Article(id=1198624405346681412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624396437975057, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0949, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1659369600000, receivedDateStr=2022-08-02, revisedDate=1664899200000, revisedDateStr=2022-10-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763703927599, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1678550400000, pubDateStr=2023-03-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763703927599, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763703927599, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763703927599, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198624396437975057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='804', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763703925474, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763704091914, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198625094596657875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624396437975057, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198625094596657876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624396437975057, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=672, endPage=678, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198624405615116886, articleId=1198624405346681412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Exploring the mechanism of anti-hereditary Parkinson's disease of baicalein based on PINK1 RNAi Drosophila model, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of baicalein on a Drosophila model of hereditary Parkinson's disease caused by gene mutations and to preliminarily elucidate the mechanism of baicalein in delaying hereditary Parkinson's disease. In this paper, PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1)-RNAi Parkinson's Drosophila were used as the model group and wild-type Drosophila w1118 were used as the control group. Different doses of baicalein and Madopa were administered to the model group to observe their effects on the life span, motor ability, the abnormal rate of wings, dopamine content and dopaminergic neurons of PINK1-RNAi Parkinson's Drosophila and their effects on mitochondrial dysfunction including adenosine triphosphate (ATP), mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) content. The results showed that the effective administration doses of baicalein were 0.8 mg·mL-1 for low concentration, 1.6 mg·mL-1 for medium concentration and 3.2 mg·mL-1 for high concentration, and the optimal administration dose of the positive drug Madopa was 0.1 μg·mL-1. Baicalein and Madopa could significantly improve the life span, exercise ability and reduce the abnormal rate of wings of PINK1-RNAi male Drosophila (P < 0.05), and low dose baicalein showed the best effect; baicalein could improve the loss of dopaminergic neurons, and the effects of low dose and high dose were the best, but Madopa showed no significant effect; baicalein and Madopa had no significant effect on dopamine content (P > 0.05). Baicalein and Madopa could increase the ATP content of PINK1-RNAi male Drosophila (P < 0.05), and low dose baicalein showed the best effect; middle dose baicalein could significantly increase the mtDNA content of PINK1-RNAi male Drosophila (P < 0.05), but Madopa had no significant effect; baicalein and Madopa had no significant effect on ROS content (P > 0.05).

