Article(id=1198624408442073631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624396437975057, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0956, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1659456000000, receivedDateStr=2022-08-03, revisedDate=1662998400000, revisedDateStr=2022-09-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763703928337, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1678550400000, pubDateStr=2023-03-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763703928337, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763703928337, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763703928337, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198624396437975057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='804', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763703925474, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763704091914, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198625094596657875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624396437975057, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198625094596657876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624396437975057, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=629, endPage=638, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198624408760840758, articleId=1198624408442073631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Research progress of cyclic peptide synthesis strategy and its application in new drug development, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Protein-protein interaction (PPI) plays an important role in the regulation of life. Most of the PPI interfaces are large and discontinuous, and it is difficult for small molecules to specifically bind to them. Peptides are critical in PPI surface interactions due to their higher affinity and specificity. However, peptides have some defects such as easy hydrolysis by protease and poor membrane permeability. Due to good biocompatibility and chemical diversity, cyclic peptides play an important role in drug discovery. Therefore, the development of efficient cyclic peptide construction methods has become a frontier issue in peptide drug research. In recent years, a series of new progresses have been made in the synthesis strategy and the application of cyclic peptides, providing powerful technical tools for the research and development of cyclic peptide drugs. In this review, the synthesis strategies of cyclic peptides and their application will be reviewed from four aspects: synthesis strategies, property improvement, biological activity and prospect.

, correspAuthors=Chun-quan SHENG, Shan-chao WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Si-jia SU, Qing-wei BU, Chun-quan SHENG, Shan-chao WU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198624412707681161, articleId=1198624408442073631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=环肽合成策略及其在新药研发中的应用研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

蛋白-蛋白相互作用(protein-protein interaction, PPI) 在生命调控过程中扮演着重要角色, 多肽因具有更高的亲和力和特异性在参与PPI表面相互作用中发挥着重要作用。然而, 多肽存在易被蛋白酶水解、膜通透性差等缺陷。相比于直链多肽, 环肽因其良好的生物相容性和化学多样性能够很好地克服以上缺陷, 在新药研发中发挥着重要作用, 因而, 发展高效的环肽构建方法成为了多肽药物研究的前沿问题。近年来, 环肽合成策略及其在新药研发中的应用方面取得了一系列新进展, 为研发环肽类药物提供了有力的技术工具。本文将从合成策略、性质改善、生物活性及前景展望四方面综述环肽合成策略及其在新药研发中的应用研究进展。

, correspAuthors=盛春泉, 武善超, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*盛春泉, Tel: 86-21-81871201, E-mail: ;
武善超, Tel: 86-21-81871242, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《药学学报》编辑部2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=u5l0Z1RB+h9boA5UNunPSA==, magXml=/zn9ZfUZX56t0H+B6LpKaA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=Fb41SLkPksGSsiIZV6wRHw==, pdfFileSize=4334989, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=7lQzMzUNJiF1wwIV2qqrtg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=INguVa93s6UH4mQ4ByFuMw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

#共同第一作者.

