Article(id=1198624409876525699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624396437975057, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1324, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1669996800000, receivedDateStr=2022-12-03, revisedDate=1671724800000, revisedDateStr=2022-12-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763703928678, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1678550400000, pubDateStr=2023-03-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763703928678, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763703928678, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763703928678, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198624396437975057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='804', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763703925474, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763704091914, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198625094596657875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624396437975057, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198625094596657876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624396437975057, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=560, endPage=570, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198624410287567519, articleId=1198624409876525699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Co-load of silybin and doxorubicin by MoS2 nanosheets for synergetic chemotherapy and photothermal therapy of lung cancer, columnId=1198683323515105920, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports: Research on Precise Treatment of Diseases Based on Smart Drug Delivery Systems, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The active ingredient of traditional Chinese medicine, silybin (SBN), can inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells and enhance the anticancer effect of doxorubicin (DOX). However, due to non-targeting and short half-life of SBN and DOX, as well as different administration routes and pharmacokinetic processes, this combination drug cannot act on the tumor in the set order, seriously eliminating the synergistic effect between them and limiting the effect in vivo. Therefore, we intended to construct a nano-delivery system based on molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), modified by polyethylene glycol (PEG) and sialic acid (SA), and co-loaded with SBN and DOX. The system induced the release of combined drugs under the dual-stimulation of pH and near infra-red (NIR), increased the free concentration of intracellular drugs, so as to achieve the synergistic effect between them. The animal welfare and experimental procedures were in accordance with the regulations of the Animal Ethics Committee of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. MoS2-PEG-SA-SBN/DOX circulated in vivo, and effectively accumulated at tumor sites through enhanced permeability and retention effect (EPR) and SA-mediated active targeting. Under near infrared light irradiation, MoS2-PEG-SA-SBN/DOX realized the combination of synergistic chemotherapy and photothermal therapy for tumor, thus achieving excellent anti-tumor effect in vivo. This study can provide a new idea and strategy for the clinical treatment of lung cancer. Taken together, MoS2-PEG-SA-SBN/DOX can offer a new idea and strategy for the clinical treatment of lung cancer.

, correspAuthors=Jian LIU, Wei XU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hong CHEN, Min GUO, Zhi-huai CHEN, Xin-qi WEI, You-rui YANG, Jian LIU, Wei XU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198624411751379764, articleId=1198624409876525699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=共载水飞蓟素和多柔比星的二硫化钼纳米片用于肺癌的协同化疗和光热治疗的联合治疗, columnId=1198624399348822061, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道: 基于智能化递药系统的疾病精准治疗研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

中药活性成分水飞蓟宾(silybin, SBN) 具有抑制癌症细胞增殖且协同增强化疗药物多柔比星(doxorubicin, DOX) 的抗癌作用。但由于SBN和DOX具有无靶向性、半衰期短等自身缺陷及不同的给药途径和药代动力学过程, 导致此组合药物无法按设定的方式作用于肿瘤, 消除了二者间的协同作用, 进而限制了其在体内的抗肿瘤效果。因此, 本研究拟构建一个以二硫化钼(molybdenum disulfide, MoS2) 材料为基底, 聚乙二醇(polyethylene glycol, PEG) 和唾液酸(sialic acid, SA) 进行修饰、共载SBN和DOX的纳米输送系统。该系统在pH和近红外光的双重刺激下, 诱导组合药物的释放, 提高胞内药物的游离浓度, 进而增强二者间的协同作用。动物福利和实验过程均获得福建中医药大学单位动物伦理委员会的审核并批准。MoS2-PEG-SA-SBN/DOX在动物体内循环, 经高渗透长滞留效应(EPR) 和SA介导的主动靶向有效地在肿瘤部位进行蓄积, 并在近红外光照射下, 实现了对肿瘤的协同化疗和光热治疗的联合治疗, 取得了优异的抑瘤效果。本研究可为临床上肺癌的治疗提供一种新思路和策略。

, correspAuthors=刘剑, 徐伟, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*刘剑, Tel: 13067269857, E-mail: ;
徐伟, Tel: 86-591-22861135, E-mail:
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B: The <sup>1</sup>H nuclear magnetic resonance (<sup>1</sup>H NMR) spectra of sialic acid (SA), lipoic acid (LA)-PEG-NH<sub>2</sub> and LA-PEG-SA; C, D: X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) spectra of MoS<sub>2</sub> before (C) and after (D) polyethylene glycol (PEG); E: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectra of MoS<sub>2</sub> before and after PEGylation; F: Weight loss curves of MoS<sub>2</sub>-PEG-SA , figureFileSmall=HyBbVm7xN38Tgn4pYxGbDg==, figureFileBig=Lml+qiI+PaALCR4+BZxsuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702046447759986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624409876525699, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=AePFRsVY4g9oBF7WG864sA==, figureFileBig=MEbzacnzC2L6tUq1VfuY+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702046586172029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624409876525699, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= A, B: Transmission electron microscope (TEM, A) and atomic force microscope (AFM, B) images of MoS<sub>2</sub> and MoS<sub>2</sub>-PEG-SA. Scale bar: 100 nm. C: Stability of MoS<sub>2</sub> and MoS<sub>2</sub>-PEG-SA in water, phosphate buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4), and cell medium within 7 days. D: Hydrodynamic sizes of MoS<sub>2</sub>-PEG-SA in PBS within 7 days. E: Hemolysis percentages of red blood cells survival (RBCs) by MoS<sub>2</sub>-PEG-SA for 2 h. Inset: Images of the direct observation of hemolysis. F, G: Relative cell viability of A549 (F) and HELF (G) cells incubated with various concentrations of MoS<sub>2</sub>-PEG-SA for 24 or 48 h. <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i>, <i>n</i> = 6 , figureFileSmall=AePFRsVY4g9oBF7WG864sA==, figureFileBig=MEbzacnzC2L6tUq1VfuY+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702046720389767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624409876525699, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=eLNebfm9FbQE0HJoS8BkYQ==, figureFileBig=eDX8DgrR1tP4ROz6ROcasQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702046850413201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624409876525699, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= A: Temporal temperature elevation of MoS<sub>2</sub>-PEG-SA suspension upon near infra-red (NIR) irradiation (1 W·cm<sup>-2</sup>). B: Temporal temperature elevation of MoS<sub>2</sub>-PEG-SA suspension (100 μg·mL<sup>-1</sup>) under an 808 nm laser at different power densities. C: Temperature variation of 100 μg·mL<sup>-1</sup> suspension (100 μg·mL<sup>-1</sup>) over 3 cycles of irradiation (1 W·cm<sup>-2</sup>) and natural cooling. D: Ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy (UV-vis) spectra of MoS<sub>2</sub>-PEG-SA before and after SBN or DOX loading. E, F: Release profiles of SBN (E) or DOX (F) under the dual stimulation of pH and NIR light , figureFileSmall=eLNebfm9FbQE0HJoS8BkYQ==, figureFileBig=eDX8DgrR1tP4ROz6ROcasQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702046993019549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624409876525699, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=FMCAKOw+rfzQCO8FzMzFyQ==, figureFileBig=AukOiOMqZfld0zvktsy+Rw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702047097877167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624409876525699, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= A: Confocal images of A549 and HELF cells incubated with Nano and Nano-SA ([DOX] = 10 μg·mL<sup>-1</sup>) for 2 h. Nano: MoS<sub>2</sub>-PEG-SBN/DOX. Scale bar: 100 μm. B: Flow cytometry analysis of cellular DOX fluorescence in A. C: Relative cell viability of A549 cells after incubation with SBN, DOX, SBN + DOX and MoS<sub>2</sub>-PEG-SA-SBN/DOX at different concentrations for 2 h. D: Relative cell viability of A549 cells after various treatments. After 2 h of incubation with corresponding drugs, these cells were transferred into fresh cell medium, irradiated with an 808-nm laser a power density of 1 W·cm<sup>-2</sup> for 10 min, and then incubated for another 48 h before the MTT assay. Data were expressed as <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i> (<i>n</i> = 5) using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> MoS<sub>2</sub>-PEG-SA-SBN/DOX , figureFileSmall=FMCAKOw+rfzQCO8FzMzFyQ==, figureFileBig=AukOiOMqZfld0zvktsy+Rw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702047202734776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624409876525699, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=yWj9BAytv13+36/niNGtVg==, figureFileBig=HWWl/vDCqkjZxp/9Uew9wg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702047332758211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624409876525699, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= A: Tissue biodistribution of Mo after intravenous administration of MoS<sub>2</sub>-PEG-SA-SBN/DOX. B: Mo level in the tumors after intravenous administration of MoS<sub>2</sub>-PEG-SA-SBN/DOX and MoS<sub>2</sub>-PEG-SBN/DOX. ID: Inject dose. C: Temperature changes of tumors from all groups under continuous NIR irradiation. D: <i>In vivo</i> thermal images of A549 tumor-bearing mice from all groups under continuous NIR irradiation (1 W·cm<sup>-2</sup> for 10 min). E: The tumor growth curve of each group during 24-day treatment. F: The tumor growth inhibition ratio of the experimental groups. G: Body weights of nude mouse in each group as a function of time. H: Images of hematoxylin-eosin (HE) stained major organs collected from mice after 24 days of intravenous administration of PBS and MoS<sub>2</sub>-PEG-SA-SBN/DOX. Scale bar: 50 μm. Ⅰ: PBS; Ⅱ: SBN; Ⅲ: DOX; Ⅳ: SBN + DOX; Ⅴ: MoS<sub>2</sub>-PEG-SA; Ⅵ: MoS<sub>2</sub>-PEG-SA-SBN/DOX. 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共载水飞蓟素和多柔比星的二硫化钼纳米片用于肺癌的协同化疗和光热治疗的联合治疗
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陈红 , 郭敏 , 陈志怀 , 魏欣琪 , 杨友瑞 , 刘剑 * , 徐伟 *
药学学报 | 专题报道: 基于智能化递药系统的疾病精准治疗研究 2023,58(3): 560-570
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药学学报 | 专题报道: 基于智能化递药系统的疾病精准治疗研究 2023, 58(3): 560-570
共载水飞蓟素和多柔比星的二硫化钼纳米片用于肺癌的协同化疗和光热治疗的联合治疗
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陈红, 郭敏, 陈志怀, 魏欣琪, 杨友瑞, 刘剑* , 徐伟*
作者信息
  • 福建中医药大学药学院, 福建 福州 350122

通讯作者:

*刘剑, Tel: 13067269857, E-mail: ;
徐伟, Tel: 86-591-22861135, E-mail:
Co-load of silybin and doxorubicin by MoS2 nanosheets for synergetic chemotherapy and photothermal therapy of lung cancer
Hong CHEN, Min GUO, Zhi-huai CHEN, Xin-qi WEI, You-rui YANG, Jian LIU* , Wei XU*
Affiliations
  • College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
出版时间: 2023-03-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1324
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中药活性成分水飞蓟宾(silybin, SBN) 具有抑制癌症细胞增殖且协同增强化疗药物多柔比星(doxorubicin, DOX) 的抗癌作用。但由于SBN和DOX具有无靶向性、半衰期短等自身缺陷及不同的给药途径和药代动力学过程, 导致此组合药物无法按设定的方式作用于肿瘤, 消除了二者间的协同作用, 进而限制了其在体内的抗肿瘤效果。因此, 本研究拟构建一个以二硫化钼(molybdenum disulfide, MoS2) 材料为基底, 聚乙二醇(polyethylene glycol, PEG) 和唾液酸(sialic acid, SA) 进行修饰、共载SBN和DOX的纳米输送系统。该系统在pH和近红外光的双重刺激下, 诱导组合药物的释放, 提高胞内药物的游离浓度, 进而增强二者间的协同作用。动物福利和实验过程均获得福建中医药大学单位动物伦理委员会的审核并批准。MoS2-PEG-SA-SBN/DOX在动物体内循环, 经高渗透长滞留效应(EPR) 和SA介导的主动靶向有效地在肿瘤部位进行蓄积, 并在近红外光照射下, 实现了对肿瘤的协同化疗和光热治疗的联合治疗, 取得了优异的抑瘤效果。本研究可为临床上肺癌的治疗提供一种新思路和策略。

二硫化钼  /  水飞蓟宾  /  唾液酸  /  协同化疗  /  光热治疗

The active ingredient of traditional Chinese medicine, silybin (SBN), can inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells and enhance the anticancer effect of doxorubicin (DOX). However, due to non-targeting and short half-life of SBN and DOX, as well as different administration routes and pharmacokinetic processes, this combination drug cannot act on the tumor in the set order, seriously eliminating the synergistic effect between them and limiting the effect in vivo. Therefore, we intended to construct a nano-delivery system based on molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), modified by polyethylene glycol (PEG) and sialic acid (SA), and co-loaded with SBN and DOX. The system induced the release of combined drugs under the dual-stimulation of pH and near infra-red (NIR), increased the free concentration of intracellular drugs, so as to achieve the synergistic effect between them. The animal welfare and experimental procedures were in accordance with the regulations of the Animal Ethics Committee of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. MoS2-PEG-SA-SBN/DOX circulated in vivo, and effectively accumulated at tumor sites through enhanced permeability and retention effect (EPR) and SA-mediated active targeting. Under near infrared light irradiation, MoS2-PEG-SA-SBN/DOX realized the combination of synergistic chemotherapy and photothermal therapy for tumor, thus achieving excellent anti-tumor effect in vivo. This study can provide a new idea and strategy for the clinical treatment of lung cancer. Taken together, MoS2-PEG-SA-SBN/DOX can offer a new idea and strategy for the clinical treatment of lung cancer.

