Article(id=1198624467820835200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624466902287155, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1661184000000, receivedDateStr=2022-08-23, revisedDate=1663689600000, revisedDateStr=2022-09-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763703942494, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1681228800000, pubDateStr=2023-04-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763703942494, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763703942494, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763703942494, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198624466902287155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='1092', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763703942275, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763704125380, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198625234971619912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624466902287155, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198625234971619913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624466902287155, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1079, endPage=1089, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198624468097659265, articleId=1198624467820835200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Cloning, expression analysis and enzyme activity verification of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase from Cistanche tubulosa (Schenk) Wight flower, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) plays an essential role in the biosynthesis of anthocyanin and regulation of plant flower color. Based on the transcriptome data of Cistanche tubulosa (Schenk) Wight, a full-length cDNA sequence of CtDFR gene was cloned by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). CtDFR contains an open reading frame (ORF) of 1 263 bp which encodes 420 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 47.5 kDa. The sequence analysis showed that CtDFR contains a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) binding domain and a specific substrate binding domain. The expression analysis indicated that CtDFR was highly expressed in red and purple flowers, and the relative expression levels were 4.04 and 19.37 times higher than those of white flowers, respectively. The recombinant CtDFR protein was expressed in E.coli BL21 (DE3) using vector pET-28a-CtDFR and was purified. In vitro enzyme activity analysis, CtDFR could reduce three types of dihydroflavonols including dihydrokaempferol, dihydroquercetin, and dihydromyricetin to leucopelargonidin, leucocyanidin and leucodelphinidin. Subcellular localization analysis showed that CtDFR was mainly localized in the cytoplasm. These results demonstrate that CtDFR plays an important role in regulation of flower color in C. tubulosa and make a valuable contribution for the further investigation on the regulation mechanism of C. tubulosa (Schenk) Wight flower color.

, correspAuthors=Peng-fei TU, Xiao-hui WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hai-ling QIU, Fang-ming WANG, Bo-wen GAO, Xin-yu MI, Ze-kun ZHANG, Yu DU, She-po SHI, Peng-fei TU, Xiao-hui WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198624471000117666, articleId=1198624467820835200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=管花肉苁蓉花中二氢黄酮醇4-还原酶的克隆、表达分析和酶活性鉴定, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

二氢黄酮醇4-还原酶(dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, DFR) 是花色素苷生物合成途径的关键酶, 在植物花色调控中发挥重要作用。本研究通过管花肉苁蓉花转录组数据分析, 利用RT-PCR技术克隆出一条DFR基因并命名为CtDFR, 其开放阅读框(ORF) 长1 263 bp, 编码420个氨基酸, 蛋白分子质量为47.5 kDa。序列分析表明CtDFR具有NADPH结合域和底物特异性结合域。实时荧光定量PCR表明CtDFR在管花肉苁蓉的红、紫色花中高表达, 相对表达量分别是白色花的4.04、19.37倍。构建原核表达载体pET-28a-CtDFR, 转入大肠杆菌BL21 (DE3) 菌株中, 成功表达CtDFR蛋白, 纯化得到可溶性重组蛋白。体外酶活性分析表明, 重组蛋白CtDFR能催化二氢山柰酚、二氢槲皮素、二氢杨梅素生成无色天竺葵素、无色矢车菊素、无色飞燕草素。亚细胞定位实验结果表明CtDFR主要定位于细胞质中。本研究结果表明CtDFR在管花肉苁蓉花色调控中起到重要作用, 为进一步探讨管花肉苁蓉花色形成及调控机制研究奠定了基础。

, correspAuthors=屠鹏飞, 王晓晖, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*屠鹏飞, Tel: 86-10-64286180, E-mail: ;
王晓晖, Tel: 15201166873, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《药学学报》编辑部2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=uFIjLDs1HQphApkfswifzw==, magXml=HFF3uGEAdphaQAGtYffXKg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=N+j5xDvqRaOzxtLWDZkLJw==, pdfFileSize=6757227, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=wqaRV4Lki+42HoDUhuvbPw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=IcTZlx70zNt2ZkQ3M9BSDQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=邱海玲, 王方明, 高博闻, 米芯雨, 张泽坤, 杜宇, 史社坡, 屠鹏飞, 王晓晖)}, authors=[Author(id=1198706528866890614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624467820835200, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1198706528946582395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624467820835200, authorId=1198706528866890614, language=EN, stringName=Hai-ling QIU, firstName=Hai-ling, middleName=null, lastName=QIU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1. School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
