Article(id=1198624409402569311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624396437975057, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1059, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1663171200000, receivedDateStr=2022-09-15, revisedDate=1665763200000, revisedDateStr=2022-10-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763703928565, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1678550400000, pubDateStr=2023-03-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763703928565, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763703928565, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763703928565, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198624396437975057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='804', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763703925474, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763704091914, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198625094596657875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624396437975057, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198625094596657876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624396437975057, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=779, endPage=788, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198624409876525700, articleId=1198624409402569311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Preparation and polarization activity research of astragalus polysaccharide-superparamagnetic iron oxide nanocomposite, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Size and surface modification are the two key factors affecting the effect of macrophages polarization induced by superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs). The smaller the particle size, the better the polarization effect of SPIONs. Besides, the reasonable SPIONs surface modification method can also be used to enhance the polarization effect. In this study, SPIONs was prepared by solvothermal method and optimized by Box-Benhnken center combination design and response surface method. Furthermore, astragalus polysaccharide-superparamagnetic iron oxide nanocomplex (APS-SPIONs) was successfully constructed by EDC/NHS esterification method. The structure of APS-SPIONs was confirmed by dynamic light scatter and infrared spectrometer, and the contents of iron and polysaccharide were characterized by spectrophotometry. The effect of APS-SPIONs on inducing mouse macrophages RAW264.7 polarization was investigated by flow cytometry. The RAW264.7 macrophages-HepG2 human hepatoma cancer cells Transwell co-culture system was established to investigate APS-SPIONs improve anti-tumor function of macrophages in vitro, and the proliferation activity of APS-SPIONs on RAW264.7 detected by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) method. The results showed that the average particle size and zeta potential of APS-SPIONs were (82.93 ± 1.47) nm and (-24.00 ± 0.47) mV. Polysaccharide and Fe content were 8.69% and 7.04%, respectively. APS-SPIONs effectively induced the polarization of RAW264.7 into M1 type in vitro, improving the anti-tumor ability of macrophages in a co-culture system, without effecting the proliferation of macrophages. Our study provides a drug development strategy and preliminary research results to educate macrophages and reshape the tumor immune microenvironment to achieve tumor-killing effects.