, correspAuthors=Guan-hua DU, Jian-qin ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Sheng-hui HAO, Ruo-fan JIA, Jiao-rui WANG, Li GAO, Xue-mei QIN, Guan-hua DU, Jian-qin ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198624407481582243, articleId=1198624405346681412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于PINK1 RNAi果蝇模型探讨黄芩素对遗传性帕金森病的作用机制, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究旨在探讨黄芩素对基因突变导致的遗传性帕金森果蝇模型的作用, 初步阐释黄芩素延缓遗传性帕金森病的作用机制。采用磷酸酶及张力蛋白同源物诱导的蛋白激酶1 (PTEN-induced putative kinase 1, PINK1)-RNAi帕金森果蝇为模型组, 野生型果蝇w1118为对照组, 给予模型组不同剂量的黄芩素与阳性药美多芭, 观察其对PINK1-RNAi帕金森果蝇寿命、运动能力、异翅率、多巴胺含量及多巴胺能神经元的影响, 并观察其对腺嘌呤核苷三磷酸(adenosine triphosphate, ATP)、线粒体DNA (mitochondrial DNA, mtDNA) 及活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 含量等线粒体功能障碍的影响。结果表明, 黄芩素的有效给药剂量为低浓度0.8 mg·mL-1、中浓度1.6 mg·mL-1、高浓度3.2 mg·mL-1, 阳性药美多芭最佳给药剂量为0.1 μg·mL-1。黄芩素和美多芭均能够显著提高PINK1-RNAi雄果蝇的寿命、运动能力和降低翅膀异常率(P < 0.05), 且低剂量黄芩素效果最佳; 黄芩素可改善多巴胺能神经元的丢失, 且低、高剂量效果最佳, 但美多芭无显著影响; 黄芩素和美多芭均对多巴胺含量无显著影响(P > 0.05)。黄芩素和美多芭均能够提高PINK1-RNAi雄果蝇的ATP含量(P < 0.05), 且低剂量黄芩素效果最佳; 中剂量黄芩素能够显著提高PINK1-RNAi雄果蝇的mtDNA含量(P < 0.05), 但美多芭无显著影响; 黄芩素和美多芭均对ROS含量无显著影响(P > 0.05)。

, correspAuthors=杜冠华, 张建琴, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*杜冠华, Tel: 86-10-63165184, E-mail: ;
张建琴, Tel: 13073591179, E-mail:
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A: Survival curve of PINK1-RNAi PD <i>Drosophila</i> model treated with baicalein (0.8, 1.6, 3.2 mg·mL<sup>-1</sup>); B: Survival curve of PINK1-RNAi PD <i>Drosophila</i> model treated with Madopa (0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1 µg·mL<sup>-1</sup>). <i>n</i> = 5, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± SEM. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> PINK1-RNAi , figureFileSmall=kPsosugR5Vtv92OEQHSouQ==, figureFileBig=dxoqT7yjs9w4s5/EQDRdmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702057558475627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624405346681412, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=dpQz587JVDq80UCaO0ZLHA==, figureFileBig=cRFzYAp7B0FqESWNA55oug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702057675916151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624405346681412, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Effects of baicalein on motor ability (A) and the abnormal rate of wings (B) of PINK1-RNAi PD <i>Drosophila</i> model. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± SEM. <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> <i>w</i><sup>1118</sup>; <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> PINK1-RNAi , figureFileSmall=dpQz587JVDq80UCaO0ZLHA==, figureFileBig=cRFzYAp7B0FqESWNA55oug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702057931768720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624405346681412, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=T7Sk+7/PeKHhpJ/75Bg3gQ==, figureFileBig=+qZIK2Ny86i8D+OTUIMp1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702058095346590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624405346681412, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Effects of baicalein on dopamine (DA) content (A) and dopaminergic neurons (B) in the PINK1-RNAi PD <i>Drosophila</i> model. Ⅰ: <i>w</i><sup>1118</sup>; Ⅱ: PINK1-RNAi; Ⅲ: 0.8 mg·mL<sup>-1</sup> baicalein; Ⅳ: 1.6 mg·mL<sup>-1</sup> baicalein; Ⅴ: 3.2 mg·mL<sup>-1</sup> baicalein; Ⅵ: 0.1 μg·mL<sup>-1</sup> Madopa. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span> ± SEM. <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> <i>w</i><sup>1118</sup>. 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基于PINK1 RNAi果蝇模型探讨黄芩素对遗传性帕金森病的作用机制
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郝生慧 1 , 贾若凡 1 , 王娇蕊 1 , 高丽 1 , 秦雪梅 1 , 杜冠华 1, 2, * , 张建琴 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(3): 672-678
