Article(id=1198624406646915726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624396437975057, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1056, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1662998400000, receivedDateStr=2022-09-13, revisedDate=1668873600000, revisedDateStr=2022-11-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763703927909, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1678550400000, pubDateStr=2023-03-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763703927909, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763703927909, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763703927909, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198624396437975057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='804', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763703925474, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763704091914, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198625094596657875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624396437975057, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198625094596657876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624396437975057, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=679, endPage=687, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198624407456416418, articleId=1198624406646915726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=The screening model for dopamine receptor agonists by a dopamine sensor, columnId=null, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a degenerative disease of the central nervous system due to the loss or death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Clinically, levodopa is the most effective and commonly used drug for PD treatment. However, long-term levodopa therapy is prone to motor complications and other side effects caused by excessive peripheral dopamine production, which has become an urgent problem to be solved in PD treatment. Dopamine receptor (DR) agonists are similar to dopamine. They can directly stimulate postsynaptic dopamine receptors, produce the same effect as dopamine, delay the application of levodopa as much as possible, and reduce complications caused by long-term use of levodopa. Therefore, screening effective dopamine receptor agonists has become a key issue in the study and treatment of PD. In order to establish a rapid, stable and reliable method for dopamine receptor agonist screening, this study used the human dopamine receptor 2 (DRD2) gene fused with a circular permuted EGFP (cpEGFP) to construct a recombinant gene, packaged with lentiviral vector, and the vector replaced the parted inner transmembrane domain of the third intracellular loop (ICL3) of genetically-encoded GPCR-activation based (GRAB) sensors. The fluorescence of GPCR-fused cpEGFP is regulated by conformational changes mediated by the interaction of dopamine receptor agonists with GPCRs without altering GPCR activity. The HEK293T cells were infected with viral vector, screened by puromycin to select highly expressed cells. Dopamine receptor agonists (including dopamine, bromocriptine mesylate, cabergoline, pramipexole) were used as positive drugs to explore the best screening and detection conditions, establishing a stable model to evaluate the dopamine receptor agonist. The results showed that the optimal filter for the dopamine receptor agonist in this study was the cell seeding count of 7×104, and the effective concentration of the positive drug was 1-100 µmol·L-1. In addition, pretreated with 10 µmol·L-1 dopamine receptor antagonists (including chlorprothixol hydrochloride, domperidone, and sulpiride), the positive fluorescence signal of overexpressed DRD2-cpEGFP HEK293T cells could not be detected when exposed to 10 µmol·L-1 dopamine receptor agonists, which proved that dopamine receptor antagonists could block the activity of dopamine receptor agonists, so they cannot activate dopamine receptor allosteric, indicating that the model has good specificity and can also be used for the screening and detection of new dopamine receptor antagonists. In summary, the study constructs a stable dopamine sensor detection system, which can effectively screen potential dopamine receptor agonists. The operation procedures are simple and rapid. And it can be used for a large-scale screening providing a fundamental methodology for drug development and PD treatment targeted on DRD2.

, correspAuthors=Yu-he YUAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yan-yan LI, Xiao-tong WANG, Qi-wen HAN, Nai-hong CHEN, Yu-he YUAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198624409125749548, articleId=1198624406646915726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=构建多巴胺传感器检测多巴胺受体激动剂和拮抗剂, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