molybdenum disulfide  /  silybin  /  sialic acid  /  synergetic chemotherapy  /  photothermal chemotherapy
陈红, 郭敏, 陈志怀, 魏欣琪, 杨友瑞, 刘剑, 徐伟. 共载水飞蓟素和多柔比星的二硫化钼纳米片用于肺癌的协同化疗和光热治疗的联合治疗. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (3) : 560 -570 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1324
Hong CHEN, Min GUO, Zhi-huai CHEN, Xin-qi WEI, You-rui YANG, Jian LIU, Wei XU. Co-load of silybin and doxorubicin by MoS2 nanosheets for synergetic chemotherapy and photothermal therapy of lung cancer[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (3) : 560 -570 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1324
肺癌是世界上最常见和最致命的癌症之一, 每年全球报告的新发病例数超过220万, 死亡病例高达179万[1]。在中国, 肺癌仍是中国发病率和死亡率最高的癌症, 每年约有73万人被诊断为肺癌, 61万人因肺癌死亡[2]。由于早期肺癌筛查技术存在一定的局限性, 导致大部分肺癌患者在确诊时已为晚期, 只能通过化疗治疗或放疗来延长寿命及改善生存质量。
在肺癌临床治疗手段中, 联合用药往往是肺癌治疗的重要方案, 除了早期的化疗药物-化疗药物联合策略, 中药与化疗药物联合抗肿瘤研究亦展现其巨大的潜在价值[3]。大量实验研究表明[4-6], 中药活性成分水飞蓟宾(silybin, SBN) 与化疗药物多柔比星(doxorubicin, DOX) 联用, 具有给药剂量低、效果好、毒副作用小等优点, 并可避免多药耐药现象的发生, 甚至逆转肿瘤耐药。Molavi等[7]发现SBN通过调节信号转导及转录激活蛋白3 (STAT3)、蛋白激酶B (AKT) 相关通路, 显著下调抗凋亡蛋白和增强促凋亡Bcl-2相关的X基因(BAX) 的表达水平, 进而协同增强DOX的抗肿瘤作用。随后Jafari等[8]也发现SBN能调节钙网蛋白(CRT)、热休克蛋白70 (HSP70) 和高迁移率族蛋白1 (HMGB1) 等相关蛋白表达, 增强DOX诱导肿瘤细胞的免疫原性细胞死亡。但是, SBN和DOX的联合治疗在活体水平上存在亟待解决的瓶颈问题: ① DOX和SBN都是小分子物质, 具有半衰期短、无靶向性等自身缺陷, 严重限制其在体内的治疗效果; ②二者具有不同的给药途径及药代动力学过程, 使其无法按设定的方式作用于肿瘤, 严重削弱了药物间的协同作用, 大大降低了其体内抗肿瘤效果[9]。近些年, 许多学者开发了多种类型的生物纳米材料, 进而构建了较多的载SBN或DOX纳米输送系统。但SBN和DOX的共载纳米输送系统至今仍未见于报道。因此, 构建SBN和DOX的共载纳米输送系统, 实现对肺癌的组合药物的协同化治疗, 将具有巨大的研究价值。
二硫化钼(molybdenum disulfide, MoS2) 是一类由中心对称的S-Mo-S三个原子层组成的二维材料, 因其独特的光电、能量收集和生物学等特性而备受关注。在生物应用方面, MoS2因其卓越的表面等离子共振特性、丰富的化学反应位点、高的光热转换效率、强的组织穿透能力及良好的生物相容性而成为理想的光热材料[10]。除了可作为光热材料外, MoS2还具有超薄的厚度、大的表面积等特性, 使其在生物医学领域内展现了独特的开发潜质, 特别是在药物、基因、光敏剂、造影剂等装载和输送方面[11]。Liu等[12]用聚乙二醇(polyethylene glycol, PEG) 修饰的MoS2纳米片作为载体装载了几种抗癌药物, 通过对比发现, MoS2的载药量大于其他几个常见纳米材料, 如氧化石墨烯等。同时, 本项目组也展开了大量基于MoS2材料的纳米给药系统的研究, 已成功地将抗癌药物吉非替尼、厄洛替尼、喜树碱、DOX和造影剂钆靶向输送到肿瘤部位, 并完成了药效学研究和机制探究[13-15]。这些证据充分说明了MoS2材料可作为一种安全且有效的载体, 能完成单个或多个药物的装载、输送及控制释放, 这有助于SBN和DOX共载纳米输送系统的构建, 实现组合药物对肺癌的协同治疗。
唾液酸(sialic acid, SA) 是一种天然的N-乙酰神经氨酸, 位于多种细胞表面糖蛋白和糖脂末端, 不仅具有维持细胞正常生理功能的作用, 而且还能特异性结合肿瘤细胞表面高表达的E-选择素受体[16]。E-选择素作为一种跨膜糖蛋白, 在炎性血管内皮细胞和肿瘤细胞表面被发现高度上调, 其常作为靶向分子修饰纳米药物[17]。SA修饰的纳米药物可特异性靶向肿瘤血管内皮细胞上表达的E-选择素, 通过因肿瘤部位通透性异常增加的血管壁间隙, 进入肿瘤部位并被肿瘤细胞摄取。Zheng等[18]利用物理吸附方式制备了SA修饰的硒纳米粒, 与无修饰的硒纳米粒相比, SA修饰使纳米粒在HeLa细胞中的摄取量增加了338%, 并促进了细胞凋亡。Shu等[19]发现SA修饰的纳米药物可通过与肝癌细胞上高表达的E-选择素受体特异性结合, 显著增强肝癌细胞的主动转运, 实现肝癌安全高效的靶向诊断和治疗。这些证据说明SA修饰的纳米药物输送系统可凭借SA介导的主动靶向作用有效地在肿瘤部位蓄积, 提高药物治疗效果。
综上所述, 本研究以硫辛酸(lipoic acid, LA) 作为连接体, 将SA修饰的PEG连接到二硫化钼MoS2纳米片的表面上, 制备具有主动靶向识别肿瘤细胞的纳米载体MoS2-PEG-SA, 并对其进行结构表征及特性考察。再通过疏水作用将中药活性成分SBN与化疗药物DOX共装载于纳米载体上, 构建纳米组合药物输送系统, 并在细胞水平和动物水平上考察此系统的抗肿瘤活性。
