Article(id=1198624468282213181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624466902287155, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1032, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1661788800000, receivedDateStr=2022-08-30, revisedDate=1664035200000, revisedDateStr=2022-09-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763703942604, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1681228800000, pubDateStr=2023-04-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763703942604, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763703942604, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763703942604, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198624466902287155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='1092', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763703942275, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763704125380, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198625234971619912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624466902287155, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198625234971619913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624466902287155, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1033, endPage=1040, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198624468668089153, articleId=1198624468282213181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Evaluation of the physicochemical properties of alkali-soluble polysaccharide from Poria and its application in diclofenac sodium sustained-release tablets, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this study, alkali-soluble polysaccharide was extracted from Poria residue, and the structure of alkali-soluble polysaccharide was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The physical morphology of alkali-soluble polysaccharide and ethyl cellulose (EC) was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the focus on angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, Carr index, interparticle porosity, cohesion index, Hausner ratio, etc. The physical fingerprints were drawn, and the powder properties were evaluated by multivariate analysis. Diclofenac sodium extended-release tablets were prepared by direct compression method using alkali-soluble polysaccharide and EC as insoluble backbone materials to evaluate the basic properties of the extended-release tablets, investigate the in vitro drug release behavior and study the release mechanism. The results showed that alkali-soluble polysaccharide is a semi-crystalline polymer with smooth lamellar structure, and its stacking and compressibility are stronger than EC. The in vitro release experiments showed that the slow release performance of alkali-soluble polysaccharide is stronger than EC, and the release behavior of the prepared slow release tablets is in accordance with the Higuchi model. The pore structure is formed inside the tablets during the release process, and the release mode is pore diffusion release. The results of this study are of great significance for the development of new slow-release materials and the rational use of resources.