, correspAuthors=Yu-ping LIU, Yan CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Lin-qing HUANG, Xin-meng SHI, Jing-rong WANG, Ding QU, Yu-ping LIU, Yan CHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198624412325999464, articleId=1198624409402569311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=黄芪多糖-超顺磁性氧化铁纳米复合物的制备及其诱导巨噬细胞极化的活性研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

尺寸与表面修饰物是影响超顺磁性氧化铁纳米(superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, SPIONs) 诱导巨噬细胞极化作用的两个关键因素。粒径越小的SPIONs诱导巨噬细胞M1极化效果越好, 其次, 采用合理的SPIONs表面修饰方法还可达到增强极化效果的目的。本研究使用溶剂热法制备SPIONs并采用Box-Benhnken中心组合实验设计和响应面法优化制备方法, 获得小粒径SPIONs。以黄芪多糖(astragalus polysaccharide, APS) 为SPIONs亲水性表面修饰物, 通过EDC/NHS酯化法成功构建黄芪多糖-超顺磁性氧化铁纳米复合物(APS-SPIONs)。采用动态光散射仪及红外光谱仪对APS-SPIONs的结构进行确证; 采用分光光度法对铁、多糖含量进行表征; 流式细胞术考察APS-SPIONs对诱导RAW264.7细胞极化的影响; 构建RAW264.7巨噬细胞与HepG2人肝癌细胞Transwell共培养体系, 初步考察给药后巨噬细胞体外杀伤肿瘤细胞的效果, CCK-8 (cell counting kit-8) 法考察APS-SPIONs对小鼠单核巨噬细胞RAW264.7的增殖活性影响。最终成功制得粒径在(82.93 ± 1.47) nm, zeta电位为(-24.00 ± 0.47) mV的APS-SPIONs。经检测, 多糖含量为8.69%, 铁含量为7.04%。APS-SPIONs在体外可有效诱导RAW264.7向M1型极化, 在共培养体系中提高巨噬细胞对肝癌细胞的杀伤能力, 且对巨噬细胞的增殖无抑制作用。本研究为极化巨噬细胞并重塑肿瘤免疫微环境达到杀伤肿瘤作用的药物研发提供策略和方法。

, correspAuthors=刘玉萍, 陈彦, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*刘玉萍, E-mail: ;
陈彦, Tel: 86-25-85608672, E-mail:
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ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 2019, 11: 10452-10461., articleTitle=Fe3O4@Astragalus polysaccharide core-shell nanoparticles for iron deficiency anemia therapy and magnetic resonance imaging in vivo, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198702069713564161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624409402569311, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=57, issue=null, pageStart=1593, pageEnd=1603, url=https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZYXB202201020.htm, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=17, authorNames=null, journalName=Acta Pharm Sin (药学学报), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yang LN, Du XK, Liu L, et al. Research progress and therapeutic perspective of iron transport balance based on "iron-inflammation" homeostatic coupling theory[J]. 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A: Schematic of the co-culture system, HepG2 cells were seeded on the lower layer and macrophages were seeded on the 0.4 µm sized microporous membrane of chamber at the ratio of 1:3; B: Cell viability assessment of the lower HepG2 cells in the co-culture system. <i>n</i> = 3, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> blank group , figureFileSmall=Um7eaDF9FJVzV+TvDOj12Q==, figureFileBig=DEIPPXASMl0rvalOwKo29A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702064562958437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624409402569311, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Cea6xO1qfu7JbzzKfVASWA==, figureFileBig=YcKvR+hMFue6DsJojJ6Hpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702064676204652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624409402569311, language=CN, label=Figure 8, caption= Cell viability assessment of RAW264.7 cells treated with APS, SPIONs, APS-SPIONs. <i>n</i> = 3, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> control group , figureFileSmall=Cea6xO1qfu7JbzzKfVASWA==, figureFileBig=YcKvR+hMFue6DsJojJ6Hpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702064814616700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624409402569311, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Number X1/h X2/℃ X3/mL Y1/nm Y2 Y3/ms