帕金森病(Parkinson's disease, PD) 是一种黑质致密部多巴胺能神经元缺失或死亡的中枢神经系统退行性疾病。临床上, 左旋多巴是治疗PD最有效也最常用的药物。然而, 长期服用左旋多巴易出现运动并发症以及因外周多巴胺累积导致的其他不良反应, 成为PD治疗亟待解决的问题。多巴胺受体激动剂与多巴胺功能相似, 能直接刺激突触后多巴胺受体, 尽可能延缓左旋多巴的使用, 减少长期服用左旋多巴引起的并发症。因此, 筛选有效的多巴胺受体激动剂成为研究和治疗PD的关键问题。为建立快速、稳定、可靠的多巴胺受体激动剂筛选方法, 本研究将人2型多巴胺受体(dopamine receptor 2, DRD2) 基因与环状绿色荧光报告基因(circular permuted EGFP, cpEGFP) 融合构建重组基因, 用慢病毒载体包装, 该载体置换基因编码的G蛋白偶联受体(G protein-coupled receptor, GPCR) 激活传感器的胞内3环(the third intracellular loop, ICL3) 内部跨膜结构域, 在不改变GPCR活性的基础上, 通过多巴胺受体激动剂与GPCR相互作用介导的构象变化调节GPCR融合的cpEGFP荧光。病毒载体感染HEK293T细胞, 通过嘌呤霉素筛选后, 获得高表达DRD2的细胞株, 并用多巴胺受体激动剂作为阳性药(包括多巴胺、甲磺酸溴隐亭、卡麦角林、普拉克索) 摸索最佳筛选和检测条件, 建立稳定的多巴胺受体激动剂筛选模型。结果显示, 本研究建立的多巴胺受体激动剂筛选模型能够检测到多梯度细胞接种密度下的药物活性, 而且在多巴胺、甲磺酸溴隐亭、卡麦角林和普拉克索浓度很低(最低约0.1 µmol·L-1) 的情况下也能检测到阳性信号。经多次实验显示, 本研究构建的模型最佳筛选条件: 细胞接种数为7×104个, 多巴胺受体激动剂阳性药的有效浓度为1~100 µmol·L-1均有较好的检测效果。此外, 本研究先加入10 µmol·L-1多巴胺受体拮抗剂(包括盐酸氯普噻吨、多潘立酮、舒必利), 然后再加入10 µmol·L-1多巴胺受体激动剂后, 则无法检测到荧光阳性信号, 这表明多巴胺受体拮抗剂阻断了多巴胺受体激动剂的活性, 因而无法引起多巴胺受体变构, 说明该模型具有较好的特异性, 同时也能用于多巴胺受体拮抗剂的筛选和检测。总之, 该研究构建了稳定的多巴胺传感器检测体系, 可有效筛选潜在的多巴胺受体激动剂, 而且操作简便, 检测系统稳定, 可实现快速、大规模的筛选模式, 大大提高了药物筛选的效率, 为以DRD2为靶点的药物开发和PD治疗提供了关键的方法体系。

, correspAuthors=苑玉和, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*苑玉和, Tel: 86-10-50927212, E-mail:
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DRD2: Dopamine receptor 2; ICL3: The third intracellular loop; cpEGFP: Circular permuted EGFP; GRAB<sub>DA</sub>: G-protein-coupled receptor-activation-based-DA , figureFileSmall=yQV/sPCidQCLA39jPgmM/A==, figureFileBig=c6WMZkOyLbX5rj4DlsNMGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702056052715977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624406646915726, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Pkpsl+OGyI+wRIu58pWgPg==, figureFileBig=dqVLMsH3uTFwFuWngKwIqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702056237265372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624406646915726, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= The fluorescence of the cells after transfection was significantly higher than that in the non-transfected group. ∆F represents the real-time fluorescence after removing the background fluorescence generated by reagents. <i>n</i> = 5, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 , figureFileSmall=Pkpsl+OGyI+wRIu58pWgPg==, figureFileBig=dqVLMsH3uTFwFuWngKwIqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702056417620464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624406646915726, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=knREAkBJSAMt9a/to2V0sA==, figureFileBig=HACidCLQY7n2oGlIpJocWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702056547643905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624406646915726, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= The fluorescence intensity enhanced with the increasing cells (1×10<sup>4</sup>, 3×10<sup>4</sup>, 5×10<sup>4</sup>, 7×10<sup>4</sup>, and 9×10<sup>4</sup> cells per well) cultured with dopamine receptor agonists. A-D: The fluorescence intensity rosed with cell increase when activated by dopamine (DA, 10 µmol·L<sup>-1</sup>, A), bromocriptine mesylate (T5842, 10 µmol·L<sup>-1</sup>, B), cabergoline (T14853, 10 µmol·L<sup>-1</sup>, C) and pramipexole (T1476, 10 µmol·L<sup>-1</sup>, D), respectively; E: Fluorescence was higher with cell increasing. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 , figureFileSmall=knREAkBJSAMt9a/to2V0sA==, figureFileBig=HACidCLQY7n2oGlIpJocWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702056698638859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624406646915726, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=EOPgfVvkmLJiAn9aXvUuBA==, figureFileBig=MFbvjLzNH8iRk49NSYFD0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702056920936996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624406646915726, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Fluorescence increased with the increasing concentrations (0.1, 1, 10 and 100 µmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) of dopamine receptor agonists. A-D: The fluorescence increased with the increasing concentrations of DA (A), T5842 (B), T14853 (C), and T1476 (D) activation, respectively; E-H: Statistics of fluorescence intensity was higher with the increasing concentrations of DA (E), T5842 (F), T14853 (G) and T1476 (H) activation, respectively; I: Concentration for 50% of maximal effect (EC<sub>50</sub>) of DA, T5842, T14853 and T1476. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 , figureFileSmall=EOPgfVvkmLJiAn9aXvUuBA==, figureFileBig=MFbvjLzNH8iRk49NSYFD0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702057101292079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624406646915726, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=7mMn3wyzogyIdoQijw2acA==, figureFileBig=youSRLyEc45P1KsqX2wq7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702057231315517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624406646915726, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Fluorescence intensity stimulated by agonists can be partially blocked under the preaction of dopamine receptor antagonists. A: Fluorescence under agonists when first blocked by dopamine receptor antagonists; B: IC<sub>50</sub> of T0074L, T0082 and T1201. 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构建多巴胺传感器检测多巴胺受体激动剂和拮抗剂