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Taian: Shandong Agricultural University, 2008., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1198706534491451427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624467820835200, awardId=81773832, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(81773832), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198706527440827224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624467820835200, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198706527445021529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624467820835200, companyId=1198706527440827224, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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A: White, red and purple flowers of <i>C. tubulosa</i> (Schenk) Wight; B: The biosynthetic pathway from phenylalanine to anthocyanin. PAL: Phenylalanine ammonialyase; C4H: Cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase; 4CL: 4-Coumarate-coenzyme A ligase; CHS: Chalcone synthase; CHI: Chalcone isomerase; F3H: Flavanone 3-hydroxylase; F3'H: Flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase; F3'5'H: Flavonoid 3'5'-Hydroxylase; DFR: Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase; ANS: Anthocyanidin synthase; UFGT: UDPG-flavonoid glucosyltransferase , figureFileSmall=l7pGBwxe6fzArgFwz8wBAQ==, figureFileBig=DBeQmf1wK3m3KRMKFcNHaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198706533413515272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624467820835200, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=qrQP9tJrKuVuidlT885MqA==, figureFileBig=zQ15M7VJx1bOgiIz/icJQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198706533480624136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624467820835200, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= PCR amplification of <i>CtDFR</i>. M: DNA marker; 1: <i>CtDFR</i> , figureFileSmall=qrQP9tJrKuVuidlT885MqA==, figureFileBig=zQ15M7VJx1bOgiIz/icJQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198706533543538698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624467820835200, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=K6/vqZlCPIbA4kVIjC8PcA==, figureFileBig=U11Qbz2GH+sHtVPCToaWvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198706533614841868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624467820835200, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Predicted secondary structure and three-dimensional structure of CtDFR protein. A: Predicted secondary structure of CtDFR protein with SOPMA. <i>α</i>: <i>α</i>-Helix; <i>β</i>: <i>β</i>-Turn; E: Extended strand; R: Random coil; B: The deduced three-dimensional structure of CtDFR protein with SWISS-MODEL , figureFileSmall=K6/vqZlCPIbA4kVIjC8PcA==, figureFileBig=U11Qbz2GH+sHtVPCToaWvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198706533690339342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624467820835200, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=CQtHhuD/u7aCKXjo50yB8g==, figureFileBig=aRolZW6OdaGedQqdUFNIkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198706533749059600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624467820835200, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis of CtDFR. A: Multiple sequence alignment of CtDFR and DFR from other plants. The residues that compose the active site are indicated with black triangles. The NADPH-binding and substrate-binding domains of DFR are indicated by black box and red box, respectively. Ct: <i>Cistanche tubulosa</i> (Schenk) Wight; El: <i>Erythranthe lewisii</i>; Sa: <i>Striga asiatica</i>; Da: <i>Diplacus aurantiacus</i>; Pf: <i>Perilla frutescens</i>; Sm: <i>Salvia miltiorrhiza</i>; At: <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>; B: Phylogenetic analysis of CtDFR using nucleotide sequence; C: Phylogenetic analysis of CtDFR using amino acid sequence , figureFileSmall=CQtHhuD/u7aCKXjo50yB8g==, figureFileBig=aRolZW6OdaGedQqdUFNIkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198706533807779858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624467820835200, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=BQvUfEs/UTT8yvCvs1rNXA==, figureFileBig=h5jbpDJA44oF1ZI7yIH4eA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198706533887471636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624467820835200, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Relative expression level of <i>CtDFR</i> in flowers with different colors. Repeat 3 samples, each for 3 times. $\bar{x}\pm s$. <sup>****</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1 , figureFileSmall=BQvUfEs/UTT8yvCvs1rNXA==, figureFileBig=h5jbpDJA44oF1ZI7yIH4eA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198706533967163414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624467820835200, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=mUI74t6qxHwDuXeAoQ5abw==, figureFileBig=2PqHA/+EYCkWkvPuX/xLUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198706534034272280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624467820835200, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Prokaryotic expression and enzyme activity analysis of CtDFR protein. A: Sodium dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis of recombinant CtDFR protein. M: Protein marker; 1: CtDFR protein; B: DFR activities of recombinant CtDFR using the dihydroflavonol substrates dihydrokaempferol (DHK), dihydroquercetin (DHQ), and dihydromyricetin (DHM). The unstable leucoanthocyanidins produced by DFR activity were chemically converted to stable anthocyanidins and showed different colors. The samples with denatured protein as control are colorless; C-E: High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of standards of pelargonidin (C), cyanidin (D), delphinidin (E) and CtDFR reaction products with different substrates DHK (C), DHQ (D), and DHM (E); F-H: The mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of standards of pelargonidin (F), cyanidin (G), delphinidin (H) and CtDFR reaction products with different substrates DHK (F), DHQ (G), and DHM (H) , figureFileSmall=mUI74t6qxHwDuXeAoQ5abw==, figureFileBig=2PqHA/+EYCkWkvPuX/xLUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198706534118158362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624467820835200, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=WTeH6OsfNzEhnrcFFjndTQ==, figureFileBig=vTxM21hD9il//lIBcHoAuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198706534193655836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624467820835200, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= Subcellular localization of pCAMBIA1300-35S-GFP-CtDFR fusion proteins in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> protoplast. Scale bar: 10 μm. GFP: Green fluorescent protein , figureFileSmall=WTeH6OsfNzEhnrcFFjndTQ==, figureFileBig=vTxM21hD9il//lIBcHoAuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198706534264959006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624467820835200, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer role Primer name Primer sequence (5'-3')
Sequence amplification CtDFR-F1 ATGTGCATGGAAACTACGGCC
CtDFR-R1 TCACAATGTCCGAACGCAGC
CtDFR-F2 CAGCAAATGGGGTCGCGGATCCATGTGCATGGAAACTACGGCC
CtDFR-R2 GTGGTGGTGGTGGTGCTCGAGTCACAATGTCCGAACGCAGC
CtDFR-F3 CACGGGGGACGAGCTCGGTACCATGTGCATGGAAACTACG
CtDFR-R3 CCATGTCGACTCTAGAGGATCCCAATGTCCGAACGCAGCC
qRT-PCR CtDFR-F4 AATGGAGACGAGAAGGAACG
CtDFR-R4 TTGAAGTCGGAAACACATCG
CtF-box-F CGTTTCTGTCTCTCCGTGAG
CtF-box-R CCCTGTTATCCTTCCAATGC
), ArticleFig(id=1198706534336262176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624467820835200, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primers sequences. The underlined sequences indicate the restriction enzyme sites. qRT-PCR: Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction; CtDFR: C. tubulosa (Schenk) Wight dihydroflavonol 4-reductase

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer role Primer name Primer sequence (5'-3')
Sequence amplification CtDFR-F1 ATGTGCATGGAAACTACGGCC
CtDFR-R1 TCACAATGTCCGAACGCAGC
CtDFR-F2 CAGCAAATGGGGTCGCGGATCCATGTGCATGGAAACTACGGCC
CtDFR-R2 GTGGTGGTGGTGGTGCTCGAGTCACAATGTCCGAACGCAGC
CtDFR-F3 CACGGGGGACGAGCTCGGTACCATGTGCATGGAAACTACG
CtDFR-R3 CCATGTCGACTCTAGAGGATCCCAATGTCCGAACGCAGCC
qRT-PCR CtDFR-F4 AATGGAGACGAGAAGGAACG
CtDFR-R4 TTGAAGTCGGAAACACATCG
CtF-box-F CGTTTCTGTCTCTCCGTGAG
CtF-box-R CCCTGTTATCCTTCCAATGC
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管花肉苁蓉花中二氢黄酮醇4-还原酶的克隆、表达分析和酶活性鉴定
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邱海玲 1, 2 , 王方明 3 , 高博闻 4 , 米芯雨 1, 2 , 张泽坤 1, 2 , 杜宇 1, 2 , 史社坡 1, 2 , 屠鹏飞 3, * , 王晓晖 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(4): 1079-1089
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2023, 58(4): 1079-1089
管花肉苁蓉花中二氢黄酮醇4-还原酶的克隆、表达分析和酶活性鉴定
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邱海玲1, 2, 王方明3, 高博闻4, 米芯雨1, 2, 张泽坤1, 2, 杜宇1, 2, 史社坡1, 2, 屠鹏飞3, * , 王晓晖1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.北京中医药大学中药学院, 北京 102488
  • 2.北京中医药大学中药学院中药现代研究中心, 北京 100029
  • 3.北京大学药学院, 天然药物及仿生药物国家重点实验室, 北京 100191
  • 4.包头医学院, 内蒙古 包头 014060

通讯作者:

*屠鹏飞, Tel: 86-10-64286180, E-mail: ;
王晓晖, Tel: 15201166873, E-mail:
Cloning, expression analysis and enzyme activity verification of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase from Cistanche tubulosa (Schenk) Wight flower
Hai-ling QIU1, 2, Fang-ming WANG3, Bo-wen GAO4, Xin-yu MI1, 2, Ze-kun ZHANG1, 2, Yu DU1, 2, She-po SHI1, 2, Peng-fei TU3, * , Xiao-hui WANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
  • 2. Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
  • 3. State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
  • 4. Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014060, China
出版时间: 2023-04-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1008
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二氢黄酮醇4-还原酶(dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, DFR) 是花色素苷生物合成途径的关键酶, 在植物花色调控中发挥重要作用。本研究通过管花肉苁蓉花转录组数据分析, 利用RT-PCR技术克隆出一条DFR基因并命名为CtDFR, 其开放阅读框(ORF) 长1 263 bp, 编码420个氨基酸, 蛋白分子质量为47.5 kDa。序列分析表明CtDFR具有NADPH结合域和底物特异性结合域。实时荧光定量PCR表明CtDFR在管花肉苁蓉的红、紫色花中高表达, 相对表达量分别是白色花的4.04、19.37倍。构建原核表达载体pET-28a-CtDFR, 转入大肠杆菌BL21 (DE3) 菌株中, 成功表达CtDFR蛋白, 纯化得到可溶性重组蛋白。体外酶活性分析表明, 重组蛋白CtDFR能催化二氢山柰酚、二氢槲皮素、二氢杨梅素生成无色天竺葵素、无色矢车菊素、无色飞燕草素。亚细胞定位实验结果表明CtDFR主要定位于细胞质中。本研究结果表明CtDFR在管花肉苁蓉花色调控中起到重要作用, 为进一步探讨管花肉苁蓉花色形成及调控机制研究奠定了基础。

管花肉苁蓉  /  花色  /  二氢黄酮醇4-还原酶  /  表达分析  /  酶活性分析  /  亚细胞定位

Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) plays an essential role in the biosynthesis of anthocyanin and regulation of plant flower color. Based on the transcriptome data of Cistanche tubulosa (Schenk) Wight, a full-length cDNA sequence of CtDFR gene was cloned by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). CtDFR contains an open reading frame (ORF) of 1 263 bp which encodes 420 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 47.5 kDa. The sequence analysis showed that CtDFR contains a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) binding domain and a specific substrate binding domain. The expression analysis indicated that CtDFR was highly expressed in red and purple flowers, and the relative expression levels were 4.04 and 19.37 times higher than those of white flowers, respectively. The recombinant CtDFR protein was expressed in E.coli BL21 (DE3) using vector pET-28a-CtDFR and was purified. In vitro enzyme activity analysis, CtDFR could reduce three types of dihydroflavonols including dihydrokaempferol, dihydroquercetin, and dihydromyricetin to leucopelargonidin, leucocyanidin and leucodelphinidin. Subcellular localization analysis showed that CtDFR was mainly localized in the cytoplasm. These results demonstrate that CtDFR plays an important role in regulation of flower color in C. tubulosa and make a valuable contribution for the further investigation on the regulation mechanism of C. tubulosa (Schenk) Wight flower color.

