Article(id=1198624468638729024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624466902287155, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1256, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1669046400000, receivedDateStr=2022-11-22, revisedDate=1676390400000, revisedDateStr=2023-02-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763703942689, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1681228800000, pubDateStr=2023-04-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763703942689, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763703942689, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763703942689, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198624466902287155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='1092', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763703942275, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763704125380, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198625234971619912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624466902287155, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198625234971619913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624466902287155, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=815, endPage=825, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198624469972517706, articleId=1198624468638729024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Research progress and considerations on non-clinical studies of the drugs administered through the ocular vitreous body, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
In recent years, with the development of ophthalmic therapeutic drugs, the vitreous body, as a channel for the treatment of ophthalmic diseases, especially fundus diseases, has opened up a new therapeutic approach for various choroidal neovascular diseases, macular edema, uveitis and other diseases associated with fundus diseases, which is represented by wet age-related macular degeneration (wAMD). The drugs administered through the vitreous body mainly include ocular anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections, microplasmin and hormones. For this kind of ophthalmic products, there are no clear technical guidelines and norms for non-clinical research at home and abroad. This article combines review practices and cases of marketed products to sort out the research progress and considerations on non-clinical studies of ophthalmic drugs dosing through the ocular vitreous body, in order to provide references for the research and evaluation of such drugs.
, correspAuthors=Tao SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shu-jun FU, Bing YU, Qin LIAO, Tao SUN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198624470798795626, articleId=1198624468638729024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=经眼玻璃体给药药物的研究进展及非临床研究的考虑要点, columnId=1198624468278018876, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道: 纳米药物药代动力学研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
近年来, 随着眼科治疗药物的发展, 玻璃体作为眼科疾病尤其是眼底病药物治疗的通道, 为以湿性年龄相关性黄斑变性(wet age-related macular degeneration, wAMD) 为代表的各种脉络膜新生血管性疾病、眼底病并发的黄斑水肿、葡萄膜炎等疾病的治疗开辟了新的治疗途径。经眼玻璃体给药的药物主要包括眼用抗血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF) 类注射剂、微纤溶酶及激素等。对于该类眼科产品, 目前国内外尚无明确的非临床研究技术指导原则和规范可循。本文结合审评实践和已上市产品的研发案例, 梳理了经眼玻璃体给药药物的研究进展及非临床研究评价考虑要点, 以期为该类药物的研究评价提供参考。
, correspAuthors=孙涛, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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2: 487-507., articleTitle=Ocular microdialysis: a continuous sampling technique to study pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in the eye, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198702035794231342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624468638729024, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198702035811008558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624468638729024, companyId=1198702035794231342, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. Center for Drug Evaluation, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing 100022, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198702035823591471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624468638729024, companyId=1198702035794231342, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.国家药品监督管理局药品审评中心, 北京 100022)]), AuthorCompany(id=1198702036893139003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624468638729024, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198702036905721917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624468638729024, companyId=1198702036893139003, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. Joinn Laboratories (Suzhou), Taicang 215421, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198702036951859263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624468638729024, companyId=1198702036893139003, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.昭衍 (苏州) 新药研究中心股份有限公司, 江苏 太仓 215421)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1198702041104220577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624468638729024, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Species | Vitreous chamber length/mm | Vitreous chamber volume/mL | Chamber injection volume/mL |
| Human | 16.32 | 3.9-5 | 0.05-0.1 |
| Non-human primate | 11.25-11.30 | 1.5-4 | 0.05-0.1 |
| Mini-pig | 11.9 (est) | 2-2.7; 3-3.2 | 0.1-0.3 |
