Article(id=1198624403463434476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624396437975057, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1064, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1666108800000, receivedDateStr=2022-10-19, revisedDate=1673452800000, revisedDateStr=2023-01-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763703927150, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1678550400000, pubDateStr=2023-03-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763703927150, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763703927150, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763703927150, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198624396437975057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='804', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763703925474, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763704091914, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198625094596657875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624396437975057, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198625094596657876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624396437975057, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=740, endPage=749, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198624403723481341, articleId=1198624403463434476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Study on the tissue distribution of eight effective components of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen aqueous extract by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The aim is to study the tissue distribution characteristics of eight effective components in normal rats after oral administration of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen (ZSS) aqueous extract. An ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) analysis method was developed and validated for the determination of four flavonoids and four saponins in rat tissue using puerarin and ginsenoside Re as the internal standard (IS), respectively. Tissue samples including the heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, muscle, brain, small intestine, and serum, were collected from each rat at 0.5 h, 1.0 h, and 2.0 h after oral administration of ZSS aqueous extract (15 g·kg-1). All calibration curves exhibited good linearity (r > 0.994 6) over a wide concentration range for all components. The intra-day and inter-day precisions (RSD) at four different levels were both less than 19.77%, and the accuracies (RE) ranged from -19.68% to 19.46%; The extraction recoveries of the eight components ranged from 86.70% to 114.29%, and the matrix effects were from 82.14% to 114.57%. The validated method was successfully applied to the tissue distribution study of the eight components. The levels of swertisin, spinosin, 6‴-feruloylspinosin, and kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside in the small intestine were highest, then followed by the kidney, heart, and liver. Meanwhile, the levels of jujuboside A (JuA), jujuboside B (JuB), and jujuboside A1 (JuA1) in the small intestine were highest, then followed by the lung, spleen, and kidney. The concentrations of betulinic acid in the small intestine were higher than heart, lung, kidney, and liver. The flavonoids and saponins of ZSS with extremely low content could pass through the blood-brain barrier. The research results will provide an experimental basis for explaining the mechanism of nourishing the heart and tranquilizing the mind of ZSS. The animal experimental operations involved in this study followed the regulations of the Animal Ethics Committee of Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine and passed the animal experimental ethical review (No. 2021DW172).

, correspAuthors=Chen-hui DU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yan YAN, Ying-xin CHU, Hui-zhu DUAN, Hui WANG, Xue-mei QIN, Chen-hui DU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198624404818194764, articleId=1198624403463434476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于UPLC-Q-TOF-MS技术的酸枣仁水提物中8种有效成分的体内组织分布研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文旨在研究酸枣仁中8种有效成分的组织分布差异, 为其药效物质基础研究提供参考。建立超高效液相色谱-四级杆-飞行时间质谱(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) 测定大鼠组织中8种有效成分的含量测定方法, 并应用于正常大鼠灌胃给予酸枣仁水提物(15 g·kg-1) 后, 心、肝、脾、肺、肾、肌肉、脑、小肠和血清中8种有效成分在0.5、1.0、2.0 h的组织分布特点。结果显示, 8种成分在所设浓度范围内线性关系良好(r > 0.994 6); 各成分的日内、日间精密度均小于19.77%, 准确度均在-19.68%~19.46%; 提取回收率均在86.70%~114.29%, 基质效应均在82.14%~114.57%。4种黄酮当药黄素、斯皮诺素、6‴-阿魏酰斯皮诺素、山柰酚-3-O-芸香糖苷主要分布在小肠 > 肾 > 心 > 肝中; 3种四环三萜类酸枣仁皂苷A (JuA)、酸枣仁皂苷B (JuB)、酸枣仁皂苷A1 (JuA1) 主要分布在小肠 > 肺 > 脾 > 肾脏中; 五环三萜类皂苷白桦脂酸主要分布在小肠 > 心 > 肺 > 肾 > 肝中。酸枣仁黄酮和皂苷类成分均能以极微的量透过血脑屏障。这些不同类型成分如何配伍发挥养心补肝、宁心安神的传统功效的机制值得进一步研究。本文涉及的动物实验操作均遵循山西中医药大学动物伦理委员会的规定并通过动物实验伦理审查(批准号: 2021DW172)。