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环肽合成策略及其在新药研发中的应用研究进展
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苏思佳 1, # , 卜庆伟 1, # , 盛春泉 1, 2, * , 武善超 2, *
药学学报 | 综述 2023,58(3): 629-638
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药学学报 | 综述 2023, 58(3): 629-638
环肽合成策略及其在新药研发中的应用研究进展
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苏思佳1, #, 卜庆伟1, #, 盛春泉1, 2, * , 武善超2, *
作者信息
  • 1.温州医科大学药学院, 浙江 温州 325035
  • 2.中国人民解放军海军军医大学, 上海 200433

通讯作者:

*盛春泉, Tel: 86-21-81871201, E-mail: ;
武善超, Tel: 86-21-81871242, E-mail:
Research progress of cyclic peptide synthesis strategy and its application in new drug development
Si-jia SU1, Qing-wei BU1, Chun-quan SHENG1, 2, * , Shan-chao WU2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
  • 2. Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
出版时间: 2023-03-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0956
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蛋白-蛋白相互作用(protein-protein interaction, PPI) 在生命调控过程中扮演着重要角色, 多肽因具有更高的亲和力和特异性在参与PPI表面相互作用中发挥着重要作用。然而, 多肽存在易被蛋白酶水解、膜通透性差等缺陷。相比于直链多肽, 环肽因其良好的生物相容性和化学多样性能够很好地克服以上缺陷, 在新药研发中发挥着重要作用, 因而, 发展高效的环肽构建方法成为了多肽药物研究的前沿问题。近年来, 环肽合成策略及其在新药研发中的应用方面取得了一系列新进展, 为研发环肽类药物提供了有力的技术工具。本文将从合成策略、性质改善、生物活性及前景展望四方面综述环肽合成策略及其在新药研发中的应用研究进展。

多肽  /  环肽  /  合成策略  /  性质改善  /  生物活性

Protein-protein interaction (PPI) plays an important role in the regulation of life. Most of the PPI interfaces are large and discontinuous, and it is difficult for small molecules to specifically bind to them. Peptides are critical in PPI surface interactions due to their higher affinity and specificity. However, peptides have some defects such as easy hydrolysis by protease and poor membrane permeability. Due to good biocompatibility and chemical diversity, cyclic peptides play an important role in drug discovery. Therefore, the development of