1 13 190 16 24.86 0.367 744.097
2 7 160 14 20.89 0.370 1 188.200
3 7 190 12 30.83 0.322 724.617
4 10 190 14 29.24 0.292 511.933
5 10 220 12 45.11 0.331 429.393
6 10 160 16 23.84 0.327 1 185.360
7 10 220 16 33.93 0.451 548.640
8 13 160 14 31.92 0.415 1 149.100
9 10 190 14 34.00 0.265 806.760
10 7 190 16 19.72 0.321 1 035.900
11 10 190 14 20.08 0.258 840.330
12 10 190 14 34.76 0.307 733.397
13 10 190 14 19.12 0.287 526.000
14 13 190 12 42.05 0.368 569.877
15 10 160 12 21.18 0.421 1 259.440
16 7 220 14 24.09 0.393 895.323
17 13 220 14 34.67 0.445 764.150
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Experimental design and results of Box-Behnken response surface. X1: Reaction time; X2: Reaction temperature; X3: Solvent volume; Y1: Particle size; Y2: Polydispersity index (PDI); Y3: Transverse relaxation time (T2)

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Number X1/h X2/℃ X3/mL Y1/nm Y2 Y3/ms
1 13 190 16 24.86 0.367 744.097
2 7 160 14 20.89 0.370 1 188.200
3 7 190 12 30.83 0.322 724.617
4 10 190 14 29.24 0.292 511.933
5 10 220 12 45.11 0.331 429.393
6 10 160 16 23.84 0.327 1 185.360
7 10 220 16 33.93 0.451 548.640
8 13 160 14 31.92 0.415 1 149.100
9 10 190 14 34.00 0.265 806.760
10 7 190 16 19.72 0.321 1 035.900
11 10 190 14 20.08 0.258 840.330
12 10 190 14 34.76 0.307 733.397
13 10 190 14 19.12 0.287 526.000
14 13 190 12 42.05 0.368 569.877
15 10 160 12 21.18 0.421 1 259.440
16 7 220 14 24.09 0.393 895.323
17 13 220 14 34.67 0.445 764.150
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黄芪多糖-超顺磁性氧化铁纳米复合物的制备及其诱导巨噬细胞极化的活性研究
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黄琳清 1, 2 , 史新萌 1, 2 , 王静蓉 3, 4 , 瞿鼎 1, 2 , 刘玉萍 1, 2, * , 陈彦 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(3): 779-788
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2023, 58(3): 779-788
黄芪多糖-超顺磁性氧化铁纳米复合物的制备及其诱导巨噬细胞极化的活性研究
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黄琳清1, 2, 史新萌1, 2, 王静蓉3, 4, 瞿鼎1, 2, 刘玉萍1, 2, * , 陈彦1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.南京中医药大学附属中西医结合医院, 江苏 南京 210028
  • 2.江苏省中医药研究院, 中药组分与微生态研究中心, 江苏 南京 210028
  • 3.中药质量研究国家重点实验室 (澳门科技大学), 澳门 999078
  • 4.广州中医药大学第二附属医院, 省部共建中医湿证国家重点实验室, 广东 广州 510120

通讯作者:

*刘玉萍, E-mail: ;
陈彦, Tel: 86-25-85608672, E-mail:
Preparation and polarization activity research of astragalus polysaccharide-superparamagnetic iron oxide nanocomposite
Lin-qing HUANG1, 2, Xin-meng SHI1, 2, Jing-rong WANG3, 4, Ding QU1, 2, Yu-ping LIU1, 2, * , Yan CHEN1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
  • 2. Multi-component of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Microecology Research Center, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
  • 3. State Key Laboratory for Quality Research of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
  • 4. State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China