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2023, 58(3): 672-678
基于PINK1 RNAi果蝇模型探讨黄芩素对遗传性帕金森病的作用机制
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郝生慧1, 贾若凡1, 王娇蕊1, 高丽1, 秦雪梅1, 杜冠华1, 2, * , 张建琴1, *
作者信息
  • 1.山西大学中医药现代研究中心, 山西 太原 030006
  • 2.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 北京 100050

通讯作者:

*杜冠华, Tel: 86-10-63165184, E-mail: ;
张建琴, Tel: 13073591179, E-mail:
Exploring the mechanism of anti-hereditary Parkinson's disease of baicalein based on PINK1 RNAi Drosophila model
Sheng-hui HAO1, Ruo-fan JIA1, Jiao-rui WANG1, Li GAO1, Xue-mei QIN1, Guan-hua DU1, 2, * , Jian-qin ZHANG1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Modern Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
  • 2. Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2023-03-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0949
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本研究旨在探讨黄芩素对基因突变导致的遗传性帕金森果蝇模型的作用, 初步阐释黄芩素延缓遗传性帕金森病的作用机制。采用磷酸酶及张力蛋白同源物诱导的蛋白激酶1 (PTEN-induced putative kinase 1, PINK1)-RNAi帕金森果蝇为模型组, 野生型果蝇w1118为对照组, 给予模型组不同剂量的黄芩素与阳性药美多芭, 观察其对PINK1-RNAi帕金森果蝇寿命、运动能力、异翅率、多巴胺含量及多巴胺能神经元的影响, 并观察其对腺嘌呤核苷三磷酸(adenosine triphosphate, ATP)、线粒体DNA (mitochondrial DNA, mtDNA) 及活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 含量等线粒体功能障碍的影响。结果表明, 黄芩素的有效给药剂量为低浓度0.8 mg·mL-1、中浓度1.6 mg·mL-1、高浓度3.2 mg·mL-1, 阳性药美多芭最佳给药剂量为0.1 μg·mL-1。黄芩素和美多芭均能够显著提高PINK1-RNAi雄果蝇的寿命、运动能力和降低翅膀异常率(P < 0.05), 且低剂量黄芩素效果最佳; 黄芩素可改善多巴胺能神经元的丢失, 且低、高剂量效果最佳, 但美多芭无显著影响; 黄芩素和美多芭均对多巴胺含量无显著影响(P > 0.05)。黄芩素和美多芭均能够提高PINK1-RNAi雄果蝇的ATP含量(P < 0.05), 且低剂量黄芩素效果最佳; 中剂量黄芩素能够显著提高PINK1-RNAi雄果蝇的mtDNA含量(P < 0.05), 但美多芭无显著影响; 黄芩素和美多芭均对ROS含量无显著影响(P > 0.05)。

黄芩素  /  遗传性帕金森病  /  果蝇  /  磷酸酶及张力蛋白同源物诱导的蛋白激酶1  /  线粒体功能障碍

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of baicalein on a Drosophila model of hereditary Parkinson's disease caused by gene mutations and to preliminarily elucidate the mechanism of baicalein in delaying hereditary Parkinson's disease. In this paper, PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1)-RNAi Parkinson's Drosophila were used as the model group and wild-type Drosophila w1118 were used as the control group. Different doses of baicalein and Madopa were administered to the model group to observe their effects on the life span, motor ability, the abnormal rate of wings, dopamine content and dopaminergic neurons of PINK1-RNAi Parkinson's Drosophila and their effects on mitochondrial dysfunction including adenosine triphosphate (ATP), mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) content. The results showed that the effective administration doses of baicalein were 0.8 mg·mL-1 for low concentration, 1.6 mg·mL-1 for medium concentration and 3.2 mg·mL-1 for high concentration, and the optimal administration dose of the positive drug Madopa was 0.1 μg·mL-1. Baicalein and Madopa could significantly improve the life span, exercise ability and reduce the abnormal rate of wings of PINK1-RNAi male Drosophila (P < 0.05), and low dose baicalein showed the best effect; baicalein could improve the loss of dopaminergic neurons, and the effects of low dose and high dose were the best, but Madopa showed no significant effect; baicalein and Madopa had no significant effect on dopamine content (P > 0.05). Baicalein and Madopa could increase the ATP content of PINK1-RNAi male Drosophila (P < 0.05), and low dose baicalein showed the best effect; middle dose baicalein could significantly increase the mtDNA content of PINK1-RNAi male Drosophila (P < 0.05), but Madopa had no significant effect; baicalein and Madopa had no significant effect on ROS content (P > 0.05).