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李严严 , 王晓彤 , 韩奇文 , 陈乃宏 , 苑玉和 *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(3): 679-687
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2023, 58(3): 679-687
构建多巴胺传感器检测多巴胺受体激动剂和拮抗剂
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李严严, 王晓彤, 韩奇文, 陈乃宏, 苑玉和*
作者信息
  • 中国医学科学院药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 北京 100050

通讯作者:

*苑玉和, Tel: 86-10-50927212, E-mail:
The screening model for dopamine receptor agonists by a dopamine sensor
Yan-yan LI, Xiao-tong WANG, Qi-wen HAN, Nai-hong CHEN, Yu-he YUAN*
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2023-03-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1056
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帕金森病(Parkinson's disease, PD) 是一种黑质致密部多巴胺能神经元缺失或死亡的中枢神经系统退行性疾病。临床上, 左旋多巴是治疗PD最有效也最常用的药物。然而, 长期服用左旋多巴易出现运动并发症以及因外周多巴胺累积导致的其他不良反应, 成为PD治疗亟待解决的问题。多巴胺受体激动剂与多巴胺功能相似, 能直接刺激突触后多巴胺受体, 尽可能延缓左旋多巴的使用, 减少长期服用左旋多巴引起的并发症。因此, 筛选有效的多巴胺受体激动剂成为研究和治疗PD的关键问题。为建立快速、稳定、可靠的多巴胺受体激动剂筛选方法, 本研究将人2型多巴胺受体(dopamine receptor 2, DRD2) 基因与环状绿色荧光报告基因(circular permuted EGFP, cpEGFP) 融合构建重组基因, 用慢病毒载体包装, 该载体置换基因编码的G蛋白偶联受体(G protein-coupled receptor, GPCR) 激活传感器的胞内3环(the third intracellular loop, ICL3) 内部跨膜结构域, 在不改变GPCR活性的基础上, 通过多巴胺受体激动剂与GPCR相互作用介导的构象变化调节GPCR融合的cpEGFP荧光。病毒载体感染HEK293T细胞, 通过嘌呤霉素筛选后, 获得高表达DRD2的细胞株, 并用多巴胺受体激动剂作为阳性药(包括多巴胺、甲磺酸溴隐亭、卡麦角林、普拉克索) 摸索最佳筛选和检测条件, 建立稳定的多巴胺受体激动剂筛选模型。结果显示, 本研究建立的多巴胺受体激动剂筛选模型能够检测到多梯度细胞接种密度下的药物活性, 而且在多巴胺、甲磺酸溴隐亭、卡麦角林和普拉克索浓度很低(最低约0.1 µmol·L-1) 的情况下也能检测到阳性信号。经多次实验显示, 本研究构建的模型最佳筛选条件: 细胞接种数为7×104个, 多巴胺受体激动剂阳性药的有效浓度为1~100 µmol·L-1均有较好的检测效果。此外, 本研究先加入10 µmol·L-1多巴胺受体拮抗剂(包括盐酸氯普噻吨、多潘立酮、舒必利), 然后再加入10 µmol·L-1多巴胺受体激动剂后, 则无法检测到荧光阳性信号, 这表明多巴胺受体拮抗剂阻断了多巴胺受体激动剂的活性, 因而无法引起多巴胺受体变构, 说明该模型具有较好的特异性, 同时也能用于多巴胺受体拮抗剂的筛选和检测。总之, 该研究构建了稳定的多巴胺传感器检测体系, 可有效筛选潜在的多巴胺受体激动剂, 而且操作简便, 检测系统稳定, 可实现快速、大规模的筛选模式, 大大提高了药物筛选的效率, 为以DRD2为靶点的药物开发和PD治疗提供了关键的方法体系。

帕金森病  /  G蛋白偶联受体  /  多巴胺传感器  /  多巴胺受体激动剂  /  多巴胺受体拮抗剂  /  药物筛选

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a degenerative disease of the central nervous system due to the loss or death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Clinically, levodopa is the most effective and commonly used drug for PD treatment. However, long-term levodopa therapy is prone to motor complications and other side effects caused by excessive peripheral dopamine production, which has become an urgent problem to be solved in PD treatment. Dopamine receptor (DR) agonists are similar to dopamine. They can directly stimulate postsynaptic dopamine receptors, produce the same effect as dopamine, delay the application of levodopa as much as possible, and reduce complications caused by long-term use of levodopa. Therefore, screening effective dopamine receptor agonists has become a key issue in the study and treatment of PD. In order to establish a rapid, stable and reliable method for dopamine receptor agonist screening, this study used the human dopamine receptor 2 (DRD2) gene fused with a circular permuted EGFP (cpEGFP) to construct a recombinant gene, packaged with lentiviral vector, and the vector replaced the parted inner transmembrane domain of the third intracellular loop (ICL3) of genetically-encoded GPCR-activation based (GRAB) sensors. The fluorescence of GPCR-fused cpEGFP is regulated by conformational changes mediated by the interaction of dopamine receptor agonists with GPCRs without altering GPCR activity. The HEK293T cells were infected with viral vector, screened by puromycin to select highly expressed cells. Dopamine receptor agonists (including dopamine, bromocriptine mesylate, cabergoline, pramipexole) were used as positive drugs to explore the best screening and detection conditions, establishing a stable model to evaluate the dopamine receptor agonist. The results showed that the optimal filter for the dopamine receptor agonist in this study was the cell seeding count of 7×104, and the effective concentration of the positive drug was 1-100 µmol·L-1. In addition, pretreated with 10 µmol·L-1 dopamine receptor antagonists (including chlorprothixol hydrochloride, domperidone, and sulpiride), the positive fluorescence signal of overexpressed DRD2-cpEGFP HEK293T cells could not be detected when exposed to 10 µmol·L-1 dopamine receptor agonists, which proved that dopamine receptor antagonists could block the activity of dopamine receptor agonists, so they cannot activate dopamine receptor allosteric, indicating that the model has good specificity and can also be used for the screening and detection of new dopamine receptor antagonists. In summary, the study constructs a stable dopamine sensor detection system, which can effectively screen potential dopamine receptor agonists. The operation procedures are simple and rapid. And it can be used for a large-scale screening providing a fundamental methodology for drug development and PD treatment targeted on DRD2.