Cistanche tubulosa (Schenk) Wight  /  flower color  /  dihydroflavonol 4-reductase  /  expression analysis  /  enzyme activity analysis  /  subcellular localization
邱海玲, 王方明, 高博闻, 米芯雨, 张泽坤, 杜宇, 史社坡, 屠鹏飞, 王晓晖. 管花肉苁蓉花中二氢黄酮醇4-还原酶的克隆、表达分析和酶活性鉴定. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (4) : 1079 -1089 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1008
Hai-ling QIU, Fang-ming WANG, Bo-wen GAO, Xin-yu MI, Ze-kun ZHANG, Yu DU, She-po SHI, Peng-fei TU, Xiao-hui WANG. Cloning, expression analysis and enzyme activity verification of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase from Cistanche tubulosa (Schenk) Wight flower[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (4) : 1079 -1089 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1008
管花肉苁蓉[Cistanche tubulosa (Schenk) Wight] 为列当科肉苁蓉属植物, 是名贵中药肉苁蓉的基原植物之一[1], 主要分布于新疆南疆的塔克拉玛干沙漠及周围地区, 在新疆和田区已形成大规模人工种植[2]。管花肉苁蓉花期为4~5月, 颜色多为紫色至粉红色, 少数为白色[3]。管花肉苁蓉拥有丰富的花色, 但未见其机制研究报道。花色与花瓣色素的种类、含量、分布及花瓣组织结构有关, 其中色素分为三大类: 类胡萝卜素、类黄酮和生物碱[4]。类黄酮能产生淡黄色至蓝紫色, 颜色范围在3种色素中最为广泛, 因此被认为是十分重要的色素[5]。花色素苷是类黄酮中一类重要的水溶性化合物, 能呈现出粉红色至蓝紫色[6], 调控许多植物的花色, 如菊花(Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat)[7]、牡丹[tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa)][8]、非洲堇(Saintpaulia cultivars)[9]、紫罗兰(Matthiola incana)[10]、血红杜鹃(Rhododendron sanguineum complex)[11]等。管花肉苁蓉主要有3种花色: 白色、红色、紫色(图 1A), 丰富的花色可能与花色素苷的种类和含量有关。丰富的花色不仅可作观赏, 还对传粉昆虫有较大影响, 已有的研究表明, 管花肉苁蓉紫色花的昆虫访问频率最高[12]。此外, 之前的研究结果表明, 药用植物花色与药材的品质可能相关, 如紫花苦玄参的苦玄参苷含量高于白花苦玄参[13]; 白花类型甘草的甘草素、甘草苷、异甘草素含量高于深紫花类型甘草等[14], 但关于管花肉苁蓉花色和品质的相关研究尚未见报道, 因此对管花肉苁蓉花中花色素苷合成基因进行生物学研究有利于阐明管花肉苁蓉花色形成机制, 为管花肉苁蓉花的应用和管花肉苁蓉花色和品质之间的关系相关研究提供科学支撑。
花色素苷的生物合成途径起始于一般苯丙烷途径, 苯丙氨酸在苯丙氨酸解氨酶(phenylalanine ammonialyase, PAL)、肉桂酸-4-羟化酶(cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase, C4H) 和4-香豆酰辅酶A连接酶(4-coumarate-coenzyme A ligase, 4CL) 的催化下反应生成4-香豆酰辅酶A[15], 1分子的4-香豆酰辅酶A与3分子的丙二酰辅酶A经查耳酮合酶(chalcone synthase, CHS) 催化生成具有黄酮类化合物C6-C3-C6骨架的柚皮素查耳酮, 再通过查耳酮异构酶(chalcone isomerase, CHI)、黄烷酮-3-羟化酶(flavanone 3-hydroxylase, F3H)、类黄酮3'-羟化酶(flavonoid 3'- hydroxylase, F3'H)、类黄酮3'5'-羟化酶(flavonoid 3'5'- hydroxylase, F3'5'H) 反应生成二氢黄酮醇, 再由二氢黄酮醇4-还原酶(dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, DFR) 和花青素合成酶(anthocyanidin synthase, ANS) 催化生成花青素, 花青素再通过一系列糖基化和甲基化反应最终生成花色素苷(图 1B)[4]
在花色素苷生物合成途径中, DFR催化3种二氢黄酮醇: 二氢山柰酚(dihydrokaempferol, DHK)、二氢槲皮素(dihydroquercetin, DHQ)、二氢杨梅素(dihydromyricetin, DHM), 生成相应的无色花青素: 无色天竺葵素、无色矢车菊素、无色飞燕草素, 在其他酶的催化下连续反应生成天竺葵苷、矢车菊苷、飞燕草苷(图 1B), 从而使植物表现出不同的花色, 因此在植物花色形成过程中起到重要作用。DFR具有底物特异性, 催化DHK后最终生成的天竺葵苷使花色呈现为橙色/砖红色, 催化DHQ后最终生成的矢车菊苷使花色呈现为洋红色/红色, 催化DHM后最终生成的飞燕草苷使花色呈现为蓝色/紫色[16], 若DFR不能催化相应底物则无法产生对应的花色, 如矮牵牛中DFR无法催化DHK, 使得该物种缺乏天竺葵素, 不能产生橙色花[17], DFR催化活性和表达模式决定了花色素苷的种类和含量[18]。本研究根据转录组测序结果从管花肉苁蓉花中克隆得到一条CtDFR基因, 并对其进行生物信息学分析、原核表达与纯化、酶活性分析、3种颜色花中的表达分析、亚细胞定位分析, 初步探索CtDFR与管花肉苁蓉花色的关系, 为管花肉苁蓉花色调控机制研究奠定基础。