, correspAuthors=Rong-feng HU, Qing-lin LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Rong MAO, Wen-you FANG, Juan SUN, Song GAO, Jun-ling LIU, Sheng-qi CHEN, Rong-feng HU, Qing-lin LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198624471818011573, articleId=1198624468282213181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=茯苓碱溶性多糖的理化性质评价及其在双氯芬酸钠缓释片中的应用研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究从茯苓残渣中提取得到茯苓碱溶性多糖, 采用傅里叶变换红外光谱法(FTIR)、X-射线粉末衍射法(XRD)、差示扫描量热法分析(DSC) 等方法对茯苓碱溶性多糖进行了结构表征, 采用电子扫描显微镜(SEM) 考察了茯苓碱溶性多糖和乙基纤维素(EC) 的物理形貌, 并重点考察休止角、松密度、振实密度、卡尔指数、颗粒间孔隙率、内聚力指数、豪斯纳比等指标, 绘制粉末物理指纹图谱, 采用多元分析法进行粉体学性能评价。采用直接压片法, 分别使用茯苓碱溶性多糖和EC为不溶性骨架材料, 制备双氯芬酸钠缓释片, 评价缓释片的基本性能, 考察体外释药行为, 并研究其释放机制。结果表明, 茯苓碱溶性多糖是一种呈光滑片状结构的半结晶聚合物, 堆积性、可压性均强于EC; 体外释放实验表明, 茯苓碱溶性多糖缓释性能强于EC, 其所制备的缓释片释药行为符合Higuchi模型, 释放过程中片剂内部形成了孔隙结构, 释放方式为孔道扩散释药。该研究结果对新型缓释材料的开发和资源的合理利用具有重要意义。

, correspAuthors=胡容峰, 李庆林, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*胡容峰, Tel: 86-551-68129166, E-mail: ;
李庆林, Tel: 86-551-65169051, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《药学学报》编辑部2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=xTPrtQRZ+2sbnOG6rayOXQ==, magXml=ZgudzTfZC3g3jjI+bZ0qQA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=Cd0aT7cSCcfrMGlZxRij2Q==, pdfFileSize=2301946, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=+YW7au7mkzWjnoEUQuF1JQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=hZa+DRQyDcwVaM7F3QZqdQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=毛荣, 方文悠, 孙娟, 高松, 刘军玲, 陈胜麒, 胡容峰, 李庆林)}, authors=[Author(id=1198706529017885565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624468282213181, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1198706529164686211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624468282213181, authorId=1198706529017885565, language=EN, stringName=Rong MAO, firstName=Rong, middleName=null, lastName=MAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1. 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4.省部共建安徽道地中药材品质提升协同创新中心, 安徽 合肥 230012
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A: Alkali-soluble polysaccharide. Scale bar: 200 μm; B: EC. 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A: Release profile of F1 to F8 in pH 1.2 medium then in pH 6.8 medium; B: Release profile of F3 and F4 in pH 1.2 medium; C: Release profile of F3 and F4 in pH 4.5 medium; D: Release profile of F3 and F4 in pH 6.8 medium. <i>n</i> = 3, $\bar{x}\pm s$ , figureFileSmall=VyNjTiY8QUdZTs/vfaljMw==, figureFileBig=PA119XGrq2BztS/pd3JQgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198706534491451428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624468282213181, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=NH4QDxhl4opaD0sxzaHEyA==, figureFileBig=wy2gf/BsCK58YDV9Rji6IA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198706534571143204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624468282213181, language=CN, label=Figure 9, caption= Physical appearance of tablets in 0, 2, 4, 8 and 14 h during dissolution tests , figureFileSmall=NH4QDxhl4opaD0sxzaHEyA==, figureFileBig=wy2gf/BsCK58YDV9Rji6IA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198706534684389414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624468282213181, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=DOdih3LLFoa0RGsiVSC2sA==, figureFileBig=TZ7/CTT2s5B2AY+gvBF3Dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198706534743109672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624468282213181, language=CN, label=Figure 10, caption= SEM micrographs of the internal structure of tablets, freeze-dried after the dissolution test. A, B: F3 at 100× (A) or 200× (B) magnification; C, D: F4 at 100× (C) or 200× (D) magnification. Scale bar: 100 μm (A, C), 40 μm (B, D) , figureFileSmall=DOdih3LLFoa0RGsiVSC2sA==, figureFileBig=TZ7/CTT2s5B2AY+gvBF3Dg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198706534801829930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624468282213181, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Parameter Symbol Unit Limit value Factor applied to v
Bulk density Da g·cm-3 0–1 10v
Tapped density Dc g·cm-3 0–1 10v
Interparticle porosity Ie 0–1.2 10v/1.2
Carr index IC % 0–50 v/5
Cohesion index Icd N 0–200 v/20
Hausner ratio IH 3–1 (30 - 10v)/2
Angle of repose α ° 50–0 10 - (v/5)
Loss on drying %HR % 10–0 10 - v
Hygroscopicity %H % 20–0 10 - (v/2)
), ArticleFig(id=1198706534877327404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624468282213181, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Limit values and standardized conversion of the physical quality indexes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Parameter Symbol Unit Limit value Factor applied to v
Bulk density Da g·cm-3 0–1 10v
Tapped density Dc g·cm-3 0–1 10v
Interparticle porosity Ie 0–1.2 10v/1.2
Carr index IC % 0–50 v/5
Cohesion index Icd N 0–200 v/20
Hausner ratio IH 3–1 (30 - 10v)/2
Angle of repose α ° 50–0 10 - (v/5)
Loss on drying %HR % 10–0 10 - v
Hygroscopicity %H % 20–0 10 - (v/2)
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Ingredient F1/mg F2/mg F3/mg F4/mg F5/mg F6/mg F7/mg F8/mg
Diclofenac sodium 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Alkali-soluble polysaccharide 90 120 150 195
EC 90 120 150 195
MCC 105 105 75 75 45 45
Magnesium stearate 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
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Formulation design for diclofenac sodium matrix tablets. EC: Ethyl cellulose; MCC: Microcrystalline celluloses

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Ingredient F1/mg F2/mg F3/mg F4/mg F5/mg F6/mg F7/mg F8/mg
Diclofenac sodium 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Alkali-soluble polysaccharide 90 120 150 195
EC 90 120 150 195
MCC 105 105 75 75 45 45
Magnesium stearate 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
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Parameter Alkali-soluble polysaccharide EC
Dc/g·cm-3 0.55 ± 0.01 0.39 ± 0.01
Da/g·cm-3 0.46 ± 0.00 0.34 ± 0.00
Ie 0.38 ± 0.02 0.36 ± 0.04
IC/% 17.17 ± 0.87 12.22 ± 1.57
Icd/N 148.33 ± 1.22 113.45 ± 1.88
IH 1.22 ± 0.01 1.14 ± 0.02
α 38.39 ± 1.04 30.98 ± 0.70
%HR 2.75 ± 0.34 1.70 ± 0.00
%H 3.20 ± 0.33 4.60 ± 0.00
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The comprehensive properties and parameters of diffe-rent samples (n = 3, $\bar{x}\pm s$)