efficient cyclic peptide construction methods has become a frontier issue in peptide drug research. In recent years, a series of new progresses have been made in the synthesis strategy and the application of cyclic peptides, providing powerful technical tools for the research and development of cyclic peptide drugs. In this review, the synthesis strategies of cyclic peptides and their application will be reviewed from four aspects: synthesis strategies, property improvement, biological activity and prospect.

peptide  /  cyclic peptide  /  synthetic strategy  /  improve property  /  biological activity
苏思佳, 卜庆伟, 盛春泉, 武善超. 环肽合成策略及其在新药研发中的应用研究进展. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (3) : 629 -638 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0956
Si-jia SU, Qing-wei BU, Chun-quan SHENG, Shan-chao WU. Research progress of cyclic peptide synthesis strategy and its application in new drug development[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (3) : 629 -638 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0956
蛋白-蛋白相互作用(protein-protein interaction, PPI) 在各种生命过程中起到了至关重要的作用, 机体疾病的产生通常与PPI错误调控有关[1, 2]。一种PPI通常包含几个对蛋白间结合亲和力发挥着主要作用的关键氨基酸残基, 如果在PPI界面上发现这些关键氨基酸残基, 通过复制它们的氨基酸序列合成多肽往往能够发挥良好的竞争性抑制作用[3]。与小分子和抗体相比, 多肽保持了构象的灵活性, 具有更大的相互作用区域, 因而拥有更高的蛋白亲和力和特异性[4]。然而, 在实际应用中多肽尤其是直链肽常常受到易被蛋白酶水解和膜通透性差等方面的限制[5]。因而, 常常需要对多肽进行一定程度的修饰。
多肽的修饰方法种类繁多, 主要分为后修饰和过程修饰, 根据修饰位点的不同可分为N端修饰、C端修饰[6]、侧链修饰[7]、骨架修饰[8]、环化[9]等, 修饰后的多肽的理化性质、毒副作用等得到大幅改善, 其中, 多肽环化(环肽) 是修饰多肽较为普遍的方式, 也是提高多肽稳定性和蛋白结合力的有效途径, 为多肽药物研究提供了有力的技术工具。目前, 已有不少的环肽药物应用于临床研究, 例如从紫罗兰色杆菌中提取的罗米地辛(romidepsin, 图 1a), 这种双环肽可以抑制组蛋白去乙酰化酶, 临床上作为抗肿瘤药物用以治疗T细胞淋巴瘤[10]; 从环孢菌素中分离提取的大环肽——伏环孢素(voclosporin, 图 1b), 在2021年被FDA批准用于狼疮性肾炎(LN) 的治疗[11]; 第二代生长抑素类似物帕西瑞肽(pasireotide, 图 1c), 在临床上用于治疗手术无效的库欣病[12]。因而, 发展高效的环肽合成策略对于该类药物的研究显得尤为重要。
基于此, 近年来人们陆续发展了多种高效合成环肽的方法, 并将它们应用于新药研发。本文将主要从合成方法、性质改善、生物活性及前景展望四方面介绍环肽合成策略及其在新药研发中的应用研究进展。
