Article(id=1198624410115605383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624396437975057, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0936, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1659196800000, receivedDateStr=2022-07-31, revisedDate=1662393600000, revisedDateStr=2022-09-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763703928736, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1678550400000, pubDateStr=2023-03-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763703928736, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763703928736, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763703928736, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198624396437975057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='804', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763703925474, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763704091914, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198625094596657875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624396437975057, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198625094596657876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624396437975057, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=789, endPage=799, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198624410438566828, articleId=1198624410115605383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=The UGT74L2 of Andrographis paniculata catalyzes phloretin to produce trilobatin and its enzymatic study, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The last essential enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of trilobatin, phloretin-4'-O glycosyltransferase (P4'-OGT), catalyzes the conversion of trilobatin to phloretin in vitro. However, only a few P4'-OGTs have been found in plants. This study used Malus domestica phloretin-4'-O glycosyltransferase (MdPh-4'-OGT) as a query to identify and clone two UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) genes, designated UGT74L2 and UGT74L3, from the transcriptome of Andrographis paniculata. According to a phylogenetic tree analysis, UGT74L2 and UGT74L3 belonged to the UGT74 family, which has been linked to several activities in other species. The in vitro enzymatic reaction demonstrated that UGT74L2 could particularly catalyze the formation of trilobatin from phloretin, but UGT74L3 had no effects. By using Ni-NTA affinity chromatography to extract the soluble UGT74L2 recombinant protein, the enzymatic kinetics of the activity was investigated using phloretin as the substrate. The results showed that the optimal temperature and pH for UGT74L2 enzymatic reaction were 40 ℃ and 8.0 (Tris-HCl system), respectively. Three metal ions (Ca2+, Mn2+ and Co2+) showed inhibitory effect on the activity of UGT74L2, while Mg2+ could improve the activity of UGT74L2. Other tested metal ions have no significant effect on UGT74L2. The results of enzymatic kinetic parameters that the Km value was 29.84 μmol·L-1, the kcat was 0.02 s-1, and the kcat·Km-1 was 572.6 mol-1·s-1. By homology modeling, molecular docking and mutation experiments, we found that multiple amino acids residues around the substrate binding pocket play quite an important role during catalytic process, In summary, we identified a novel P4'-OGT gene from medicinal plant Andrographis paniculata and provided a new efficient catalyst to synthesize trilobatin. Meanwhile, this study provides a reference for mining new efficient glycosylation modules from plants.

, correspAuthors=Jin-fu TANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shu-fu SUN, Yu-ping TAN, Yin-yin JIANG, Ke-ke ZHANG, Jian YANG, Liang-ping ZHA, Jin-fu TANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198624412313419887, articleId=1198624410115605383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=催化根皮素生成三叶苷的来源于穿心莲的糖基转移酶UGT74L2及其酶学研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

根皮素-4'-O糖基转移酶(P4'-OGT) 是三叶苷生物合成途径中最后一步关键酶, 可在体外催化根皮素生成三叶苷, 但目前仅有少数P4'-OGT被鉴定。本研究利用已报道的苹果中P4'-OGT (MdPh-4'-OGT) 序列对穿心莲转录组进行筛选, 获得两条同源基因UGT74L2UGT74L3。系统发育树分析表明, UGT74L2UGT74L3与其他物种中已鉴定功能的UGT74家族聚为一类。体外酶促反应显示, UGT74L2可特异性催化根皮素生成三叶苷, 而UGT74L3无产物产生。通过Ni-NTA亲和色谱纯化获得可溶性UGT74L2重组蛋白, 以根皮素为底物进行酶促动力学研究。研究结果表明, UGT74L2酶促反应最适温度为40 ℃, 最适pH值为8.0 (Tris-HCl体系)。Ca2+、Mn2+、Co2+对UGT74L2的活性有一定的抑制作用, 而Mg2+可提高UGT74L2的活性, 其他金属离子对UGT74L2活性无明显影响。酶促动力学参数测定结果显示, Km值为29.84 μmol·L-1, kcat值为0.02 s-1, kcat·Km-1值为572.6 mol-1·s-1。同源建模、分子对接结合突变实验结果显示, 底物结合口袋中的多个氨基酸与其催化活性密切相关。本研究从穿心莲中鉴定了一条新的P4'-OGT, 可为活性天然产物三叶苷的生物合成提供糖基化元件, 也可为其他植物糖基转移酶的功能挖掘提供参考。

, correspAuthors=唐金富, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*唐金富, Tel: 86-10-64087469, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《药学学报》编辑部2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=G+cBkTtEqWZbblgkFrqMfg==, magXml=pWI5tpBt4j5NjsD2pSVDxg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=5vod8A0xoVvP9eRyCJZMDg==, pdfFileSize=2717898, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=iGY37U14WFeebTx1qvwN2w==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=l3qEjt3foeAft5UCam6Aqw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=孙术富, 谭宇萍, 姜银银, 张苛苛, 杨健, 查良平, 唐金富)}, authors=[Author(id=1198702055503266494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624410115605383, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1198702055692010189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624410115605383, authorId=1198702055503266494, language=EN, stringName=Shu-fu SUN, firstName=Shu-fu, middleName=null, lastName=SUN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1. School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