出版时间: 2023-03-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1059
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尺寸与表面修饰物是影响超顺磁性氧化铁纳米(superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, SPIONs) 诱导巨噬细胞极化作用的两个关键因素。粒径越小的SPIONs诱导巨噬细胞M1极化效果越好, 其次, 采用合理的SPIONs表面修饰方法还可达到增强极化效果的目的。本研究使用溶剂热法制备SPIONs并采用Box-Benhnken中心组合实验设计和响应面法优化制备方法, 获得小粒径SPIONs。以黄芪多糖(astragalus polysaccharide, APS) 为SPIONs亲水性表面修饰物, 通过EDC/NHS酯化法成功构建黄芪多糖-超顺磁性氧化铁纳米复合物(APS-SPIONs)。采用动态光散射仪及红外光谱仪对APS-SPIONs的结构进行确证; 采用分光光度法对铁、多糖含量进行表征; 流式细胞术考察APS-SPIONs对诱导RAW264.7细胞极化的影响; 构建RAW264.7巨噬细胞与HepG2人肝癌细胞Transwell共培养体系, 初步考察给药后巨噬细胞体外杀伤肿瘤细胞的效果, CCK-8 (cell counting kit-8) 法考察APS-SPIONs对小鼠单核巨噬细胞RAW264.7的增殖活性影响。最终成功制得粒径在(82.93 ± 1.47) nm, zeta电位为(-24.00 ± 0.47) mV的APS-SPIONs。经检测, 多糖含量为8.69%, 铁含量为7.04%。APS-SPIONs在体外可有效诱导RAW264.7向M1型极化, 在共培养体系中提高巨噬细胞对肝癌细胞的杀伤能力, 且对巨噬细胞的增殖无抑制作用。本研究为极化巨噬细胞并重塑肿瘤免疫微环境达到杀伤肿瘤作用的药物研发提供策略和方法。

磁性氧化铁纳米粒  /  黄芪多糖  /  巨噬细胞极化  /  肿瘤相关巨噬细胞  /  纳米药物

Size and surface modification are the two key factors affecting the effect of macrophages polarization induced by superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs). The smaller the particle size, the better the polarization effect of SPIONs. Besides, the reasonable SPIONs surface modification method can also be used to enhance the polarization effect. In this study, SPIONs was prepared by solvothermal method and optimized by Box-Benhnken center combination design and response surface method. Furthermore, astragalus polysaccharide-superparamagnetic iron oxide nanocomplex (APS-SPIONs) was successfully constructed by EDC/NHS esterification method. The structure of APS-SPIONs was confirmed by dynamic light scatter and infrared spectrometer, and the contents of iron and polysaccharide were characterized by spectrophotometry. The effect of APS-SPIONs on inducing mouse macrophages RAW264.7 polarization was investigated by flow cytometry. The RAW264.7 macrophages-HepG2 human hepatoma cancer cells Transwell co-culture system was established to investigate APS-SPIONs improve anti-tumor function of macrophages in vitro, and the proliferation activity of APS-SPIONs on RAW264.7 detected by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) method. The results showed that the average particle size and zeta potential of APS-SPIONs were (82.93 ± 1.47) nm and (-24.00 ± 0.47) mV. Polysaccharide and Fe content were 8.69% and 7.04%, respectively. APS-SPIONs effectively induced the polarization of RAW264.7 into M1 type in vitro, improving the anti-tumor ability of macrophages in a co-culture system, without effecting the proliferation of macrophages. Our study provides a drug development strategy and preliminary research results to educate macrophages and reshape the tumor immune microenvironment to achieve tumor-killing effects.

magnetic iron oxide nanoparticle  /  astragalus polysaccharide  /  macrophage polarization  /  tumor associated macrophage  /  nanomedicine
黄琳清, 史新萌, 王静蓉, 瞿鼎, 刘玉萍, 陈彦. 黄芪多糖-超顺磁性氧化铁纳米复合物的制备及其诱导巨噬细胞极化的活性研究. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (3) : 779 -788 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1059
Lin-qing HUANG, Xin-meng SHI, Jing-rong WANG, Ding QU, Yu-ping LIU, Yan CHEN. Preparation and polarization activity research of astragalus polysaccharide-superparamagnetic iron oxide nanocomposite[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (3) : 779 -788 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1059