材料   管花肉苁蓉花于2018年5月采自新疆和田地区于田县, 选取生长健康、株高相近的管花肉苁蓉, 白色花、红色花、紫色花的植株各取3株, 由北京大学药学院屠鹏飞教授鉴定为管花肉苁蓉, 经液氮速冻后干冰保存运至北京。大肠杆菌(E.coli) DH5α (南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司); E.coli BL21(DE3) (北京全式金生物技术股份有限公司); pET-28a、pCAMBIA1300-35S-GFP载体(武汉转导生物实验室有限公司); DHK (北京松原科创科技有限公司); DHQ (北京索莱宝科技有限公司); DHM (北京沿程科技有限公司); NADPH (上海吉至生化科技有限公司); 天竺葵素、矢车菊素、飞燕草素标准品(上海源叶生物科技有限公司)。
RNA提取与cDNA合成   利用RNA提取试剂盒(Cat 17200, Norgen公司) 提取管花肉苁蓉花的总RNA, 通过NanoDrop 2000C仪检测RNA浓度并挑选A260/A280比值在1.8~2.1的RNA样品用于后续实验。使用逆转录酶试剂盒(Cat R323-01, 诺唯赞公司) 将检测合格的总RNA反转录为cDNA第一条链, 实验操作按照说明书进行。
CtDFR基因的克隆   根据管花肉苁蓉花二代转录组数据[19]分析挖掘具有完整开放阅读框的CtDFR, 利用SnapGene软件设计特异性引物(表 1), 以管花肉苁蓉花cDNA为模板进行PCR扩增, 扩增体系为: 2×Phanta Max Buffer 25 μL, dNTP Mix (10 mmol·L-1) 1 μL, 引物(10 μmol·L-1) 2 μL, cDNA 2 μL, Phanta Max Super-Fidelity DNA Polymerase 1 μL, ddH2O 17 μL。反应条件为: 95 ℃预变性3 min; 进行25个循环: 95 ℃ 15 s, 55 ℃ 15 s, 72 ℃ 1 min, 循环结束后72 ℃反应延伸5 min。PCR产物经1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测, 利用DNA纯化试剂盒(Cat DC301-01, 诺唯赞公司) 进行胶回收, 以胶回收的DNA片段为模板再次进行PCR扩增, 产物胶回收后通过快速克隆试剂盒(Cat C601-01, 诺唯赞公司) 将回收的DNA片段与pCE2 TA/Blunt-Zero载体连接, 转化DH5α感受态细胞, 37 ℃过夜培养后送北京六合华大基因科技有限公司测序。
生物信息学分析   采用在线软件ProtParam (https://web.expasy.org/protparam/) 分析蛋白理化性质; 运用Prot Scale (https://web.expasy.org/protscale/) 在线工具分析蛋白亲水性/疏水性; 利用在线工具SOPMA (https://npsa-prabi.ibcp.fr/cgi-bin/npsa_automat.pl?page=npsa_sopma.html) 预测蛋白二级结构; 通过在线分析软件SWISS-MODEL (https://swissmodel.expasy.org/) 预测蛋白三级结构; 采用在线软件TMHMM (https://services.healthtech.dtu.dk/service.php?TMHMM-2.0) 预测蛋白的跨膜结构; 运用软件DNAMAN将CtDFR与其他物种DFR氨基酸序列进行同源性比对; 利用MEGA X软件构建系统进化树, 采用邻接法(Neighbor-joining), 以泊松校正法计算进化距离, bootstrap重复次数为1 000次。
CtDFR在3种颜色管花肉苁蓉花中的表达分析   根据CtDFR序列利用DNAMAN设计实时荧光定量引物, 以F-box为内参基因, 引物序列见表 1, 通过实时荧光定量PCR检测不同颜色的管花肉苁蓉花中的CtDFR相对表达量。利用TransStart Green qPCR SuperMix (AQ101-02, 北京全式金生物技术股份有限公司) 以SYBR Green荧光染料法测定, 反应体系为: 2×TransStart Green qPCR SuperMix 5 μL、上下游引物(10 μmol·L-1) 各0.2 μL、cDNA模板0.5 μL、无核苷酸酶水4.1 μL, 采用两步法进行反应, 反应程序为: 95 ℃预变性3 min, 95 ℃变性10 s, 60 ℃退火/延伸30 s (每次循环后采集荧光), 40个循环后, 95 ℃变性10 s, 55~95 ℃做熔解曲线分析, 每个温度以每步0.5 ℃上升, 每个温度停留5 s。实验数据通过Excel进行分析, 以2-ΔΔCt法计算CtDFR相对表达量, 利用GraphPad Prism 8进行显著性分析并绘制柱状图。