, correspAuthors=杜晨晖, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*杜晨晖, Tel: 86-351-3179982, E-mail:
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J Ethnopharmacol, 2010, 130: 163-166., articleTitle=Hypnotic effect of jujubosides from Semen Ziziphi Spinosae, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198702069755507205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624403463434476, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=50, issue=null, pageStart=1258, pageEnd=1268, url=https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZCYO202207030.htm, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=28, authorNames=null, journalName=Chin Tradit Herb Drugs (中草药), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Du CH, Cui XF, Pei XP, et al. Research progress on Ziziphi Spinosae Semen saponins and its biological action on nervous system[J]. Chin Tradit Herb Drugs (中草药), 2019, 50: 1258-1268., articleTitle=Research progress on Ziziphi Spinosae Semen saponins and its biological action on nervous system, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198702069902307860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624403463434476, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=37, issue=null, pageStart=5530, pageEnd=5547, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=29, authorNames=null, journalName=Biomed Chromatogr, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yan Y, Liu JX, Zhang M, et al. A strategy to explore the quality markers of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen by combining metabolic in vivo study with network pharmacology[J]. 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AAPS J, 2016, 18: 1289-1299., articleTitle=In vivo exposure of kaempferol is driven by phase Ⅱ metabolic enzymes and efflux transporters, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198702070124605998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624403463434476, doi=10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02748, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=65, issue=null, pageStart=8331, pageEnd=8339, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=31, authorNames=null, journalName=J Agric Food Chem, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Song PP, Zhang Y, Ma GJ, et al. Gastrointestinal absorption and metabolic dynamics of jujuboside A, a saponin derived from the seed of Ziziphus jujuba[J]. J Agric Food Chem, 2017, 65: 8331-8339., articleTitle=Gastrointestinal absorption and metabolic dynamics of jujuboside A, a saponin derived from the seed of Ziziphus jujuba, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198702070283989568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624403463434476, doi=10.1080/10942912.2012.749410, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=17, issue=null, pageStart=1841, pageEnd=1849, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=32, authorNames=null, journalName=Int J Food Prop, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang Y, Xie JB, Zhang YQ, et al. Degradation kinetics of jujuboside A by rat intestinal flora and identification of the metabolites by HPLC-MS/MS[J]. Int J Food Prop, 2014, 17: 1841-1849., articleTitle=Degradation kinetics of jujuboside A by rat intestinal flora and identification of the metabolites by HPLC-MS/MS, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198702070447567437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624403463434476, doi=10.1016/j.jep.2014.11.012, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=159, issue=null, pageStart=215, pageEnd=223, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=33, authorNames=null, journalName=J Ethnopharmacol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang XX, Ma GJ, Xie JB, et al. Influence of JuA in evoking communication changes between the small intestines and brain tissues of rats and the GABAA and GABAB receptor transcription levels of hippocampal neurons[J]. J Ethnopharmacol, 2015, 159: 215-223., articleTitle=Influence of JuA in evoking communication changes between the small intestines and brain tissues of rats and the GABAA and GABAB receptor transcription levels of hippocampal neurons, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198702070611145315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624403463434476, doi=10.1016/j.jcice.2008.03.013, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=39, issue=null, pageStart=663, pageEnd=671, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=34, authorNames=null, journalName=J