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Parameter Alkali-soluble polysaccharide EC
Dc/g·cm-3 0.55 ± 0.01 0.39 ± 0.01
Da/g·cm-3 0.46 ± 0.00 0.34 ± 0.00
Ie 0.38 ± 0.02 0.36 ± 0.04
IC/% 17.17 ± 0.87 12.22 ± 1.57
Icd/N 148.33 ± 1.22 113.45 ± 1.88
IH 1.22 ± 0.01 1.14 ± 0.02
α 38.39 ± 1.04 30.98 ± 0.70
%HR 2.75 ± 0.34 1.70 ± 0.00
%H 3.20 ± 0.33 4.60 ± 0.00
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Formulation code Hardness/kg Friability/%
F1 9.37 ± 0.35 0.09
F2 9.71 ± 0.31 0.03
F3 9.46 ± 0.42 0.28
F4 9.37 ± 0.40 0.10
F5 8.70 ± 0.73 0.44
F6 8.72 ± 0.54 0.25
F7 8.67 ± 0.93 0.95
F8 8.98 ± 0.56 0.05
), ArticleFig(id=1198706535259009080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624468282213181, language=CN, label=Table 4, caption=

The hardness and friability of the sustained-release tablets (n = 20, $\bar{x}\pm s$)

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Formulation code Hardness/kg Friability/%
F1 9.37 ± 0.35 0.09
F2 9.71 ± 0.31 0.03
F3 9.46 ± 0.42 0.28
F4 9.37 ± 0.40 0.10
F5 8.70 ± 0.73 0.44
F6 8.72 ± 0.54 0.25
F7 8.67 ± 0.93 0.95
F8 8.98 ± 0.56 0.05
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Formulation code Zero order First order Higuchi
k r2 k r2 k r2
F1 6.132 0.578 0.431 0.841 0.347 0.688
F2 7.400 0.939 0.296 0.925 0.392 0.982
F3 6.962 0.949 0.200 0.972 0.367 0.985
F4 6.682 0.968 0.155 0.981 0.358 0.992
F5 6.320 0.965 0.137 0.992 0.332 0.994
F6 5.974 0.977 0.105 0.993 0.313 0.999
F7 4.653 0.854 0.077 0.911 0.251 0.932
F8 3.832 0.828 0.079 0.891 0.208 0.914
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Studying the kinetics of release for the formulation

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Formulation code Zero order First order Higuchi
k r2 k r2 k r2
F1 6.132 0.578 0.431 0.841 0.347 0.688
F2 7.400 0.939 0.296 0.925 0.392 0.982
F3 6.962 0.949 0.200 0.972 0.367 0.985
F4 6.682 0.968 0.155 0.981 0.358 0.992
F5 6.320 0.965 0.137 0.992 0.332 0.994
F6 5.974 0.977 0.105 0.993 0.313 0.999
F7 4.653 0.854 0.077 0.911 0.251 0.932
F8 3.832 0.828 0.079 0.891 0.208 0.914
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茯苓碱溶性多糖的理化性质评价及其在双氯芬酸钠缓释片中的应用研究
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毛荣 1 , 方文悠 1 , 孙娟 1 , 高松 1 , 刘军玲 2 , 陈胜麒 1, 3 , 胡容峰 1, 4, 5, * , 李庆林 1, 3, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(4): 1033-1040
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2023, 58(4): 1033-1040
茯苓碱溶性多糖的理化性质评价及其在双氯芬酸钠缓释片中的应用研究
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毛荣1, 方文悠1, 孙娟1, 高松1, 刘军玲2, 陈胜麒1, 3, 胡容峰1, 4, 5, * , 李庆林1, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1.安徽中医药大学, 药物制剂技术与应用安徽省重点实验室, 安徽 合肥 230012
  • 2.安徽省食品药品检验研究院, 安徽 合肥 230051
  • 3.安徽中医药大学, 新安医学教育部重点实验室, 安徽 合肥 230038
  • 4.省部共建安徽道地中药材品质提升协同创新中心, 安徽 合肥 230012
  • 5.安徽中医药大学, 中药复方安徽省重点实验室, 安徽 合肥 230012

通讯作者:

*胡容峰, Tel: 86-551-68129166, E-mail: ;
李庆林, Tel: 86-551-65169051, E-mail:
Evaluation of the physicochemical properties of alkali-soluble polysaccharide from Poria and its application in diclofenac sodium sustained-release tablets
Rong MAO1, Wen-you FANG1, Juan SUN1, Song GAO1, Jun-ling LIU2, Sheng-qi CHEN1, 3, Rong-feng HU1, 4, 5, * , Qing-lin LI1, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