最初, 人们利用天然氨基酸赖氨酸(Lys)、谷氨酸(Glu) 或天冬氨酸(Asp) 残基形成内酰胺键的方法合成环肽[13]。现在一般常用Fmoc/叔丁基固相合成法, 即Lys侧链氨基由Alloc保护, Glu或Asp侧链的羧基由OAll保护, 通过固相合成法合成线性多肽链, 然后, 将非天然氨基酸的侧链保护基Alloc和OAll用金属Pd脱去, 最后, 再使用PyBOP等缩合剂进行环合[14]。该方法的缺陷在于脱掉侧链保护基时, 通常需要用到重金属如Pd或者其他比较苛刻的条件。为此, Chen等[15]报道了一种新的交联策略, 将Asp和Glu的羧基或Lys和鸟氨酸(Orn) 的氨基用叔丁基二硫化物(Tbeoc或Tbe) 保护后(图 2a), 氨基酸可在2-巯基乙醇/DIPEA [40% H2O/DMF (v/v)] 的混合溶剂中温和、快速地脱去叔丁基二硫基团从而高效地固相合成一系列内酰胺环肽(图 2b)。作者进一步选用抗菌肽短杆菌素(tyrocidine A) 对该方法进行验证, 发现使用该方法合成的短杆菌素和天然短杆菌素的抗菌活性相当(MIC50 = 4~8 μg·mL-1), 且仍然保持了天然短杆菌素的β折叠空间构象, 说明通过该方法合成的环肽与传统方法合成的环肽相同。此外, 采用常规方法[14]或分子内自发的天然环合合成Bowman-Birk蛋白酶抑制剂向日葵胰蛋白酶抑制剂(SFTI) 时, 由于低聚物的生成导致收率不高, 而利用该方法成功克服了这一缺点。同时, 该方法为在温和、无金属的条件下高效制备内酰胺环肽奠定了一定的基础。
订书肽是指将任何多肽中任意两个氨基酸的侧链相互交联或将一个氨基酸侧链交联到多肽的末端, 从而形成稳定的α螺旋或β折叠的构象, 主要是指烯烃/炔烃支撑的α-螺旋肽。因为α-螺旋约占有序蛋白的30%~40%, 在许多重要的生物受体蛋白结合中起着关键作用, 因此, 含α-螺旋的订书肽具有更高的靶向亲和力、更强的细胞穿透性和不易被蛋白酶水解的特点。订书肽的合成策略是在固相合成多肽链中引入含有α-甲基、α-烯基的非天然氨基酸, 然后通过关环复分解反应(ring-closing metathesis, RCM) 环化[16]。由于非天然氨基酸插入的多肽通常对靶蛋白影响较大, 因而, 非天然氨基酸插入点的选择就变得尤为重要。在RCM反应中, 一对非天然氨基酸通常插入多肽序列的i, i+3, i+4或i+7位点。Baek等[17]报道了一种通过RCM装订一系列p53肽, 显著提升了与MDM2的亲和结合力, 其中, 合成的订书肽LSQ*TFSDLWKLL*EN (SAH-p53-8) 具有最好的MDM2蛋白亲和结合力, KD值达到0.8 nmol·L-1
2018年, Hui等[18]提出了一种新的订书肽的装订方法, 该方法不再需要在多肽中引入非天然氨基酸, 仅对多肽分子内的色氨酸(Trp) 进行环合, 即在弱酸(1S)-(+)-樟脑-10-磺酸(CSA)、1, 2-二氯乙烷(DCE) 和4-溴苯甲醛条件下对多肽分子内的色氨酸进行装订(图 3), 通过酸介导与醛缩合将吲哚部分C2位的两个色氨酸残基连接起来。研究发现位于i, i+n (n = 1至4) 位的色氨酸残基的收率较高。研究者进一步选择能与MDM2结合并激活p53的环肽sMTide-02 (Ac-TSFAEYWALLS-NH2) 研究该策略环合成的多肽的空间构象和生物活性, 发现合成的环肽虽然不能形成α-螺旋但能大幅度提升蛋白水解稳定性, 其半衰期较线性肽高69 min, 但该法制备环肽的产率还有待提高。该法避免了重金属的使用, 减少了去除微量有毒金属的步骤, 简化了纯化过程, 同时不再需要使用价格较高的非天然氨基酸, 在大规模生产中具有环保、成本低的优点, 若能提高产率, 将在工业化生产上具有较好的前景。