药品与试剂  MoS2晶体(南京牧科纳米科技有限公司); 正丁基锂和正己烷(上海TCI化成工业发展有限公司); LA、PEG、SA、SBN、盐酸多柔比星(DOX·HCl)、1-乙基-(3-二甲基氨基丙基) 碳二亚胺盐酸盐(EDC·HCl)、N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺酯(NHS)、胱胺二盐酸盐、二甲基亚砜、噻唑蓝(MTT) (上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司); 胎牛血清、F-12K不完全培养基、DMEM不完全培养基(大连美仑生物技术有限公司); 其他试剂均为分析纯(国药集团化学试剂有限公司)。
仪器  马尔文帕纳科纳米粒度及电位分析仪(英国马尔文仪器有限公司); 氮气手套箱(苏州威格气体纯化科技股份有限公司); 超声波分散器(昆山小美超声仪器有限公司); 紫外-可见光分光光度计(日本岛津公司); 傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(赛默飞世尔科技公司); 场发射透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscope, TEM, 美国FEI公司); 原子力显微镜(atomic force microscope, AFM, 德国Bruker公司); X-射线光电子能谱仪(美国VG公司); 同步热分析仪(德国耐驰仪器公司); 激光器(长春新产业光电技术有限公司); 红外成像仪(美国非利尔公司); 倒置生物显微镜(重庆奥特光学仪器有限公司); 酶标仪(瑞士帝肯公司); 高端分选型流式细胞仪(美国BD公司); 激光共聚焦显微镜、荧光显微镜(德国Leica公司)。
细胞  人非小细胞肺癌细胞A549、人胚肺成纤维细胞HELF (中科院上海细胞库)。
动物  无特定病原体(SPF) 级雌性BALB/c裸鼠, 4~5周龄, 体重为18~20 g, 购自上海吉辉实验动物饲养有限公司, 于福建中医药大学医学实验动物中心适应性饲养1周, 严格按照“实验动物饲养操作规范”进行操作。所有动物研究均按照福建中医药大学动物伦理委员会批准的动物规程进行。动物福利和实验过程均获得福建中医药大学单位动物伦理委员会的审核并批准。
MoS2-PEG-SA的制备  根据前期报道[12], 合成LA修饰的PEG (LA-PEG-NH2)。关于LA-PEG-SA的合成, 首先将SA (200 mg) 加入至磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS, 20 mL, pH 6.2), 再加入77 mg EDC和46 mg NHS。室温搅拌1 h后, 将活化的SA逐滴滴加到20 mL含有LA-PEG-NH2的PBS溶液(pH 7.4) 内, 继续搅拌24 h。反应结束后, 转置于透析袋(10 kDa) 内, 透析48 h以除去过量杂质, 最后冷冻干燥得到白色固体LA-PEG-SA。
称取10 mg LA-PEG-SA加入到5 mL ddH2O中, 搅拌至固体完全溶解, 加入1 mL MoS2溶液(1 mg·mL-1)。室温搅拌24 h后, 将混合液转入透析袋(100 kDa) 内, 透析48 h, 除去未结合的LA-PEG-SA, 可得MoS2-PEG-SA溶液。
MoS2-PEG-SA的表征  核磁共振氢谱(1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, 1H NMR)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FT-IR)和紫外-可见光-分光光谱(ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy, UV-vis) 等分析MoS2-PEG-SA的化学结构。TEM和AFM观察MoS2-PEG-SA形貌特征。Zeta电位与纳米粒度仪测定MoS2-PEG-SA的粒径和电势电位。
MoS2-PEG-SA的血液相容性  取出0.2 mL裸鼠的静脉血液(已除去血清) 至下述样品溶液(0.8 mL) 中: ① ddH2O; ② PBS溶液; ③含有不同浓度(50、100、200、400 μg·mL-1) 的MoS2-PEG-SA的PBS溶液, 并于37 ℃下振荡(100 r·min-1)。2 h后, 取出所有样品, 高速离心, 之后测量每个样品的上清液在541 nm波长处的吸光度(A) 值, 根据公式(1) 计算出样品的溶血百分比(hemolysis)。
$\text { Hemolysis }(\%)=\left(A_{\text {样品 }}-A_{\mathrm{PBS}}\right) /\left(A_{\mathrm{H} 2 \mathrm{O}}-A_{\mathrm{PBS}}\right) \times 100 \%$
其中, A样品为样品溶液吸光度值, APBS为阴性对照组吸光度值, AH2O为阳性对照组吸光度值。
MoS2-PEG-SA的细胞毒性  将A549细胞和HELF细胞接种于96孔细胞培养板内, 待细胞贴壁后, 加入含不同浓度(12.5、25、50、100、200、400 μg·mL-1) MoS2-PEG-SA的培养基。孵育24或48 h后, 使用MTT法测定细胞活性。
药物装载  以最佳投料比来装载SBN和DOX, 首先, 配制含SBN的DMSO溶液(0.8 mg·mL-1), 取等体积MoS2-SA-PEG溶液(0.6 mg·mL-1) 加入至上述溶液。室温搅拌24 h后, 低速离心(2 000 r·min-1, 25 ℃) 以除去析出的固体药物, 随后多次超滤离心(3 000 r·min-1, 5次, 25 ℃) 去除离子化的药物, 可得MoS2-PEG-SA-SBN溶液。关于DOX的装载, 首先配制含DOX的PBS溶液(0.5 mg·mL-1, pH 8.0), 避光搅拌24 h。然后, 超滤离心除去过量DOX, 将所得的MoS2-PEG-SA-SBN/DOX置于4 ℃冰箱保存备用。根据载药前后MoS2-SA-PEG在288和480 nm波长处的吸光度变化, 根据公式(2) 计算SBN和DOX的装载量(drug loading, DL)。