  • 2. Anhui Food and Drug Inspection and Research Institute; Hefei 230051, China
  • 3. Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, the Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China
  • 4. MOE-Anhui Joint Collaborative Innovation Center for Quality Improvement of Anhui Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials, Hefei 230012, China
  • 5. Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Formula, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
出版时间: 2023-04-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1032
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本研究从茯苓残渣中提取得到茯苓碱溶性多糖, 采用傅里叶变换红外光谱法(FTIR)、X-射线粉末衍射法(XRD)、差示扫描量热法分析(DSC) 等方法对茯苓碱溶性多糖进行了结构表征, 采用电子扫描显微镜(SEM) 考察了茯苓碱溶性多糖和乙基纤维素(EC) 的物理形貌, 并重点考察休止角、松密度、振实密度、卡尔指数、颗粒间孔隙率、内聚力指数、豪斯纳比等指标, 绘制粉末物理指纹图谱, 采用多元分析法进行粉体学性能评价。采用直接压片法, 分别使用茯苓碱溶性多糖和EC为不溶性骨架材料, 制备双氯芬酸钠缓释片, 评价缓释片的基本性能, 考察体外释药行为, 并研究其释放机制。结果表明, 茯苓碱溶性多糖是一种呈光滑片状结构的半结晶聚合物, 堆积性、可压性均强于EC; 体外释放实验表明, 茯苓碱溶性多糖缓释性能强于EC, 其所制备的缓释片释药行为符合Higuchi模型, 释放过程中片剂内部形成了孔隙结构, 释放方式为孔道扩散释药。该研究结果对新型缓释材料的开发和资源的合理利用具有重要意义。

茯苓  /  多糖  /  乙基纤维素  /  表征  /  粉体学性质  /  药物释放

In this study, alkali-soluble polysaccharide was extracted from Poria residue, and the structure of alkali-soluble polysaccharide was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The physical morphology of alkali-soluble polysaccharide and ethyl cellulose (EC) was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the focus on angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, Carr index, interparticle porosity, cohesion index, Hausner ratio, etc. The physical fingerprints were drawn, and the powder properties were evaluated by multivariate analysis. Diclofenac sodium extended-release tablets were prepared by direct compression method using alkali-soluble polysaccharide and EC as insoluble backbone materials to evaluate the basic properties of the extended-release tablets, investigate the in vitro drug release behavior and study the release mechanism. The results showed that alkali-soluble polysaccharide is a semi-crystalline polymer with smooth lamellar structure, and its stacking and compressibility are stronger than EC. The in vitro release experiments showed that the slow release performance of alkali-soluble polysaccharide is stronger than EC, and the release behavior of the prepared slow release tablets is in accordance with the Higuchi model. The pore structure is formed inside the tablets during the release process, and the release mode is pore diffusion release. The results of this study are of great significance for the development of new slow-release materials and the rational use of resources.

Poria  /  polysaccharide  /  ethyl cellulose  /  characterization  /  micromeritic property  /  drug release
毛荣, 方文悠, 孙娟, 高松, 刘军玲, 陈胜麒, 胡容峰, 李庆林. 茯苓碱溶性多糖的理化性质评价及其在双氯芬酸钠缓释片中的应用研究. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (4) : 1033 -1040 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1032