以往, 在Trp残基上进行大环化的位置仅限于Trp (C-2) 位, 近期, Bai等[19]报道了通过钯催化色氨酸C-2 (图 4a) 和C-4位(图 4b) 残基的选择性C (Sp2)-H烯化反应生成Trp-烯烃交联的大环化多肽, 最终确定了色氨酸(C-2) 烯化反应的反应条件为: 以对二甲苯为溶剂, 10 mol% Pd(OAc)2为催化剂, 1 atm O2为氧化剂, 乙酸乙酯(6 eq) 为添加剂, 在100 ⁰C下反应24 h。C-4位烯化反应的条件为: 以甲苯为溶剂, 10 mol% Pd(OAc)2, AgOAc (2.5 eq), AcOH (6 eq), 在100 ℃下反应24 h。其中, AcOH具有质子受体的作用, 通过协同金属化-脱质子(concerted metalation-deprotonation, CMD) 机制加速C4-H去质子化, 是促进多肽Trp (C-4) 烯化的关键, 这一策略利用肽骨架作为内源导向基团, 并能合成具有独特色氨酸-烯烃交联的大环肽。反应中, 内源性肽骨架被用作C-末端色氨酸(C-2) 烯化的导向基团, 而TfNH-导向基团被用来促进N-末端色氨酸残基的C-4位的修饰, 因而, 该法有利于修饰、连接和生成15~26元大环多肽, 由此产生的色氨酸-烯烃键被完全整合到环肽的框架中, 提供了高度受限的多肽结构。
为证明用该装订策略合成的大环肽在生物活性研究方面的潜力, 研究人员制备了荧光线性肽(2e-FITC) 和与之对应的环肽(3e-FITC) 并检测其在胶质瘤U87MG细胞中的透膜性, 发现线性肽完全不能透过细胞膜, 而环肽定位在细胞质中, 且以浓度依赖的方式有效吸收了10~50 μmol·L-1的环肽, 以上结果表明, 通过Trp (C-2、C-4) 烯烃交联剂使多肽发生大环化, 可以得到紧密的多肽结构, 并显著提高了多肽的膜通透性, 通过合理设计, 这些C-H活化方法在合成大环多肽方面具有巨大应用前景。
采用半胱氨酸残基形成分子内二硫键也是构建大环化多肽采用的策略, 常见的有空气氧化法、碘氧化法、铁氰化钾氧化法、二甲亚砜氧化法和三氟乙酸铊氧化法等[20], 若有两对及以上二硫键则通常采用三苯甲基(Trt)、单甲氧基三苯基(Mmt)、乙酰胺甲基(Acm)、叔丁基(t-Bu)、苄基(Bzl)、对甲氧基苄基(Tmob) 等保护基对巯基进行保护。
尽管通过二硫键构建环肽的方法众多, 但是寻找一个合适的连接子(linker) 提高环肽的亲和力和膜通透性尚未得到解决, Sun等[21]在以往二硫键构建大环多肽的基础上, 使用小型刚性异丁烯3-溴-2-溴甲基-1-丙烯与半胱氨酸残基交联使多肽环化(图 5), 研究发现异丁烯骨架比基于双溴甲苯为骨架的合成策略更灵活, 与对生物环境敏感的二硫键相比, 尤其是在生物硫醇存在的情况下, 该反应可以在10% DMF的水中进行。在合成生长抑素生物活性验证中, 使用“一锅法”就可以得到定量的生长抑素(AGCKNFFWKTFTSC, Cys3 & Cys14 bridge), 采用异丁烯骨架交联的环肽生长抑素衍生物在谷胱甘肽和人血浆中, 37 ℃条件下孵育48 h不发生分解。此外, 用色氨酸荧光光谱法测定其与生长抑素2型受体(SSTR2) 的亲和力, 天然的生长素抑制剂结合浓度至少需要5.5 μmol·L-1, 而该环肽最低浓度为3.5 μmol·L-1, 表明以异丁烯为骨架构建环肽提高了环肽的稳定性和蛋白结合力。在平行人工膜渗透性实验(the parallel artificial membrane permeability assay, PAMPA) 研究中发现, 所有以异丁烯为骨架的环肽膜通透性均高于线性肽, 且最高达到-logPe < 6.0, 通过分子动力学模拟计算发现生长抑素的异丁烯支架中的S-S距离约为4.2 ± 0.4 Å, 这一距离比传统的二硫键S-S距离(约2.0 Å) 和亚甲基硫代缩醛(接近3.0 Å) 更大, 与二硫键环化类似物相比, 该类环肽主链更有利于分子内氢键的形成, 增加结合亲和力。因此, 这种选择性引入异丁烯“小”骨架相较之前的“大”骨架的引入, 活性改变更小, 将选择性和体积小两大优点有机结合, 可以获得具有性质改善的大环化多肽。
Bernardes课题组[22]利用异丁烯骨架在UV条件下可引发硫醇-烯反应, 激活介导异丁烯光笼硫醇降解。在这种策略下, 组蛋白脱乙酰酶抑制剂(histone deacetylase inhibitor, HDAC) 缩酚酸肽(depsipeptide) 类似物的活性可以在被异丁烯装订时消失, 但在非光毒性光照射时, 在癌细胞内选择性地打开(图 6)。该药物在HCT116细胞中成功激活, 为肿瘤治疗提供了一种潜在的药物传递和激活方法。在体内, 这一策略通常是癌细胞的特征自由基启动剂, 以实现靶向药物激活, 也可能有助于光控制蛋白质的激活和抗体-药物结合物的药物释放。