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M: DNA marker; 1: <i>UGT74L2</i> gene; 2: <i>UGT74L3</i> gene. B: Predicted secondary structure of UGT74L2 protein. C: Predicted secondary structure of UGT74L3 protein. Blue: <i>α</i>-Helices; Red: Extended strand; Green: <i>β</i>-Turn; Orange: Random coil. 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M: Marker, 1: 50 mmol·L<sup>-1</sup> Imidazole eluent; 2: 200 mmol·L<sup>-1</sup> Imidazole eluent; 3: 500 mmol·L<sup>-1</sup> Imidazole eluent; 4: UGT74L2 concentrated sample; 5: UGT74L2 desalted sample; 6: UGT74L2 desalted and diluted the sample 10 times; 7: The crude enzyme of UGT74L2; 8: UGT74L2 wear fluid flow; ◄: The target band of UGT74L2 protein after purification. IPTG: Isopropyl-<i>β</i>-<i>D</i>-thiogalactopyranoside , figureFileSmall=Q0qrkx884I49wq+/liNmQw==, figureFileBig=76n9dnDH5caP4AW/e5NSMA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702063656993088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624410115605383, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=La0yv0mxwMOVGESiadjQTg==, figureFileBig=3rgl2sEo+gMwLQhDTlQr1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702063833153872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624410115605383, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= A: Ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) analysis of enzymatic products of the UGT74L2 and UGT74L3. B: Q-time-of-flight mass spectrometer (Q-TOF-MS) analysis of enzymatic products of the UGT74L2. C: Q-time-of-flight mass spectrometer analysis of trilobatin standard , figureFileSmall=La0yv0mxwMOVGESiadjQTg==, figureFileBig=3rgl2sEo+gMwLQhDTlQr1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702063938011484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624410115605383, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=P1fcyJw0aWfcSbMnj/hY3g==, figureFileBig=ejnhWeCSmAtpjB86FQSkdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702064160309608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624410115605383, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Enzyme activity parameters of UGT74L2. A-D: Effect of time (A), temperature (B), pH (C), and metal ions (D) on UGT74L2 enzyme activity for phloretin; E: Kinetic parameters of recombinant UGT74L2 enzyme. <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i>, <i>n</i> = 3 , figureFileSmall=P1fcyJw0aWfcSbMnj/hY3g==, figureFileBig=ejnhWeCSmAtpjB86FQSkdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702064340664697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624410115605383, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=U4fGfrd/FZZYqaDJEjJc+Q==, figureFileBig=e4qfa7hzBG1H4j/4teRttw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702064521019780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624410115605383, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= A: Homology modeling and molecular docking diagram. B: The key residues that make up the active pocket. Green: Phloretin; Blue: Amino acid residue. C: The mutation results , figureFileSmall=U4fGfrd/FZZYqaDJEjJc+Q==, figureFileBig=e4qfa7hzBG1H4j/4teRttw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702064697180559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624410115605383, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer Primer sequence (5'→3')
Amplification
74L2MSC-F AGGGGCCCGAATTCATGGATCCCAATGTCGAAGACC
74L2MSC-R GCGGCCGCAAGCTTGTTACTTTGCTTCATTTTTCTCT
74L3MSC-F AGGGGCCCGAATTCGGATCCATGGATTCCGATGAAGACTG
74L3MSC-R GCGGCCGCAAGCTTGTCGACTCATCCTCTAACATTACTTTTTTCCAAC
Mutation
74L2M1F GCCTACTTCTGCCCTACCCAAACGCGGCGACATCAATCCTA
74L2M1R CGCCGCGTTTGGGTAGGGCAGAAGTAGGCAGTGAGGCGTGC
74L2M2F CTACCCAAACCAAGGTCACATCGCGCCTATCCTCCA
74L2M2R CGCGATGTGACCTTGGTTTGGGTAGGGCAGAAGTAG
74L2M3F GACAAAAGGTTGCAAGATGATGAAGCGGCGGGTCTAAGCCTCT
74L2M3R CGCCGCTTCATCATCTTGCAACCTTTTGTCTAAGCACATCG
74L2M4F GATGATGAAGATTATGGTCTAGCGCTCTTTGAACC
74L2M4R CGCTAGACCATAATCTTCATCATCTTGCAACCTT
74L2M5F ATCGGTCATCTACATTTCTTTCGCGGCGTTAGTTCAATTAAC
74L2M5R ATCGGTCATCTACATTTCTTTCGCGGCGTTAGTTCAATTAAC
74L2M6F GTCATCTACATTTCTTTCGGAGCGTTAGTTCAATTAAC
74L2M6R CGCTCCGAAAGAAATGTAGATGACCGATTTAGATTC
74L2M7F CGGAAAATGGATTGATCGTGTCAGCGGCGCCACAACTAAAAG
74L2M7R CGCCGCTGACACGATCAATCCATTTTCCGGTGGAAAGTTATTTG
74L2M8F GGATTGATCGTGTCATGGGGCGCGGCGCTAAAAGTATTAG
74L2M8R CGCCGCGCCCCATGACACGATCAATCCATTTTCCGGTGGA
74L2M9F GATCGTGTCATGGGGCCCACAAGCGGCGGTATTAGGACACG
74L2M9R CGCCGCTTGTGGGCCCCATGACACGATCAATCCATTTTCCG
74L2M10F GTTTCATTACACACTGTGGATGGGCGTCGACGCTTGAG
74L2M10R CGCCCATCCACAGTGTGTAATGAAACATCCGATTGC