Rong MAO, Wen-you FANG, Juan SUN, Song GAO, Jun-ling LIU, Sheng-qi CHEN, Rong-feng HU, Qing-lin LI. Evaluation of the physicochemical properties of alkali-soluble polysaccharide from Poria and its application in diclofenac sodium sustained-release tablets[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (4) : 1033 -1040 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1032
凝胶型骨架片剂是最为普遍的缓释片剂, 该类型制剂的缓释效果主要受缓释材料所形成的凝胶层控制。目前, 最常用的缓释材料有羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC)、乙基纤维素(EC) 等产品。然而, 由于专利保护、生产成本等因素, 导致我国缓释制剂价格昂贵, 不利于我国缓释制剂的发展。随着环保意识及可持续发展观念的深入普及, 研究者对天然来源材料的重视逐渐增加。天然来源的缓释材料具有产量丰富、生物相容、生物可降解、安全无毒等优势, 研究开发、合理应用新型天然来源缓释材料, 对我国药物制剂发展有重要意义。
茯苓[Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf] 是多孔菌科植物茯苓的干燥菌核, 在我国产地众多, 资源颇为丰富, 为安徽道地药材“十大皖药”之一[1]。茯苓总三萜和水溶性多糖是茯苓的主要药用成分, 工业上常采用乙醇回流提取法和水提醇沉提取获得[2, 3]。茯苓残渣是工业废弃物, 其中70%~80%为茯苓碱溶性多糖, 因水溶性差、药理活性低, 限制了药物的开发利用[4]。然而茯苓碱溶性多糖廉价易得、生物相容性好且易生物降解, 具有天然多糖的延缓或控制药物释放、稳定和保护药物活性成分、提高生物利用率和增强药物靶向定位等特性, 可将其开发为一种新型填充剂, 作为骨架材料制备多种类型的骨架缓释片, 具有较大的市场经济价值[5-7]
本研究采用碱水超声提取法从茯苓残渣中提取得到茯苓碱溶性多糖, 采用傅里叶变换红外光谱法(FTIR)、X-射线粉末衍射法(XRD)、差示扫描量热法分析(DSC) 和扫描电镜(SEM) 进行结构表征, 通过测定休止角(angle of repose, α)、松密度(bulk density, Da)、振实密度(tapped density, Dc)、卡尔指数(Carr index, IC)、颗粒间孔隙率(interparticle porosity, Ie)、内聚力指数(cohesion index, Icd)、豪斯纳比(Hausner ratio, IH) 等指标, 绘制粉末物理指纹图谱, 采用多元分析法进行粉体学性能评价。以双氯芬酸钠为模型药物, 以粉末直接压片法, 分别制备了茯苓碱溶性多糖和EC为骨架材料的缓释片, 进行新型缓释材料的适宜性研究。本研究为茯苓工业生产废弃物处理、资源合理利用提供理论依据, 对缓释片骨架材料的种类进行了扩充, 为国产缓释材料提供了新的选择。
仪器  BS224S型电子天平(北京Sartorius科学仪器公司); Centrifuge5430R型低温高速离心机(德国Eppendorf公司); HH-S2系列恒温水浴锅(江苏省金坛市环宇科学仪器厂); 摇摆式高速粉碎机(上海汗诺仪器有限公司); GJ03-09型粉体仪(白云市玖九仪器仪表有限公司); 药品稳定性试验箱(上海佐诚实验仪器有限公司); 差示扫描量热仪(德国NETZSCH公司); 冷冻干燥机(北京博医康实验仪器有限公司); 红外光谱仪(美国赛默飞公司); 扫描电子显微镜(捷克Tescan公司); 扫描电子显微镜(德国卡尔·蔡司股份公司); X-射线衍射仪(荷兰帕纳科公司)。
试药  茯苓(亳州市张仲景中药饮片有限责任公司, 产地: 安徽六安, 批号: 20210301); EC 45 cps (上海卡乐康包衣技术有限公司, 批号: PDR527006); 微晶纤维素VIVAPUR 102 (上海风泓药用辅料技术有限公司, 批号: 101022112015); 盐酸(国药集团化学试剂有限公司, 批号: 20180223); 无水乙醇(上海沃华化工有限公司, 批号: 20211108); 双氯芬酸钠(上海麦克林生化科技有限公司, 批号: C13268871); 甲醇(美国天地有限公司, 批号: 21095151); 冰醋酸(批号: 2022011101)、磷酸二氢钾(批号: 2022042801)、氢氧化钠(批号: 2021102701) (成都市科隆化学品有限公司); 醋酸钠(西陇科学股份有限公司, 批号: 0215121)。
茯苓碱溶性多糖的制备  取茯苓提取后的残渣, 按照料液比1∶50 (g∶mL) 加入0.6 mol·L-1的NaOH溶液, 在20 ℃下超声提取3 min, 超声功率为360 W。将提取液过滤, 以0.5 mol·L-1 HCl中和, 多糖溶液由透明水状转变为半透明凝胶状, 将其放入透析袋(3 000 D) 中透析72 h, 每12 h换1次水。于3 000 r·min-1离心10 min, 取沉淀, 冻干, 粉碎, 过80~250目筛, 即得。工艺流程见图 1
结构表征
FTIR  精密称取适量茯苓碱溶性多糖和KBr (按质量比1∶100), 研细混匀, 压片, 采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪, 在400~4 000 cm-1波长范围内进行扫描, 测定样品的红外谱图。
XRD  精密称取适量茯苓碱溶性多糖, 采用Cu-Kα作为靶源, 管电压和管电流分别为30 kV和30 mA, 采用Mastersizer3000激光衍射粒度分析仪进行样品分析, 扫描速度为2°·min-1, 扫描角度范围为5°~90°。
DSC  精密称取茯苓碱溶性多糖10 mg于铝制坩埚内, 以干净空铝坩埚为对照, 氮气流速为20.0 mL·min-1, 扫描温度为10.0 ℃·min-1, 扫描温度30~350 ℃, 对样品进行分析。
SEM  称取适量茯苓碱溶性多糖或EC, 黏在导电胶上, 真空喷金制样, 操作电压为5.0 kV, 观察其微观结构。
粉体学评价
休止角(α)  采用固定底面积法测定休止角。从粉体仪直径为10 mm漏斗上方, 缓慢加入10 g待测粉末, 使其逐渐堆积在直径100 mm的圆盘上形成锥体, 测定锥体高h和锥底半径d, 按照公式(1) 计算[8]:
$ \alpha =\mathrm{ }\mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}{\mathrm{n}}^{-1}\frac{h}{d} $
松密度(Da)  取100 mL量筒, 精密量取10 g待测粉末缓慢加入到量筒中, 轻轻抹平粉末表面, 读待测粉末的体积(Va), 根据公式(2) 计算松密度[9]:
$ \mathrm{D}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{ }=\frac{10}{V\mathrm{a}} $
振实密度(Dc)  将上述盛有待测粉末的量筒固定在粉体仪上, 冲程设置为3 mm, 震动频率为每分钟200次, 振动次数为1 250次。振动后读取待测粉末的体积(Vc), 根据公式(3) 计算振实密度[9]:
$ \mathrm{D}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{ }=\frac{10}{V\mathrm{c}} $
卡尔指数(IC)  由Da与Dc计算而得, 如公式(4) 计算[9]:
$ \mathrm{I}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{ }=\frac{\mathrm{D}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{ }-\mathrm{ }\mathrm{D}\mathrm{a}}{\mathrm{D}\mathrm{c}}\times \mathrm{ }100 $
颗粒间孔隙率(Ie)  由Da与Dc计算而得, 如公式(5) 计算[9]:
$ \mathrm{I}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{ }=\frac{\mathrm{D}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{ }-\mathrm{ }\mathrm{D}\mathrm{a}}{\mathrm{D}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{ }\times \mathrm{ }\mathrm{D}\mathrm{c}} $
内聚力指数(Icd)  将适量待测粉末在单冲压片机经过最大偏心压缩力压制成片剂, 片剂直径为10 mm, 测得片剂的平均硬度[10]
豪斯纳比(IH)  由Da与Dc计算而得, 如公式(6) 计算[11]:
$ \mathrm{I}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{ }=\frac{\mathrm{D}\mathrm{c}}{\mathrm{D}\mathrm{a}} $
干燥失重(loss on drying, %HR)  按照2020版《中华人民共和国药典》第四部通则0832第二法(烘干法) 测定, 取供试品1 g, 不超过5 mm厚度粉末平铺于恒重的量瓶中, 在105 ℃下干燥5 h, 盖好瓶盖, 转移至干燥器中, 冷却一段时间后称重, 计算干燥失重[11]
吸湿性(hygroscopicity, %H)  在已干燥至恒重的称量瓶底部放入厚约1 mm的待测粉末, 设置稳定性实验箱的相对湿度为75%, 温度为25 ℃。干燥至粉体恒重后, 置于实验箱内(称量瓶打开)。48 h后称量, 平行测定3次, 计算吸湿百分率[12]
粉末物理指纹图谱的绘制  由于各样品物理属性指标数值范围和量纲不同, 为了便于综合比较, 需将其标准化至同一标尺, 即0~10。标准化转换方法及各物理属性指标的可能数值范围参考2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》标准和文献[13, 14]。以雷达图方式定量直观展示样品的物理指纹图谱。将所测9个指标的实验值(v) 标准化至同一尺度(0~10), 转换公式见表 1, 用线段将各指标值的标准化转换值连接起来形成正九边形即构成粉末物理指纹谱。
多元统计分析  为寻找茯苓碱溶性多糖与EC的物理属性的差异, 使用SIMCA-P 14.1软件对两者的物理指纹图谱各指标转化数据进行正交偏最小二乘法-判别分析(OPLS-DA)。OPLS-DA将正交信号校正方法与PLS进行结合, 可以滤除与研究对象无关的噪音, 使组内差异弱化, 组间差异最大化凸显, 且更适用于两组样本。与主成分分析相比, OPLS-DA不仅能实现样品差异的鉴别, 还能快速找到样品间的差异成分[15]
适应性研究
双氯芬酸钠缓释片剂的制备  采用粉末直接压片法制备: 分别按处方量(表 2) 称取双氯芬酸钠、茯苓碱溶性多糖、EC、微晶纤维素(microcrystalline celluloses, MCC) 按等量递加法混合均匀, 再加入硬脂酸镁(magnesium stearate) 混匀后, 按每片片剂片重约300 mg, 片径9.0 mm, 片厚4.5 mm, 硬度控制在8~10 kg。
缓释片的物理特性  参考2020版《中华人民共和国药典》脆碎度(0923) 和硬度测定方法[16], 测定所制备片剂的脆碎度与硬度。
体外释放及机制研究  参照2020版《中华人民共和国药典》四部, “溶出度与释放度测定法”第一法(篮法) 操作。以0.1 mol·L-1盐酸溶液(pH 1.2) 为溶出介质, 2 h后释放介质更换为磷酸盐缓冲液(pH 6.8), 溶出介质体积为900 mL, 转篮转速为100 r·min-1, 温度保持在37.0 ± 0.5 ℃、分别于0.5、1、2、3、4、6、8、12、14 h取样2 mL, 同时补充空白介质2 mL[17, 18]。同时取片剂F3和F4, 在pH为1.2、4.5和6.8的溶出介质中, 溶出条件同上, 分别于0.5、1、2、3、4、6、8 h取样2 mL, 同时补充空白介质2 mL。以甲醇-4%冰醋酸(70∶30) 为流动相; 检测波长为276 nm; 柱温为30 ℃; 进样体积20 μL, 采用高效液相进行测定。分别采用零级、一级、Higuchi模型对不同处方缓释片的释放曲线进行模型拟合。在药物释放0、2、4、8和14 h对F3、F4片剂表面进行拍照, 观察释药过程片剂形貌变化。释放结束后, 取出残余片剂F3、F4, 冷冻干燥。使用氮气脆断, 将脆断后的样品于SEM的圆形底座处, 截面朝上做喷金处理, 操作电压为3.0 kV, 观察截面孔隙情况[19]
图 2所示, 在3 379.83 cm-1处出现了1个强且宽的吸收峰, 这是由O-H的伸缩振动产生, 在2 800~3 000 cm-1的吸收峰是糖类的特征峰, 茯苓碱溶性多糖在2 922.10 cm-1处产生的吸收峰, 是由多糖分子的C-H键的伸缩振动产生, 在1 372.97 cm-1处有较弱的吸收峰为C-H键的变角振动[20], 1 203.93 cm-1是吡喃糖环C-O-C伸缩振动吸收峰, 1 077.95和1 040.24 cm-1是常见的吡喃糖环内酯和羟基的共振吸收峰, 在889.95 cm-1处的吸收峰为β型糖苷键的吸收峰[21], 该红外光谱与文献报道一致[22]
XRD技术通常用于非晶态、半晶态和晶态成分的半定量和定性评估[23]。样品的X-射线衍射分析结果如图 3所示, 由图谱可知, 茯苓碱溶性多糖在20°~90°有多个强的结晶特征衍射峰, 在27.20°、31.56°、45.32°、56.35°、66.11°、75.15°、83.87°处有明显的衍射峰, 平均值介于0°~80°, 因此茯苓碱溶性多糖为半结晶聚合物[24]
DSC曲线图显示(图 4): 茯苓碱溶性多糖在90 ℃处左右分别出现1个吸热峰, 这是由多糖水分蒸发的玻璃化转变温度引起的[25]。在270 ℃处出现1个放热峰, 为多糖的熔化/分解引起[26]
SEM广泛应用于观察各种固态物质的超微结构的形态和组成[27]。结果见图 5, 茯苓碱溶性多糖呈片状, 多糖表面粗糙; EC呈颗粒状, 表面粗糙。
茯苓碱溶性多糖和EC的休止角、松密度、振实密度、卡尔指数、颗粒间孔隙率、内聚力指数、豪斯纳比、干燥失重和吸湿性测定结果见表 3。将各指标测定值参考表 1进行标准化处理, 以茯苓碱溶性多糖和EC的9个标准化参数值为半径, 采用Origin2018b软件绘制雷达图, 并取各样品参数值的平均值为半径绘制物理指纹图谱雷达图(图 6)。