| Dog | 10.02 | 2.4-3.5 | 0.1-0.2 |
| Cat | 7.80-8.13 | 1.7-3.2 | - |
| Rabbit | 6.2-7.1 | 1.4-1.8 | 0.025-0.1 |
| Rat | 1.4-1.5 | 0.013-0.054 | 0.003-0.005 |
| Mouse | 0.59-0.71 | 0.005-0.010 | 0.001-0.002 |
), ArticleFig(id=1198702041246826930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624468638729024, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=
Comparison for eyeball parameters of different species [8-10]. The values in the table are approximate and the relevant values vary according to the testing technique, age of the animals, animal strain and study
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Species | Vitreous chamber length/mm | Vitreous chamber volume/mL | Chamber injection volume/mL |
| Human | 16.32 | 3.9-5 | 0.05-0.1 |
| Non-human primate | 11.25-11.30 | 1.5-4 | 0.05-0.1 |
| Mini-pig | 11.9 (est) | 2-2.7; 3-3.2 | 0.1-0.3 |
| Dog | 10.02 | 2.4-3.5 | 0.1-0.2 |
| Cat | 7.80-8.13 | 1.7-3.2 | - |
| Rabbit | 6.2-7.1 | 1.4-1.8 | 0.025-0.1 |
| Rat | 1.4-1.5 | 0.013-0.054 | 0.003-0.005 |
| Mouse | 0.59-0.71 | 0.005-0.010 | 0.001-0.002 |
), ArticleFig(id=1198702041355878848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624468638729024, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Type | Drug | Company | MW | Ophthalmic indication | Description |
| Anti-VEGF drug | Pegaptanib Macugen® | Gilead | 50 kD | wAMD | Nucleic acid ligand, binding and inhibiting VEGF165, approved by FDA in Dec. 2004, withdrawn from the market in 2014. |
| Ranibizumab Lucentis® | Novartis/Roche | 48 kD | AMD, DME, RVO, DR, mCNV | Recombinant anti-VEGF-A fab fragment, approved by FDA in Apr. 2006; approved by NMPA in Oct. 2012. |
| Aflibercept Eylea® | Regeneron/Bayer | 115 kD | AMD, DME, RVO, DR, mCNV | A fully humanized recombinant fusion protein that blocks VEGF-A, VEGF-B and PIGF. Approved by FDA in Nov. 2011; approved by NMPA in Feb. 2018. |
| Conbercept | Kanghong Biotechnologies | 143 kD | AMD, mCNV, DME | A fully humanized recombinant fusion protein, approved by NMPA in Dec. 2013. |
| Brolucizumab (RTH-285) Beovu® | Novartis | 26 kD | wAMD, DME (Phase III) | Humanized single-chain variable fragment (scFv), with small molecular weight and higher tissue permeability. It's easier to be cleared from the circulation, and binds to all isoforms of VEGF-A. Approved by FDA in Dec. 2019. |
| Faricimab (RG7716) Vabysmo® | Roche | 146 kD | DME, wAMD | Humanized bispecific IgG1 monoclonal antibody (VEGF-A & Ang-2), approved by FDA in Jan. 2022. |
| Hormone drug | Triamcinolone acetonide injectable suspension, Triesence® | Novartis | 434.5 | Sympathetic ophthalmia, uveitis and ocular inflammation during vitrectomy; observation of the posterior hyaloid during vitrectomy | Approved by FDA in Nov. 2007. |
| Triamcinolone acetonide injectable suspension, Trivaris® | Allergan | The same as above | Approved by FDA in Jun. 2008. Now it has been withdrawn from the market. |
| Enzyme drug | Ocriplasmin Jetrea® | Thrombogenics | 27 kD | Vitreomacular tractionsyndrome | Approved by FDA in Oct. 2012. |
), ArticleFig(id=1198702041519456722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624468638729024, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=
The summary of marketed drugs administrated by intravitreal injection[1, 14-20]. wAMD: Wet age-related macular degeneration; RVO: Retinal vein occlusion; DR: Diabetic retinopathy; mCNV: Myopic choroidal neovascularization; DME: Diabetic macular edema; NMPA: National Medical Products Administration; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Type | Drug | Company | MW | Ophthalmic indication | Description |
| Anti-VEGF drug | Pegaptanib Macugen® | Gilead | 50 kD | wAMD | Nucleic acid ligand, binding and inhibiting VEGF165, approved by FDA in Dec. 2004, withdrawn from the market in 2014. |
| Ranibizumab Lucentis® | Novartis/Roche | 48 kD | AMD, DME, RVO, DR, mCNV | Recombinant anti-VEGF-A fab fragment, approved by FDA in Apr. 2006; approved by NMPA in Oct. 2012. |
| Aflibercept Eylea® | Regeneron/Bayer | 115 kD | AMD, DME, RVO, DR, mCNV | A fully humanized recombinant fusion protein that blocks VEGF-A, VEGF-B and PIGF. Approved by FDA in Nov. 2011; approved by NMPA in Feb. 2018. |
| Conbercept | Kanghong Biotechnologies | 143 kD | AMD, mCNV, DME | A fully humanized recombinant fusion protein, approved by NMPA in Dec. 2013. |
| Brolucizumab (RTH-285) Beovu® | Novartis | 26 kD | wAMD, DME (Phase III) | Humanized single-chain variable fragment (scFv), with small molecular weight and higher tissue permeability. It's easier to be cleared from the circulation, and binds to all isoforms of VEGF-A. Approved by FDA in Dec. 2019. |
| Faricimab (RG7716) Vabysmo® | Roche | 146 kD | DME, wAMD | Humanized bispecific IgG1 monoclonal antibody (VEGF-A & Ang-2), approved by FDA in Jan. 2022. |
| Hormone drug | Triamcinolone acetonide injectable suspension, Triesence® | Novartis | 434.5 | Sympathetic ophthalmia, uveitis and ocular inflammation during vitrectomy; observation of the posterior hyaloid during vitrectomy | Approved by FDA in Nov. 2007. |
| Triamcinolone acetonide injectable suspension, Trivaris® | Allergan | The same as above | Approved by FDA in Jun. 2008. Now it has been withdrawn from the market. |
| Enzyme drug | Ocriplasmin Jetrea® | Thrombogenics | 27 kD | Vitreomacular tractionsyndrome | Approved by FDA in Oct. 2012. |
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