Parkinson's disease  /  G protein-coupled receptor  /  dopamine sensor  /  dopamine receptor agonist  /  dopamine receptor antagonist  /  drug screening
李严严, 王晓彤, 韩奇文, 陈乃宏, 苑玉和. 构建多巴胺传感器检测多巴胺受体激动剂和拮抗剂. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (3) : 679 -687 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1056
Yan-yan LI, Xiao-tong WANG, Qi-wen HAN, Nai-hong CHEN, Yu-he YUAN. The screening model for dopamine receptor agonists by a dopamine sensor[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (3) : 679 -687 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1056
帕金森病(Parkinson's disease, PD) 是一种常见的中枢神经系统退行性疾病, 多发于中老年人群, 同时也呈现越来越年轻化的趋势。其主要病理特征是黑质致密部多巴胺能神经元变性死亡, 导致多巴胺能神经末梢和纹状体内多巴胺显著减少, 而与多巴胺功能拮抗的乙酰胆碱功能相对亢进, 多巴胺与乙酰胆碱水平失调, 导致运动功能紊乱。临床主要表现为静止性震颤、四肢僵直、动作迟缓等运动症状, 以及便秘、嗅觉障碍、自主神经功能障碍和认知障碍等非运动症状[1-3]。到目前为止, PD的致病机制尚未阐明, 诸多研究提示可能与年龄增长、遗传因素、环境刺激及氧化应激等多种因素相关[4, 5]。随着中国人口老龄化程度的加深, PD患者的人数日益增加, PD已成为患病率和死亡率增长最快的神经系统疾病, 严重危害人民的健康[6]
临床上, 左旋多巴是治疗PD最有效也是最常用的药物, 可减轻震颤麻痹, 改善肌张力, 使患者的肢体活动更趋正常[7]。然而临床观察发现, 长期服用左旋多巴, 患者易出现疗效减退、运动并发症及因外周产生过多的多巴胺导致的其他不良反应, 成为PD治疗中亟待解决的问题[8]。有研究提出, 持续的多巴胺能刺激是治疗PD的突破口之一, 可以提供最佳的治疗效果并最大程度减少并发症的发生[9]。多巴胺受体激动剂是一类与多巴胺结构相似的化合物, 能直接刺激突触后多巴胺受体, 用于早期PD治疗, 可替代或推迟左旋多巴的使用, 同时可减少并发症的产生, 成为临床上替代多巴胺治疗早期PD的首选药物[10]; 在PD晚期作为辅助药物, 可减少左旋多巴的用量, 显著降低运动并发症的发生率[11, 12]。已有多种多巴胺受体激动剂, 如溴隐亭(bromocriptine)、卡麦角林(carbegoline)、普拉克索(pramipexole)、罗匹尼罗(ropinirole)、罗替戈汀(rotigotine) 等用于临床治疗PD, 且有良好的效果[12-14]。但据临床报道, PD患者在服用目前上市的多种多巴胺受体激动剂后存在一定的不良反应, 其中一些对有心血管疾病、精神病和抑郁症病史的个体或患有肾功能不全或肝功能不全的老年患者具有重大风险[15]。而且在治疗时, 还需要考虑各种药代动力学和药效学因素[16]。因此, 开发更有效、不良反应更少、适用更广泛的新型多巴胺受体激动剂迫在眉睫, 促进多巴胺受体激动剂的筛选成为目前发展最迅速、前景最广阔的PD治疗方案。
同时, 多巴胺受体激动剂对神经元的保护作用受到了越来越多的关注, 成为PD研究的热点之一。在PD进展过程中, 神经元受损导致细胞死亡, 而多巴胺受体激动剂可以保护神经元免受各种病理侵袭, 减轻PD症状, 延缓或阻止PD的进程[17]。细胞和动物模型的研究都证实, 多巴胺受体激动剂如溴隐亭、罗匹尼罗和普拉克索等可有效清除自由基并抑制脂质过氧化, 具有抗氧化作用[18]。在1-甲基-4-苯基-1, 2, 3, 6-四氢吡啶(1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine, MPTP) 诱导的PD小鼠模型中, 溴隐亭等对海马CA1区神经元具有保护作用, 该作用与其促进海马神经元中过氧化物歧化酶的表达有关[19, 20]。罗匹尼罗属于D2/D3受体激动剂, 在体外可清除自由基, 在体内可减轻6-羟基多巴胺的神经毒性, 减少过氧化物的产生, 维持细胞的低氧化应激状态, 保护黑质多巴胺能神经元, 延缓运动并发症[21]。中脑神经元经溴隐亭或罗匹尼罗预处理后, 可有效缓解甚至消除谷胱甘肽或6-羟基多巴胺导致的神经毒性, 但这种保护作用可被多巴胺D2受体阻断剂所拮抗[22]。低剂量的普拉克索即可减少小鼠黑质多巴胺能神经元的损失, 具有神经保护作用[17]。多研究共同支持, 多巴胺受体激动剂可能通过直接介导线粒体膜电位、抗氧化、神经营养及抑制细胞凋亡等方式发挥神经保护特性, 进而有效延缓PD进程[23, 24]。因此, 筛选有效的多巴胺受体激动剂成为研究和治疗PD的关键问题。