), ArticleFig(id=1198702064860758432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624410115605383, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

The primer sequences used in the study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer Primer sequence (5'→3')
Amplification
74L2MSC-F AGGGGCCCGAATTCATGGATCCCAATGTCGAAGACC
74L2MSC-R GCGGCCGCAAGCTTGTTACTTTGCTTCATTTTTCTCT
74L3MSC-F AGGGGCCCGAATTCGGATCCATGGATTCCGATGAAGACTG
74L3MSC-R GCGGCCGCAAGCTTGTCGACTCATCCTCTAACATTACTTTTTTCCAAC
Mutation
74L2M1F GCCTACTTCTGCCCTACCCAAACGCGGCGACATCAATCCTA
74L2M1R CGCCGCGTTTGGGTAGGGCAGAAGTAGGCAGTGAGGCGTGC
74L2M2F CTACCCAAACCAAGGTCACATCGCGCCTATCCTCCA
74L2M2R CGCGATGTGACCTTGGTTTGGGTAGGGCAGAAGTAG
74L2M3F GACAAAAGGTTGCAAGATGATGAAGCGGCGGGTCTAAGCCTCT
74L2M3R CGCCGCTTCATCATCTTGCAACCTTTTGTCTAAGCACATCG
74L2M4F GATGATGAAGATTATGGTCTAGCGCTCTTTGAACC
74L2M4R CGCTAGACCATAATCTTCATCATCTTGCAACCTT
74L2M5F ATCGGTCATCTACATTTCTTTCGCGGCGTTAGTTCAATTAAC
74L2M5R ATCGGTCATCTACATTTCTTTCGCGGCGTTAGTTCAATTAAC
74L2M6F GTCATCTACATTTCTTTCGGAGCGTTAGTTCAATTAAC
74L2M6R CGCTCCGAAAGAAATGTAGATGACCGATTTAGATTC
74L2M7F CGGAAAATGGATTGATCGTGTCAGCGGCGCCACAACTAAAAG
74L2M7R CGCCGCTGACACGATCAATCCATTTTCCGGTGGAAAGTTATTTG
74L2M8F GGATTGATCGTGTCATGGGGCGCGGCGCTAAAAGTATTAG
74L2M8R CGCCGCGCCCCATGACACGATCAATCCATTTTCCGGTGGA
74L2M9F GATCGTGTCATGGGGCCCACAAGCGGCGGTATTAGGACACG
74L2M9R CGCCGCTTGTGGGCCCCATGACACGATCAATCCATTTTCCG
74L2M10F GTTTCATTACACACTGTGGATGGGCGTCGACGCTTGAG
74L2M10R CGCCCATCCACAGTGTGTAATGAAACATCCGATTGC
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催化根皮素生成三叶苷的来源于穿心莲的糖基转移酶UGT74L2及其酶学研究
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孙术富 1, 2 , 谭宇萍 2 , 姜银银 2 , 张苛苛 2 , 杨健 2 , 查良平 1 , 唐金富 2, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(3): 789-799
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2023, 58(3): 789-799
催化根皮素生成三叶苷的来源于穿心莲的糖基转移酶UGT74L2及其酶学研究
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孙术富1, 2, 谭宇萍2, 姜银银2, 张苛苛2, 杨健2, 查良平1, 唐金富2, *
作者信息
  • 1.安徽中医药大学药学院, 安徽 合肥 230012
  • 2.中国中医科学院中药资源中心, 道地药材国家重点实验室培育基地, 北京 100700

通讯作者:

*唐金富, Tel: 86-10-64087469, E-mail:
The UGT74L2 of Andrographis paniculata catalyzes phloretin to produce trilobatin and its enzymatic study
Shu-fu SUN1, 2, Yu-ping TAN2, Yin-yin JIANG2, Ke-ke ZHANG2, Jian YANG2, Liang-ping ZHA1, Jin-fu TANG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
  • 2. State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
出版时间: 2023-03-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0936
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根皮素-4'-O糖基转移酶(P4'-OGT) 是三叶苷生物合成途径中最后一步关键酶, 可在体外催化根皮素生成三叶苷, 但目前仅有少数P4'-OGT被鉴定。本研究利用已报道的苹果中P4'-OGT (MdPh-4'-OGT) 序列对穿心莲转录组进行筛选, 获得两条同源基因UGT74L2UGT74L3。系统发育树分析表明, UGT74L2UGT74L3与其他物种中已鉴定功能的UGT74家族聚为一类。体外酶促反应显示, UGT74L2可特异性催化根皮素生成三叶苷, 而UGT74L3无产物产生。通过Ni-NTA亲和色谱纯化获得可溶性UGT74L2重组蛋白, 以根皮素为底物进行酶促动力学研究。研究结果表明, UGT74L2酶促反应最适温度为40 ℃, 最适pH值为8.0 (Tris-HCl体系)。Ca2+、Mn2+、Co2+对UGT74L2的活性有一定的抑制作用, 而Mg2+可提高UGT74L2的活性, 其他金属离子对UGT74L2活性无明显影响。酶促动力学参数测定结果显示, Km值为29.84 μmol·L-1, kcat值为0.02 s-1, kcat·Km-1值为572.6 mol-1·s-1。同源建模、分子对接结合突变实验结果显示, 底物结合口袋中的多个氨基酸与其催化活性密切相关。本研究从穿心莲中鉴定了一条新的P4'-OGT, 可为活性天然产物三叶苷的生物合成提供糖基化元件, 也可为其他植物糖基转移酶的功能挖掘提供参考。

穿心莲  /  三叶苷  /  糖基转移酶  /  酶促反应动力学  /  分子对接模拟

The last essential enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of trilobatin, phloretin-4'-O glycosyltransferase (P4'-OGT), catalyzes the conversion of trilobatin to phloretin in vitro. However, only a few P4'-OGTs have been found in plants. This study used Malus domestica phloretin-4'-O glycosyltransferase (MdPh-4'-OGT) as a query to identify and clone two UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) genes, designated UGT74L2 and UGT74L3, from the transcriptome of Andrographis paniculata. According to a phylogenetic tree analysis, UGT74L2 and UGT74L3 belonged to the UGT74 family, which has been linked to several activities in other species. The in vitro enzymatic reaction demonstrated that UGT74L2 could particularly catalyze the formation of trilobatin from phloretin, but UGT74L3 had no effects. By using Ni-NTA affinity chromatography to extract the soluble UGT74L2 recombinant protein, the enzymatic kinetics of the activity was investigated using phloretin as the substrate. The results showed that the optimal temperature and pH for UGT74L2 enzymatic reaction were 40 ℃ and 8.0 (Tris-HCl system), respectively. Three metal ions (Ca2+, Mn2+ and Co2+) showed inhibitory effect on the activity of UGT74L2, while Mg2+ could improve the activity of UGT74L2. Other tested metal ions have no significant effect on UGT74L2. The results of enzymatic kinetic parameters that the Km value was 29.84 μmol·L-1, the kcat was 0.02 s-1, and the kcat·Km-1 was 572.6 mol-1·s-1. By homology modeling, molecular docking and mutation experiments, we found that multiple amino acids residues around the substrate binding pocket play quite an important role during catalytic process, In summary, we identified a novel P4'-OGT gene from medicinal plant Andrographis paniculata and provided a new efficient catalyst to synthesize trilobatin. Meanwhile, this study provides a reference for mining new efficient glycosylation modules from plants.