baicalein  /  hereditary Parkinson's disease  /  Drosophila melanogaster  /  PTEN-induced putative kinase 1  /  mitochondrial dysfunction
郝生慧, 贾若凡, 王娇蕊, 高丽, 秦雪梅, 杜冠华, 张建琴. 基于PINK1 RNAi果蝇模型探讨黄芩素对遗传性帕金森病的作用机制. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (3) : 672 -678 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0949
Sheng-hui HAO, Ruo-fan JIA, Jiao-rui WANG, Li GAO, Xue-mei QIN, Guan-hua DU, Jian-qin ZHANG. Exploring the mechanism of anti-hereditary Parkinson's disease of baicalein based on PINK1 RNAi Drosophila model[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (3) : 672 -678 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0949
帕金森病(Parkinson's disease, PD) 是人类第二大常见神经退行性疾病。临床上主要表现为震颤、步姿异常等运动障碍, 以及睡眠质量下降、嗅觉功能紊乱等非运动障碍[1]。PD的典型病理特征是黑质致密部变性和路易体中α-突触核蛋白(α-synuclein, α-syn) 的积累[2]。基因、环境/生活方式和人口老龄化是导致帕金森病的主要因素[3], 但其发病机制尚不明确。已有研究发现与帕金森病相关的致病蛋白有十几种, 而应用最多、研究最广的有α-突触核蛋白、磷酸酶及张力蛋白同源物诱导的蛋白激酶1 (PTEN-induced putative kinase 1, PINK1)、Parkin、富亮氨酸重复激酶2 (leucine-rich repeat kinase 2, LRRK2)、DJ-1等[4], 其中PINK1是PD的第二大诱因[5]。PINK1基因缺乏可导致线粒体自噬异常, 进而引起线粒体功能异常[6]。线粒体异常是神经退行性疾病重要的病理机制, 且线粒体已被作为潜在的治疗靶点[7]。利用这些基因构建的转基因遗传学模型为PD发病机制的研究提供了较为优良的模型。黑腹果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster) 是研究神经退行性疾病分子机制的一种有价值的昆虫模型[8]。Mhc > PINK1-RNAi (PINK1-RNAi) 转基因PD果蝇模型可表现出典型的PD特征, 包括能量消耗、选择性间接飞行肌肉异常和多巴胺能神经元变性[9]。该遗传学模型常被用于探讨PD的发病机制或用于抗PD药物的筛选。
最初用于治疗帕金森病的药物是抗胆碱能药物, 如苯海索(Artane, trihexy: 1949年) 和苯托品(Cogentin: 1954年) 等, 这些药物的治疗机制尚不完全清楚。之后, 随着多巴胺(dopamine, DA) 在PD疾病病理作用的深入研究, 开发出直接或间接影响多巴胺的药物, 如左旋多巴(levodopa) 和美多芭(Madopa)[10]。目前市场上抗PD药物左旋多巴、盐酸金刚烷胺片等均可明显增加多巴胺含量, 从而改善患者症状, 提高生活质量和生存率, 然而持续、大剂量的服用该类药物可引起许多并发症, 且疗效减退[11]。因此, 开发新药并阐明其作用机制尤为重要。