虽然已有多种半胱氨酸大环化策略[9], 但其中许多策略不允许直接对连接子进行有效的官能化, 而是需要对多肽本身进行修饰, 二乙烯基三氮(divinyltriazine, DVT) 型连接子在多肽本身的功能没有受到影响的情况下, 将如细胞穿膜肽或荧光团与DVT末端羧酸的酰胺偶联来实现进一步的官能化(图 7a)。近期, Robertson等[23]报道了一种以二乙烯基嘧啶(divinylpyrimidine, DVP) 为骨架, 对含有半胱氨酸的多肽进行位点选择性修饰的方法(图 7b), 通过圆二色谱法进一步考察该方法合成的多肽螺旋度, 发现环肽呈无规则的卷曲的α-螺旋构象且较线性肽的结合亲和力高出约100倍, 其中在i, i+7位装订的p53环肽(P1-C-1) 与MDM2的结合亲和力(13.0 ± 0.7 nmol·L-1) 高于其对应的线性肽(1.25 ± 0.5 μmol·L-1)。研究人员又进一步测试了该法的适用性, 选择催产素P2-C、生长抑素P3-C、尾加压素-Ⅱ (4-11) P4-C等天然多肽进行实验, 测定了环肽P1-C-1以及对应的线性多肽P1-C在人血清中的稳定性, 孵育24 h后, 52%的装订p53肽P1-C-1保持完整, 而对应的线性肽只保留了27%, 稳定性提高了两倍。与对应的线性肽相比, 所得到的环肽在血清稳定性分析中显示出更大的稳定性。同时还发现多肽浓度(0.5 mg·mL-1) 较低时也能快速有效的发生生物偶联反应, 因此, 利用该装订方法可实现通过连接子的官能化来改变多肽的蛋白亲和力和用途。该装订方法在不影响环肽的装订过程和功能的前提下有效的将多肽的连接子功能化, 有望进一步扩大用途, 将多肽与其他官能化基团相连, 如亲和标签(生物素)、穿膜肽和药物分子, 以产生多肽-药物结合物。
Paterson等[24]利用双硫醇-烯反应制备α-螺旋肽侧链, 他们使用二乙烯基二酯作为多肽装订的骨架(图 8), 将螺旋肽上的两个半胱氨酸残基发生两次硫醇-烯点击反应, 他们将这种方法称为多肽或氨基酸的半胱氨酸酯基化反应(cysteine lipidation of a peptide or amino acid, CLipPA)。研究人员通过这种装订方法合成了对Wnt、JNK等信号途径起重要的调控作用且参与p53活化的抑癌因子Axin (AcHN-ENPESILDEHVQRVM-CONH2) 类似物, 该环肽较未装订的多肽, 得到了更好的α螺旋性; 他们还合成了靶向G蛋白G-βγ和PI3K酶之间的PPI——SIGK (SIGKAFKILGYPDYD) 多肽类似物, 使用该装订策略的环肽比线性多肽的α螺旋性增加了20%~40%左右, 同时也增加肽的细胞通透性。利用该骨架对SIGK多肽装订后的研究数据为接下来的信号通路的研究奠定了基础, 该骨架一定程度增加多肽透膜性, 为其他信号通路的研究也提供了研究思路。
除了依赖于酰胺键、烯基、巯基等稳定多肽构象外, 研究人员还提出了“手性诱导螺旋” (chirality-induced helicity, CIH) 稳定多肽二级结构的概念。Wang课题组[25]利用半胱氨酸残基和烯烃取代侧链合成订书肽, 在稳定多肽的侧环上引入一个手性中心, 且该手性中心的绝对构型为R型时, 可以促使最短包含5个氨基酸的短肽形成结构稳定的标准螺旋结构(图 9)。该课题组通过研究两条具有完全一致氨基酸序列而二级构象又显著不同的CIH多肽(非对映异构体), 发现增加多肽的螺旋度可以显著增强多肽的稳定性[26]
雌激素受体α (estrogen receptor alpha, Erα) 及其配体的结构清楚地表明了蛋白质靶标与配体之间的相互作用, 主要作用在靶标配体结合部位周围的平坦疏水区域。在Erα中引入含有甲基的手性中心的环肽与以前报道的所有Erα多肽配体相比, 使用该策略合成的环肽显示出优秀的结合亲和力, 其结合亲和力提升至69 nmol·L-1。利用该策略合成的i, i+7的p53-MDM2/MDMX的CIH环状多肽——环肽13 (FITC-βA-LTF[cyclo-CEYWS5(Ph-R)]QLTSAA-NH2) 和环肽14 (FITC-βA-LTF[cyclo-(d)CEYWAQLS8(Ph-R)])SAA-NH2) 与i, i+4的环肽相比, i, i+7环肽的螺旋含量分别增加至19.6%和15.7%, 与MDM2蛋白的结合亲和力增强至374 nmol·L-1。对于氨基酸序列一致的订书肽, 提高多肽螺旋度可以显著增加多肽的细胞膜通透能力和靶蛋白结合力。