Andrographis paniculata  /  trilobatin  /  glycosyltransferase  /  enzyme kinetics  /  molecular docking simulation
孙术富, 谭宇萍, 姜银银, 张苛苛, 杨健, 查良平, 唐金富. 催化根皮素生成三叶苷的来源于穿心莲的糖基转移酶UGT74L2及其酶学研究. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (3) : 789 -799 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0936
Shu-fu SUN, Yu-ping TAN, Yin-yin JIANG, Ke-ke ZHANG, Jian YANG, Liang-ping ZHA, Jin-fu TANG. The UGT74L2 of Andrographis paniculata catalyzes phloretin to produce trilobatin and its enzymatic study[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (3) : 789 -799 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0936
黄酮类化合物是广泛存在于植物中的一大类次级代谢产物[1], 而二氢查尔酮是一种天然存在于植物中的“少数黄酮类”[2], 迄今为止, 从植物(尤其是中草药)中分离出的二氢查尔酮不到100种[3, 4]。三叶苷是一种二氢查耳酮4'-O-葡萄糖苷[5], 最早于1981年发现于北美海棠(Malus spp. cv. Adams) 中, 1982年在中国木姜叶柯中被发现[6, 7], 是一种天然甜味剂[8], 其甜度是蔗糖的300倍左右, 热量比糖低得多[9], 三叶苷不仅被用作天然甜味剂, 而且还具有多种药理活性, 包括抗氧化[10, 11]、抗糖尿病[12]、抗炎[13]等。
目前, 三叶苷的生物合成途径已被阐明, 其归属于苯丙烷途径的一个分支, 三叶苷生物合成中的第一步可由双键还原酶(double bond reductase) 催化, 该酶将对羟基香豆酰辅酶A转化为对二氢香豆酰辅酶A[14-16], 接着通过查尔酮合酶(chalcone synthase) 对二氢香豆酰辅酶A和3个丙二酰辅酶A脱羧缩合和环合, 生成根皮素[15, 17], 最后一步需UDP-糖基转移酶在查尔酮A环的4'位置加一分子葡萄糖。已知来自苹果的糖基转移酶MdPh-4'-OGT可在体外催化根皮素的4'位糖基化[18], 但目前从植物中报道的根皮素-4'-O糖基转移酶(P4'-OGT) 只有苹果中的一条, 因此从自然界中或植物体内获得更加高效的P4'-OGT是实现合成生物学生产三叶苷非常重要的一环。
穿心莲作为国内外常用的药用植物, 其主要化学成分为二萜内酯类和黄酮类[19], 已从穿心莲中分离得到的化合物约120多种, 其中黄酮类约占40种, 主要在其根中积累, 基本结构类型主要包括黄酮类(A型)、二氢黄酮类(黄烷酮类, B型)、双苯吡酮类(xanthone, C型)、查尔酮类(D型)[20-22], 目前尚未有研究报道穿心莲中含有二氢查耳酮类化合物。
本研究利用苹果MdPh-4'-OGT序列对穿心莲转录组进行筛选, 克隆得到两条同源基因UGT74L2UGT74L3。提取穿心莲RNA反转录合成cDNA作为模板, 利用聚合酶链式反应(PCR) 并测序获得了两条基因的全长编码序列, 对其编码的蛋白序列进行生物信息分析, 并通过异源表达和体外酶促反应对UGT74L2催化根皮素的活性进行鉴定, 考察了重组UGT74L2蛋白的最佳反应条件并测定了酶动力学参数。进一步通过同源建模、分子对接及点突变实验, 获得了影响酶催化活性的关键氨基酸残基, 可为探究根皮素4'-O糖基化催化机制提供参考。尽管UGT74L2在穿心莲体内的功能尚不明确, 但在体外可用于三叶苷的生物转化, 也为三叶苷的异源生物合成提供了有用的糖基化元件。
材料   穿心莲种子为实验室自留, 于2021年4月播种, 整个过程在人工气候室培养, 8月份采集根、茎、叶及花, 液氮保存, 提取RNA。
试剂   大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli, E. coli) Trans1-T1感受态细胞、EasyPure® Quick Gel Extraction Kit、DMT酶(GD111-01)、DMT感受态细胞(CD511-01) (北京全式金生物技术有限公司); E. coli Rosetta (DE3) 感受态细胞(北京康维世纪生物科技有限公司); pET28a-HIS-MBP (本实验室保存); 植物RNA快速提取试剂盒(Cat 0416-50ase, 北京华越洋生物科技有限公司); 反转录试剂盒(PrimeScript 1st Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit, TaKaRa公司); KOD-Plus-Neo高保真酶(东洋纺生物科技有限公司); Plasmid Mini Kit I (OMEGA公司); UDP-葡萄糖(UDPG)、异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG)、咪唑、琼脂粉(美国Sigma公司); 乙腈(HPLC grade, 美国Fisher Scientific公司); 根皮素标准品(纯度≥ 98%)、三叶苷标准品(纯度≥ 98%) (北京倍特仁康生物医药科技有限公司); EcoRI-HF® (R3101V)、HindIII-HF® (R3104V)、BamHI-HF® (R3136V)、SalI-HF® (R3138S) (美国NEB公司)。扩增引物由上海生工生物工程股份有限公司完成。