2型多巴胺受体(dopamine receptor 2, DRD2) 属于G蛋白偶联受体(G protein-coupled receptor, GPCR), 在中枢神经系统广泛表达, 介导多巴胺能信号对奖赏、认知、运动协调和神经内分泌等功能的调控, 其功能异常与PD等多种神经退行性疾病密切相关。GPCR特有的7次跨膜结构域可经过改造后, 与特异性配体结合发生变构, 进而激活下游的信号通路和级联反应, 这成为药物筛选和设计的关键[25]。目前, 已批准药物的30%以上都是以GPCR为靶点, 而且GPCR仍是用于药物发现的最成功和最有希望的靶标[26]。但是, 基于GPCR构建的药物筛选模型的特异性和有效性仍有待提高, 同时也亟待开发更有效率的筛选模型。
本研究拟将DRD2与环状绿色荧光报告基因(circular permuted EGFP, cpEGFP) 融合构建重组基因, 置换掉GPCR的内部跨膜结构域的胞内3环(the third intracellular loop, ICL3), 在不改变GPCR活性的基础上, 通过多巴胺受体激动剂与GPCR相互作用介导的构象变化调节GPCR融合的cpEGFP荧光。进而, 利用慢病毒载体感染后稳定过表达多巴胺受体传感器的细胞系, 构建稳定有效的多巴胺受体激动剂检测体系。在有效的多巴胺受体激动剂的作用下, 感受器细胞可在短时间内产生绿色荧光, 而非多巴胺受体激动剂则无法激活该受体产生荧光, 实现可视化检测结果。通过特异性配体与GPCR结合后激活受体构象改变产生的荧光表达变化, 用于检测多巴胺受体活性, 该策略可高效筛选潜在的多巴胺受体激动剂。整个过程操作简便, 结果稳定可靠, 可实现快速、大规模的筛选, 大大提高了药物筛选的效率, 为药物开发和PD治疗提供了关键的方法体系。
细胞  HEK293T细胞株购自中国科学院上海生化细胞所, 经实验室扩大培养并保存留种。
实验试剂  细胞培养液DMEM和胎牛血清购自Gibco公司。嘌呤霉素购自Selleck公司(CAS: 58-58-2)。多巴胺、甲磺酸溴隐亭、卡麦角林、普拉克索、盐酸氯普噻吨、多潘立酮和舒必利购自上海陶术生物科技有限公司。其他试剂为国产分析试剂。
仪器  激光共聚焦显微镜(德国Leica公司); 多功能酶标仪(美国BioTek H1 Energy)
载体构建  本研究模板是pDisplay载体, 载体原型pDisplay-DRD2-IRES-mCherry-CAAX (北京大学李毓龙教授惠赠), 通过PCR扩增DRD2-cpEGFP片段, 克隆于GV348载体, 通过上海吉凯基因化学技术有限公司包装为过表达DR2-cpEGFP的pAAV病毒载体, 用于构建稳定株(图 1)。该基因伴随表达抗嘌呤霉素的抗性。
病毒感染  以每毫升1×105个HEK293T细胞均匀接种于6孔板中, 待细胞融合度达到70%~80%时准备病毒感染。根据病毒滴度, 将病毒感染液稀释至合适的浓度, 感染HEK293T细胞, 置于37 ℃培养箱, 感染后12 h换新鲜的培养基, 继续培养24 h。同时设阴性细胞组, 即以空载体病毒载体作为对照感染HEK293T的细胞。
嘌呤霉素浓度的确定  本研究摸索了不同浓度梯度的嘌呤霉素, 用于筛选成功感染后的细胞。具体方法是病毒感染后的细胞培养24 h, 细胞传代密度约为每毫升1×105个接种于24孔板, 铺足够量的孔用于梯度实验, 继续培养24 h。去掉培养基, PBS洗1次, 设置含不同浓度嘌呤霉素(1、3、5、10和15 µg·mL-1) 的新鲜培养基, 孵育细胞; 约2~3天后更换新的筛选用培养基。每日观察细胞的存活状况, 确定7天左右杀死所有细胞的最低嘌呤霉素浓度为后续培养筛选浓度。
稳定细胞株构建  在确定嘌呤霉素杀死细胞所需的最低筛选浓度后, 培养细胞36 h, 将嘌呤霉素(浓度为10 µg·mL-1) 加入感染病毒载体后的HEK293T细胞, 密切观察细胞状态。部分细胞死亡后, 及时更换培养基, 并传代至培养瓶。用嘌呤霉素筛选5代左右的HEK293T细胞, 获得具有嘌呤霉素抗性并稳定过表达多巴胺受体DRD2的HEK293T细胞。DRD2与cpEGFP融合构建重组基因, 置换GPCR传感器的内部跨膜结构域ICL3。当多巴胺受体激动剂与GPCR发生相互作用时可诱导GPCR构象变化, 特异性激活cpEGFP荧光, 非多巴胺受体激动剂则无法激活细胞产生荧光。荧光的强弱代表多巴胺受体激动剂对DRD2激活的程度。
稳定细胞株的荧光检测  将筛选成功的细胞按每毫升1×105个分别接种于共聚焦小皿和96孔全黑板, 每孔100 µL, 培养24 h, 在共聚焦显微镜下观察共聚焦小皿里面细胞的荧光变化情况, 并用多功能酶标仪检测96孔全黑板里面的细胞的基底荧光值。同时, 将阳性药(终浓度10 µmol·L-1) 加入孔中, 实时观察细胞表面DRD2被激动后的荧光变化。