$\rm DL (\%) = (装载的药物质量/载体的质量) × 100\%$
药物释放  取多份等量的MoS2-PEG-SA-SBN/DOX样品, 分散于不同pH值(5.5、7.4) 的PBS溶液内, 封闭于透析袋(3.5 kDa) 内。将这些透析袋沉浸于相应的PBS溶液中, 然后转置于摇床内。2 h后, 光照组样品受到1 W·cm-2的808 nm激光照射10 min, 而对照组避光处理。随后的46 h内, 所有样品均进行避光处理。在设定的时间点取出1 mL透析液, 测定其在288和480 nm波长处的吸光度, 随后将其放回到相应的释放体系中, 维持释放介质体系的体积恒定, 48 h后, 收集数据并绘制出药物的累计释放曲线。
MoS2-PEG-SA-SBN/DOX的细胞摄取  选取SA受体过表达的A549细胞和低表达的HELF细胞作为细胞模型, 且制备不含SA的MoS2-PEG-SBN/DOX作为阴性对照。取上述细胞, 分别接种于共聚焦小皿(A549细胞: 2×105个/皿; HELF细胞: 1×105个/皿), 待细胞贴壁后, 用相应的细胞培养基将MoS2-PEG-SA-SBN/DOX或MoS2-PEG-SBN/DOX稀释至设定浓度([DOX] = 10 μg·mL-1), 随后将其加入到共聚焦小皿内。孵育2 h后, 使用PBS溶液清洗细胞3次, 加入500 μL 4, 6-二氨基-2-苯基吲哚(DAPI) 溶液。细胞核染色结束后, 除去过量DAPI, 最后在共聚焦显微镜下观察细胞的荧光图像。
同时, 使用流式细胞仪考察了A549细胞和HELF细胞对MoS2-PEG-SA-SBN/DOX的摄取情况。取上述细胞, 分别接种于6孔细胞培养板(A549细胞: 2×105个/孔; HELF细胞: 1×105个/孔)。待细胞贴壁后, 加入含MoS2-PEG-SA-SBN/DOX或MoS2-PEG-SBN/DOX的细胞培养基, 孵育2 h后, 使用PBS溶液清洗细胞3次。胰酶消化后, 将所得的细胞悬液离心(1 500 r·min-1, 25 ℃, 3 min), 随后使用PBS溶液重悬细胞沉淀, 最后使用流式细胞仪测定细胞内的荧光强度。
MoS2-PEG-SA-SBN/DOX的细胞毒性  将A549细胞接种于96孔细胞培养板内, 细胞贴壁后, 每组加入含一系列浓度的DOX、SBN、SBN+DOX和MoS2-PEG-SA-SBN/DOX。待孵育2 h后, 用PBS清洗细胞, 再加入新鲜的空白培养基, 继续46 h, 最后通过MTT法测定细胞的活性。
近红外光照射下MoS2-PEG-SA-SBN/DOX对肺癌细胞的杀伤作用  将A549细胞接种于96孔细胞培养板内, 待细胞贴壁后, 分别加入含SBN、DOX、SBN + DOX、MoS2-PEG-SA、MoS2-PEG-SA-SBN/DOX ([MoS2-PEG-SA] = 120 μg·mL-1, [SBN] = 60 μg·mL-1和[DOX] =10 μg·mL-1) 的培养基, 待细胞与含药培养基共孵育2 h后, 用PBS清洗细胞3次, 每孔加入新鲜的细胞培养基。光照组的细胞受到1 W·cm-2的808 nm激光照射10 min, 而其他组的细胞避光处理。再与新鲜培养基孵育46 h, 通过MTT法测定细胞的活性。
MoS2-PEG-SA-SBN/DOX的体内组织分布  建立A549皮下移植瘤裸鼠模型, 待肿瘤平均体积约为200 mm3时, 将裸鼠随机分为2组: MoS2-PEG-SA-SBN/DOX或MoS2-PEG-SBN/DOX。在设定的时间点(注射药物后1、2、6、12和24 h) 处死裸鼠, 取心、肝、脾、肺、肾、肿瘤等组织标本称重。组织样品经王水消化后, 使用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定主要器官和肿瘤组织中Mo的含量。
MoS2-PEG-SA-SBN/DOX的体内抗肿瘤研究  建立A549皮下移植瘤裸鼠模型, 待肿瘤体积增长至80 mm3左右时, 将裸鼠随机分为6组: ① PBS, 作为对照组; ② SBN; ③ DOX; ④ SBN+DOX; ⑤ MoS2-PEG-SA; ⑥ MoS2-PEG-SA-SBN/DOX ([MoS2-PEG-SA] = 120 μg·mL-1, [SBN] = 60 μg·mL-1和[DOX] = 10 μg·mL-1); 每组裸鼠每3天静脉注射1次200 μL上述对应药物。在给药6 h后, 用1 W·cm-2的808 nm激光照射肿瘤部位10 min。在24天的治疗过程中, 每3天使用游标卡尺和电子天平分别称量裸鼠体重和测量肿瘤的长度和宽度, 并及时记录。24天后, 处死裸鼠, 取出心、肝、脾、肺和肾等组织, 进行苏木精-伊红(hematoxylin-eosin, HE) 染色分析。
统计学分析  如无特殊说明, 实验结果均使用GraphPad Prism 8.0软件进行统计学分析处理。数据以平均值±标准差(x ± s) 表示。采用t检测分析两实验组间的差异; 采用单因素方差分析方法(ANOVA) 分析两组以上实验组间的差异。P < 0.05被认为具有统计学差异。
利用EDC/NHS技术, 将LA修饰的PEG (LA-PEG-NH2) 与肿瘤靶向配体SA混合反应(图 1A)。除杂之后, 用1H NMR对所得产物进行结构鉴定, 从图 1B可知, LA-PEG-SA的图谱上不仅出现了SA的一个-OH质子峰(δ = 6.09), 而且还存在LA-PEG-NH2的-CO-NH-质子峰(δ = 7.75)。此外, SA的-COOH质子峰(δ = 12.95) 和LA-PEG-NH2的-NH2质子峰(δ = 7.35) 却不在LA-PEG-SA的图谱上, 反而还出现一个新的-CO-NH-质子峰(δ = 7.88), 这些结果充分证明了LA-PEG-NH2和SA通过酰胺缩合结合成功。