黄芩素(baicalein) 是唇形科(Lamiaceae) 黄芩(Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi) 的干燥根中所提取的黄酮类化合物。研究表明, 黄芩素具有一系列关键药理特性, 如抗衰老、减少氧化应激、抗炎、抑菌特性, 抑制兴奋性毒性, 抑制α-突触核蛋白的聚集, 刺激神经发生和分化作用, 以及抗细胞凋亡作用[12-14], 以上药理特性显示黄芩素具有治疗帕金森病的潜力。本课题组采用6-羟基多巴胺(6-hydroxydopamine, 6-OHDA)、鱼藤酮、1-甲基-4-苯基-1, 2, 3, 6-四氢吡啶(1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine, MPTP) 诱导建立PD模型, 发现黄芩素具有抗PD作用, 且黄芩素主要通过抑制氧化应激和α-syn形成, 维持线粒体功能, 减轻炎症反应以及调控核因子κB (nuclear factor kappa-B, NF-κB)、c-Jun氨基末端激酶(c-Jun N-terminal kinase,JNK) 和cAMP反应元件结合蛋白/糖原合成酶激酶-3β/过氧化物酶体增殖受体γ辅激活因子α (cAMP responsive element binding protein/glycogen synthase kinase-3β/peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor γ coactivator alpha, CREB/GSK-3β/PGC-1α) 等信号通路发挥神经保护作用。由黄芩素制成的治疗PD创新药百可利咀嚼片已完成Ⅰ期临床人体耐受性及药代动力学研究。因此, 本课题组提出黄芩素可能对基因突变导致的帕金森疾病具有一定的缓解作用。为阐释上述问题, 本文以PINK1-RNAi遗传性PD果蝇为模型, 研究黄芩素对基因突变导致的遗传性帕金森病的作用, 并探讨黄芩素对PINK1-RNAi遗传性PD果蝇线粒体功能的影响。
实验动物  w1118黑腹果蝇(山西大学中医药现代研究中心实验室种群), Mhc-GAL4 (BS55133) 和UAS-PINK1/TM3 (BS31262) 均购买于Bloomington Stock Center。
仪器与主要试剂  Infinite M200 Pro多功能酶标仪(瑞士Tecan公司); CFX Connect Real Time PCR仪(Bio-Rad公司); LSM-880激光扫描共聚焦显微镜(蔡司公司); 小鼠多巴胺酶联ELISA试剂盒(Bioswamp公司); 黄芩素(南京景竹生物科技有限公司; 批号: JZ20110510; 纯度: 99.04%); 美多芭(上海罗氏制药公司); 抗酪氨酸羟化酶(tyrosine hydroxylase,TH) 小鼠抗体(#22941, ImmunoStar公司); Cy3偶联的二抗(#BA1031, Boster公司); ATP试剂盒、活性氧自由基(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 含量测定试剂盒(南京建成生物工程研究所); 血液/细胞/组织DNA提取试剂盒(TIANGEN公司)。
果蝇的杂交  将UAS-PINK1B9RNAi处女蝇和MHC-GAL4/TM3雄性果蝇杂交, 收集子一代果蝇, 即为PINK1-RNAi PD果蝇模型。
果蝇寿命实验  收集3天内羽化的PINK1-RNAi雄果蝇, 将收集的果蝇随机分组, 即: PINK1-RNAi组、黄芩素给药组(给药浓度为: 0.8、1.6、3.2 mg·mL-1) 和美多芭阳性药组(0.05、0.1、0.25、0.5、1 μg·mL-1), 连续给药, 每天记录果蝇死亡数量, 直至果蝇全部死亡, 绘制寿命曲线, 确定黄芩素和美多芭有效给药浓度。
药物治疗  根据寿命实验结果, 设置实验分组如下: 空白对照组(w1118组)、模型组(PINK1-RNAi组)、黄芩素给药组(给药浓度分别为: 低浓度0.8 mg·mL-1、中浓度1.6 mg·mL-1、高浓度3.2 mg·mL-1)、美多芭阳性药组(给药浓度: 0.1 μg·mL-1), 将w1118雄果蝇和PINK1-RNAi雄果蝇培养至45天用于以下实验。
爬行实验  从每组中随机选择20只果蝇, 置于垂直的塑料柱中20 min以适应环境, 之后, 将果蝇移至柱底部。记录在10 s内可以爬升或超过4 cm的果蝇数量, 结果以占果蝇总数的百分比表示。上述实验独立重复3次, 并进行统计学分析[15]
表型观察  各组随机挑选100只果蝇, 每10只果蝇置于1个果蝇培养管。CO2气体麻醉后, 在体式显微镜下观察果蝇翅膀形态, 若果蝇翅膀重叠完好则为正常形态; 若果蝇翅膀竖立则为异常形态[16], 记录其异常翅膀果蝇数, 异翅率=异翅果蝇数/果蝇总数×100%。重复实验5次。