CtDFR原核表达载体的构建及异源表达   根据CtDFR序列设计特异性引物, 并进行扩增, 将其构建到pET-28a载体, 测序后提取pET28a-CtDFR质粒, 转化大肠杆菌BL21 (DE3) 感受态细胞中, 利用含卡那霉素(50 μg·mL-1) 的LB培养基37 ℃、200 r·min-1振荡培养使菌液A600为0.4~0.6, 加入终浓度为0.5 mmol·L-1的异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷(isopropyl β-D-thiogalactoside, IPTG) 诱导蛋白, 16 ℃、180 r·min-1振荡培养16 h后收集菌体, 超声破碎30 min, 破碎液离心后收集上清液, 经0.45 μm滤膜过滤后利用Ni2+螯合树脂亲和色谱柱(Cat 17531901, Cytiva公司) 进行蛋白纯化, 首先用20 mmol·L-1 KPB缓冲液(pH 7.9, 含500 mmol·L-1 NaCl、40 mmol·L-1咪唑) 洗脱除去杂蛋白, 再用15 mmol·L-1 KPB缓冲液(pH 7.8, 含500 mmol·L-1咪唑) 洗脱CtDFR蛋白。通过超滤管(30 kDa, Millipore公司) 离心浓缩蛋白并脱盐, 将蛋白保存于20 mmol·L-1 KPB缓冲液(pH 8.0, 含1 mmol·L-1 EDTA) 中, 置于-80 ℃冰箱长期保存备用。
CtDFR酶活性分析   酶活性分析方法参考Liu等[20]的方法并稍作改变, 酶反应体系为: 100 mmol·L-1 Tris-HCl (pH 7.0) 370 μL、20 mmol·L-1 NADPH 50 μL、CtDFR重组蛋白70 μL、底物10 μL, 分别为DHK、DHQ、DHM (10 mg·mL-1), 于30 ℃水浴锅反应30 min后加入500 μL正丁醇∶盐酸(95∶5, v/v), 于95 ℃金属浴反应1 h后取正丁醇层, 氮气流吹干后以100 μL甲醇溶解。利用HPLC仪(日本岛津公司) 检测产物, 条件为PAK C18柱(4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 μm), 柱温30 ℃, 上样量为10 μL, 以0.1%甲酸水(A) 和乙腈(B) 作为流动相, 洗脱梯度为: 0 min, 10% B; 5 min, 10% B; 7.5 min, 20% B; 20 min, 60% B; 23 min, 90% B; 26 min, 90% B; 27 min, 10% B; 30 min, 10% B, 流速为1 mL·min-1, 在530 nm波长处检测。
利用UPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap MS (美国Thermo Fisher公司) 进一步检测产物, 液相条件为Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH Sheild RP18色谱柱(3.0 mm × 100 mm, 1.7 μm), 柱温40 ℃, 标准品上样量为4 μL, 酶反应产物上样量为7 μL, 以0.1%甲酸水(A) 和乙腈(B) 作为流动相, 洗脱梯度为: 0 min, 10% B; 5 min, 10% B; 7.5 min, 20% B; 20 min, 60% B; 24 min, 100% B; 29 min, 100% B; 30 min, 10% B; 35 min, 10% B, 流速为0.3 mL·min-1。质谱条件为电喷雾离子源, 以氮气为载气, 鞘气压力3.5 MPa, 辅助气压力1.0 MPa, 喷雾压力3 500 V, 毛细管温度350 ℃, 辅助气加热温度200 ℃, 正负离子模式, 扫描离子范围m/z为100~1 500, Full MS分辨率为35 000, dd-MS2分辨率为17 500, (N)CE/stepped nce设置为35, 60。
亚细胞定位   亚细胞定位的方法参考Shi等[21]的方法并稍作改变, 根据CtDFR序列设计带有酶切位点Kpn I、BamH I的引物, PCR扩增相应目的片段, 利用内切酶Kpn I、BamH I酶切pCAMBIA1300-35S-GFP质粒, 利用无缝克隆试剂盒(Cat C115-01, 诺唯赞公司) 连接目的片段与载体, 转入大肠杆菌DH5α感受态细胞, 挑选单克隆菌株测序, 测序正确后提取质粒。将pCAMBIA1300-35S-GFP-CtDFR、pCAMBIA1300-35S-GFP质粒分别转化拟南芥原生质体, 弱光下培养8~10 h, 在激光共聚焦显微镜(FV1200, 日本Olympus公司) 下观察pCAMBIA1300-35S-GFP-CtDFR的亚细胞定位。
统计学分析   实验数据以均数±标准差(x ± s) 表示, 采用GraphPad Prism 8进行统计学分析, 两组间比较采用t检验, P < 0.05时认为差异有统计学意义。
通过分析管花肉苁蓉花转录组数据筛选出8条注释为“dihydroflavonol 4-reductase”的序列, 通过NCBI的BLAST比对发现仅有一条序列具有DFR基因的全长。以管花肉苁蓉花cDNA为模板, PCR扩增得到约1 300 bp片段(图 2)。将PCR产物胶回收后连接至pCE2 TA/Blunt-Zero载体, 测序结果与转录组分析相符, 将该基因命名为CtDFR, 序列长度为1 263 bp, 编码420个氨基酸。
采用在线软件ProtParam分析CtDFR编码蛋白的理化性质: CtDFR编码420个氨基酸, 分子式为C2102H3280N562O644S23, 相对分子质量为47 465.93; 理论等电点为5.35; 不稳定系数II为34.55, 属于稳定蛋白; 总平均亲水性(GRAVY) 为-0.467, 属于亲水蛋白。进一步运用Prot Scale在线工具分析蛋白亲水性/疏水性, 分析结果显示CtDFR亲水性/疏水性最大值为2.411 (197), 最小值为-3.000 (344), CtDFR基因编码的氨基酸肽链中亲水性氨基酸残基数量多于疏水性氨基酸残基, 属于亲水性蛋白。采用在线软件TMHMM预测蛋白的跨膜结构, CtDFR包含两个跨膜结构域。
利用在线工具SOPMA预测蛋白二级结构, 结果显示, CtDFR蛋白的二级结构包含37.14%的α-螺旋、43.33%的随机卷曲、13.33%的延伸链和6.19%的β-折叠(图 3A), 说明α-螺旋是CtDFR蛋白的大量二级结构元件, 随机卷曲也在蛋白中占较大比例, 延伸链和β-折叠散布于整个蛋白。通过在线分析软件SWISS-MODEL预测蛋白三级结构, 以葡萄DFR的晶体结构为模板, 预测CtDFR蛋白三维结构, 结果如图 3B所示, 管花肉苁蓉CtDFR与葡萄DFR一致性为70.73%。