细胞接种密度的优化  根据稳定细胞株荧光检测的结果, 调整接种的每毫升细胞数为1×105、3×105、5×105、7×105和9×105个, 接种于不透明的96孔板, 每孔100 µL, 即每孔细胞数为1×104、3×104、5×104、7×104和9×104个, 置于37 ℃培养箱, 培养24 h, 待细胞完全贴壁。弃去培养基, 用HBSS清洗细胞, 重新加入HBSS 90 µL, 37 ℃孵育30 min后, 用多功能酶标仪(BioTek synergy H1全功能酶标仪) 先检测细胞的荧光基底值5 min, 每分钟检测1次, 再加入终浓度为10 µmol·L-1多巴胺10 µL, 然后检测荧光值30 min, 每分钟检测1次。每个细胞密度设置3个复孔。
多巴胺受体激动剂的浓度优化  在最佳细胞接种密度下, 探索多巴胺受体激动剂的作用浓度, 将7×104个细胞接种于不透明的96孔板, 每孔100 µL, 置于37 ℃培养箱, 培养24 h, 待细胞完全贴壁。弃去培养基, 用HBSS清洗细胞, 重新加入检测液90 µL, 37 ℃孵育30 min后, 用多功能酶标仪先检测细胞的荧光基底值5 min, 每分钟检测1次, 然后再加入10 µL多巴胺受体激动剂, 即多巴胺(DA)、甲磺酸溴隐亭(编号T5842)、卡麦角林(编号T14853)、普拉克索(编号T1476), 使这4种激动剂的终浓度分别为0.1、1、10和100 µmol·L-1, 检测荧光值30 min, 每分钟检测1次。每种多巴胺受体激动剂的每个浓度设置3个复孔。
多巴胺受体激动剂与拮抗剂的叠加效应分析  检测在拮抗剂的作用下, 多巴胺受体激动剂对细胞是否仍有激动作用。设置DA组(终浓度10 µmol·L-1)、盐酸氯普噻吨组(编号T0074L, 终浓度10 µmol·L-1)、盐酸氯普噻吨+ DA组(编号T0074L + DA, 终浓度10 µmol·L-1)、多潘立酮组(编号T0082, 终浓度10 µmol·L-1)、多潘立酮+ DA组(编号T0082 + DA, 终浓度10 µmol·L-1)、舒必利组(编号T1201, 终浓度10 µmol·L-1)、舒必利+ DA组(编号T1201 + DA, 终浓度10 µmol·L-1) 及空白细胞组。每组设3个复孔。根据上述最佳细胞密度和最适多巴胺受体激动剂浓度, 将细胞接种于不透明的96孔板, 每孔100 µL, 置于37 ℃培养箱, 培养24 h, 待细胞完全贴壁。弃去培养基, 用HBSS清洗细胞, 重新加入检测液80 µL, 空白细胞组和DA组各加入10 µL检测液, 按照组别设置加入10 µL相应的多巴胺受体拮抗剂, 37 ℃孵育30 min后, 用多功能酶标仪先检测细胞的荧光基底值5 min, 每分钟检测1次, 然后空白组加入10 µL检测液作为对照, 其余实验组各孔加入10 µL DA (终浓度10 µmol·L-1), 再检测荧光值30 min, 每分钟检测1次。
多巴胺受体拮抗剂的半抑制浓度(half maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50)分析  在最佳细胞接种密度下, 以DA作为多巴胺受体激动剂, 盐酸氯普噻吨、多潘立酮和舒必利作为多巴胺受体拮抗剂, 检测拮抗剂的IC50。将细胞接种于不透明的96孔板, 每孔100 µL, 即每孔细胞数为7×104个, 置于37 ℃培养箱, 培养24 h, 待细胞完全贴壁。弃去培养基, 用HBSS清洗细胞, 重新加入检测液80 µL, 37 ℃孵育30 min后, 用多功能酶标仪先检测细胞的荧光基底值5 min, 每分钟检测1次, 然后再加入10 µL多巴胺受体激动剂, 空白组加入10 µL检测液作为对照, 孵育10 min; 最后加入10 µL多巴胺受体拮抗剂, 即盐酸氯普噻吨、多潘立酮和舒必利, 使这3种拮抗剂的终浓度分别为0.1、1、10和100 µmol·L-1, 检测荧光值30 min, 每分钟检测1次。每种多巴胺受体拮抗剂的每个浓度设置3个复孔。
统计学分析  结果采用GraphPad 7.0进行数据统计、分析和展示, 显著性检测采用two-way ANOVA, P < 0.05表示显著性差异, P < 0.01表示极显著性差异。数据表示为平均值±标准差(x ± s)。
荧光观察结果显示, 在共聚焦荧光显微镜488 nm激发光下, 相比于未感染病毒的细胞, 感染病毒载体后的细胞会自发微弱的绿色荧光(图 2), 这是细胞感染病毒后本底表达的绿色荧光蛋白, 是后续检测的背景值。
将感染病毒后的细胞按照不同的细胞数量(1×104、3×104、5×104、7×104和9×104) 接种于96孔板, 然后分别在终浓度为10 µmol·L-1 DA (图 3A)、甲磺酸溴隐亭(图 3B)、卡麦角林(图 3C)、普拉克索(图 3D) 的激动作用下检测细胞荧光值, 结果显示, 荧光值随着细胞密度的增加呈现一定程度的升高。与溶剂对照组相比, 经去背景处理后, 加入激动剂后的相对荧光值随着细胞数量的增加有逐渐递增的趋势, 综合比较接种密度和相对荧光变化, 当细胞接种数量为每孔7×104个时, 荧光值相对变化约是细胞基底荧光背景值的1.8倍, 达到最佳的检测条件(图 3E)。该结果表明, 细胞接种数量为7×104个, 激动剂DA终浓度10 µmol·L-1时, 可达到最佳的检测效果。