Chin Inst Chem Eng, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen YC. Insights into the suanzaoren mechanism—from constructing the 3D structure of GABA-A receptor to its binding interaction analysis[J]. J Chin Inst Chem Eng, 2008, 39: 663-671., articleTitle=Insights into the suanzaoren mechanism—from constructing the 3D structure of GABA-A receptor to its binding interaction analysis, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1198702063627628549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624403463434476, awardId=20210302123237, language=CN, fundingSource=山西省自然科学基金面上项目(20210302123237), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198702063782817813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624403463434476, awardId=20210302123470, language=CN, fundingSource=山西省自然科学基金面上项目(20210302123470), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198702063904452641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624403463434476, awardId=YDZJSX2021C025, language=CN, fundingSource=山西省科技厅中央引导地方科技发展资金项目(YDZJSX2021C025), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198702064026087470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624403463434476, awardId=ZYCZL 2020007, language=CN, fundingSource=山西省卫生健康委“十大晋药”项目(ZYCZL 2020007), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198702064160305211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624403463434476, awardId=2021PY-QN-07, language=CN, fundingSource=山西中医药大学青年科学家培育项目(2021PY-QN-07), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1198702064302911560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624403463434476, awardId=201605D111004, language=CN, fundingSource=山西省科学技术厅-地产中药功效物质研究与利用山西省重点实验室项目(201605D111004), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198702054765064513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624403463434476, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198702054807007556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624403463434476, companyId=1198702054765064513, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198702054836367687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624403463434476, companyId=1198702054765064513, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.山西大学中医药现代研究中心, 山西 太原 030006)]), AuthorCompany(id=1198702055004139862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624403463434476, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198702055037694300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624403463434476, companyId=1198702055004139862, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. Institute of Pharmaceutical & Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan 030619, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198702055050277216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624403463434476, companyId=1198702055004139862, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.山西中医药大学中药与食品工程学院, 山西 太原 030619)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1198702060544815968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624403463434476, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=UTsTGlZk/avUAfdYpALAjw==, figureFileBig=vG1DJ9dF8DaPQy/4qugYJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702060658062184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624403463434476, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= Representative UPLC-Q-TOF-MS chromatograms of four flavonoids and puerarin (IS). A: Blank liver homogenate; B: Blank liver homogenate spiked with mixed standard at lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) and the IS; C: The rat liver homogenate sample collected at 2 h after oral administration of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen (ZSS) aqueous extract. Spinosin: 8.24 min; swertisin: 9.24 min; kaempferol-3-<i>O</i>-rutinoside: 10.46 min; 6‴-feruloylspinosin: 12.80 min; IS: 5.47 min , figureFileSmall=UTsTGlZk/avUAfdYpALAjw==, figureFileBig=vG1DJ9dF8DaPQy/4qugYJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702060851000185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624403463434476, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=+8SJ3HKwokehn6SfVVYK/Q==, figureFileBig=NIgUPgFFvkBeKqMfgJANng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702061043938182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624403463434476, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Representative