运用软件DNAMAN将CtDFR与其他物种DFR氨基酸序列进行同源性比对, 结果如图 4A所示, CtDFR氨基酸序列与沟酸浆(Erythranthe lewisii, AHJ80979.1)、独脚金(Striga asiatica, GER27969.1)、石猴花(Diplacus aurantiacus, ACA04005.1)、紫苏(Perilla frutescens, BAA19658.1)、丹参(Salvia miltiorrhiza, AWX67418.1)、拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana, NP_199094.1) 中DFR的氨基酸序列相似度较高, 依次为67.08%、66.88%、65.21%、62.50%、61.67%、47.50%, 多序列比对表明, CtDFR与其他物种的DFR蛋白都具有高度保守的NADPH结合位点(VTGASGFIGSGSWIVMRLLERGY) 和底物特异性结合域(TLDVEEHQKPVYVETDWSEIDFIYSK), 其中140位氨基酸(Asp) 和151位氨基酸(Glu) 为底物特异性结合位点, 根据140位氨基酸的类型, CtDFR被分类为天门冬氨酸型DFR。
为进一步了解管花肉苁蓉CtDFR在植物DFR家族中的进化位置, 将CtDFR基因的核苷酸序列、CtDFR蛋白的氨基酸序列与其他植物的DFR核苷酸序列和氨基酸序列利用MEGA-X软件构建系统进化树, 结果如图 4BC所示, 管花肉苁蓉CtDFR与SmDFR、PfDFR亲缘关系较接近。
利用实时荧光定量PCR检测CtDFR在白、紫、红的管花肉苁蓉花中的表达量(图 5), 结果表明, CtDFR在紫色花中表达量最高, 红色花中次之, 在白色花中表达量最低。相比白色花, 紫色花中CtDFR表达量是其19.37倍, 红色花中CtDFR表达量是其4.04倍, 这些结果表明CtDFR表达量变化可能是造成管花肉苁蓉产生不同颜色的花的重要因素。
将pET-28a-CtDFR质粒转入大肠杆菌表达菌株BL21 (DE3), 通过IPTG低温诱导表达蛋白, 利用Ni2+与组氨酸(His) 的亲和力使用镍离子亲和色谱柱纯化蛋白, 纯化蛋白经10% SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳检测, 结果如图 6A所示, CtDFR蛋白条带出现在40~55 kDa区域, 与CtDFR蛋白47.5 kDa分子质量相符。
DFR能将DHK、DHQ、DHM还原成相应的无色花青素, 但无色花青素在溶液中不稳定, 因此在正丁醇∶盐酸(95∶5) 中转化为有颜色的花青素进一步检测[22]。为了鉴定CtDFR的活性, 以DHK、DHQ、DHM为底物进行酶活性分析, 结果表明, CtDFR催化3种二氢黄酮醇反应的产物经过转化显示出不同的颜色(图 6B)。进一步通过HPLC检测, 结果表明, 经过正丁醇/盐酸转化后, CtDFR催化DHK的产物与天竺葵素标准品保留时间相近(图 6C); CtDFR催化DHQ的产物与矢车菊素标准品保留时间相近(图 6D); CtDFR催化DHM的产物与飞燕草素标准品保留时间相近(图 6E)。初步表明, CtDFR能催化DHK、DHQ、DHM生成无色天竺葵素、无色矢车菊素、无色飞燕草素并在酸醇中转化为天竺葵素、矢车菊素、飞燕草素。
利用UPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap MS进一步检测CtDFR催化3种二氢黄酮醇并经过转化的产物, CtDFR催化DHK的产物分子离子峰为m/z 271.059 20 (计算值为271.060 10, 预测分子式为C15H11O5); CtDFR催化DHQ的产物分子离子峰为m/z 287.054 41 (计算值为287.055 01, 预测分子式为C15H11O6); CtDFR催化DHM的产物分子离子峰为m/z 303.049 07 (计算值为303.049 93, 预测分子式为C15H11O7)。同时, 利用UPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap MS检测天竺葵素、矢车菊素和飞燕草素标准品, 分子离子峰分别为m/z 271.059 51、287.053 80、303.048 61, 与相应的以DHK、DHQ、DHM为底物的酶反应产物分子离子峰m/z相比差值均小于5 ppm。对比MS2图谱, CtDFR催化DHK反应转化后的产物与天竺葵素标准品的MS2图谱高度相似, 均有m/z 271、121特征碎片峰(图 6F); CtDFR催化DHQ反应转化后的产物与矢车菊素标准品的MS2图谱高度相似, 均有m/z 287、213、137特征碎片峰(图 6G); CtDFR催化DHM反应转化后的产物与飞燕草素标准品的MS2图谱高度相似, 均有m/z 303、257、229特征碎片峰(图 6H), 与文献[23]报道一致, 表明CtDFR具有DFR活性, 能催化DHK、DHQ、DHM还原为无色天竺葵素、无色矢车菊素、无色飞燕草素。
为研究CtDFR的作用位置, 对其进行亚细胞定位分析(图 7)。利用pCAMBIA1300-35S-GFP载体的绿色荧光标签观察CtDFR的亚细胞定位, 结果表明, pCAMBIA1300-35S-GFP-CtDFR融合蛋白主要分布于细胞质, 而作为对照的pCAMBIA1300-35S-GFP分布于细胞质和细胞核中, 说明CtDFR主要定位于植物细胞的细胞质中。