自然界中存在的环肽, 一般不多于10个氨基酸, 相对分子质量较小, 这样的环肽分子在体内难以被蛋白酶降解, 且口服吸收度较差; 而对于氨基酸数量大于10个的环肽, 尽管其分子构型更为丰富, 且较线性肽更为稳定, 但是它们在体内的稳定性仍然差强人意。因此, 研究人员通过合成双环肽来解决大环肽体内稳定不佳问题, 与单环肽相比, 双环肽结构刚性更强, 且经过合理设计的双环肽, 其中一个环负责与细胞表面的蛋白结合, 使其具有靶向性; 另一个环在整个分子转运至细胞内后也会与靶蛋白结合发挥抑制活性[27]
Timmerman等[28]使用三溴甲基苯(tribromomethylbenzene, TBMB) 构建双环肽, TBMB上的3个Br分别与肽链上的3个半胱氨酸残基-SH基团生成共价键, 从而形成双环肽的结构。这项技术的唯一要求和关键在于双环肽的第2、9、16位上必须是半胱氨酸(cys), 以便与TBMB生成共价键(图 10)。
Wang等[29]首次开发了一种在水相条件下基于硫醇-烯基的多肽装订方法, 已装订蛋白在二级结构上比未装订的蛋白具有更高的稳定性。该研究者还利用α, ω-二炔与两个半胱氨酸残基反应, 通过硫醇-炔偶联反应合成了双环肽(图 11), 用体积排除色谱分析已装订的环肽和线性肽, 线性肽的保留时间为5 min, 而环肽有两个主峰, 其中一个与线性肽同时洗脱, 但另一个洗脱的时间为7 min, 表明环肽存在更紧密的构象。同时该研究者在主链上额外添加一个低聚精氨酸细胞穿膜肽(AcHN-CRRRRC-CONH2), 形成双环肽, 从而增加多肽的膜通透性, 采用这种方法添加外部基团, 增加了多肽的功能化, 这些技术为在水溶液中构建亲水性多肽和蛋白质奠定了基础。
普卡那肽(plecanatide) (图 12) 是在结构上与人尿鸟苷几乎相同的16个氨基酸的多肽, 除了Asp3被Glu3取代外, 普卡那肽通过两对二硫键环化, 在生理环境pH 5.0的十二指肠和空肠近端里采用活性构象与鸟苷环化酶C (GC-C) 受体结合, 具有促进尿钠排泄的鸟苷酸环化酶受体激动药的作用, 能调节胃肠道中的酸碱离子, 诱导液体转运进入胃肠道, 增加胃肠道的蠕动, 适用于治疗成人慢性特发性便秘[30]
Wu等[31]通过双吡咯连接子构建单环肽或双环肽发展了一种新型高效合成多功能荧光环肽的策略, 基于该策略研究人员合成了氨基酸范围广、环大小不同的多功能荧光环肽, 所得到的双吡咯作为一种新型多功能基团连接子, 可以转化为具有荧光性质的硼-亚甲基二吡咯(boron-dipyrromethene, BODIPY), 具体合成方法为将2, 4-二甲基3-吡咯丙酸有效的偶联到多肽的氨基酸侧链或末端的氨基上, 然后采用二氯甲烷为溶剂, 在三氯氧磷或4-羧基苯甲醛的条件下(图 13) 构建单环肽或双环肽。
由于双吡咯是锌离子螯合基团, 因此在水中加入锌离子后, 环肽的荧光强度将增加到130倍以上, 在多肽RGD和GHK两个模型中, 环状RGD和GHK多肽骨架中嵌入的双吡咯可以分别转化为荧光BODIPY (图 14), 在体外可用作膀胱癌T24细胞选择性靶向αVβ3整合素探针, 或者在水介质中直接用作选择性锌(Ⅱ) 传感器。包埋的二吡咯既可以转化为荧光的BODIPY, 然后在体外用作癌症选择性靶向蛋白成像探针, 也可以在水介质中直接用作选择性金属传感器。这项工作为多肽大环化工具箱提供了有价值的补充, 并为开发环肽中的多功能联苯并吡咯连接物提供了蓝图, 具有广泛的潜在生物应用前景。
多肽药物开发的趋势从天然分离的环肽转移到优化环肽类似物上, 以提高多肽的效力、稳定性和药代动力学性质。环肽的应用范围也变得更加广泛, 如已经应用于疾病治疗、药物靶向、成像和诊断等领域。同时, 也认识到每种环肽构建策略都有其局限性, 如适用性不高、合成难度较高、合成成本较高、分离纯化难等, 因而, 人们仍需进一步发展更加高效和普适的环肽构建方法, 降低环肽生产成本, 将多肽应用到医药研发领域。