UPLC-Q-TOF-MS chromatograms of four saponins and Re (IS). A: Blank liver homogenate; B: Blank liver homogenate spiked with mixed standard at LLOQ and the IS; C: The rat liver homogenate sample collected at 2 h after oral administration of ZSS aqueous extract. Jujuboside A (JuA): 6.22 min; jujuboside A<sub>1</sub> (JuA<sub>1</sub>): 6.59 min; jujuboside B (JuB): 7.07 min; betulinic acid: 12.08 min; IS: 3.43 min , figureFileSmall=+8SJ3HKwokehn6SfVVYK/Q==, figureFileBig=NIgUPgFFvkBeKqMfgJANng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702061199127439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624403463434476, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Rca/nSFgGWATWAieSb3ZVQ==, figureFileBig=jXfR86DnrclQKJa8b/w0/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702061337539482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624403463434476, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= The concentration histograms of swertisin (A), spinosin (B), 6‴-feruloylspinosin (C), kaempferol-3-<i>O</i>-rutinoside (D) in heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, muscle, serum, brain, small intestine at 0.5 h, 1 h and 2 h after oral administration of ZSS aqueous extract in normal rats. <i>n</i> = 6, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$\bar{x}$</span> ± <i>s</i>. (a, b, c, and d is the histograms of the ratio of peak area to IS for swertisin, spinosin, 6‴-feruloylspinosin, kaempferol-3-<i>O</i>-rutinoside, respectively) , figureFileSmall=Rca/nSFgGWATWAieSb3ZVQ==, figureFileBig=jXfR86DnrclQKJa8b/w0/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702061526283173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624403463434476, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=XZrCLSwK1Svy+kvELMXLZQ==, figureFileBig=rYbHE9guXq/RwSFHvNCK4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702061664695223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624403463434476, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= The concentration histograms of JuA (A), JuB (B), JuA<sub>1</sub> (C) and betulinic acid (D) in heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, muscle, serum, brain, small intestine at 0.5 h, 1 h and 2 h after oral administration of ZSS aqueous extract in normal rats. <i>n</i> = 6, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$\bar{x}$</span> ± <i>s</i>. (a, b and c are the histograms of the ratio with peak area of JuA, JuB, JuA<sub>1</sub> to IS, respectively) , figureFileSmall=XZrCLSwK1Svy+kvELMXLZQ==, figureFileBig=rYbHE9guXq/RwSFHvNCK4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702061811495875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624403463434476, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. tR
/min
Compound Formula [M-H]-/[M+HCOO]- Error
/×10-6
MS/MS
1 5.47 Puerarin (IS) C21H20O9 415.103 4 -1.0 307.063 9, 295.060 9, 267.065 9
2 8.24 Spinosin C28H32O15 607.166 9 -0.6 487.124 5, 445.115 0, 427.102 5, 307.060 4, 292.037 0, 281.044 3
3 9.24 Swertisin C22H22O10 445.113 8 2.9 325.071 2, 297.040 1, 282.053 1, 269.044 6
4 10.46 Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside C27H30O15 593.152 7 1.6 327.051 0, 285.038 3, 255.029 3, 227.032 9
5 12.80 6‴-Feruloylspinosin C38H40O18 783.220 4 0.9 607.168 7, 427.104 2, 325.072 3, 307.060 5
6 3.43 Ginsenoside Re (IS) C48H82O18 991.550 4 -0.3 945.545 5, 799.488 2, 637.430 3, 475.381 6
7 6.22 Jujuboside A C58H94O26 1 251.600 5 -0.9 1 205.601 7, 1 073.573 4, 911.510 6, 749.457 5, 603.400 3
8 6.59 Jujuboside A1 C58H94O26 1 251.600 3 -1.0 -
9 7.07 Jujuboside B C52H84O21 1 089.548 3 -0.4 1 043.547 8, 911.503 2, 749.445 3, 603.391 2
10 12.08 Betulinic acid C30H48O3 455.351 5 -2.2 -
), ArticleFig(id=1198702061970879437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624403463434476, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

MS/MS detection parameters for eight effective components and internal standard (IS). "-" indicates that the fragment ions were not detected

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. tR
/min
Compound Formula [M-H]-/[M+HCOO]- Error
/×10-6
MS/MS
1 5.47 Puerarin (IS) C21H20O9 415.103 4 -1.0 307.063 9, 295.060 9, 267.065 9
2 8.24 Spinosin C28H32O15 607.166 9 -0.6 487.124 5, 445.115 0, 427.102 5, 307.060 4, 292.037 0, 281.044 3
3 9.24 Swertisin C22H22O10 445.113 8 2.9 325.071 2, 297.040 1, 282.053 1, 269.044 6
4 10.46 Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside C27H30O15 593.152 7 1.6 327.051 0, 285.038 3, 255.029 3, 227.032 9
5 12.80 6‴-Feruloylspinosin C38H40O18 783.220 4 0.9 607.168 7, 427.104 2, 325.072 3, 307.060 5