DFR是花色素苷生物合成途径的关键酶, 近年来的研究表明, DFR与许多植物的花的颜色密切相关, 如翠雀[24]、马樱杜鹃[25]、大豆[26]的花色都受DFR的调控。管花肉苁蓉花也具有不同花色, 主要有白、红、紫3种花色, 但尚未见其花色调控机制的报道, 本研究通过管花肉苁蓉花转录组数据分析利用RT-PCR首次从管花肉苁蓉花中克隆出一条CtDFR的全长cDNA序列。与其他物种的DFR相似, CtDFR含有保守NADPH结合位点和底物特异性结合域, 并与SmDFR、PfDFR氨基酸序列相似度较高并有较近的亲缘关系, 这为进一步研究CtDFR的生物学功能奠定了基础。DFR催化二氢黄酮醇反应生成无色花青素, 决定了花色素苷的种类, 但黄酮醇合酶(flavonol synthase, FLS) 与DFR竞争底物二氢黄酮醇, FLS催化二氢黄酮醇反应生成黄酮醇, 促使植物花色显现为白色[27]。因此, 高表达的DFR有利于植物产生更高含量的花色素苷从而产生红色至蓝紫色的花, 如飞燕草中花色素苷积累量高的暗蓝色花变种、橘色花变种和红色花变种中的DFR基因表达水平高于花色素苷积累量低的淡蓝色花变种和淡粉色花变种[24]。本研究中, CtDFR基因在紫色花中表达量最高, 其次是红色花, 在白色花中表达量最低, 颜色越深的花的CtDFR基因表达量越高, CtDFR基因表达量与管花肉苁蓉的花色形成密切相关。
DFR是一种NADPH依赖性氧化还原酶, 含有1个NADPH保守结构域和1个底物特异性结合域, 研究表明[28], 矮牵牛和非洲菊中的DFR底物特异性结合域由132~157位的26个氨基酸组成, Asn134与Glu145是关键位点, 而葡萄中的DFR由131~156位的26个氨基酸组成底物特异性结合域, 第133位氨基酸为关键位点, 由Asn突变为Asp后活性降低, 但仍能催化DHK和DHQ生成相应的无色花青素[22]。本研究中, CtDFR具有NADPH保守结构域(VTGASGFIGSGSWIVMRLLERGY) 和138~163位氨基酸组成的底物特异性结合域(TLDVEEHQKPVYVETDWSEIDFIYSK), 对应非洲菊Asn134和Glu145的是Asp140和Glu151, 分类为天门冬氨酸型DFR, 与矮牵牛PhDFR一致。通过大肠杆菌原核表达获得CtDFR蛋白并检测其是否对3种二氢黄酮醇DHK、DHQ、DHM具有催化作用, 结果表明CtDFR蛋白能催化DHK、DHQ、DHM生成相应的无色天竺葵素、无色矢车菊素、无色飞燕草素, 并在酸醇中进一步反应生成天竺葵素、矢车菊素、飞燕草素。不同于矮牵牛PhDFR无法催化DHK导致的花色差异, 管花肉苁蓉CtDFR能催化3种二氢黄酮醇, 其花色差异可能是CtDFR基因表达量差异导致花色素苷含量不同造成的。
不同物种DFR的细胞定位不同, 红花(Carthamus tinctorius) 中DFR蛋白CtCYP45082C1定位于细胞膜[29], 紫萼(Hosta ventricosa) HvDFR[30]和金花茶(Camellia nitidissima) CnDFR[31]定位于细胞核和细胞膜, 茄子(Solanum melongena) SmDFR定位于细胞质和细胞核, 石蒜(Lycoris radiata) LrDFR定位于细胞膜、细胞质、细胞核[32]。本研究通过带有绿色荧光标签的pCAMBIA1300-35S-GFP质粒进行亚细胞定位实验, 结果表明, CtDFR主要定位在细胞质中, 与花色素苷首先在细胞质中合成, 之后转运至植物细胞的液泡中发挥功能相符[33]
以前的研究结果表明, 药用植物花色可能与其体内的药效成分含量相关, 如傣药肾茶的基原植物中紫花肾茶的迷迭香酸和咖啡酸平均值含量均高于白花肾茶[34]; 丹参基原植物中紫花丹参的隐丹参酮和丹参酮IIA含量高于白花丹参, 但白花丹参的丹酚酸B含量高于紫花丹参[35]。因此, 肉苁蓉花色也很可能与药效成分含量密切相关, 但尚未见管花肉苁蓉中关于花色和肉苁蓉药效成分含量相关的报道。本研究初步探索了CtDFR与管花肉苁蓉花色的关系, 发现CtDFR蛋白对DHK、DHQ、DHM均有催化作用, CtDFR基因在红、紫色花中高表达, 在白色花中低表达, CtDFR表达差异导致花青素含量差异可能是管花肉苁蓉花色丰富的因素之一, 丰富了管花肉苁蓉花色调控机制, 有利于其花色形成机制的进一步研究, 为管花肉苁蓉形成丰富花色、扩大应用范围提供科学支撑, 也为肉苁蓉花色和药效成分的相关研究奠定基础。
作者贡献: 邱海玲负责CtDFR基因克隆、生物信息学分析、表达分析、酶活性分析及论文初稿撰写; 高博闻负责CtDFR亚细胞定位分析; 王方明、米芯雨参与CtDFR生物信息学分析; 张泽坤、杜宇负责RNA的提取; 史社坡主要指导CtDFR的体外酶反应分析; 屠鹏飞、王晓晖负责论文思路设计、指导实验及论文撰写与修改。所有作者参与论文修改。
利益冲突: 无相关利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81773832)
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1008
  • 接收时间:2022-08-23
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-04-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-08-23
  • 修回日期:2022-09-21
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(81773832)
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    1.北京中医药大学中药学院, 北京 102488
    2.北京中医药大学中药学院中药现代研究中心, 北京 100029
    3.北京大学药学院, 天然药物及仿生药物国家重点实验室, 北京 100191
    4.包头医学院, 内蒙古 包头 014060

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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