主要仪器   NanoDrop-1000型核酸/蛋白分析仪(中国香港基因有限公司); DYY-12型电脑三恒多用电泳仪(北京市六一仪器厂); 超高效液相ACQUITY UPLC I-Class (美国Waters公司, 包括四元高压梯度泵、真空脱气机、自动进样器、柱温箱、二极管阵列检测器、EmpowerTM 3色谱工作站); 超高效液相色谱柱ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 (2.1 mm × 50 mm, 1.7 μm)、Waters Xevo G2-S Q-TOF高分辨质谱仪(美国Waters公司)。
总RNA提取和cDNA第一链合成   按照植物RNA快速提取试剂盒的操作说明提取各组织样品RNA, 利用NanoDrop-1000检测RNA浓度, 同时利用1.2%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测RNA的质量和完整性, 使用反转录试剂盒将穿心莲总RNA反转录为第一链cDNA。
UGT基因序列全长克隆   从NCBI网站(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/) 获得二氢查耳酮4'-O-糖基转移酶基因的氨基酸序列(GenBank: AAX16493), 通过本地Blast比对穿心莲转录组数据, 筛选到两条同源性高的候选基因UGT74L2UGT74L3, 使用UniGene的序列设计引物74L2MSC-F/R和74L3MSC-F/R (表 1), 以穿心莲cDNA为模板进行PCR扩增(模板约20 ng, 50 μL体系)。反应条件: 94 ℃预变性2 min, 98 ℃变性10 s, 55 ℃退火30 s, 68 ℃延伸1 min, 34个循环后68 ℃延伸7 min。将扩增产物进行琼脂糖凝胶电泳并照相, 扩增片段约为1 500 bp, 回收扩增片段。利用EcoRI-HF/HindIII-HF和BamHI-HF/SaII-HF在37 ℃下酶切pET28a-HIS-MBP载体5 h, 并进行琼脂糖凝胶电泳。将回收的PCR产物分别与候选基因UGT74L2UGT74L3连接, 转化到Trans1-T1感受态细胞, PCR筛选阳性克隆, 并进行菌液测序(北京睿博兴科生物技术有限公司完成)。
UGT74L2和UGT74L3的生物信息学分析   利用NCBI在线查找软件ORF finder查找UGT74L2UGT74L3的开放阅读框(ORF) 并得到对应的氨基酸序列; 使用在线软件ProtParam对UGT74L2和UGT74L3蛋白的氨基酸组成、分子质量、理论等电点及稳定性参数进行分析; 通过ExPASY中的SOPMA工具分析蛋白质序列的二级结构; 通过SWISS-MODEL Workspace在线分析软件构建蛋白质三维结构模型; 使用软件TMHMM2.0进行蛋白质跨膜结构域分析; 利用DNAMAN将UGT74L2和UGT74L3与其他物种的UGT氨基酸序列进行同源性比对; 通过MEGA-X软件构建Neighbor-joining系统发育树, 进化距离的计算采用泊松模型, bootstrap重复次数1 000次。
UGT74L2UGT74L3原核表达载体的构建及异源表达   设计带有酶切位点的引物74L2MSC-F/R和74L3MSC-F/R (表 1), 扩增UGT74L2UGT74L3的CDS (coding sequence) 区。分别使用EcoRI-HF/HindIII-HF和BamHI-HF/SaII-HF双酶切pET28a-HIS-MBP表达载体, 获得线性载体。将目的片段与线性化的pET28a-HIS-MBP载体按摩尔比为3∶1混合, 使用2×Assembly Mix连接酶连接, 50 ℃反应20 min。将重组产物转入大肠杆菌Trans1-T1中, 涂布于含卡那霉素的LB固体培养基上, 于37 ℃过夜培养, 挑选阳性菌落提质粒进行测序验证。
经测序验证成功后的pET28a-HIS-MBP-UGT74L2和pET28a-HIS-MBP-UGT74L3质粒转入E. coli Rosetta (DE3) 中, 挑选阳性菌落接种至1 mL含50 μg·mL-1卡那霉素的LB培养基中, 37 ℃、200 r·min-1过夜活化。活化后的菌液按1∶50比例接种至50 mL含50 μg·mL-1卡那霉素的LB培养基中, 37 ℃下培养至A600 nm为0.4~0.6时加入终浓度为0.5 mmol·L-1的IPTG, 于16 ℃继续振荡培养16 h; 以含有pET28a-HIS-MBP空载体的E.coli Rossetta (DE3) 培养物为阴性对照。于4 ℃、3 000 ×g离心10 min, 收集菌体沉淀, 重悬于预冷纯水中, 洗2次, 每50 mL菌液离心得到的菌体加入3 mL重悬缓冲液(50 mmol·L-1 Tris-HCl、1 mmol·L-1 EDTA、1 mmol·L-1 PMSF、10%甘油, pH 7.4)。细胞破碎仪进行菌液破碎, 90 W频率下间歇5 s、破碎5 s, 共破碎5 min; 4 ℃、13 000 r·min-1离心15 min, 取90 μL上清, 加入30 μL 4×loading buffer, 100 ℃煮沸5 min作为SDS-PAGE样品, pET28a-HIS-MBP为载体对照, 以不加IPTG的pET28a-HIS-MBP-UGT74L2蛋白粗提物为阴性对照, 余上清液作为粗酶提取液, 置-80 ℃备用。
UGT74L2和UGT74L3酶活性测定   取100 μL粗蛋白进行活性检测, 反应体系如下: UGT74L2和UGT74L3粗蛋白100 μL, 40 mmol·L-1根皮素1 μL, 40 mmol·L-1 UDPG 2 μL, 30 ℃反应8 h, 反应结束后, 向其中加入2倍体积的甲醇终止反应, 振荡混匀后13 000 r·min-1离心15 min, 取上清0.22 μm滤膜过滤, 使用UPLC (ultra-performance liquid chromatography) 检测。检测条件如下: 色谱柱: ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 (2.1 mm × 50 mm, 1.7 μm); 流动相为0.1%甲酸-水(A)/乙腈(B) 梯度洗脱, 洗脱程序: 0~0.5 min, 90%~80% A; 0.5~5 min, 80%~75% A; 5~7 min, 75%~30% A; 7~7.2 min, 30%~5% A; 7.2~9.2 min, 5% A; 9.2~10 min, 5%~90% A; 10~13 min, 90% A。流速: 0.5 mL·min-1; 柱温40 ℃, 进样量2 μL, 紫外吸收波长285 nm。利用Q-TOF-MS对UGT74L2的反应样品进行定性分析, 质谱条件: Waters Xevo G2-S QTOF-MS质谱采用电喷雾离子化源(ESI), 采用负离子检测模式; 扫描范围m/z 50~1 500, 扫描时间0.2 s, 毛细管电压2 000 V, 锥孔电压40 V, 除溶剂气体氮气900 L·h-1, 除溶剂温度450 ℃, 离子源温度100 ℃。
