体诱导过程中, 丙泊酚的脑组织作用位点与周围传递丙泊酚的微血管之间距离很近, 导致丙泊酚局部浓度远高于血浆平均浓度, 因此, 在离体小鼠脑片上, 需要更高浓度丙泊酚才能达到快速抑制PVT神经元活性的效果。此外, 相较于在体环境, 离体脑片中PVT接收的GABA能抑制性输入纤维可能部分被切断, 导致丙泊酚介导的GABA信号增强作用减弱。另外, 中枢神经系统可能还存在其他丙泊酚引起意识消失的作用靶点, 这也是一个重要原因。
在本实验中, 通过PTX阻断GABAA受体后, 发现丙泊酚10 μmol·L-1不能再抑制PVT神经元的放电频率, 提示GABAA受体可能是临床相关浓度的丙泊酚抑制PVT神经元兴奋性的主要分子靶点, 这与既往研究结果一致[22]。虽然既往研究发现, 含β3亚基的GABAA受体是丙泊酚引起意识消失的重要分子靶点[22], 然而是否还有其他GABAA受体亚型参与丙泊酚诱导意识消失还不清楚。在下一步研究中还需要解析PVT神经元中的GABAA受体亚型, 以便进一步揭示丙泊酚引起意识消失的分子作用机制。此外, 也有丙泊酚作用的其他分子靶点被提出, 如超极化激活及环化核苷酸调控的阳离子通道和甘氨酸受体[23]。有研究发现注射丙泊酚3 h后, 超极化激活的阳离子电流降低, 可抑制丘脑兴奋性[24], 然而鉴于这种效应起效所需时间较长, 因而不可能是丙泊酚引起意识消失的分子机制。甘氨酸受体可受丙泊酚调节, 然而与GABAA受体相比, 其作用微乎其微[25]
在本实验中, 丙泊酚20 μmol·L-1使PVT神经元膜电位超极化, 可能是影响了PVT神经元细胞膜上离子通道, 如维持膜电位的钾离子通道和超极化激活及环化核苷酸调控的阳离子通道。然而, 体外实验结果与活体行为和生理结果相关联时, 必须考虑药物浓度的等效性, 由于已经超过丙泊酚临床使用相关血浆浓度(2~10 μmol·L-1)[26], 因此, 丙泊酚20 μmol·L-1导致的PVT神经元活性的抑制效应可能是丙泊酚过量或中毒效应, 这容易发生在全麻诱导期间。
在本研究结果中, sIPSCs能被GABAA受体拮抗剂PTX完全阻断, 表明是由GABAA受体介导的抑制性突触后电流。10 μmol·L-1丙泊酚使PVT神经元上sIPSCs的频率降低, 提示丙泊酚可能会抑制PVT上游GABA能神经元[27]的动作电位发放频率, 而丙泊酚不影响sIPSCs的幅度, 但使sIPSCs的衰减时间显著延长, 表明丙泊酚可能主要通过作用于突触后GABAA受体, 延长其开放时间而抑制PVT神经元。本实验进一步发现丙泊酚使GABAA受体介导的mIPSCs的幅度升高, 衰减时间延长, 表明丙泊酚可能不但可延长GABAA受体开放时间来增加氯离子内流, 还可增加突触后GABAA受体对GABA的亲和性和敏感性, 从而抑制PVT神经元, 而mIPSCs频率的降低可能是维持兴奋和抑制平衡的一种代偿现象。此外, 10 μmol·L-1丙泊酚不会增加PVT神经元上的紧张性抑制电流, 也不会增强由外源性GABA引起的紧张性抑制电流, 表明10 μmol·L-1丙泊酚不作用于PVT神经元上的突触外GABAA受体。提示在PVT神经元上, 低浓度丙泊酚主要增强突触后GABAA受体介导的抑制性突触传递而不是突触外GABAA受体介导的紧张性抑制电流, 这与之前的一些研究结果一致[14, 28]
综上所述, 本实验利用全细胞膜片钳技术考察了丙泊酚对PVT谷氨酸能神经元活性的影响, 并探讨了临床相关浓度丙泊酚抑制PVT神经元的分子作用机制。确定丙泊酚呈浓度依赖性和可逆性地抑制PVT谷氨酸能神经元活性, 临床相关浓度丙泊酚的抑制作用可能主要是作用于突触后GABAA受体氯离子通道而实现的。本实验为探索全身麻醉药脑内作用靶点提供实验基础, 有利于新型药物的开发。
作者贡献: 王玉龙负责主要的实验设计、部分实验操作、论文撰写和数据统计分析; 徐薇、易琼负责部分实验操作、文献检索和数据统计分析; 王露、陈永权、黄志力、王锷负责指导实验设计、论文撰写与修改。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(31970924)
  • 安徽高校自然科学基金重点项目(KJ2020A0605)
  • 芜湖市应用基础及创新环境研究项目(2021jc2-7)
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2023年第58卷第4期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0802
  • 接收时间:2022-06-30
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-04-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-06-30
  • 修回日期:2023-01-05
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(31970924)
安徽高校自然科学基金重点项目(KJ2020A0605)
芜湖市应用基础及创新环境研究项目(2021jc2-7)
作者信息
    1.皖南医学院弋矶山医院, 安徽 芜湖 241000
    2.中南大学湘雅医院, 湖南 长沙 410008
    3.复旦大学基础医学院, 医学神经生物学国家重点实验室, 脑科学前沿研究中心, 上海 200032

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*陈永权, Tel: 13956196920, E-mail: ;
王露, Tel: 13761831993, E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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