由于化学作用和剧烈的超声, 在MoS2纳米片的制备过程中, 其表面结构和晶相发生了剧烈变化, 造成部分硫原子的丢失而形成表面缺陷。一些末端含硫原子的分子通过硫化学作用将其嵌入到表面缺陷处, 进而结合在MoS2纳米片的表面上[20]。基于此, 将端基含有双硫键的LA-PEG-SA嫁接到MoS2纳米片上, 并用XPS对其进行表征。图 1C中可明显看到MoS2的元素特征峰, 如C1s、O1s、Mo3d和S2p等, 同样地, 这些特征峰也出现在MoS2-PEG-SA的图谱上(图 1D)。但较MoS2而言, MoS2-PEG-SA的C1s和O1s峰明显增强, 而Mo3d和S2p的峰显著减弱, 原因在于X-射线穿透深度有限, 多适用于检测和分析材料表面的元素价态, 当含有大量C原子和O原子的LA-PEG-SA覆盖在MoS2表面上时, MoS2-PEG-SA上的C和O的峰值增加, 而Mo和S的峰值降低, 此结果可初步说明LA-PEG-SA成功嫁接在MoS2纳米片的表面。为进一步证明此结果, 进一步用了FT-IR对MoS2-PEG-SA进行表征。从图 1E可知, MoS2-PEG-SA的红外光谱出现一些LA-PEG-SA的红外特征峰, 如-C-H-的伸缩振动峰(2 898 cm-1)、-C-O-的变角弯曲振动峰(1 153 cm-1) 等, 表明成功制备出LA-PEG-SA修饰的MoS2, 即MoS2-PEG-SA。同时, 用TGA定量分析了LA-PEG-SA在MoS2-PEG-SA的含量(图 1F), 在285~400 ℃, MoS2-PEG-SA出现急剧失重现象, 失重约58.1%, 这主要由于嫁接的LA-PEG-SA为聚合物, 不耐高温, 在此阶段内发生裂解、分解等, 因此推断出LA-PEG-SA在MoS2-PEG-SA上的含量约为58.1%。
利用TEM和AFM观察MoS2-PEG-SA的表面形貌。从图 2A可知, MoS2和MoS2-PEG-SA均具有二维层状结构, 类似于石墨烯, 具有较大的比表面积, 适合做药物载体。同时发现MoS2-PEG-SA的TEM图显影较深, 间接反映出其厚度较MoS2高, 这一结论也得到了AFM结果的证实。MoS2纳米片的平均厚度为0.8 nm, 与文献[20]报道数据基本一致, 说明制备的MoS2纳米片是单层的(图 2B)。经LA-PEG-SA修饰后, MoS2纳米片的平均厚度上升至4 nm, 间接提供了LA-PEG-SA存在于MoS2纳米片上的证据。
由于电子屏蔽效应, MoS2纳米片在PBS溶液和细胞培养基中迅速聚集而聚沉, 此生理环境不稳定性严重影响了MoS2材料在生物医学上的应用[21]。而LA-PEG-SA修饰的MoS2具有较好的生理稳定性, 能在生理盐水内保持稳定7天以内(图 2C)。为进一步证实此结果, 用粒度仪测定了MoS2-PEG-SA的粒径在7天内的变化, 如预期所想, 纳米平均粒径没有明显变化, 仍约为100 nm (图 2D)。
为保证MoS2-PEG-SA在生物医药应用上的安全性, 考察了此纳米载体的血液相容性和细胞毒性。取不同浓度MoS2-PEG-SA的PBS溶液, 将其加入到含RBCs (red blood cells survival) 的稀释液中, 并用ddH2O和PBS溶液分别作为阳性对照和阴性对照。结果显示, 阳性对照组上清液呈红色, 表现明显的溶血现象(图 2E), 这主要由于胞内外存在较高的渗透压差, 细胞因吸收大量水分而胀破, 胞内的血红素渗透到上清液中。相比之下, 实验组和阴性对照组的上清液相对比较澄清, 大部分细胞被离心至离心管底部。同时, MoS2-PEG-SA对红细胞的溶血百分比随样品浓度的增加而增大。但即使样品浓度达到较高的400 μg·mL-1时, MoS2-PEG-SA对红细胞的溶血百分比(2.4%) 仍小于5%, 说明此载体具有较好的血液相容性。在毒性方面, 选取A549和HELF细胞作为细胞模型, 使用MTT法来评估MoS2-PEG-SA的细胞毒性。从图 2FG可知, 当MoS2-PEG-SA浓度为12.5~400 μg·mL-1时, A549和HELF细胞的活性均保持在90%以上, 表明此载体具有非常低的细胞毒性, 几乎可忽略不计。综上所述, MoS2-PEG-SA具有较好的生物安全性, 可作为抗癌药物的纳米载体, 用于治疗癌症。
据文献[22]报道, MoS2具有强的近红外吸收, 且能高效地将吸收的近红外光转化成光热, 用于肿瘤的光热治疗。为探讨纳米载体MoS2-PEG-SA是否具有这种光热特性, 进一步配制了不同浓度的MoS2-PEG-SA溶液, 用1 W·cm-2的808 nm激光照射上述样品10 min。结果显示, 样品浓度越高, 溶液温度的升温速率越大, 表现出明显的浓度依赖性。当样品浓度达到100 μg·mL-1时, 溶液温度在10 min内从31.6 ℃升至83.3 ℃, 而水温变化不明显, 仅上升4.6 ℃ (图 3A)。相比人体正常体温而言, 在近红外光照射下, 积累在肿瘤部位的MoS2-PEG-SA可提高肿瘤区域的温度, 引起肿瘤细胞的消融和死亡, 从而在一定程度上抑制肿瘤生长。同时, 还考察了激光功率密度与光热效果之间的关系, 结果显示, 激光功率密度越高, 溶液温度的升温速率越大, 表现出明显的功率密度依赖性(图 3B), 说明MoS2-PEG-SA的光热效果与样品浓度、激光功率密度具有密切关系。最后, 考察了MoS2-PEG-SA的光热稳定性, 从图 3C看出, 每个升降温循环中升温速率基本一样, 升温效果也没有显著差异, 表明MoS2-PEG-SA具有优异的光热稳定性。
MoS2作为2D纳米材料中的一员, 具有超高的比表面积, 可通过疏水作用将药物吸附在其表面上[23]。在本研究中, 以最佳投料比将SBN和DOX先后装载在MoS2-PEG-SA, 构建MoS2-PEG-SA-SBN/DOX纳米组合药物输送系统。从紫外-可见光-近红外吸收光谱图中(图 3D), 可观察到SBN紫外吸收特征峰(288 nm) 和DOX的紫外吸收特征峰(480 nm), 说明SBN和DOX均已成功装载到MoS2-PEG-SA上。根据载药前后MoS2-SA-PEG在288和480 nm波长处的吸光度变化, 计算载体SBN和DOX的装载量分别为62.5%和68.2%。