PINK1基因表达量  各组随机挑选10只果蝇, 用Trizol试剂提取总RNA, 用反转录试剂盒合成cDNA, 以RP49为内参基因, PINK1为目的基因, 采用RT-qPCR技术检测基因的mRNA表达水平, 各基因引物序列: RP49F: GACAGTATCTGATGCCCAACA; RP49R: CTTCTTGGAGGAGACGCCGT; PINK1F: AATCCCA ACCCGTCCAAGC; PINK1R: AAACACTGCGACCC ACCTCC。实验设置3个生物学重复。
多巴胺含量测定  各组随机挑选20只果蝇, 加180 μL生理盐水, 研磨, 按照小鼠多巴胺酶联ELISA试剂盒说明书开展实验, 得到多巴胺组织液, 使用多功能酶标仪进行检测, 实验重复3次。
多巴胺能神经元测定  将果蝇置于4%多聚甲醛中固定30 min, 在PBS缓冲液中将雄性果蝇大脑解剖。将收集的大脑在4%多聚甲醛中固定1 h, 与PTX (含0.3% Triton X-100的PBS缓冲液) 孵育20 min, 并在室温下用山羊血清封闭约1 h。然后在4 ℃下用TH小鼠抗体(1∶100) 对果蝇脑进行免疫染色过夜, 之后与Cy3偶联的二抗(1∶200) 在4 ℃下过夜。最后用共聚焦显微镜对前脑后外侧1 (protocerebral posterior laterall 1, PPL1) 簇中的DA神经元进行成像[17]
果蝇ATP含量分析  各组随机挑选20只果蝇, 置于裂解液中, 冷冻匀浆机中匀浆, 按照ATP试剂盒说明书方法获得组织液, 酶标仪测定化学发光值。上述实验重复3次, 统计学分析实验结果。
果蝇mtDNA含量测定  每组收集20只果蝇, 用基因组DNA提取试剂盒提取果蝇DNA。以act79B为内参基因, mtDNA为目的基因, 采用qRT-PCR技术检测靶基因的mtDNA表达水平。各基因引物序列, mtDNAF: CAACCATTCATTCCAGCCTTC; mtDNAR: AAGTCTAACCTGCCCACTGAAA; Act79BF: CCGT-CTACCAGTCCATCATGAA; Act79BR: CATAGTTTTGATCCCATTCCCTC; 上述实验重复3次。
果蝇ROS含量分析  将收集的果蝇置于PBS缓冲液中, 匀浆, 离心(4 ℃、1 000 ×g, 10 min), 用PBS按1∶1 000比例稀释DCFH-DA探针, 孵育30 min使探针与样品充分接触, 离心(4 ℃ 5 000 ×g, 5 min), 用PBS清洗3次除掉多余的荧光染液, 悬浮于PBS中, 使用酶标仪测定488 nm激发波长、525 nm发射波长的荧光强弱。上述实验重复3次。
统计学分析  本实验数据运用WPS、GraphPad Prism等软件进行处理。采用t检验比较各组之间的差异, 结果用平均值±标准误(x ± SEM) 表示。
对PINK1-RNAi组、黄芩素给药组(给药浓度: 0.8、1.6、3.2 mg·mL-1)、美多芭阳性药组(给药浓度: 0.05、0.1、0.25、0.5、1 μg·mL-1) 的所有果蝇生存率进行统计分析, 结果显示, 与PINK1-RNAi组相比, 0.8、1.6、3.2 mg·mL-1黄芩素给药组的寿命显著提高(P < 0.01), 且中剂量1.6 mg·mL-1黄芩素效果最佳(图 1A)。因此, 将黄芩素有效给药剂量设置为低剂量0.8 mg·mL-1、中剂量1.6 mg·mL-1、高剂量3.2 mg·mL-1
与PINK1-RNAi组相比, 1 μg·mL-1美多芭处理组果蝇的生存率显著降低(P < 0.01), 可能是美多芭给药剂量太高从而产生毒性。0.5 μg·mL-1美多芭处理组果蝇生存率无显著性差异(P > 0.05), 0.25和0.1 μg·mL-1美多芭处理组果蝇寿命均显著提高(P < 0.05, P < 0.01), 且0.1 μg·mL-1美多芭效果最佳, 0.05 μg·mL-1美多芭处理组果蝇生存率无显著差异(P > 0.05) (图 1B)。因此, 将美多芭最佳给药剂量设置为0.1 μg·mL-1