超顺磁氧化铁纳米粒(superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, SPIONs) 是一种粒径在100 nm以下, 主要结构为α-Fe2O3γ-Fe2O3或Fe3O4的无机纳米材料, 因其具有良好的超顺磁性和载药性能而被广泛应用于生物医学诊断和治疗领域[1]。近年研究表明[2, 3], SPIONs不仅可作为磁共振造影剂, 还可作为化学免疫治疗剂。SPIONs在体内外均能有效地诱导肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(tumor-associated macrophages, TAMs) 由促肿瘤的M2型向抗肿瘤的M1型极化, 显示出增强的抗肿瘤增殖和转移作用。研究发现[4], SPIONs的粒径越小(10~50 nm) 越均匀, 越容易通过内吞作用被TAMs摄取, 发挥免疫调控作用。而SPIONs的尺寸与制备方法密切相关。共沉淀法是目前制备SPIONs最经典的方法, 也是工业大生产中最常见的方法[5]。但实际操作中发现, 该法制得的SPIONs存在粒径分布较宽、均匀度差的问题, 从而制约其作为免疫调节药物的临床应用[6]。而溶剂热法也是合成SPIONs的经典方法之一, 在高温高压下进行, 相较低温环境有利于铁纳米晶体的生长及易于控制产物的粒度[7]
除尺寸因素外, SPIONs的表面修饰物也是影响其发挥免疫作用的重要因素。由于裸SPIONs铁核在生理环境下易于聚集, 因此亲水性聚合物的包覆是SPIONs应用于生物体内必不可少的有效策略。现阶段SPIONs的主要表面修饰物为多糖类大分子聚合物, 如葡聚糖[8]。黄芪多糖(astragalus polysaccharide, APS) 是一种亲水性中药多糖, 具有丰富的羟基与羧基。此外, 近年来研究发现其具有调控巨噬细胞向M1极化的作用[9]。一方面APS可结合TAMs上的Toll样受体4 (Toll-like receptor 4, TLR4) 及Notch通路, 进而激活核因子κB p65/丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(nuclear factor kappa-B p65/mitogen-activated protein kinase, NF-κB p65/MAPK) 信号通路, 促进TAMs标志物如白介素(interleukin, IL)-1β、IL-6、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase, iNOS) 和肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α) 的表达上调, 有利于TAMs驱动分化为M1谱系[10]; 另一方面APS还可通过TLR4受体上调CD40和CD80的表达, 有利于增强免疫应答[11]。因此, APS作为SPIONs的表面修饰物有利于进一步提升其诱导极化的能力。
综上, 为获得粒径较小且免疫活性较强的氧化铁纳米粒, 本研究采用溶剂热法制备SPIONs, 以响应面法优化制备方法, 并以APS修饰SPIONs, 构建黄芪多糖-超顺磁性氧化铁纳米复合物(APS-SPIONs)。对APS-SPIONs理化性质进行表征, 并对其体外诱导RAW264.7细胞极化活性及在共培养体系中调控巨噬细胞抗肿瘤作用进行研究, 为肿瘤免疫药物的研发提供前期研究基础。
试剂与耗材   APS (纯度70%, 批号C29J9Y53671)、十二水合硫酸铁铵(批号20170214)、MTT [3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide, 批号H25N11B130393] (上海源叶公司); 无水乙酸钠(南京化学试剂厂, 批号201120486F); 六水合三氯化铁(默克公司, 批号C12150140); 丙烯酸钠盐(批号RH329968)、N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺(N-hydroxysuccinimide, NHS, 批号RH311354)、EDC [1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride, 批号RH292074]、四甲基联苯胺(3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine, TMB, 批号RH350577) (上海罗恩试剂公司); 二乙二醇(美国Sigma公司, 批号102414871); CCK8细胞增殖检测试剂盒(日本东仁化学公司, 批号TS545); DMEM高糖培养基(美国Gibco公司, 批号8122331); 胎牛血清(FBS, 浙江硕华公司, 批号MU1502); 脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS, 批号22167100)、青-链霉素混合液(安徽Biosharp公司, 批号21326990); 细胞因子IL-4 (美国PeproTech公司, 批号012149); 抗小鼠Fc受体阻断剂(TruStain FcX™ PLUS, 批号B321333)、抗小鼠CD206-PE/Cy7 (phycoerythrin/cyanine 7) 抗体(批号B353129)、抗小鼠CD86-APC (allophycyanin) 抗体(批号B317522)、抗小鼠F4/80-PE抗体(批号B340064) (美国Biolegend公司); 二甲基亚砜(methyl sulfoxide, DMSO, 德国BioFroxx公司, 批号EZ7890A253); 活性氧荧光探针(DCFH-DA) 试剂盒(碧云天公司, 批号101221220303); 0.4 μm Transwell小室(美国Costar公司, 批号03822016)。
仪器   动态光散射仪(DLS, 英国Malvern公司); 紫外分光光度计(上海凤凰光学科仪有限公司); 场发射扫描电镜(field emission scanning electron microscopy, SEM, 捷克Tescan公司); 3.0T核磁共振扫描仪(美国通用电气公司); 振动样品磁强计(美国LakeShore公司); 冷冻高速离心机、红外光谱仪、酶标仪(美国Thermo公司); 流式细胞仪(美国Beckman Coulter公司); 十万分之一分析天平(瑞士Mettler Toledo公司); 万分之一分析天平(上海良平仪器有限公司)。
细胞   小鼠单核巨噬细胞RAW264.7和人肝癌细胞HepG2 (中国科学院上海细胞库)。
SPIONs的制备   本实验选用溶剂热法制备SPIONs, 预实验制备方法如下: 称取无水乙酸钠0.75 g、丙烯酸钠0.75 g及六水合三氯化铁0.27 g于50 mL圆底烧瓶内, 以一定量二乙二醇为溶剂溶解, 磁力搅拌器以300 r·min-1搅拌12 h后放入高温烘箱反应。以无水乙醇清洗3次反应所得沉淀物, 于50 ℃真空干燥箱干燥12 h, 即得。