重组蛋白纯化及酶学性质分析   利用Ni-NTA亲和色谱对重组UGT74L2进行蛋白纯化, 使用10倍柱体积无菌双蒸水和重悬缓冲液[20 mmol·L-1磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS), pH 7.4] 平衡镍柱, 将破碎离心后的上清液用0.45 μm滤膜过滤后, 上样于平衡好的Ni2+螯合树脂亲和色谱柱, 上清液全部过柱后, 使用20倍柱体积含50 mmol·L-1咪唑缓冲液(50 mmol·L-1 PBS, pH 7.4) 洗脱除去杂蛋白, 使用10倍柱体积含200 mmol·L-1咪唑缓冲液(20 mmol·L-1 PBS, pH 7.4) 洗脱目的蛋白, 目的蛋白经超滤管(30 kDa, Millipore) 离心浓缩为1 mL, 更换蛋白缓冲液(20 mmol·L-1 Na2HPO4-NaH2PO4, pH 7.4), 加入50%甘油至其终浓度为10%并保存于-80 ℃, 对纯化后的蛋白进行酶学特性分析, 反应体系: 2 mg·mL-1 UGT74L2 5 μL, 40 mmol·L-1根皮素1 μL, 40 mmol·L-1 UDPG 2 μL, 20 mmol·L-1 Na2HPO4-NaH2PO4 (pH 7.4) 缓冲液92 μL。时间选取0.5、1、2、3、4、6、8、12 h, 每个时间点3个生物学重复, 于35 ℃、20 mmol·L-1 Na2HPO4-NaH2PO4 (pH 7.4) 缓冲液中进行反应, 温度选取15、20、25、30、35、40、45、50、55 ℃, 每个温度3个生物学重复, 在20 mmol·L-1 Na2HPO4-NaH2PO4 (pH 7.4) 中反应4 h, 选取柠檬酸-柠檬酸钠(pH 4.0、5.0、6.0)、Na2HPO4-NaH2PO4 (pH 6.0、7.0、8.0)、Tris-HCl (pH 7.0、8.0、9.0)、Na2CO3-NaHCO3 (pH 8.8、9.9、10.6) 这4种缓冲液体系, 每个体系的每个pH设置3个生物学重复, 于30 ℃反应4 h。选择金属离子Fe2+、Mg2+、Al3+、Na+、Ca2+、Ni2+、Mn2+、Co2+、Li+和K+, 其中Mg2+终浓度为2 mmol·L-1, 其余金属离子终浓度为5 mmol·L-1, 在30 ℃的Tris-HCl (pH 8.0) 中反应4 h。设置根皮素不同浓度梯度, 35 ℃反应30 min后, 以根皮素的浓度为横坐标, 消耗量为纵坐标, 通过米氏方程拟合作图, 计算根皮素的KmVmaxkcatkcat·Km-1值。
同源建模、分子对接和定点突变   通过Swiss-Model对UGT74L2进行同源建模以预测其结构, 然后使用Autodock Tools软件对UGT74L2进行底物和蛋白分子对接筛选关键活性位点, 根据定点突变原理设计突变引物(表 1), 利用PCR法进行突变(25 μL体系), 质粒DNA模板2 ng、引物各5 μmol、dNTP 0.2 mmol、MgSO4 3 mmol、KOD-Plus-neo 0.5 U。PCR反应结束后, 加入0.5 U DMT酶, 37 ℃反应60 min, 加入至大肠杆菌DMT感受态细胞转化突变质粒, 随后涂板至含50 μg·mL-1卡那霉素的LB平板上, 37 ℃过夜, 挑选单克隆进行PCR验证并测序, 将测序结果正确的质粒转化大肠杆菌Rosetta (DE3) 感受态细胞中进行转化, 挑选阳性菌落接种至50 mL含50 μg·mL-1卡那霉素的LB培养基中, 37 ℃下培养至A600 nm为0.4~0.6时加入终浓度为0.5 mmol·L-1的IPTG, 于16 ℃继续振荡培养16 h; 提取粗蛋白进行酶活性验证。
统计学分析   每组实验独立重复3次, 采用Excel 2019软件进行数据处理和标准差分析, 使用GraphPad Prism 9软件绘图, 结果以平均值±标准差形式进行表示。
以穿心莲cDNA为模板进行PCR扩增, 获得2条1 500 bp左右的条带, 扩增结果如图 1A所示, 将PCR产物连接至pET28a-HIS-MBP载体上, 测序结果经Blast比对分析, 确定扩增产物为具有完整ORF框的UGT基因, 其序列长度分别为1 392 bp和1 386 bp, 分别编码463和462个氨基酸。
通过ProtParam软件预测UGT74L2和UGT74L3编码的蛋白分子式分别为C2366H3674N614O687S18和C2350H3650N636O685S19, 分子质量分别为52.29和52.38 kDa, 理论等电点分别为5.26和5.84, 不稳定系数II分别为39.62和47.89, UGT74L2属于稳定蛋白, UGT74L3属于不稳定蛋白; 总平均亲水性GRAVY分别为-0.142和-0.285, 均为亲水性蛋白。利用TMHMM2.0预测分析表明UGT74L2和UGT74L3中均不包含跨膜区域。
利用ExPASY中的SOPMA工具对UGT74L2UGT74L3基因编码蛋白的二级结构进行预测。结果显示, UGT74L2蛋白的二级结构由37.8%的α-螺旋(α-helices)、42.76%的随机卷曲(random coil)、15.33%的延伸链(extended strand) 和4.10%的β-折叠(β-turn) 组成(图 1B), 而UGT74L3蛋白的二级结构由38.1%的α-螺旋、39.39%的随机卷曲、15.8%的延伸链和6.71%的β-折叠组成(图 1C), 推测随机卷曲是其最大量的二级结构元件, 而α-螺旋、β-折叠和延伸链散布于整个蛋白中。