果蝇的攀爬指标可以反映果蝇的运动能力。本研究分别对空白对照组w1118、模型组PINK1-RNAi、模型给药组(0.8、1.6、3.2 mg·mL-1黄芩素) 和阳性药组(0.1 μg·mL-1美多芭) 果蝇进行爬行指标统计学分析, 结果显示, 与对照组相比, 模型组果蝇的运动能力显著下降19% (P < 0.01); 与模型组相比, 黄芩素低、中、高剂量组和阳性药组均显著提高PD果蝇的爬行指标, 分别提高了44%、32%、22%、19% (P < 0.01)。低浓度0.8 mg·mL-1黄芩素效果最佳(图 2A)。
异翅率反映果蝇运动能力的强弱。本研究分别对空白对照组w1118、模型组PINK1-RNAi、模型给药组(0.8、1.6、3.2 mg·mL-1黄芩素) 和阳性药组(0.1 μg·mL-1美多芭) 进行异翅率统计学分析, 结果显示, 与空白组相比, 模型组果蝇的异翅率可显著提高73% (P < 0.01); 与模型组相比, 黄芩素高、中、低剂量组和阳性药美多芭组均可显著降低PD果蝇的翅膀异常情况, 分别降低了70%、67%、66%、51% (P < 0.01)。低浓度0.8 mg·mL-1黄芩素效果最佳(图 2B)。
DA含量降低是模型组PINK1-RNAi PD果蝇的显著特征。本研究对空白对照组w1118、模型组PINK1-RNAi、模型给药组(0.8、1.6、3.2 mg·mL-1黄芩素)、阳性药组(0.1 μg·mL-1美多芭) 进行DA含量测定分析, 结果显示, 与空白对照组相比, 模型组果蝇DA含量显著降低(P < 0.01), 表示造模成功; 与模型组相比, 黄芩素高、中、低剂量组和阳性药美多芭组果蝇DA含量均无显著性差异(P > 0.05, 图 3A)。
PD的主要病理特征之一是DA神经元变性。本研究对空白对照组w1118、模型组PINK1-RNAi、模型给药组(0.8、1.6、3.2 mg·mL-1黄芩素)、阳性药组(0.1 μg·mL-1美多芭) 果蝇的神经元进行共聚焦显微成像, 结果显示, 与模型组相比, 黄芩素高、中、低剂量组均能预防PD果蝇DA神经元的丢失, 但美多芭无影响(图 3B)。
ATP检测结果显示, 黄芩素(0.8、1.6、3.2 mg·mL-1) 和美多芭(0.1 μg·mL-1) 可增加ATP水平(P < 0.05, 图 4A), 且低浓度0.8 mg·mL-1效果最佳, 优于阳性药美多芭。黄芩素可使PINK1-RNAi PD果蝇模型mtDNA水平升高, 但美多芭无影响(P > 0.05, 图 4B)。
线粒体功能障碍导致线粒体ROS过度产生, 进而引起氧化损伤和对氧化应激的敏感性增加。本研究检测了黄芩素对PINK1-RNAi PD果蝇模型ROS的影响。结果表明, 与空白对照组w1118相比, 模型组PINK1-RNAi ROS含量显著升高(P < 0.05)。与模型组相比, 黄芩素给药组结果显示不同浓度的黄芩素可在一定程度上减少PD果蝇体内ROS的含量, 但无显著性差异(P > 0.05, 图 4C)。
本课题组前期研究表明黄芩素对PD具有一定的保护作用。然而, 黄芩素对遗传性PD果蝇模型神经变性作用及其潜在机制还不明确。因此, 本研究采用遗传性PD果蝇模型探讨了黄芩素的抗PD活性及其机制。研究表明, 黄芩素治疗可改善PINK1-RNAi帕金森果蝇模型的症状, 包括提高攀爬能力, 显著减少翅膀异常情况, 且可挽救PPL1 DA能神经元的逐渐丧失, 但对DA含量无影响。
黄芩素和美多芭多以口服形式服用, 因此本研究将黄芩素或美多芭添加到果蝇培养基中饲喂果蝇来评价其药物的作用。本研究寿命实验结果显示, 低、中、高剂量黄芩素均可显著延长PINK1-RNAi雄果蝇寿命, 中剂量1.6 mg·mL-1黄芩素延长寿命效果最佳(图 1A)。但是, 寿命这一表型受遗传、营养和环境因素等多种条件影响[18], 因此选用均能显著延长PINK1-RNAi雄果蝇寿命的低剂量0.8 mg·mL-1、中剂量1.6 mg·mL-1、高剂量3.2 mg·mL-1的黄芩素开展后续研究。低剂量0.8 mg·mL-1黄芩素对爬行指标和翅膀异常情况等行为学指标的改善作用最佳, 其作用效果优于阳性药美多芭。这一研究结果与本课题组前期采用氧化震颤素致小鼠震颤模型证明黄芩素具有独特的抗震颤作用结果一致[19]; 低剂量0.8 mg·mL-1和高剂量3.2 mg·mL-1黄芩素对DA神经元的改善作用最佳, 但阳性药美多芭无显著影响; 黄芩素和美多芭均对DA含量无改善作用。在正常的生理状态下, 机体内DA含量的稳态受到多个环节的影响, 包括DA的合成、转化、储存、释放、转运和代谢[20]。果蝇DA能神经元多丢失于PPL1、PPM1、PPM2区, 而TH是多巴胺合成的限速酶, 因此, 在PPL1区进行DA神经元标志物抗酪氨酸羟化酶(TH) 染色来量化DA神经元的缺失。本研究结果显示, 黄芩素在一定程度上抑制了TH的丢失, 因此, 推测黄芩素可能在多巴胺合成过程中发挥作用。但是黄芩素对DA含量无影响, 表明黄芩素无法影响DA的转运蛋白和DA代谢过程, 最终导致黄芩素无法回调DA在PD果蝇体内的水平。