为了比较茯苓碱溶性多糖与乙基纤维素的物理属性的差异, 使用SIMCA-P 14.1软件进行多元统计分析, 对两者的物理指纹图谱各指标转化数据进行OPLS-DA。图 7A显示, 不同组的样品点在横坐标轴t方向上明显分为2个簇, 说明样品组间物理性质差异明显, 结合变量重要性投影(variable importance for the projection, VIP) 值, 以VIP值> 1为筛选标准, 筛选出不同组间的差异性标志物, 见图 7B。两组之间筛选得到具有统计学意义的差异性指标共4个, 其影响程度为Icd (内聚力指数) > Dc (振实密度) > α (休止角) > Da (松密度), 即两者在可压性、流动性、堆积性有明显差异。结合表 3图 5可知, 茯苓碱溶性多糖的可压性优于EC; 从Da和Dc可看出, 茯苓碱溶性多糖的堆积性优于EC; 而EC流动性优于茯苓碱溶性多糖, 一般生产上, α ≤ 40°即可满足对流动性的要求, 而茯苓碱溶性多糖与EC的α均小于40°, 两者均可满足工艺上的要求。结合物理形貌分析: 茯苓碱溶性多糖呈片状结构, 但片状结构比表面积大, 增加了粒子间摩擦力, 而EC呈颗粒状, 粒子间所受摩擦力较小, 因此其流动性优于茯苓碱溶性多糖; 但片状结构具有更大的比表面积, 其表面粗糙, 使其可压性优于EC[28, 29]
各处方制备的缓释片硬度和脆碎度结果见表 4。各缓释片的脆碎度结果均小于1%, 符合药典标准。其中, 辅料仅为乙基纤维素所制备的缓释片F7硬度结果差异较大, 同时脆碎度接近1%, 这与乙基纤维素粉末可压性差有关。
EC和茯苓碱溶性多糖作为双氯芬酸钠缓释片的不溶性骨架, 制剂体外释放曲线如图 8A所示。药物释放量随着不溶性骨架材料浓度的增加而减少。这是由于更多的茯苓碱溶性多糖或EC在片剂周围形成凝胶, 从而导致片剂释放率大大降低。以EC作为骨架材料所制备的片剂F1、F3、F5、F7释放速率和释放量均高于与相同含量的茯苓碱溶性多糖所制备的片剂F2、F4、F6、F8, 说明自制的茯苓碱溶性多糖具有更佳的缓释骨架性能, 这或许是由于茯苓碱溶性多糖所形成凝胶能力强于EC, 形成了更为致密的凝胶结构。图 8BC显示, 药物在酸性介质中几乎不释放。图 8D显示, 药物在近中性溶出介质(pH 6.8) 中有较快的释放, 而双氯芬酸钠在酸性介质中溶解度低, 在中性介质中溶解度高[30], 说明药物释放可能是由于溶出介质穿过骨架孔隙, 将药物溶解, 然后从骨架中扩散出来。此外, 在pH为6.8的介质中, 采用EC所制备的片剂F3释放速率及其释放量高于采用茯苓碱溶性多糖所制备片剂F4, 进一步说明了茯苓碱溶性多糖所形成凝胶能力强于EC。
为了研究药物从片剂中释放的机制, 对图 8A中的释放数据进行模型拟合, 从释放动力学拟合模型看, 除片剂F1外, 其余片剂释药行为符合Higuchi方程模型, 即药物释放方式为扩散机制(表 5)[31], 同时, 结合图 9释药过程片剂形貌和图 10截面的扫描电镜图可观察到, 在药物释放过程中, 片剂仍保持完整, 片剂内部形成了孔隙通道, 这支持了药物释放以孔道扩散。在片剂F1中, 药物释放不符合Higuchi方程模型, 这可能是由于片剂EC含量为30%, EC含量较低时, 不能形成稳定的骨架, 从而导致药物释放不符合Higuchi方程模型。
本研究从茯苓残渣中提取得到茯苓碱溶性多糖, 考察了该多糖的理化性质、粉体学性质和药物释放3个方面的性能, 同时与市售的辅料EC进行了比较。结果表明, 物理形貌为片状且表面粗糙的茯苓碱溶性多糖相对于市售的EC, 可压性、堆积性更好, 作为缓释片中的水不溶性骨架时形成的凝胶更为紧密, 缓释效果更好。茯苓碱溶性多糖作为缓释材料有望代替传统辅料, 在今后的片剂中的使用生产和对促进新型缓释材料的开发具有重要的意义, 既提升了茯苓的附加值, 又可降低生产废料带来的环境压力, 为资源合理利用提供了理论依据。
致谢: 感谢庐州产业创新团队—植物活性肽功能食品创制产业创新团队的支持; 上海风泓药用辅料技术有限公司、上海卡乐康包衣技术有限公司馈赠辅料。
作者贡献: 李庆林、胡容峰分别是本课题及项目的负责人, 提出课题思路、总体设计、文章修订; 毛荣、方文悠、孙娟、高松、刘军玲、陈胜麒是本课题的主要执行人, 完成论文的相关研究工作、数据处理、论文起草与修改工作。
利益冲突: 所有作者均同意投稿且声明不存在与本文相关的利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81973488)
  • 安徽省高校协同创新项目(GXXT-2020-025 (10-4))
  • 药物制剂技术与应用安徽省重点实验室(安徽中医药大学) 开放基金项目(2021KFKT04)
  • 药物制剂技术与应用安徽省重点实验室(安徽中医药大学) 开放基金项目(2021hxts03)
  • 新安医学教育部重点实验室开放基金项目(2020xayx02)
  • 安徽省高校自然科学研究项目(KJ2020A0382)
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2023年第58卷第4期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1032
  • 接收时间:2022-08-30
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-04-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-08-30
  • 修回日期:2022-09-25
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81973488)
安徽省高校协同创新项目(GXXT-2020-025 (10-4))
药物制剂技术与应用安徽省重点实验室(安徽中医药大学) 开放基金项目(2021KFKT04)
药物制剂技术与应用安徽省重点实验室(安徽中医药大学) 开放基金项目(2021hxts03)
新安医学教育部重点实验室开放基金项目(2020xayx02)
安徽省高校自然科学研究项目(KJ2020A0382)
作者信息
    1.安徽中医药大学, 药物制剂技术与应用安徽省重点实验室, 安徽 合肥 230012
    2.安徽省食品药品检验研究院, 安徽 合肥 230051
    3.安徽中医药大学, 新安医学教育部重点实验室, 安徽 合肥 230038
    4.省部共建安徽道地中药材品质提升协同创新中心, 安徽 合肥 230012
    5.安徽中医药大学, 中药复方安徽省重点实验室, 安徽 合肥 230012

通讯作者:

*胡容峰, Tel: 86-551-68129166, E-mail: ;
李庆林, Tel: 86-551-65169051, E-mail:
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1032
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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