按照得到的最佳接种细胞数量为7×104个, 本研究进一步探索了多种多巴胺受体激动剂在不同浓度下细胞荧光强度的变化, 期望能找到最适的激动剂工作浓度。选用的多巴胺受体激动剂为DA、甲磺酸溴隐亭、卡麦角林、普拉克索, 设置这4种激动剂的终浓度分别为0.1、1、10和100 µmol·L-1。结果显示, 荧光值随着激动剂浓度的增加呈现不同程度的升高(图 4A~D)。与溶剂对照组比较, 经归一化处理后, 加入激动剂后的相对荧光值随着激动剂浓度的升高逐渐增大, 当激动剂浓度达到100 µmol·L-1时, 荧光差异能达到1.8倍左右(图 4E~H)。经计算半最大效应浓度(concentration for 50% of maximal effect, EC50), DA、甲磺酸溴隐亭、卡麦角林和普拉克索的EC50为0.62、0.87、2.18和0.82 µmol·L-1 (图 4I)。当激动剂浓度为10 µmol·L-1时, 荧光强度能达到最强荧光的90%左右, 能充分满足检测要求, 因此激动剂浓度为10 µmol·L-1时, 可达到最佳的检测效果。
在最佳作用浓度下, 本研究观察到细胞株在加入多巴胺受体激动剂前后明显的发光现象(如视频1~5所示)。相比于空白组(视频1), 在细胞板中分别加入DA (视频2)、甲磺酸溴隐亭(视频3)、卡麦角林(视频4)、普拉克索(视频5) 时, 细胞发出绿色荧光, 表明在多巴胺受体激动剂的激动作用下, 细胞的多巴胺受体被激活。
Video 1. Cell fluorescence in the blank group
Video 2. Cell fluorescence before and after addition of DA
Video 3. Cell fluorescence before and after addition of T5842
Video 4. Cell fluorescence before and after addition of T14853
Video 5. Cell fluorescence before and after addition of T1476
为了检测多巴胺受体激动剂的激动效果的特异性, 以及该系统是否也可用于筛选多巴胺受体拮抗剂, 本研究选用3种多巴胺受体拮抗剂(终浓度为10 µmol·L-1), 即盐酸氯普噻吨、多潘立酮和舒必利, 先阻断多巴胺受体的作用, 再加入DA (终浓度为10 µmol·L-1) 观察能否有激动效应。结果显示, 与空白对照相比, 只加入多巴胺受体拮抗剂的细胞没有荧光变化, 即拮抗剂既不抑制细胞本身的荧光, 也不刺激细胞增强荧光表达; 在没有多巴胺受体拮抗剂的预先阻断下, DA激动后可检测到显著升高的荧光值; 而预先加入多巴胺受体拮抗剂, 再用DA激动后, 可以检测到有微弱升高的荧光值(图 5A), 说明盐酸氯普噻吨、多潘立酮和舒必利这3种拮抗剂可以部分阻断多巴胺受体激动剂的效应, 同时也可说明该检测体系具有特异性。另外, 本研究设置了盐酸氯普噻吨、多潘立酮和舒必利的浓度梯度, 即0.1、1、10和100 µmol·L-1, 用于检测和计算这3种拮抗剂的IC50。结果显示, 三者的IC50分别为0.80、0.25、和1.67 µmol·L-1 (图 5B)。以上结果表明, 本研究构建的稳定细胞株表达DRD2和荧光报告标签, 可以用于特异性检测和高通量筛选多巴胺受体激动剂。
随着人口老龄化的发展, PD已成为世界第二大中枢神经系统退行性疾病, 而且患病率逐年上升, 病程长, 致残率高, 因此对PD的早期诊断和及时治疗成为延缓疾病进展的关键因素[3]。2000年, 诺贝尔生理学或医学奖授予了神经药理学家Arvid Carlsson教授, 因其发现脑内一种非常重要的神经递质—多巴胺[27]。脑内80%以上的多巴胺由基底神经节中的黑质-纹状体产生, 参与协调运动、控制情绪等功能。多巴胺能神经元的丢失和死亡导致纹状体内的多巴胺递质减少, 成为PD的主要诱因和病理特征[7]。但由于PD的致病机制尚未阐明, 临床上也还没有治愈PD的方法和药物, 左旋多巴和多巴胺受体激动剂等成为缓解PD症状的常用药物[28]。目前, 还有很多种新型多巴胺受体激动剂都在研发和试验阶段, 通过增加作用靶点、优化结构、改变剂型或用药途径等多种方式, 提高治疗PD的疗效, 减少不良反应, 给未来PD和其他神经退行性疾病的治疗带来了广阔的应用前景。
多巴胺受体家族属于G蛋白偶联受体超家族, 根据结构、生化特性和药理性质, 主要分为D1样和D2样两大类, 其中D1样包含D1和D5, D2样包含D2、D3和D4。D1样受体与激活型G蛋白Gs偶联, 刺激产生第二信使cAMP; 而D2则抑制第二信使cAMP的生成。多巴胺受体信号异常和多巴胺能神经功能与多种神经精神疾病密切相关。多巴胺受体激动剂能选择性地激动多巴胺受体, 特别是选择性地激动D2受体, 该受体是精神分裂症和帕金森综合症的主要靶点。