线粒体功能障碍在PD的发生和进程中起关键作用[21]。mtDNA的大量缺失是PD线粒体功能障碍的表现之一。有研究表明, PD会加速mtDNA的缺失, 将患者和对照人群的中枢神经单个神经元的DNA进行对比, mtDNA的缺失与PD疾病显著相关[22]。研究表明, 活性氧和氧化应激可能是导致PD的主要因素之一[23], 氧化磷酸化系统是ROS的主要来源[24], 机体抗氧化系统的缺损会产生氧化应激, 其特点是活性物质(氧、羟基自由基等) 水平升高, 导致线粒体功能障碍[23]。本研究结果显示, 黄芩素可提高ATP和mtDNA水平(图 4AB), 但对ROS的水平无显著性影响(图 4C)。本课题组前期使用鱼藤酮诱导PC12细胞模型发现, 黄芩素可显著降低ROS的含量[25]。PINK1缺乏会导致线粒体形态改变和线粒体自噬受损[26], 功能失调的线粒体会导致ROS的积累。ROS的积累和清除是一个动态平衡, PINK1基因突变打破这一平衡使ROS产生更多的自由基, 且无法回调。因此, 黄芩素和美多芭只能影响基因突变导致的ATP和mtDNA的线粒体障碍, 对机体中ROS含量有一定的回调作用, 但是效果不显著。
黄芩素能够显著提高PINK1-RNAi帕金森果蝇模型的寿命、运动能力, 降低翅膀异常情况, 减少DA能神经元的丢失, 提高ATP含量, 且低浓度黄芩素效果最佳。黄芩素对PD果蝇mtDNA有上调的效果, 且中浓度黄芩素效果较好。综上所述, 黄芩素通过提高果蝇的运动能力, 减少异翅率和DA能神经元的丢失以及改善线粒体功能缓解基因突变导致的遗传性帕金森病。
作者贡献: 研究概念生成由张建琴、杜冠华和秦雪梅完成; 实验方法设计由张建琴、郝生慧和高丽完成; 实际调查研究由郝生慧、贾若凡和王娇蕊完成; 实验数据分析由郝生慧和张建琴完成; 实验结果可视化和论文初稿撰写由郝生慧完成; 研究课题监督与指导、论文审阅与修订和研究基金获取由张建琴和高丽完成。所有作者已阅读并同意该稿件的出版。
利益冲突: 作者声明没有利益冲突。
  • 2021年省筹资金资助回国留学人员项目(2021-019)
  • 山西省面上青年基金项目(201801D221374)
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2023年第58卷第3期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0949
  • 接收时间:2022-08-02
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-03-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-08-02
  • 修回日期:2022-10-05
基金
2021年省筹资金资助回国留学人员项目(2021-019)
山西省面上青年基金项目(201801D221374)
作者信息
    1.山西大学中医药现代研究中心, 山西 太原 030006
    2.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 北京 100050

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*杜冠华, Tel: 86-10-63165184, E-mail: ;
张建琴, Tel: 13073591179, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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