刺激响应型药物释放系统可利用外界的微小变化来智能控制药物释放速度, 进而有效提高其化学治疗效果, 常见的外界刺激信号有光照、温度、氧化还原和pH等[24]。结合纳米药物输送系统特性, 本实验考察了pH和近红外光对药物释放的影响。首先, 考察了pH对药物释放的影响, 将含有MoS2-PEG-SA-SBN/DOX的透析袋浸入不同pH值的释放介质溶液中。SBN在pH 7.4、48 h下的累积释放百分比为23.3%, 相似地, 在pH 5.5、48 h内的累积释放百分比为25.7% (图 3E), 没有显著区别, 表明pH对SBN的释放无明显影响。相比之下, DOX在pH 5.5、48 h的药物累积释放百分率为42.8%, 明显高于在pH 7.4环境下的累积释放百分比18.5% (图 3F), 表现出明显pH响应性。出现这种现象的原因主要在于DOX分子中的氨基在酸性条件下易发生质子化, 不仅可提高DOX在水中的溶解性, 而且减弱了DOX与MoS2载体间的疏水作用, 进而加快DOX的释放[25]
紧接着, 研究了近红外光对药物释放的影响。结果发现, 经过近红外光照射10 min后, SBN在后续1 h内累积释放百分比由20.2%迅速升至44.8%, 释放速率较未光照组提高了2倍。无独有偶, 后续1 h内DOX的累积释放百分比也出现类似现象(20.2%→44.8%)。SBN和DOX的释放行为均表现出明显近红外光响应, 主要原因在于, 808 nm激光照射下, 载体MoS2-PEG-SA可高效地将吸收到的近红外光转换为热能, 迅速提高溶液温度, 加快了载体表面药物分子的运动, 进而显著提高了药物从载体上脱离的速率[26]。综上所述, 在pH和近红外光双重响应刺激下, MoS2-PEG-SA-SBN/DOX能加快药物脱离载体的速率, 实现对药物的诱导释放。
为了研究SA修饰的MoS2纳米片进入细胞的途径, 本研究选取SA受体过表达的A549细胞和受体低表达的HELF细胞作为细胞模型。A549和HELF细胞分别与MoS2-PEG-SA-SBN/DOX和MoS2-PEG-SBN/DOX孵育2 h后, 使用激光共聚焦显微镜观察细胞内荧光。结果如图 4A所示, 与MoS2-PEG-SA-SBN/DOX孵育的A549细胞, 相较于与MoS2-PEG-SBN/DOX孵育的A549细胞而言, 显示出更强的DOX荧光, 表明SA的存在可增强MoS2与肿瘤细胞的结合。对于SA低表达的HELF细胞而言, 不管是与MoS2-PEG-SA-SBN/DOX还是MoS2-PEG-SBN/DOX孵育, 都显示很弱的DOX荧光。同时, 也使用流式细胞仪考察了A549和HELF细胞对MoS2-PEG-SA-SBN/DOX的摄取行为。结果显示, 流式细胞仪检测到的量化荧光数据(图 4B) 与激光共聚焦荧光成像的结果一致, 进一步证明了SA修饰的MoS2纳米片能与癌细胞发生特异性结合。
将A549细胞先与DOX、SBN、SBN + DOX、MoS2-PEG-SA-SBN/DOX孵育2 h后, PBS清洗, 再与新鲜培养基孵育46 h, 通过MTT法测定细胞的活性。结果显示, 随着SBN或DOX浓度的增加, 各组细胞的活性都有一定的降低(图 4C)。相较于单独的SBN或DOX, 具有协同作用的SBN + DOX显示出较强的细胞毒性。值得注意的是, MoS2-PEG-SA-SBN/DOX表现出最强抑制肿瘤细胞增殖的能力, 这可能是因为SA修饰的MoS2纳米片能特异性识别肿瘤细胞而被其有效摄取, 提高胞内的药物浓度。
受近红外光调控药物释放的启发, 进一步探究了MoS2-PEG-SA-SBN/DOX能否在近红外光照射下产生更强的细胞杀伤力。在A549细胞与相应材料共孵育2 h后, 光照组受到1 W·cm-2的808 nm激光照射10 min。继续孵育46 h后, 用MTT法测定细胞的活性。如图 4D所示, 单纯的激光照射不会对细胞的活性产生明显的影响, 也不会增强游离药物的细胞毒性。而经载体MoS2-PEG-SA处理的A549细胞, 在近红外光照射后, 其活性由93.9%降低至62.6%, 这主要因为胞内MoS2-PEG-SA在近红外光照射下产生热量, 引起了细胞消融, 从而部分抑制细胞增殖。更重要的是, 在近红外光照射下, 共载SBN/DOX的MoS2-PEG-SA在近红外照射下显示出了最强的细胞杀伤效应, 仅有12.51%细胞处于存活状态, 远低于其他实验组。出现这种结果的原因: ①近红外光有效地诱导了SBN和DOX的释放, 大大提高了细胞内游离药物的浓度, 提高之间的协同治疗效果; ②光热和协同药物的联合治疗引起了细胞消融, 抑制细胞增殖。
考察MoS2-PEG-SA-SBN/DOX的体内组织分布情况可为后续体内肿瘤的治疗提供重要参考。由图 5A可看出, 注射材料2 h后, 肝脏和脾脏的Mo含量明显高于其他器官, 其原因为库普弗细胞和脾脏巨噬细胞负责清除外来纳米材料。随着MoS2-PEG-SA-SBN/DOX在血液中的循环, 主要组织器官内Mo含量逐渐增大, 在6 h时达到最大值, 此后逐渐下降, 这主要由于此纳米片在体内逐渐被清除所导致的。更为重要的是, Mo含量的下降说明此金属元素不会在体内大量积累, 避免了不必要的毒副作用。同时, 为进一步验证SA修饰的MoS2纳米片具有特异性识别肿瘤细胞的能力, 选用不含SA的MoS2-PEG-SBN/DOX作为阴性对照。结果显示, MoS2-PEG-SBN/DOX组中肿瘤组织的Mo含量明显低于MoS2-PEG-SA-SBN/DOX组(图 5B), 这与细胞摄取实验的结果相对应。在注射药物后的1、2、6、12和24 h, MoS2-PEG-SA-SBN/DOX组中肿瘤组织的Mo含量分别是MoS2-PEG-SBN/DOX组的1.4、2.2、2.6、3.1和2.5倍, 出现这一结果的原因是: MoS2-PEG-SA-SBN/DOX凭借SA的主动靶向作用, 特异性识别肿瘤细胞, 进而导致此纳米片在肿瘤部位进行有效的积累, 为后续的治疗提供的有利条件。