SPIONs制备方法的单因素考察   文献[12]报道经典的溶剂热合成法温度范围在180~200 ℃, 时间范围在8~20 h。本实验以获得小粒径SPIONs为目的进行制备方法的单因素考察实验, 分别考察不同的反应温度160、190、220 ℃, 反应时间7、10、13 h, 溶剂体积12、14、16 mL对粒径的影响。每组实验重复3次, 取平均值考察各因素对SPIONs粒径的影响。
Box-Behnken响应面设计实验优化SPIONs制备方法   综合单因素实验结果, 根据Box-Behnken中心组合实验设计原理, 以反应时间(X1)、反应温度(X2) 和反应溶剂量(X3) 为自变量。此外, SPIONs因具有超顺磁性可在磁共振(MRI) 下成像, 且粒径越小成像能力越佳, 因此使用MRI成像仪对SPIONs进行磁共振的横向弛豫时间(T2) 表征, 并将其作为评价SPIONs的指标之一。因此, 以SPIONs的粒径(Y1)、多分散系数(polydispersity index, PDI, Y2) 及T2 (Y3) 为评价指标, 并使用Hassan法[13]对3个指标进行归一化处理, 按公式(1、2) 进行计算, 得到总评归一值(overall desirability, OD)。
$ d_{i} = (Y_{i} - Y_\text{min})/(Y_\text{max} - Y_\text{min}) $
其中, Yi为指标中第i个值, Ymin为指标中最小值, Ymax为指标中最大值, di为一个单指标中第i个值。
$ \text{OD} = (d_{1} + d_{2} + d_{3})/3$
其中, d1为SPIONs的粒径值, d2为SPIONs的多分散系数值, d3为SPIONs的横向弛豫时间(T2) 值。
应用Design Expert 8.0.6.1软件处理数据并进行结果分析, 拟合出此溶剂热法制备SPIONs的最优合成条件。
EDC/NHS法制备APS-SPIONs   精密称取SPIONs 40 mg及EDC 40 mg, 置于100 mL圆底烧瓶, 加入30 mL醋酸钠缓冲液(pH 5) 溶解, 避光搅拌30 min后, 加入20 mg NHS及20 mg APS避光搅拌过夜。使用10 kDa透析袋透析36 h后, 以13 000 r·min-1离心30 min, 反复3次, 冷冻干燥即得。
SPIONs及APS-SPIONs的理化性质表征
粒径与zeta电位   取SPIONs、APS-SPIONs水溶液超声后使用马尔文粒径仪进行粒径及zeta电位测量。取微量SPIONs、APS-SPIONs乙醇溶液滴于铜片上, 干燥后镀金膜在SEM下观察其外貌形态及尺寸。
红外光谱   以KBr压片法对SPIONs、APS-SPIONs进行红外光谱分析, 光谱波长记录范围为4 000~400 cm-1, 分辨率为2 cm-1
超顺磁性测试   取适量SPIONs、APS-SPIONs粉末在室温条件下使用振动样品磁化强度计, 磁场变化为± 2T, 逐渐加大磁场强度, 观察样品磁化强度值变化, 直至样品的磁化强度值不再增加为止, 输出磁化曲线相关数据, 绘制磁化曲线[14]
APS-SPIONs的铁含量测定
铁含量标准曲线的绘制   精密称取十二水合硫酸铁铵20.00 mg, 置于50 mL量瓶中, 加入2 mL盐酸溶液(6 mol·L-1), 加超纯水稀释定容至刻度, 得质量浓度为50 μg·mL-1的铁标准储备溶液。精密移取铁标准储备溶液0、0.8、1.2、1.6、2.4、2.8 mL于50 mL量瓶中, 加入10%盐酸羟胺溶液1 mL, 超声5 min, 然后依次加入2 mL 0.15%邻二氮菲溶液及5 mL醋酸-醋酸钠缓冲溶液(pH 5), 静置0.5 h, 加超纯水定容至刻度。在510 nm下测定吸光度(A) 值, 以铁浓度(μg·mL-1) 为横坐标, A值为纵坐标, 绘制标准曲线为y = 0.198 2x - 0.001 6, R2 = 0.999 5。
样品中铁浓度的测定   吸取1 mL APS-SPIONs溶液(5 mg·mL-1) 于10 mL量瓶, 加入3 mL盐酸超声20 min, 以超纯水定容。然后从中吸取1 mL加入50 mL量瓶, 自“铁含量标准曲线的绘制”项下“加入10%盐酸羟胺溶液1 mL”起, 同法操作。
APS-SPIONs的总多糖含量测定
葡萄糖标准曲线的绘制   精密称取干燥恒重的葡萄糖10.00 mg, 置于100 mL量瓶中, 用蒸馏水定容至刻度, 配成0.1 mg·mL-1标准品溶液。分别取上述标准葡萄糖溶液0、0.4、0.8、1.2、1.6、2.0 mL, 加蒸馏水补足至2.0 mL并摇匀。然后依次加入硫酸蒽酮溶液6 mL, 置沸水浴中反应15 min, 取出后置冰水中迅速冷却15 min, 626 nm下测定A值, 以葡萄糖浓度(μg·mL-1) 为横坐标, A值为纵坐标, 绘制标准曲线为y = 31.80x - 0.003 853, R2 = 0.999 8。
样品中总多糖含量的测定   取3 mg APS-SPIONs冻干粉置于干燥的具塞试管中加2 mL纯水溶解, 自“葡萄糖标准曲线的绘制”项下方法中加入硫酸蒽酮溶液6 mL起, 同法测定。
APS-SPIONs类过氧化物酶活性测定   以TMB为过氧化物酶底物, 在过量H2O2存在和酸性pH环境下, 通过监测650 nm处氧化TMB (oxTMB) 的A值来反映该催化反应的变化[15]。移取2 mL乙酸-乙酸钠缓冲液(pH 3.6) 及100 μL样品溶液于具塞试管中混匀, 置于37 ℃水浴锅平衡温度到37 ℃, 加入100 μL TMB的DMSO溶液(10 mg·mL-1)。孵育60 s, 加入200 μL 30% H2O2充分混匀。在反应5 min后取适量液体测量在650 nm下A值的变化。
APS-SPION对诱导RAW264.7细胞向M1型极化的影响   调整对数生长期的RAW264.7细胞密度为每毫升1×105个, 每孔接种1 mL于6孔板, 置于培养箱中培养12 h, 每孔加入50 ng·mL-1的IL-4诱导24 h。将细胞分为SPIONs组(250 μg·mL-1)、APS组(125 μg·mL-1)、APS-SPIONs组(500 μg·mL-1), 同时以100 ng·mL-1的LPS为阳性对照组, 孵育24 h。以PBS润洗2次, 加入1 mL含0.2% FBS的磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS) 轻柔吹打制成细胞悬液, 500 ×g离心5 min。弃上清, 加入1 mL含0.2% FBS的PBS重悬, 加入1 μL Fc受体阻断剂4 ℃孵育10 min。孵育结束, 向细胞悬液中加入1 μL CD86-PE抗体、0.6 μL CD206-APC抗体、1 μL F4/80-PE/Cy7抗体, 4 ℃避光孵育30 min。孵育结束, 用含2% FBS的PBS洗细胞2次, 加入300 μL含2% FBS的PBS重悬, 用流式细胞仪进行检测和分析。
APS-SPIONs调控RAW264.7胞内活性氧(ROS) 水平   调整对数生长期的RAW264.7细胞密度为每毫升1×105个, 每孔接种1 mL于6孔板, 置于培养箱中培养12 h, 每孔加入50 ng·mL-1 IL-4诱导24 h。将细胞分为SPIONs组(250 μg·mL-1)、APS组(125 μg·mL-1)、APS-SPIONs组(500 μg·mL-1), 同时以100 ng·mL-1 LPS为阳性对照组, 孵育24 h。吸出上清液, 以PBS润洗1次, 每孔加入1 mL DCFH-DA的DMEM溶液, 于培养箱孵育30 min。再以PBS清洗2次, 加入1 mL含0.2% FBS的PBS轻柔吹打制成细胞悬液, 500 ×g离心5 min。弃上清, 加入200 μL含0.2% FBS的PBS重悬, 用流式细胞仪进行检测和分析。