6 3.43 Ginsenoside Re (IS) C48H82O18 991.550 4 -0.3 945.545 5, 799.488 2, 637.430 3, 475.381 6
7 6.22 Jujuboside A C58H94O26 1 251.600 5 -0.9 1 205.601 7, 1 073.573 4, 911.510 6, 749.457 5, 603.400 3
8 6.59 Jujuboside A1 C58H94O26 1 251.600 3 -1.0 -
9 7.07 Jujuboside B C52H84O21 1 089.548 3 -0.4 1 043.547 8, 911.503 2, 749.445 3, 603.391 2
10 12.08 Betulinic acid C30H48O3 455.351 5 -2.2 -
), ArticleFig(id=1198702062172206048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624403463434476, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compound Calibration curve Linear range/ng·mL-1 r LLOQ/ng·mL-1
Swertisin Y = 0.041 8X + 0.043 8 1-20 0.999 2 1
Spinosin Y = 0.023 6X + 1.840 0 5-500 0.994 6 5
6‴-Feruloylspinosin Y = 0.011 5X + 0.309 5 5-300 0.996 5 5
Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside Y = 0.019 6X + 0.064 0 1-50 0.999 9 1
JuA Y = 0.006 8X + 0.006 4 4-200 0.997 1 4
JuB Y = 0.005 8X + 0.005 4 2-100 0.998 5 2
JuA1 Y = 0.003 8X + 0.002 0 0.5-25 0.997 7 0.5
Betulinic acid Y = 0.001 1X - 0.000 8 10-200 0.999 6 10
), ArticleFig(id=1198702062352561130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624403463434476, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

Standard curves, linear ranges, correlation coefficients and LLOQ of eight compounds (n = 5)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compound Calibration curve Linear range/ng·mL-1 r LLOQ/ng·mL-1
Swertisin Y = 0.041 8X + 0.043 8 1-20 0.999 2 1
Spinosin Y = 0.023 6X + 1.840 0 5-500 0.994 6 5
6‴-Feruloylspinosin Y = 0.011 5X + 0.309 5 5-300 0.996 5 5
Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside Y = 0.019 6X + 0.064 0 1-50 0.999 9 1
JuA Y = 0.006 8X + 0.006 4 4-200 0.997 1 4
JuB Y = 0.005 8X + 0.005 4 2-100 0.998 5 2
JuA1 Y = 0.003 8X + 0.002 0 0.5-25 0.997 7 0.5
Betulinic acid Y = 0.001 1X - 0.000 8 10-200 0.999 6 10
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基于UPLC-Q-TOF-MS技术的酸枣仁水提物中8种有效成分的体内组织分布研究
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闫艳 1 , 褚迎新 1 , 段慧竹 2 , 王慧 2 , 秦雪梅 1 , 杜晨晖 2, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(3): 740-749
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2023, 58(3): 740-749
基于UPLC-Q-TOF-MS技术的酸枣仁水提物中8种有效成分的体内组织分布研究
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闫艳1, 褚迎新1, 段慧竹2, 王慧2, 秦雪梅1, 杜晨晖2, *
作者信息
  • 1.山西大学中医药现代研究中心, 山西 太原 030006
  • 2.山西中医药大学中药与食品工程学院, 山西 太原 030619

通讯作者:

*杜晨晖, Tel: 86-351-3179982, E-mail:
Study on the tissue distribution of eight effective components of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen aqueous extract by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry
Yan YAN1, Ying-xin CHU1, Hui-zhu DUAN2, Hui WANG2, Xue-mei QIN1, Chen-hui DU2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
  • 2. Institute of Pharmaceutical & Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan 030619, China
出版时间: 2023-03-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1064
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本文旨在研究酸枣仁中8种有效成分的组织分布差异, 为其药效物质基础研究提供参考。建立超高效液相色谱-四级杆-飞行时间质谱(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) 测定大鼠组织中8种有效成分的含量测定方法, 并应用于正常大鼠灌胃给予酸枣仁水提物(15 g·kg-1) 后, 心、肝、脾、肺、肾、肌肉、脑、小肠和血清中8种有效成分在0.5、1.0、2.0 h的组织分布特点。结果显示, 8种成分在所设浓度范围内线性关系良好(r > 0.994 6); 各成分的日内、日间精密度均小于19.77%, 准确度均在-19.68%~19.46%; 提取回收率均在86.70%~114.29%, 基质效应均在82.14%~114.57%。4种黄酮当药黄素、斯皮诺素、6‴-阿魏酰斯皮诺素、山柰酚-3-O-芸香糖苷主要分布在小肠 > 肾 > 心 > 肝中; 3种四环三萜类酸枣仁皂苷A (JuA)、酸枣仁皂苷B (JuB)、酸枣仁皂苷A1 (JuA1) 主要分布在小肠 > 肺 > 脾 > 肾脏中; 五环三萜类皂苷白桦脂酸主要分布在小肠 > 心 > 肺 > 肾 > 肝中。酸枣仁黄酮和皂苷类成分均能以极微的量透过血脑屏障。这些不同类型成分如何配伍发挥养心补肝、宁心安神的传统功效的机制值得进一步研究。本文涉及的动物实验操作均遵循山西中医药大学动物伦理委员会的规定并通过动物实验伦理审查(批准号: 2021DW172)。

酸枣仁  /  超高效液相色谱-四级杆-飞行时间质谱  /  黄酮  /  皂苷  /  组织分布

The aim is to study the tissue distribution characteristics of eight effective components in normal rats after oral administration of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen (ZSS) aqueous extract. An ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) analysis method was developed and validated for the determination of four flavonoids and four saponins in rat tissue using puerarin and ginsenoside Re as the internal standard (IS), respectively. Tissue samples including the heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, muscle, brain, small intestine, and serum, were collected from each rat at 0.5 h, 1.0 h, and 2.0 h after oral administration of ZSS aqueous extract (15 g·kg-1). All calibration curves exhibited good linearity (r > 0.994 6) over a wide concentration range for all components. The intra-day and inter-day precisions (RSD) at four different levels were both less than 19.77%, and