从技术角度看, 环肽药物的开发很大程度上得益于合成技术的发展, 为了改善多肽稳定性、细胞膜通透性, 增加多肽额外生物活性, 人们将线性肽环合发展了系列环肽(单环肽/双环肽) 合成策略, 并在肽类药物发现合成中得到了很好的应用, 尤其是在构建环肽方面, 多肽侧链修饰策略逐渐丰富, 合成不同大小和不同序列的环肽在不久的将来应该是一个可以实现的目标。正如本文介绍的那样, 环肽合成不再局限于以往的全碳氢交联环肽装订策略这一单一形式, 新型合成策略不仅使得环合过程更加温和、环保、经济, 还明显提高了分子的稳定性和靶向性, 同时, 环肽的应用也更加多样化, 更多功能化的侧链(含荧光的侧链、提高螺旋度的DVP链等) 得以开发, 为了填补环肽库中的空白, 在困难部位和高应变结构的环化方面还需要做出更多的努力。笔者认为, 由于环肽同时具有抗体和小分子的特性, 能够自由深入地穿透组织等特性, 并能选择性和有效地与特定细胞类型的受体相互作用, 加之, 环肽结构复杂、表面结合面积大、尺寸相对较小, 在未来几十年内, 环肽在医药工业中的地位有望超过小分子和抗体。同时, 目前环肽的研究仍然多聚焦在稳定性方面, 其成药性仍有待深入研究和提升。因此, 为解决环肽实际应用问题, 环肽未来的研究应充分发挥其性质优势, 首先, 可基于具体的疾病靶标, 围绕关键氨基酸结合位点、结合区域开展合理的药物设计, 以在分子层面首先解决活性欠佳问题; 随后, 加强生物活性和成药性评价, 基于合成可行性、多样性和类药性开展广泛而深入的化学空间探索, 以期发现性质优良、成药性佳的环肽分子; 最后, 加强体内评价, 充分发掘环肽分子与现有小分子药物、抗体药物的优势, 甚至可以开展环肽偶联药物研究, 最终实现环肽类药物投入临床使用。基于现有环肽构建策略及其应用的研究进展, 有理由期待, 环肽的构建技术和应用将在不远的未来取得突破性进展。
作者贡献: 所有作者都参与了文献调研、手稿设计与撰写。苏思佳、卜庆伟开展文献调研和手稿撰写; 武善超、盛春泉获取经费资助并指导整个研究。所有作者都认可手稿的最终版本。
利益冲突: 本文的发表不存在任何利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(22077138)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81725020)
  • 上海市青年科技启明星计划(22QA1411300)
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2023年第58卷第3期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0956
  • 接收时间:2022-08-03
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-03-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-08-03
  • 修回日期:2022-09-13
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(22077138)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81725020)
上海市青年科技启明星计划(22QA1411300)
作者信息
    1.温州医科大学药学院, 浙江 温州 325035
    2.中国人民解放军海军军医大学, 上海 200433

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*盛春泉, Tel: 86-21-81871201, E-mail: ;
武善超, Tel: 86-21-81871242, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
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占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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