APS-SPIONs诱导RAW264.7细胞杀伤肿瘤细胞的影响   将RAW264.7以3×105个/孔的密度接种于6孔板0.4 μm Transwell上室, 以IL-4诱导24 h, 再将HepG2以1×105个/孔的密度接种于下室, 培养12 h使其贴壁。以DMEM培养基配制SPIONs、APS、APS-SPIONs含药培养基, 将细胞分为SPIONs组(250 μg·mL-1)、APS组(125 μg·mL-1)、APS-SPIONs组(500 μg·mL-1), 同时以100 ng·mL-1 LPS为阳性对照组, 孵育24 h。培养24 h后弃上清, 以1 mL PBS清洗2次, 每孔加500 μL DMEM培养基与10 μL MTT试剂避光孵育4 h, 加入DMSO于37 ℃孵育10 min并用酶标仪测定在490 nm的A值, 通过公式(3) 计算RAW264.7的细胞活性。
$ \text { 细胞活性 }(\%)=\\(A_{给药组} - A_{空白组})/(A_{对照组} - A_{空白组}) × 100\% $
APS-SPIONs的细胞毒性评价   调整对数生长期的RAW264.7细胞密度为每毫升1×105个, 每孔接种50 μL于96孔板, 加入不同浓度的APS、SPIONs、APS-SPIONs, 使终浓度分别为12.5、25、50、125、250、500、750、1 000 μg·mL-1, 同时以不含药的DMEM基础培养基作为对照, 以不含细胞加同体积培养基为空白对照组。置37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱中培养24 h, 每孔各加入CCK8溶液10 μL, 在培养箱中孵育2 h, 用酶标仪测定RAW264.7在450 nm的A值, 细胞活性计算方式同公式(3)。
统计学方法   对于响应面模型的显著性统计和回归方程式, 采用Design Expert 8.0.6.1软件进行分析; 对于免疫相关数据, 采用Prism GraphPad软件进行作图及分析, 通过单因素方差one-way ANOVA分析比较多组间的值以确定统计学上显著性差异, 数据表示为x ± sP < 0.05被认为具有统计学意义。
在二乙二醇及高温高压的环境下, Fe3+部分还原成Fe2+, Fe3+与Fe2+水解形成Fe(OH)3与Fe(OH)2并形成Fe3O4铁核。随反应时间增加, SPIONs粒径有下降趋势(图 1A), 符合晶体生长机制, 这可能是Fe3O4铁核的熟化形成了小粒径的纳米粒。丙烯酸钠作为表面活性剂, 可为铁核表面带上负电荷, 将晶粒连接在一起, 温度上升后, SPIONs粒径有明显下降, 这可能是因为晶粒的进一步熟化, 以及在体系中的布朗运动加剧摆脱了丙烯酸钠的限制。在190与220 ℃下纳米粒粒径继续减小但没有显著差异, 因此选择不再向下进行实验(图 1B)。随着反应溶剂体积的增加, SPIONs粒径呈下降趋势, 且在二乙二醇体积为14 mL时, 粒径达到最小为16 nm (图 1C)。这可能是由于溶剂体积增加, 铁纳米生成的晶核更易在体系内均匀分散, 但体积增加后铁纳米粒径有增加趋势, 因此选择此范围进行优化。
使用响应面模型评价实验结果, 利用软件分析各变量对SPIONs粒径的影响效果, 并进行多项式回归拟合, 建立反应时间、反应温度和反应溶剂体积为评价指标, 以OD值评分为响应值对实验结果进行回归方程拟合得到二次多项回归方程为: Y = -29.89 - 0.12X1 + 0.21X2 + 1.64X3 - 5.25×10-4X1X2 + 0.01X1X3 - 1.50×10-3X2X3 + 9.91×10-4X12 - 4.79×10-4X22 - 0.05X32。回归方程的方差分析表明模型的F值为8.24 (P < 0.001), 失拟项为0.650 6 (P > 0.05), 差异不显著, 表明该二次多项回归方程选用适当, 该模型总决定系数R2 = 0.913 7, 说明实验结果与理论预测值相关性较高, 以上各参数表明实验结果具有显著性差异, 模型成立, 可用于SPIONs处方优化条件的预测和分析。考察因素水平、实验设计及结果见表 1
SPIONs制备条件的等高线及响应面分析见图 2, 图 2AB表示反应时间和溶剂量对SPIONs的影响。当反应温度固定为190 ℃时, 反应时间等高线密度高于溶剂量, 即反应时间对SPIONs影响较大; 图 2CD表示反应时间和反应温度对SPIONs的影响, 当溶剂量固定为14 mL时, 反应温度的等高线密度高于反应时间, 即反应温度对SPIONs影响较大; 图 2EF表示反应温度和溶剂量对SPIONs的影响, 当反应时间固定为10 h时, 反应温度等高线密度高于溶剂量, 即反应温度对SPIONs影响较大。各因素对SPIONs的影响排序为反应温度 > 反应时间 > 溶剂量。图 2ACE的等高线图坡面较陡, 表明反应时间和溶剂量、反应时间和反应温度、反应温度与溶剂体积间交互作用较强, 对SPIONs制备方法的影响较大。
运用Design Expert 8.0.6.1软件预测SPIONs制备方法的理论最佳条件为反应温度190 ℃、反应时间7 h和溶液体积14 mL。此条件下重复3次实验, 所得SPIONs粒径在24.06 nm, 此条件下由回归方程所得的SPIONs的理论粒径预测值为24.73 nm。相对误差为2.71%, 证明该模型拟合度高, 所得到的SPIONs工艺优化条件参数可靠。
在SEM下可见SPIONs与APS-SPIONs呈类球形, 分布均一, 粒径分别在10及30 nm左右。激光粒度仪测得SPIONs平均粒径为(24.06 ± 5.39) nm, zeta电位为(-52.30 ± 1.82) mV, PDI为0.263 ± 0.001, 粒径适中且分布较窄; APS修饰后, APS-SPIONs比裸SPIONs在水中均一性增加, PDI为0.045 ± 0.018, 粒径为(82.93 ± 1.47) nm, zeta电位有所下降, 为(-24.00 ± 0.47) mV (图 3AB)。邻二氮菲法测得SPIONs铁含量为15.03%, APS-SPIONs铁含量为7.04%, 硫酸蒽酮法测得APS-SPIONs总多糖含量为8.69%。
红外光谱下可见SPIONs及APS-SPIONs在597 cm-1处均有Fe-O键的特征吸收峰[16], 其中SPIONs在1 617 cm-1处有羧酸根离子的吸收峰, 在3 551 cm-1处有羟基的吸收峰, 表明所制备的SPIONs为Fe3O4且表面有羧基及羟基。在图 3C中, 可见APS-SPIONs在1 715 cm-1处有一尖峰, 为C=O键的峰, 1 024cm-1处为C-O-C的不对称伸缩振动[17], 因此综合判断APS与SPIONs除了配位键结合外还可能通过酯键结合。
磁滞回线结果如图 3D所示, 随着外加磁场强度的提高, 样品的磁化强度值相应增大, 当外加磁场达到20 kG时, 样品的磁化强度不再变化, 说明已达到磁饱和, SPIONs的饱和磁化强度为17.08 emu·g-1, APS-SPIONs的饱和磁化强度为6.74 emu·g-1。撤除外加磁场后, 样品的剩余磁感应强度(Br) 与磁感应矫顽力(Hc) 接近零, 即无剩磁。此外, 在整个外加磁场的变化过程中(-20~20 kG), 没有明显的磁滞回环, 磁滞曲线呈现经典的S形。以上结果说明, 合成的SPIONs与APS-SPIONs具有超顺磁特性, APS-SPIONs饱和磁化强度弱于SPIONs, 可能加入APS后铁离子在制剂中的浓度下降所导致的。