基于MoS2-PEG-SA-SBN/DOX在体外显著抑制肿瘤细胞增殖的结果, 进一步考察了其在体内的抗肿瘤效果。当肿瘤体积达到80 mm3左右时, 将裸鼠随机分为6组, 尾静脉注射对应的药物。每次给药6 h后, 使用1 W·cm-2的808 nm激光照射肿瘤部位10 min, 且在照射过程中, 使用红外热成像仪记录肿瘤的温度变化(图 5C), 并获取裸鼠的热图像(图 5D)。结果发现, 激光照射前后, PBS、SBN、DOX和SBN + DOX组的肿瘤温度变化不大, 而MoS2-PEG-SA组和MoS2-PEG-SA-SBN/DOX组的肿瘤温度发生了明显的变化(ΔT ≈ 17.6 ℃)。值得注意的是, MoS2-PEG-SA-SBN/DOX组的肿瘤温度在激光照射过程中迅速上升至49.2 ℃, 此高温不仅可引起肿瘤细胞的热死亡, 而且有助于装载药物的释放, 增强组合药物的协同治疗效果, 可实现协同化疗和光热的联合效应。
在治疗过程中, 每3天使用游标卡尺测量每组肿瘤的长度和宽度, 计算并记录肿瘤的实时体积。由图 5EF可看出, 单独注射SBN或DOX的裸鼠, 其肿瘤的体积增长速率较快, 24天后, 两组的肿瘤平均体积分别达到950.7和890.3 mm3左右, 肿瘤体积增长抑制率约为30.2%和36.5%, 抑瘤生长效果不明显。更糟糕的是, 即使同时注射SBN和DOX, 24天后此组的肿瘤平均体积仍约为816.7 mm3, 肿瘤体积增长抑制率为41.1%, 仅略比单给SBN或DOX组高(< 8%), 这跟肿瘤细胞增殖实验结果严重不符。然而, 当此组合药物同时装载于MoS2-PEG-SA上时, 在近红外光的照射条件下, 此组的肿瘤体积增长速率十分缓慢, 最后的肿瘤体积仅为164.8 mm3, 肿瘤体积增长抑制率高达88.1%, 远远高于其他实验组, 原因主要在于: ①载体MoS2-PEG-SA通过主动靶向和被动靶向作用可将SBN和DOX有效输送至肿瘤部位, 不仅改善药物半衰期短、无靶向性等自身缺陷, 而且解决了SBN和DOX因不同药代动力学过程, 导致其无法按设定方式作用于肿瘤, 所带来的协同治疗效果减弱问题; ② MoS2-PEG-SA将吸收的近红外光转化成光热, 不仅引起肿瘤的消融, 而且诱导药物的释放, 提高MoS2-PEG-SA-SBN/DOX的协同化疗治疗效果, 实现了对肿瘤的协同化疗和光热的联合。
在治疗期间, 每3天使用电子天平称量每组裸鼠的体重并及时记录。结果如图 5G所示, 每组裸鼠平均体重均随时间的推移而缓慢增加, 未出现急剧变化, 表明MoS2-PEG-SA-SBN/DOX在体内没有明显的急性毒副作用。同时, 还考察了MoS2-PEG-SA-SBN/DOX组裸鼠的主要器官的病理学形态。通过苏木精-伊红(HE) 染色的结果(图 5H) 可看到, 此组的组织学病理切片的形态与PBS组类似: 组织学结构均正常; 心脏切片的心肌细胞排列整齐, 结构特征明显; 肝脏切片有明显的血管脉络; 脾脏切片的细胞交界非常清晰; 肾脏切片和肺切片也均正常, 未见明显组织损伤, 表明MoS2-PEG-SA-SBN/DOX不会对裸鼠的组织器官造成损伤, 进而初步证明了此纳米片在体内的安全性。
本研究通过EDC/NHS合成SA修饰的PEG, 再利用硫化学作用将其连接到MoS2纳米片上, 成功制备MoS2-PEG-SA纳米载体。该载体具有良好的生理稳定性、优异的光热特性、较好的生物安全性及较高的药物负载能力。随后, 通过疏水作用将中药活性物质SBN和化疗药物DOX先后装载于MoS2-PEG-SA上, 构建一种共载组合药物的MoS2-PEG-SA-SBN/DOX纳米输送系统。MoS2-PEG-SA-SBN/DOX可凭借主动靶向和被动靶向的作用将组合药物有效地输送到肿瘤部位。更重要的是, 在肿瘤弱酸微环境和近红外光的双重刺激下, 此系统可诱导药物的释放, 提高胞内药物的游离浓度, 增强组合药物的协同抗肿瘤效果, 实现对肿瘤细胞的协同化疗和光热的联合治疗, 为肺癌的治疗提供一种新策略和参考。
作者贡献: 陈红负责研究方案、数据处理和初稿撰写; 郭敏负责实验操作; 魏欣琪负责采集整理数据; 陈志怀、杨友瑞负责数据核对; 刘剑、徐伟负责课题设计、指导和论文修改。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(8210142844)
  • 福建省科技厅课题基金(2021J01131548)
  • 福建中医药大学校管课项目(X2020009-重点)
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2023年第58卷第3期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1324
  • 接收时间:2022-12-03
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-03-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-12-03
  • 修回日期:2022-12-23
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(8210142844)
福建省科技厅课题基金(2021J01131548)
福建中医药大学校管课项目(X2020009-重点)
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    福建中医药大学药学院, 福建 福州 350122

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徐伟, Tel: 86-591-22861135, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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