左旋多巴一直被认为是治疗PD最有效的药物, 但长期服用导致的不良反应也越来越明显。主要原因: ①左旋多巴不能直接作用于多巴胺受体, 需经过脑内的多巴胺脱羧酶(DDC) 转化为多巴胺才能发挥作用, 但PD患者脑内的DDC本就由于疾病进展导致活性降低, 因此形成恶性循环, 降低左旋多巴的疗效[8]; ②左旋多巴转化为多巴胺后刺激多巴胺受体缺乏特异性, 因而不良反应较多[29]; ③左旋多巴的半衰期较短, 难以长时间维持稳定的血药浓度, 因此服用频率较高, 降低患者的依从性, 可能导致症状波动[30]; 最后, 左旋多巴代谢产生的自由基可能进一步加剧脑损伤[31]。相比之下, 多巴胺受体激动剂可以规避左旋多巴产生的诸多问题, 具有独特的优势[11]: 首先, 多巴胺受体激动剂直接作用于突触后膜的多巴胺受体, 不需经过神经元的代谢; 其次, 多巴胺受体激动剂的半衰期较长, 可减少服药次数, 有效维持体内的药物浓度, 有利于克服症状波动; 再者, 多巴胺受体激动剂可根据结构设计或修饰等方式特异性作用于某种类型的多巴胺受体, 减少或规避非特异性效应[32]; 最后, 多巴胺受体激动剂不产生游离氧自由基或有毒代谢产物, 并具有一定的神经保护作用[33]。目前, 广泛应用的多巴胺受体激动剂类药物有溴隐亭、卡麦角林、普拉克索和罗匹尼罗等。溴隐亭最早是治疗高泌乳素血症或泌乳素瘤的药物, 也是首先用于治疗PD的多巴胺D2受体激动剂。卡麦角林是一种麦角生物碱衍生物, 选择性作用于D2多巴胺受体, 用于治疗早期PD和泌乳素瘤, 不良反应较溴隐亭轻。普拉克索和罗匹尼罗是近年来上市的、用于治疗PD的新药。但目前临床上应用的多巴胺受体激动剂仍存在一定的缺陷, 比如单独应用的疗效不如左旋多巴显著, 长期大量应用可能导致受体脱敏或作用下调, 对激动剂的敏感性降低, 费用较高等问题[34, 35]。因此, 大力开发新型多巴胺受体激动剂, 有效解决上述缺陷, 成为治疗PD有效策略。
为开发大规模高效率筛选新的有效多巴胺受体激动剂的方法, 本研究从天然的多巴胺受体作为传感模块, 并将cpEGFP作为荧光输出模块耦合, 在DA结合时, 受体的构象变化可以改变相关cpEGFP的排列, 导致荧光中的DA依赖性变化。本课题组利用表达多巴胺受体传感器和荧光报告标签的稳定细胞株, 构建了稳定有效的多巴胺受体激动剂检测体系。结果表明, 在每毫升细胞种植数量为7×105个, 多巴胺受体激动剂(包括多巴胺、甲磺酸溴隐亭、卡麦角林、普拉克索) 作用浓度约为10 µmol·L-1时, 可达到最佳的检测条件。同时, 当多巴胺受体拮抗剂(如盐酸氯普噻吨、多潘立酮和舒必利) 预先阻断后, 多巴胺受体激动剂则无法有效激动该细胞膜上的DRD2, 说明该细胞株可用于特异性筛选多巴胺受体激动剂和拮抗剂。但是, 该模型也存在一定的局限性: ①该模型只能检测针对D2受体的激动剂和抑制剂的活性, 不适用于检测其他亚型的多巴胺受体的激动剂和抑制剂的活性, 因为本研究构建的模型结构只能特异性与D2受体发生相互作用后产生变构而激发荧光; ②与阴性对照检测值相比, 该模型检测到的阳性绝对值并不是非常高, 因而检测结果可能存在一定的假阳性, 这与细胞本身表达的荧光强度相关; ③在用于筛选未知的药物是否为多巴胺受体激动剂或拮抗剂时, 需要排除药物本身的自发荧光。
综上所述, 该系统可高效筛选潜在的多巴胺受体激动剂和拮抗剂, 而且操作简便, 结果稳定可靠, 可实现快速、大规模的筛选模式, 大大提高了药物筛选的效率, 为药物开发和PD治疗提供了关键的方法体系。在以后的研究中, 本课题组拟从天然产物活性成分中大规模筛选潜在的多巴胺受体激动剂或拮抗剂, 或者结合药物分子设计对现已上市的药物进行结构改造和化学修饰, 发现或发明新的多巴胺受体激动剂, 开发与神经性疾病相关的新药。
致谢: 本实验所用的载体pDisplay-DRD2-IRES-mCherry-CAAX由北京大学李毓龙实验室惠赠。
作者贡献: 李严严、王晓彤和韩奇文负责实验研究; 李严严负责数据处理; 李严严、陈乃宏和苑玉和提出研究思路、设计实验方案、撰写和修改论文。
利益冲突: 全体作者声明不存在任何利益冲突。
  • 北京市自然科学基金资助项目(7212156)
  • 中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程项目(2021-I2M-1-026)
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2023年第58卷第3期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1056
  • 接收时间:2022-09-13
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-03-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-09-13
  • 修回日期:2022-11-20
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北京市自然科学基金资助项目(7212156)
中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程项目(2021-I2M-1-026)
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    中国医学科学院药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 北京 100050

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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