the accuracies (RE) ranged from -19.68% to 19.46%; The extraction recoveries of the eight components ranged from 86.70% to 114.29%, and the matrix effects were from 82.14% to 114.57%. The validated method was successfully applied to the tissue distribution study of the eight components. The levels of swertisin, spinosin, 6‴-feruloylspinosin, and kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside in the small intestine were highest, then followed by the kidney, heart, and liver. Meanwhile, the levels of jujuboside A (JuA), jujuboside B (JuB), and jujuboside A1 (JuA1) in the small intestine were highest, then followed by the lung, spleen, and kidney. The concentrations of betulinic acid in the small intestine were higher than heart, lung, kidney, and liver. The flavonoids and saponins of ZSS with extremely low content could pass through the blood-brain barrier. The research results will provide an experimental basis for explaining the mechanism of nourishing the heart and tranquilizing the mind of ZSS. The animal experimental operations involved in this study followed the regulations of the Animal Ethics Committee of Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine and passed the animal experimental ethical review (No. 2021DW172).

Ziziphi Spinosae Semen  /  UPLC-Q-TOF-MS  /  flavonoid  /  saponin  /  tissue distribution
闫艳, 褚迎新, 段慧竹, 王慧, 秦雪梅, 杜晨晖. 基于UPLC-Q-TOF-MS技术的酸枣仁水提物中8种有效成分的体内组织分布研究. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (3) : 740 -749 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1064
Yan YAN, Ying-xin CHU, Hui-zhu DUAN, Hui WANG, Xue-mei QIN, Chen-hui DU. Study on the tissue distribution of eight effective components of Ziziphi Spinosae Semen aqueous extract by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (3) : 740 -749 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1064
酸枣仁为鼠李科枣属植物酸枣Ziziphus jujuba Mill. var. spinosa (Bunge) Hu ex H. F. Chou的干燥成熟种子, 味甘、酸, 性平, 具有养心补肝、宁心安神、敛汗、生津等作用[1], 归心、脾、肝、胆经[2]。现代药理研究表明, 酸枣仁具有镇静催眠[3]、抗焦虑[4]、抗抑郁[5]、保护心肌细胞[6]和改善学习记忆[7]等广泛的药理作用。黄酮、皂苷、生物碱和脂肪油是其主要化学成分[8, 9]。其中, 斯皮诺素、6‴-阿魏酰斯皮诺素是酸枣仁中含量较高的黄酮碳苷类化合物, 具有镇静催眠、抗焦虑、增强学习记忆能力等多种中枢神经系统作用[4, 7, 10]; 黄酮碳苷元当药黄素具有抗抑郁和神经保护作用[11, 12]; 山柰酚-3-O-芸香糖苷具有心血管保护作用[13]。四环三萜类酸枣仁皂苷A (JuA)、酸枣仁皂苷B (JuB) 是酸枣仁中发挥镇静催眠作用的皂苷类成分[14], JuA还可以改善学习记忆、抗炎和抗氧化[15]; JuB可发挥抗炎、抗肿瘤作用[16, 17]。五环三萜类白桦脂酸具有抗肿瘤、抗炎、抗HIV、抗病毒和抗疟等多种药理活性[18]。酸枣仁中不同类型的化学成分是其发挥多种药理作用的物质基础。
中药传统给药方式为口服给药。药物经一定的传输途径, 入血、代谢、分布并产生特异性的生物效应。入血成分及达靶成分才是其最终发挥作用的效应成分。纵观酸枣仁的体内过程研究, 多数研究集中于单体化合物静脉给药后的体内吸收和分布。Qiao等[19]研究结果表明, 正常大鼠静脉注射6‴-阿魏酰斯皮诺素(5 mg·kg-1) 和斯皮诺素(5 mg·kg-1) 后, 6‴-阿魏酰斯皮诺素在小肠和肝脏中分布最多, 而斯皮诺素主要分布在肾脏、肝脏和脾脏, 两者均可通过血脑屏障。Zhang等[20]发现正常大鼠静脉注射JuA (2 mg·kg-1), 在组织中分布情况为肾 > 脾 > 肝 > 肺 > 心。正常大鼠静脉注射白桦脂酸(60 mg·kg-1) 后, 白桦脂酸分布浓度为肺 > 肝 > 脾 > 心 > 肾[21]。以上研究为酸枣仁化学成分组织分布提供了参考。然而, 2或3个化学成分的研究在一定程度上忽视了不同类型化学成分间的相互作用及对体内代谢过程的影响。因此, 研究酸枣仁水提物口服给予大鼠后不同类型化学成分的组织分布更有意义。
前期课题组通过体内-体外物质组关联, 阐明了酸枣仁水提物中的主要化学成分, 且初步遴选当药黄素、斯皮诺素、JuA和JuB为酸枣仁发挥镇静催眠作用的潜在效应物质[22]。为进一步阐明酸枣仁水提物中主要化学成分在生物体内的组织分布情况, 本研究选择酸枣仁中4种黄酮类成分当药黄素、斯皮诺素、6‴-阿魏酰斯皮诺素、山柰酚-3-O-芸香糖苷和4种皂苷类成分JuA、JuB、酸枣仁皂苷A1 (JuA1)、白桦脂酸为研究对象, 利用UPLC-Q-TOF-MS技术分析正常大鼠灌胃给予酸枣仁水提物后上述8种有效成分在大鼠体内的组织分布, 为进一步揭示酸枣仁中不同类型化学成分发挥药效的作用机制提供参考依据。
仪器  Agilent 1290 Infinity Ⅱ超高效液相色谱系统(美国Agilent公司); 5600+ Q-TOF型高分辨质谱仪(美国AB SCIEX公司); 全自动氮吹浓缩仪(瑞典Biotage公司); CPA225D型1/10万电子天平(德国Sartorius公司); Milli-Q型超纯水系统(美国Millipore公司); Neofuge 13R型高速冷冻离心机(上海力申科学仪器有限公司); DHFSTPRP-24型组织研磨仪(宁波洛尚智能科技有限公司)。
试药  对照品: 当药黄素、白桦脂酸、人参皂苷Re (Re, 内标)、JuB和JuA1 (成都普思生物科技股份有限公司, 批号分别为PS0671-0025MG、PS0348-0025MG、PS0147-0025MG、PU0118-0025MG和PS1876-0025MG, 纯度均 > 98.0%); 斯皮诺素、山柰酚-3-O-芸香糖苷、葛根素(内标) 和JuA (宝鸡市辰光生物科技有限公司, 批号分别为20160314、HK210623198、HS21471s1和20160315, 纯度均 > 98.0%); 6‴-阿魏酰斯皮诺素(四川省维克奇生物科技有限公司, 批号wkq19071703, 纯度≥ 98.0%); 甲醇、乙腈为色谱级, 甲酸为质谱级, 均购于Fisher公司。超纯水由Milli-Q型超纯水系统制得, 其他试剂均为分析纯。
采用本课题组前期方法[23], 自制酸枣仁水提取物冻干粉, 得率为28.5%。采用本课题组已建立的高效液相色谱-紫外检测(HPLC-UV) 法测定酸枣仁中斯皮诺素、6‴-阿魏酰斯皮诺素、当药黄素、山柰酚-3-O-芸香糖苷含量分别为0.38%、0.28%、0.003%、0.001%, 高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射检测(HPLC-ELSD) 法测定JuA、JuB、JuA1和白桦脂酸的含量分别为0.20%、0.17%、0.03%、0.03%。
实验动物  SPF级雄性SD大鼠24只, 体质量为(200 ± 20) g, 购自北京维通利华实验动物技术有限公司, 动物许可证号: SCXK (京) 2021-0006。实验开始前适应性饲养7天, 饲养环境温度(25 ± 2) ℃, 环境湿度(50 ± 10)%, 12 h昼夜循环, 通风良好, 自由饮食、饮水。动物实验经山西中医药大学医学伦理委员会批准(批准号2021DW172)。
动物分组及给药  健康SD大鼠24只, 随机分为空白组、0.5 h组、1 h组、2 h组, 每组6只。末次给药前12 h禁食不禁水。大鼠灌胃给予溶于0.5% CMC-Na溶液的酸枣仁水提物(4.28 g·kg-1, 相当于生药量15 g·kg-1); 空白组大鼠灌胃给予等体积的0.5% CMC-Na溶液。
色谱及质谱分析条件
黄酮类成分  色谱柱为ACQUITY UPLC® HSS T3 (2.1 mm × 150 mm, 1.8 µm), 流动相为0.1%甲酸水(A) -乙腈(B), 梯度洗脱条件为0~5 min, 10%~19% B; 5~13 min, 19%~23% B; 13~16 min, 23%~80% B; 16~17 min, 80%~10% B; 17~20 min, 10% B; 柱温30 ℃, 流速0.3 mL·min-1, 进样量3 µL。离子源采用ESI源, 负离子模式下扫描。离子喷雾电压为-4 500 V; 离子源温度为450 ℃; 气帘气(curtain gas, CUR), 雾化气(ion source gas 1, GS1) 及辅助气(ion source gas 2, GS2) 压力分别为30, 55, 55 psi (1 psi ≈ 6.9 kPa); 碰撞能量(CE): -10 eV; 去簇电压(DP): -80 V; 质量扫描范围为m/z 100~800。