图 4A所示, SPIONs在酸性环境下释放的Fe2+与H2O2反应产生羟基自由基, 并氧化TMB为oxTMB, 溶液变成蓝色。如图 4BC所示, SPIONs及APS-SPIONs加入体系后迅速发生反应, 在650 nm处出现oxTMB的最大吸收峰, 与此同时, 空白对照组与APS组无明显反应, 颜色也远浅于SPIONs及APS-SPIONs组。结果表明, SPIONs与APS-SPIONs有一定催化H2O2生成羟基自由基的能力, 且APS的加入不会让SPIONs类过氧化物酶活性大幅下降。上述结果可为APS-SPIONs在细胞内通过Fenton反应与内源性H2O2反应生成ROS, 诱导巨噬细胞极化提供依据。
M0型巨噬细胞可被IL-4诱导成为M2型, 被LPS诱导成M1型。诱导成为M2型的巨噬细胞也可被LPS或药物极化为M1型。从形态学上来看, M0型巨噬细胞与M2型巨噬细胞较为相似, 为圆形, 而M1型巨噬细胞主要呈短梭形, 给药后细胞部分见图 5A。M1型巨噬细胞主要表达F4/80+CD86+, 结果表明(图 5BC), APS、SPIONs、APS-SPIONs给药后, M1型细胞标志物水平上升, 与对照组M1型细胞标志物相比, SPIONs组是其1.52倍, APS组是其5.44倍, APS-SPIONs组是其6.49倍, 表明APS-SPIONs可在体外成功诱导巨噬细胞极化为M1表型。
ROS水平是影响巨噬细胞极化的重要因素。结果如图 6所示, APS、SPIONs、APS-SPIONs均能提升RAW264.7胞内ROS水平, 差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.001)。其中APS-SPIONs组ROS在所有实验组中含量最高。
图 7A所示, 以1∶3比例, 将HepG2细胞接种在下层, 巨噬细胞接种在0.4 µm的腔室微孔膜上。通过MTT法评估下室肿瘤细胞的活力。结果显示, APS-SPIONs组发挥协同杀伤作用, 细胞活力为35.84%。APS组及SPIONs组的细胞存活率分别为82.34%及69.59%, 远高于APS-SPIONs组(图 7B)。因此, APS-SPIONs可有效地促进巨噬细胞抑制HepG2细胞生长, 表明体内抗肿瘤的可行性。
数据显示, 随着SPIONs浓度增长, 细胞活性有所下降, 但仍属于安全范围。而APS-SPIONs在实验浓度范围内对巨噬细胞无细胞毒性作用, 且在一定程度上能促进巨噬细胞的活力增长, 表明其具有良好的细胞相容性(图 8)。
溶剂热法得益于高温高压的环境, 制备所得SPIONs形貌更易控制、均一性较好。在溶剂热法合成SPIONs的单因素实验考察中发现, 反应温度与反应时间的提高有利于铁纳米的熟化结晶, 反应溶剂体积的增加有利于形成小粒径的铁纳米。进一步使用响应面法对其制备方法进行优化, 有效改善了前期合成SPIONs时粒径分布不均的缺点, 可得到小粒径且分布均一的SPIONs。
选用表面具有丰富羟基与羧基的APS对SPIONs进行修饰, 提升了SPIONs的水分散性。使用DLS测量SPIONs及APS-SPIONs的粒径为其水合粒径, 会受到纳米粒水化层的影响, SPIONs的水化层较薄, 加入亲水性好的APS后APS-SPIONs的亲水性增加, 在水中的水化层亦增加。进一步使用SEM观察发现, 干燥的SPIONs与其DLS结果相差无几, 而干燥的APS-SPIONs粒径, 由于失去水的影响, 真实粒径为30 nm左右。APS的加入对SPIONs超顺磁性及类过氧化物酶活性没有引起大幅度的下降。
SPIONs的细胞毒性与其细胞摄取动力学及胞内铁水平密切相关。SPIONs被巨噬细胞摄取后转运至溶酶体并进一步降解为Fe2+与Fe3+离子, 并释放至胞质进行Fenton反应或被储存在铁蛋白内。本研究中, SPIONs使巨噬细胞的活性有所下降, 可能与其胞内释放铁离子水平超出巨噬细胞铁稳态有关[18]。如结果所示, APS-SPIONs提升了巨噬细胞增殖活性, 可能是APS-SPIONs调整了制剂中铁含量, 而铁是与线粒体呼吸作用等细胞生命活动密切相关的元素, 控制在合理范围内有利于细胞生命活动便能促进其增殖。本身具有诱导巨噬细胞极化作用的APS与SPIONs构成APS-SPIONs后, 可协同发挥诱导巨噬细胞M1极化作用, 是SPIONs组的4.26倍, 其给药后胞内ROS水平也较其余组更高。进一步使用Transwell共培养室用于模拟肿瘤微环境, 对APS-SPIONs在体外进行巨噬细胞极化后肿瘤细胞的杀伤作用的实验初步验证, 为其进一步改善体内肿瘤免疫微环境达到杀伤肿瘤作用提供前期研究依据。
综上所述, 本研究中优化后的SPIONs制备方法简单可行, 可制得粒径小且均一的SPIONs。APS-SPIONs粒径小且分散性好, 并具有良好的极化效果及诱导巨噬细胞抗肿瘤的能力。本研究为肿瘤免疫药物的研发提供了前期研究基础。
作者贡献: 黄琳清负责全部实验内容与结果处理, 并负责文章撰写与修改; 史新萌、瞿鼎提供优化SPIONs制备方法思路; 王静蓉、刘玉萍负责文章修改; 陈彦负责实验方案设计、实验指导与结果审核、文章修改与审核。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82173985)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81873017)
  • 江苏省卫生健康委医学科研项目(K2019007)
  • 中药质量研究国家重点实验室(澳门科技大学) 开放课题(2R2104)
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2023年第58卷第3期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1059
  • 接收时间:2022-09-15
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-03-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-09-15
  • 修回日期:2022-10-15
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(82173985)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81873017)
江苏省卫生健康委医学科研项目(K2019007)
中药质量研究国家重点实验室(澳门科技大学) 开放课题(2R2104)
作者信息
    1.南京中医药大学附属中西医结合医院, 江苏 南京 210028
    2.江苏省中医药研究院, 中药组分与微生态研究中心, 江苏 南京 210028
    3.中药质量研究国家重点实验室 (澳门科技大学), 澳门 999078
    4.广州中医药大学第二附属医院, 省部共建中医湿证国家重点实验室, 广东 广州 510120

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*刘玉萍, E-mail: ;
陈彦, Tel: 86-25-85608672, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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