通过SWISS-MODEL对UGT74L2和UGT74L3蛋白三维空间结构进行预测分析(图 1DE), 结果显示, UGT74L2蛋白与拟南芥的UGT74F2 (GenBank: NP172059.1) 序列一致性为47.61%, 覆盖度为0.77, UGT74L3蛋白与拟南芥的UGT74F2序列一致性为49.56%, 覆盖度为0.78。
在线Blast结果表明, 与UGT74L2和UGT74L3相似性高的已报道功能的糖基转移酶较少, 通过文献搜索和蛋白数据库搜索, 选取了8个不同家族已报道功能的糖基转移酶, 利用MEGA X软件中的邻接法构建系统发育树(图 2), 结果显示, UGT74L2和UGT74L3属于UGT74家族, 且与来自苹果中的糖基转移酶MdPh-4'-OGT亲缘关系较近, MdPh-4'-OGT能催化根皮素生成三叶苷, 推测UGT74L2和UGT74L3可能也具有糖基化根皮素的活性。
利用MAFFT对UGT74L2和UGT74L3与已报道的MdPh-4'-OGT及亲缘关系较近的糖基转移酶进行多序列比对分析(图 3), 结果表明, UGT74L2在C末端有与其他糖基转移酶相同的、包含44个氨基酸的糖基转移酶保守序列(PSPG motif)。此外, 根据序列比对结果发现, UGT74L2和UGT74L3均与UGT74F2氨基酸序列一致性最高, 分别为43.74%和45.94%, UGT74L2与MdPh-2'-OGT (GenBank: AMA68117.1)、MdPh-4'-OGT (GenBank: AAX16493)、UGT74M1 (GenBank: ABK76226)、UGT74E2 (GenBank: NP172059.1)、UGT74T1 (GenBank: AGD95008.1) 的氨基酸序列一致性分别为23.85%、33.13%、34.42%、42.55%、42.53%, UGT74L3与MdPh-2'-OGT、MdPh-4'-OGT、UGT74M1、UGT74E2、UGT74T1的同源性分别为24.90%、34.76%、35.11%、41.97%、41.67%。
pET28a-HIS-MBP-UGT74L2原核表达载体构建示意图(图 4A), 将pET28a-HIS-MBP-UGT74L2和pET28a-HIS-MBP-UGT74L3原核表达载体转入大肠杆菌原核表达菌株Rosetta (DE3) 中, 与空载体和未诱导的重组蛋白相比, 经IPTG诱导的重组蛋白UGT74L2和UGT74L3在分子质量约为100 kDa处, 出现一条明显的特异蛋白质表达条带, 与理论值一致(图 4B), 也与纯化后的蛋白表达条带相一致(图 4C), 说明UGT74L2和UGT74L3重组蛋白在大肠杆菌Rosetta中成功表达。
以根皮素为底物, UDP-Glc为糖基供体, 在酶促反应体系中分别加入UGT74L2重组蛋白上清液和UGT74L3重组蛋白上清液, 反应完成后, 将产物通过UPLC进行检测, 结果显示, UGT74L2粗酶反应产物出峰时间与对照品三叶苷一致, 而UGT74L3样品中没有检测到相应的特征峰(图 5A), 利用Q-TOF-MS对UGT74L2的反应样品产物中的特征峰进行定性分析, 结果如图 5B所示, 产物分子离子峰为m/z 435.141 5 [M-H]-, 与底物根皮素m/z 273.082 8 [M-H]-分子质量相差162, 说明产物在根皮素的基础上加了一分子葡萄糖, 与对照品三叶苷(图 5C) 出峰时间、分子质量和碎片离子均一致, 说明产物m/z 435.141 5 [M-H]-是三叶苷(图 5B), 因此可认定UGT74L2具有特异性催化根皮素生成三叶苷的活性。
通过Ni-NTA亲和色谱对重组蛋白进行纯化, 依次用含50 mmol·L-1、200 mmol·L-1咪唑缓冲液(20 mmol·L-1 PBS, pH 7.4) 洗脱, SDS-PAGE结果表明, 50 mmol·L-1咪唑缓冲液将大部分杂蛋白洗脱, 200 mmol·L-1咪唑缓冲液洗脱下来的目的蛋白浓度和纯度较高。通过Bradford法测牛血清白蛋白浓度标准曲线(y = 0.142 6x + 0.750 5, R2 = 0.999 6), 计算得到UGT74L2蛋白浓度约为2 mg·mL-1
对时间、温度、pH值、重金属盐及底物与重组蛋白的动力学常数进行考察, 选取0.5、1、2、3、4、6、8、12 h共8个时间点对UGT74L2的酶活性进行分析比较(图 6A), 随时间延长, UGT74L2的催化活性呈持续上升趋势, 在12 h时达到较高的底物转化率; 选取15、20、25、30、35、40、45、50、55 ℃共9个温度对UGT74L2进行考察(图 6B), UGT74L2在40 ℃时对底物根皮素有较高的催化活性, 底物转化率高达77%; 选取4种常用缓冲液, 柠檬酸-柠檬酸钠(pH 4.0、5.0、6.0)、Na2HPO4-NaH2PO4 (pH 6.0、7.0、8.0)、Tris-HCl (pH 7.0、8.0、9.0)、Na2CO3-NaHCO3 (pH 8.8、9.9、10.6), 并在其常用缓冲液pH值下进行定量分析(图 6C), 结果显示, UGT74L2在Tris-HCl (pH 8.0) 体系中有较高催化活性, 高达55%; 部分糖基转移酶在反应过程中会受到金属离子的影响, 如图 6D所示, Ca2+、Mn2+、Co2+对UGT74L2的活性有一定抑制作用, 而Mg2+可提高UGT74L2的活性, 其他金属离子对UGT74L2无明显影响。UGT74L2纯化蛋白分别与不同浓度的根皮素进行反应并测定其酶学参数, 拟合曲线如图 6E所示, 以不同底物浓度为横坐标, 以底物消耗量为纵坐标, 计算得到根皮素的Km为29.84 μmol·L-1, kcat为0.02 s-1, kcat·Km-1为572.6 mol-1·s-1
通过Swiss-Model对UGT74L2进行同源建模, 并构建了UGT74L2根皮素的复合物模型(图 7A), 在此模型中, 疏水氨基酸W337、P339、L341及保守残基Q20、G21、N24、Y257、G287、S288、Q340、N359共同形成了一个活性口袋(图 7B), 可容纳根皮素作为底物。对这些位点进行突变, 构建突变体原核表达载体并诱导表达。体外酶活检测结果表明(图 7C), 当Q20/G21、D256/Y257、G287/S288、P339/Q340突变为丙氨酸后, UGT74L2活性消失; 当S288、N359突变为丙氨酸后, UGT74L2活性分别下降89.6%和83.5%; 当W337/G338突变为丙氨酸后, UGT74L2活性下降48.6%。基于以上结果推测, S288、N359、Q20/G21、D256/Y257、W337/G338、G287/S288、P339/Q340是影响根皮素进入活性口袋的关键位点。