皂苷类成分  色谱柱为ACQUITY UPLC® HSS T3 (150 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.8 µm), 流动相为0.1%甲酸水(A) -乙腈(B), 梯度洗脱条件为0~5 min, 25%~45% B; 5~10 min, 45%~100% B; 10~12 min, 100% B; 12~13 min, 100%~25% B; 13~16 min, 25% B; 柱温40 ℃, 流速0.3 mL·min-1, 进样量3 µL。质谱条件同黄酮类成分, 皂苷类化合物质量扫描范围为m/z 400~1 300。4个黄酮类和4个皂苷类化合物及内标的质谱参数如表 1所示。
储备液的制备  分别取对照品当药黄素、斯皮诺素、6‴-阿魏酰斯皮诺素、山柰酚-3-O-芸香糖苷、JuA、JuB、JuA1、白桦脂酸适量, 精密称定, 加甲醇分别配制成质量浓度为1.0 mg·mL-1的单一储备液。
工作溶液的制备  分别精密吸取以上各对照品储备液适量加甲醇配制成当药黄素0.40、0.32、0.24、0.20、0.16、0.08、0.04、0.02 µg·mL-1, 斯皮诺素10.0、8.0、6.0、5.0、4.0、2.0、0.2、0.1 µg·mL-1, 6‴-阿魏酰斯皮诺素0.006 0、0.004 8、0.003 6、0.003 0、0.002 4、0.001 2、0.000 2、0.000 1 µg·mL-1, 山柰酚-3-O-芸香糖苷1.00、0.80、0.60、0.50、0.40、0.20、0.04、0.02 µg·mL-1, JuA 4.00、3.20、2.40、2.00、1.20、0.32、0.16、0.08 µg·mL-1, JuB 2.00、1.60、1.20、1.00、0.60、0.16、0.08、0.04 µg·mL-1, JuA1 0.50、0.40、0.30、0.25、0.15、0.04、0.02、0.01 µg·mL-1, 白桦脂酸4.0、3.2、2.4、2.0、1.2、0.8、0.4、0.2 µg·mL-1的工作溶液。
内标溶液的制备  分别取葛根素、Re适量, 精密称定, 加甲醇制成最终质量浓度分别为0.6、2.0 µg·mL-1的内标单一储备溶液。
标准曲线及质量控制(quality control, QC) 样本的制备  上述浓度的系列混合工作溶液加空白组织匀浆液稀释成以下浓度范围: 当药黄素1~20 ng·mL-1; 斯皮诺素5~500 ng·mL-1; 6‴-阿魏酰斯皮诺素5~300 ng·mL-1; 山柰酚-3-O-芸香糖苷1~50 ng·mL-1; JuA 4~200 ng·mL-1; JuB 2~100 ng·mL-1; JuA1 0.5~25 ng·mL-1; 白桦脂酸10~200 ng·mL-1。QC样本同法稀释配制, 浓度分别如下: 当药黄素1、2、10、16 ng·mL-1; 斯皮诺素5、10、250、400 ng·mL-1; 6‴-阿魏酰斯皮诺素5、10、150、240 ng·mL-1; 山柰酚-3-O-芸香糖苷1、2、25、40 ng·mL-1; JuA 4、8、60、160 ng·mL-1; JuB 2、4、30、80 ng·mL-1; JuA1 0.5、1、7.5、20 ng·mL-1; 白桦脂酸10、20、60、160 ng·mL-1
样品收集  以上各组大鼠分别于给药后0.5 h, 1.0 h和2.0 h, 腹腔注射10%的水合氯醛(3.0 mL·kg-1) 麻醉, 腹主动脉采血, 3 500 r·min-1离心15 min, 取上清液于-80 ℃保存。采血后立即处死大鼠, 于冰上迅速取出心、肝、脾、肺、肾、脑、小肠和肌肉组织, 用生理盐水将组织表面的血迹以及内容物洗去, 并用滤纸将其沾干, 保存于-80 ℃。
组织及血清样品预处理
黄酮类成分  处理组织样本时, 将大鼠心、肝、脾、肺、肾、脑、小肠、肌肉组织样品, 室温解冻, 冰上剪碎, 取约0.2 g, 加入2倍体积生理盐水, 于冰水浴中制成匀浆。之后精密量取混合对照品溶液10 µL, 内标溶液10 µL, 置1.5 mL EP管中, 再精密加入空白大鼠组织匀浆液200 µL, 涡旋30 s, 加入400 µL乙腈沉淀蛋白, 涡旋3 min, 4 ℃下15 000 r·min-1离心10 min, 取500 µL上清液于1.5 mL EP管中, 氮气吹干。残留物用100 µL 70%甲醇复溶, 涡旋30 s, 4 ℃下15 000 r·min-1离心5 min, 取上清液进样分析。对于血清样本, 在加入混合对照品和内标的1.5 mL EP管中精密加入空白大鼠血清200 µL, 其余处理方法与组织样本处理方法相同。
皂苷类成分  处理组织样本时, 将大鼠心、肝、脾、肺、肾、脑、小肠、肌肉组织样品, 室温解冻, 冰上剪碎, 取组织约0.2 g, 加入2倍体积甲醇, 涡旋3 min, 4 ℃下15 000 r·min-1离心10 min, 取上清液备用。精密量取混合对照品溶液10 µL, 内标溶液10 µL, 置1.5 mL EP管中, 再精密加入上清液500 µL, 涡旋30 s, 氮气吹干。残留物用100 µL 70%甲醇复溶, 涡旋30 s, 4 ℃下15 000 r·min-1离心5 min, 取上清液进样分析。对于血清样本, 精密量取混合对照品溶液10 µL, 内标溶液10 µL, 置1.5 mL EP管中, 再取空白大鼠血清200 µL, 涡旋30 s, 加入甲醇400 µL沉淀蛋白, 涡旋3 min, 4 ℃下15 000 r·min-1离心10 min, 取上清液500 µL于1.5 mL EP管中, 氮气吹干。其余处理方法与组织样本处理方法相同。
方法专属性  分别取大鼠空白肝组织匀浆液、空白肝组织匀浆液加混合对照品和内标、给药后大鼠肝组织匀浆液, 按“组织及血清样品预处理”项下样本处理方法处理, “色谱及质谱分析条件”项下色谱条件进样, 对比分析空白组织样品、QC样品的定量下限(lower limit of quantification, LLOQ) 点、大鼠给药2 h后的肝组织样品色谱图, 考察分析方法的专属性。
标准曲线和线性范围  取大鼠空白肝组织匀浆液200 µL, 按“标准曲线及质量控制(quality control, QC) 样本的制备”项下方法制备标准曲线系列样品, 按“色谱及质谱分析条件”项下色谱条件进样, 记录色谱峰面积, 以待测成分峰面积与内标峰面积的比值作为纵坐标(Y), 各物质浓度作为横坐标(X), 采用1/X2加权最小二乘法进行线性回归, 求出回归曲线方程。LLOQ的信噪比≥ 10。
精密度与准确度  取大鼠空白肝组织匀浆液200 µL, 按“标准曲线及质量控制(quality control, QC) 样本的制备”项下方法制备QC样本, 按“色谱及质谱分析条件”项下色谱条件进样, 每一浓度平行5份, 计算日内精密度; 连续3天进样, 计算日间精密度。根据随行标准曲线计算QC样品的浓度。浓度值的相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation, RSD) 即为精密度, 准确度以相对误差(relative error, RE) 表示, 即(实测浓度- 加入标准浓度)/加入标准浓度× 100%。
提取回收率与基质效应  取LLOQ、低、中、高4个浓度QC溶液10 µL, 内标溶液10 µL, 分别置1.5 mL EP管中, 加入大鼠空白肝组织匀浆液200 µL, 按“组织及血清样品预处理”项下方法操作, 进样得峰面积A; 取空白肝组织匀浆液200 µL, 按“组织及血清样品预处理”项下方法得上清液, 置1.5 mL EP管中, 分别加入QC溶液10 µL、内标溶液10 µL, 进样得峰面积B; 取水溶液200 µL, 按“组织及血清样品预处理”项下方法得上清液, 分别加入10 µL四个浓度QC溶液、10 µL内标溶液, 进样得峰面积C。以A/B×100%计算提取回收率, 以B/C×100%计算基质效应。
稳定性考察  取大鼠空白肝组织匀浆液200 µL, 按“标准曲线及质量控制(quality control, QC) 样本的制备”项下方法制备QC样本, 按“色谱及质谱分析条件”项下色谱条件进样, 每一浓度平行5份, 分别考察样品处理前(-80 ℃保存30天、3次冻融循环)、样品处理后(在自动进样器中放置24 h、室温放置4 h) 的稳定性。
单剂量口服给予酸枣仁水提物的组织分布研究  大鼠灌胃给予酸枣仁水提物(4.28 g·kg-1, 相当于生药量15 g·kg-1), 按“动物分组及给药”项下方法给药, 给药3天, 按“样品收集”及“组织及血清样品预处理”项下方法对样品进行收集和处理, 研究酸枣仁中4种黄酮类、4种皂苷类成分在大鼠体内的组织分布。
数据处理  通过AB SCIEX OS Q 1.6软件采集和处理数据, 组织及血清中8种有效成分的含量用$\bar{x}$ ± s表示, 将处理后的数据导入GraphPad Prism 8.0作图。
图 12所示, 黄酮类成分当药黄素、斯皮诺素、6‴-阿魏酰斯皮诺素、山柰酚-3-O-芸香糖苷, 皂苷类成分JuA、JuA1、JuB、白桦脂酸在相应的出峰时间分离度良好、基质干扰小, 且内标干扰小, 该色谱分离方法专属性良好。
表 2所示, 8种待测成分在各自的浓度范围内线性关系良好, 相关系数r均大于0.994 6。
8种待测成分LLOQ、低、中、高4个浓度QC样本的日内精密度的RSD在1.97%~18.33%之间, 准确度RE为-19.68%~18.69%, 且LLOQ的RSD和RE均小于20%; 日间精密度的RSD为2.93%~19.77%, 准确度RE为-14.92%~19.46%, LLOQ的RSD和RE均在20%以内, 符合生物样品分析方法的要求。
8种待测成分LLOQ、低、中、高4个浓度QC样本的提取回收率在86.70%~114.29%之间, 基质效应在82.14%~114.57%之间, LLOQ的RSD值均小于20%, 低、中、高3个浓度QC样本的RSD值均小于15%。说明待测成分的提取回收率良好, 无明显的基质效应。
8种待测成分LLOQ、低、中、高4个浓度QC样本在自动进样器放置24 h的稳定性RSD在3.07%~18.64%之间, RE在-18.19%~19.49%; 低温保存30天的稳定性RSD在1.13%~18.47%之间, RE在-14.92%~18.71%; 3次冻融循环后稳定性RSD在1.01%~19.78%之间, RE在-14.84%~12.73%; 室温放置4 h的稳定性RSD在1.82%~17.53%之间, RE在-19.64%~19.49%。以上结果表明8种待测成分在QC样本中的稳定性符合生物样本分析方法要求。
采用上述建立的方法, 对3个时间点不同组织样本匀浆液中4个黄酮类和4个皂苷类成分进行测定, 结果见图 34
正常大鼠灌胃给予酸枣仁水提物后, 黄酮类和皂苷类成分在大鼠组织中浓度显著高于血清。斯皮诺素主要分布顺序为小肠(295.22 ± 40.28 ng·mL-1) > 肾(224.30 ± 32.25 ng·mL-1) > 心(214.02 ± 67.98 ng·mL-1) > 肺(139.26 ± 41.90 ng·mL-1) > 肝(67.62 ± 21.74 ng·mL-1); 6‴-阿魏酰斯皮诺素、当药黄素和山柰酚-3-O-芸香糖苷也主要分布在小肠、心、肾、肺、肝脏中。值得注意的是, 斯皮诺素、6‴-阿魏酰斯皮诺素和当药黄素在血清和脑组织中含量低, 未达到LLOQ; 而山柰酚-3-O-芸香糖苷在3个时间点血清和脑组织中均未检测到该化合物。
图 4所示, JuA主要分布在小肠(3 397.67 ± 1 871.72 ng·mL-1)、肺(146.63 ± 104.41 ng·mL-1)、脾(89.07 ± 7.95 ng·mL-1)、肾(76.81 ± 9.91 ng·mL-1)、肝(30.27 ± 23.27 ng·mL-1) 中; JuB和JuA1主要分布在小肠、脾、肌肉、肺、肾中。JuA、JuB、JuA1等四环三萜皂苷均可在血清和脑中检测到, 但未到达LLOQ。酸枣仁五环三萜皂苷白桦脂酸在本研究所涉及的组织器官及血清中均被检测到, 主要分布在小肠(54.70 ± 35.13 ng·mL-1)、心(29.83 ± 20.38 ng·mL-1)、肺(27.29 ± 13.17 ng·mL-1)、肾(26.82 ± 11.52 ng·mL-1)、肝(26.16 ± 2.74 ng·mL-1) 中。
酸枣仁中富含黄酮类、皂苷类成分, 且多数为同分异构体, 如斯皮诺素和异斯皮诺素、当药黄素和异当药黄素、JuA和JuA1[24]。在前期研究基础上[25], 本研究对待测黄酮类和皂苷类成分的色谱条件进行优化。在本研究所采用的色谱条件下, 当药黄素和异当药黄素、斯皮诺素和异斯皮诺素, JuA和JuA1均能实现良好分离。
为了提高黄酮类和皂苷类成分的提取回收率, 减少基质效应, 更好地评估8种有效成分在大鼠体内的组织分布情况, 分别考察了黄酮和皂苷类成分组织样本的处理方法[20, 26, 27]。对于黄酮类成分, 采用2倍体积生理盐水稀释基质, 随后用2倍体积乙腈沉淀蛋白的样本处理方法, 提取回收率显著优于乙酸乙酯萃取法; 对于皂苷类成分, 采用2倍体积甲醇沉淀蛋白的方法, 提取回收率优于乙酸乙酯萃取法。
本研究也对小肠、肾脏和心脏等7个组织和血清中8种成分的方法学进行了考察, 结果显示, 在小肠组织中, 8种成分在所设浓度范围内线性关系良好(r > 0.995 1); 各成分的日内、日间精密度RSD均小于19.59%, RE值均在-14.88%~19.88%; 提取回收率均在85.78%~115.66%, 基质效应均在84.34%~117.72%。对当药黄素、JuA、JuB和JuA1分别进行了5倍、20倍、40倍和60倍稀释, 4种成分的RSD值在6.15%~13.20%之间, RE值在-12.74%~6.09%以内, 符合方法学考察要求。在肾脏组织中, 8种成分在所设浓度范围内线性关系良好(r > 0.995 5); 各成分的日内、日间精密度RSD均小于19.45%, RE值均在-17.64%~18.51%; 提取回收率均在88.36%~114.38%, 基质效应在82.98%~114.16%内。在心脏组织中, 8种成分在所设浓度范围内线性关系良好(r > 0.995 9); 各成分的日内、日间精密度RSD均小于19.73%, RE值均在-17.08%~19.02%; 提取回收率均在92.36%~113.78%, 基质效应均在81.42%~112.02%。
斯皮诺素(0.080%) 和JuA (0.030%) 为酸枣仁中主要的指标性成分, 也是酸枣仁中发挥改善睡眠、抗抑郁、抗炎等作用的主要活性成分[28, 29]。本研究中, 正常大鼠口服给予酸枣仁水提物后3种黄酮碳糖类成分(斯皮诺素、6‴-阿魏酰斯皮诺素和当药黄素) 主要分布于小肠、肾、心和肝, 小肠的累积量显著高于其他器官。Qiao等[19]研究结果显示正常大鼠尾静脉注射给予斯皮诺素和6‴-阿魏酰斯皮诺素后, 斯皮诺素在组织中主要分布顺序为肾 > 肝 > 脾 > 心 > 肠, 6‴-阿魏酰斯皮诺素主要分布顺序为肠 > 肝 > 脾 > 肾 > 心。崔瑛等[27]研究发现酸枣仁水煎液(10 g·kg-1, 按生药计) 口服给予阴虚焦虑模型大鼠后, 斯皮诺素的平均分布浓度为小肠 > 胃 > 肝 > 脑 > 大肠 > 脾 > 肺 > 心 > 肾。本课题组前期体内代谢研究[25, 30]结果表明, 当药黄素、斯皮诺素和6‴-阿魏酰斯皮诺素在胆汁和粪便中的含量较高, 肝肠循环显著。可见, 无论是静脉注射单体化合物还是灌胃给予酸枣仁水煎液, 3种黄酮碳糖类成分均主要分布于小肠、肾、心和肝组织。
山柰酚-3-O-芸香糖苷为黄酮氧糖类成分, 主要分布在小肠、心和肾脏, 但在血清和脑中未检测到。郑亮等[31]研究表明, 口服给予山柰酚后, 血浆中主要是其Ⅱ相代谢产物山柰酚-3-O-葡萄糖醛酸苷、山柰酚-7-O-葡萄糖醛酸苷和山柰酚-7-O-磺酸酯, 并以山柰酚-3-O-葡萄糖醛酸苷暴露为主。本研究试图在不同组织样本中检测山柰酚-3-O-芸香糖苷的代谢产物, 结果在血清、小肠、肾脏样本中检测到了其相应的苷元山柰酚(m/z 285.042 7); 在血清、脑、肝脏和肾脏样本中检测到其Ⅱ相代谢产物山柰酚-3-O-葡萄糖醛酸苷(m/z 461.074 3)。由此可见, 山柰酚-3-O-芸香糖苷在血和脑中主要以代谢产物暴露为主。
JuA、JuB和JuA1等四环三萜皂苷主要分布在小肠、肺、脾和肾脏中。三者共同的脱糖基皂苷元离子(m/z 471.349 1) 在小肠、血清和脑中均能检测到。此外, 本研究中JuA、JuB和JuA1均能入脑, 但含量极微, 未能达到LLOQ。崔瑛等[27]研究发现JuA在阴虚焦虑模型大鼠组织中的平均分布浓度依次为肺 > 大肠 > 心 > 脾 > 肝 > 肾 > 小肠 > 胃 > 脑, JuB在组织中的平均分布浓度依次为大肠 > 小肠 > 胃。解军波课题组[32, 33]研究表明JuA的生物利用度仅为1.32%, 其主要在胃和十二指肠降解为JuB及其皂苷元, 并阐释了JuA生物利用度低是由于肠道代谢所致。Wang等[34]采用液体芯片技术对细胞因子进行检测, 结果显示JuA发挥镇静催眠作用不仅与调节海马神经元GABAA受体的表达有关, 也与下调肠道炎性因子, 进而影响脑神经细胞中的炎性因子有密切的关系。Chen[35]研究发现酸枣仁皂苷元更容易通过血脑屏障, 与GABA-A受体结合发挥镇静催眠作用。综上, 酸枣仁四环三萜皂苷及其代谢产物均能入血进入体循环并入脑。五环三萜皂苷白桦脂酸(21.85 ± 3.25 ng·mL-1) 在脑组织中的分布明显高于四环三萜JuA、JuB、JuA1, 提示糖苷配基对于酸枣仁皂苷成分透过血脑屏障具有显著的影响。酸枣仁四环三萜皂苷在体内代谢产生的次级苷及其苷元等代谢产物的组织分布特征值得进一步研究。
本研究建立了UPLC-Q-TOF-MS法测定大鼠组织中8种有效成分的含量测定方法。该方法稳定、可靠, 符合生物样本分析方法的要求, 并将该方法成功应用于正常大鼠口服酸枣仁水提物后8种有效成分在心、肝、脾、肺、肾、脑、小肠、肌肉和血清中组织分布研究。酸枣仁黄酮和皂苷类成分在脑组织中分布含量极低, 说明这些成分可以通过血脑屏障, 而上述成分在脑内如何发挥宁心安神作用值得进一步研究。其次, 酸枣仁作为临床治疗失眠治疗之要药, 不同类型化合物是如何配伍发挥养心补肝、宁心安神的传统功效的机制尚不明确, 值得进一步深入研究。本研究为阐明酸枣仁治疗失眠的物质基础及作用机制提供了实验依据。
作者贡献: 闫艳、杜晨晖负责研究思路的提出; 褚迎新、段慧竹、王慧参与实验实施及数据处理; 闫艳和褚迎新撰写文章草稿并负责修改; 秦雪梅负责论文写作指导。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 山西省自然科学基金面上项目(20210302123237)
  • 山西省自然科学基金面上项目(20210302123470)
  • 山西省科技厅中央引导地方科技发展资金项目(YDZJSX2021C025)
  • 山西省卫生健康委“十大晋药”项目(ZYCZL 2020007)
  • 山西中医药大学青年科学家培育项目(2021PY-QN-07)
  • 山西省科学技术厅-地产中药功效物质研究与利用山西省重点实验室项目(201605D111004)
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2023年第58卷第3期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-1064
  • 接收时间:2022-10-19
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-03-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-10-19
  • 修回日期:2023-01-12
基金
山西省自然科学基金面上项目(20210302123237)
山西省自然科学基金面上项目(20210302123470)
山西省科技厅中央引导地方科技发展资金项目(YDZJSX2021C025)
山西省卫生健康委“十大晋药”项目(ZYCZL 2020007)
山西中医药大学青年科学家培育项目(2021PY-QN-07)
山西省科学技术厅-地产中药功效物质研究与利用山西省重点实验室项目(201605D111004)
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    1.山西大学中医药现代研究中心, 山西 太原 030006
    2.山西中医药大学中药与食品工程学院, 山西 太原 030619

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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