在三叶苷生物合成途径中, P4'-OGT是三叶苷合成途径中的最后一步关键酶, 在该酶的催化下, 根皮素在4'位连接一分子的β-D-吡喃葡萄糖形成三叶苷, 目前已公开报道的P4'-OGT只有一条, 是从苹果中挖掘的[18], 虽然穿心莲中并未有报道根皮素和三叶苷的化合物, 但本研究却从穿心莲转录组中挖掘到一条糖基转移酶基因UGT74L2。对其序列进行生物信息学分析发现, 在UGT74L2氨基酸C端有糖基转移酶的保守序列, 包含44个氨基酸, 且作为酶的核苷二磷酸-糖结合位点[23, 24]; 通过与其他物种中已克隆并鉴定的糖基转移酶氨基酸系统分析发现, UGT74L2与UGT74家族聚为一类, 且与苹果中的MdPh-4'-OGT亲缘关系较近, 通过体外酶促实验证实了UGT74L2可催化根皮素生成三叶苷。
利用Ni-NTA亲和色谱对UGT74L2重组蛋白进行纯化, 并对纯化产物进行了酶促反应动力学, UGT74L2催化反应的最适反应温度为40 ℃, 与苹果中MdPh-4'-OGT的最佳反应温度一致, 最适pH值为8.0 (Tris-HCl体系)。Ca2+、Mn2+、Co2+、Mg2+对UGT74L2的活性有显著影响, 以根皮素为底物测得Km为29.84 μmol·L-1, kcat为0.02 s-1, 催化效率为572.6 mol-1·s-1, 与苹果中已报道的MdPh-4'-OGT相比, Km为26.11 μmol·L-1, 催化效率为3 810 mol-1·s-1 [18], 催化效率是UGT74L2的6.6倍。虽然二者糖基转移酶催化效率有所差异, 但都催化根皮素生成唯一产物三叶苷, 而地衣芽孢杆菌中已报道的糖基转移酶却能催化根皮素生成5种黄酮糖苷类化合物[25], 与之相比, UGT74L2具有更高的专一性, 可作为人工合成三叶苷的候选元件。
通过Swiss-Model对UGT74L2进行同源建模, 构建了UGT74L2与根皮素的复合物模型, 对预测活性位点进行突变, 构建突变体原核表达载体并诱导表达, 结合体外酶活检测和分子对接结果, 推测机制如下: 芳香族氨基酸Y257和W337通过π-π堆叠作用分别固定根皮素的A环和B环, 而Y257与根皮素A环的π-π堆叠作用可能会拉近4'-OH与UDP-Glc的距离, 导致4'-OH糖基化形成三叶苷, 将Y257突变之后活性丧失; 疏水性氨基酸P339、L341、W337在蛋白质内部, 由于其疏水相互作用, 维持了蛋白质三维结构, 使根皮素更易接近活性口袋; Q340和L341、S74L2和W337、S288分别与根皮素A环的6'-OH、2'-OH及B环的4-OH形成氢键, Q340突变后活性丧失, W337和S288突变后活性减弱, 说明氢键断裂导致蛋白质结构变化, 影响了4'-OH与UDP-Glc的结合; 对于UDP依赖性糖基转移酶(UGT), 保守的PSPG盒负责识别和结合糖供体[26], 残基W337、G338、P339、Q340、L341、K342、N359位于PSPG盒结构域中, 当P339和Q340突变为丙氨酸时活性丧失, W337和G338、N359突变为丙氨酸时活性减弱, 这些探索为以后人工改造P4'-OGT提供了参考和依据。
尽管穿心莲中不含有三叶苷化合物, 但本研究同源克隆并鉴定了一条糖基转移酶UGT74L2, 可在体外高效催化根皮素生成三叶苷, 说明植物糖基转移酶存在比较普遍的杂泛性。本研究同时也支持从多种来源的植物中挖掘非天然活性的新颖糖基转移酶有一定的可行性。
综上所述, 本研究从穿心莲中鉴定了一条新的P4'-OGT, 可为活性天然产物三叶苷的生物合成提供糖基化元件, 也可为其他新型植物糖基转移酶的功能挖掘提供参考。
作者贡献: 孙术富进行本研究的实验、数据分析和论文初稿撰写; 谭宇萍和姜银银提供实验技术支持; 张苛苛参与植物实验材料取样和RNA提取; 杨健和查良平负责论文修改; 唐金富是本项目的构思者和负责人, 指导实验设计、数据分析和文章的修改。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在任何利益冲突。
  • 国家重点研发计划资助项目(2020YFA0908000)
  • 中国中医科学院科技创新工程项目(CI2021A04114)
  • 中央本级重大增减支项目“名贵中药资源可持续利用能力建设”(2060302)
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2023年第58卷第3期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0936
  • 接收时间:2022-07-31
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-03-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-07-31
  • 修回日期:2022-09-06
基金
国家重点研发计划资助项目(2020YFA0908000)
中国中医科学院科技创新工程项目(CI2021A04114)
中央本级重大增减支项目“名贵中药资源可持续利用能力建设”(2060302)
作者信息
    1.安徽中医药大学药学院, 安徽 合肥 230012
    2.中国中医科学院中药资源中心, 道地药材国家重点实验室培育基地, 北京 100700

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*唐金富, Tel: 86-10-64087469, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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