Article(id=1198624400997187988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624396437975057, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0539, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1651766400000, receivedDateStr=2022-05-06, revisedDate=1658332800000, revisedDateStr=2022-07-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763703926562, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1678550400000, pubDateStr=2023-03-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763703926562, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763703926562, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763703926562, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198624396437975057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='804', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763703925474, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763704091914, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198625094596657875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624396437975057, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198625094596657876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624396437975057, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=550, endPage=559, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198624401240457626, articleId=1198624400997187988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Construction of folate receptors and mitochondria targeting celastrol-loaded PAMAM nano-drug delivery system and its in vitro anti-inflammatory effect, columnId=1198683323515105920, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports: Research on Precise Treatment of Diseases Based on Smart Drug Delivery Systems, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Pro-inflammatory macrophages play key regulatory role in the occurrence and development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In this study, we constructed a celastrol (Cel)-loaded polyamide-amine dendrimer (PAMAM) drug delivery system, which could target folate receptor and mitochondria. It could target inflammatory macrophages and realize chemo-photothermal synergistic therapy. Using PAMAM as the nano-carrier, folate receptor-targeting group folic acid (FA) and mitochondria-targeting group IR808 (also known as the photothermal agent) were conjugated with PAMAM through amide reaction, and then complexed with anti-inflammatory drug Cel to prepare the FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel nanocomplex. In vitro characterization results showed that the drug loading efficiency of the nanocomplex was 50.90%, particle size was between 130 and 160 nm, average potential was between 1.0 and 3.5 mV, the drug release showed pH sensitivity, temperature reached to 42.5 ℃ after near-infrared (NIR) light irradiation for 10 min. In vitro cellular uptake experiments showed that the nanocomplex had obvious folate receptor-targeting and mitochondria-targeting ability. Following irradiation with NIR light, the cytotoxicity and cellular apoptosis enhanced. The secretion of pro-inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and nitric oxide (NO) decreased in a concentration-dependent manner. This study provided insights for the development of novel anti-RA nanomedicines.

, correspAuthors=Yu-jie ZHANG, Peng-kai MA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zi-qi JING, Xue WANG, Tian-yue YAN, Yu-jie ZHANG, Peng-kai MA), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198624403987726831, articleId=1198624400997187988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=靶向叶酸受体和线粒体的载雷公藤红素PAMAM纳米递药系统构建及体外抗炎作用, columnId=1198624399348822061, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道: 基于智能化递药系统的疾病精准治疗研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

促炎巨噬细胞在类风湿性关节炎的发生和发展中发挥关键调控作用。本研究构建了一种可靶向叶酸受体和线粒体的载雷公藤红素(celastrol, Cel) 聚酰胺-胺树枝状聚合物(polyamide-amine dendrimer, PAMAM) 纳米递药系统, 实现可靶向炎症巨噬细胞的集化疗和光热于一体的协同治疗。以PAMAM为纳米载体, 通过酰胺反应偶联叶酸受体靶向基团叶酸(folic acid, FA) 和线粒体靶向基团IR808 (同时作为光热剂), 通过静电吸附作用负载抗炎药Cel, 制备了FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel纳米复合物。体外表征结果表明, 该纳米复合物中Cel载药量为50.90%, 粒径为130~160 nm, 平均电位在1.0~3.5 mV, 释药呈现pH敏感性, 经近红外光照射10 min温度可达42.5 ℃; 体外摄取实验表明, 纳米复合物有明显的叶酸靶向性和线粒体靶向性; 纳米复合物在近红外光照后可显著增强细胞毒性和诱导细胞凋亡能力, 并浓度依赖性降低促炎因子肿瘤坏死因子α (TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β (IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6 (IL-6)、一氧化氮(NO) 分泌量。本研究为开发新型的抗类风湿性关节炎纳米药物提供了思路。

, correspAuthors=张玉杰, 马鹏凯, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*张玉杰, Tel: 13701114864, E-mail: ;
马鹏凯, Tel: 13121583863, E-mail:
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Chin Tradit Herb Drugs (中草药), 2021, 52: 4372-4385., articleTitle=Research progress on anti-tumor mechanism of celastrol alone and in combination, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1198702057910797196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624400997187988, awardId=82104404, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(82104404), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198702050868560155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624400997187988, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198702050881143068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624400997187988, companyId=1198702050868560155, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198702050893725981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624400997187988, companyId=1198702050868560155, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=北京中医药大学中药学院, 北京 102488)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1198702055352271538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624400997187988, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=FHbHoGRnV3ZHN8BOEkZQEw==, figureFileBig=Mrhx0TALGk1G0SVMbowx0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702055478100665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624400997187988, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= Schematic diagram of the synthetic route of the FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel nanocomplex. FA: Folic acid; PAMAM: Polyamide-amine dendrimer; Cel: Celastrol , figureFileSmall=FHbHoGRnV3ZHN8BOEkZQEw==, figureFileBig=Mrhx0TALGk1G0SVMbowx0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702055717176014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624400997187988, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=tNoci6Q5ZBIG1k2cAp/iKA==, figureFileBig=o5ZrK69l/TE82yH1MB5Cqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702055922696927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624400997187988, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Structural characterization of the FA-PAMAM and FA-PAMAM-IR808 conjugates. A: Nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen (<sup>1</sup>H NMR) spectrum of conjugates; B: Ultraviolet and visible (UV-Vis) spectrum of conjugates at concentration of 1 mg·mL<sup>-1</sup>; C: Fluorescence spectrum of conjugates at concentration of 10 μg·mL<sup>-1</sup>. Wavelength: Em = 780 nm, Ex = 808 nm. <i>n</i> = 6, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$\bar{x}$</span> ± <i>s</i> , figureFileSmall=tNoci6Q5ZBIG1k2cAp/iKA==, figureFileBig=o5ZrK69l/TE82yH1MB5Cqw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702056048526058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624400997187988, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=xf5Uuqn/fgoLHOwo7tQJOw==, figureFileBig=dowK1LRPt5QxvyMm4eV7ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702056291795700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624400997187988, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Characterization of the physicochemical properties of the FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel nanocomplex. A, B: UV-Vis scanning spectrum and standard curve of FA (A) and IR808 (B); C: UV-Vis scanning spectrum, chromatogram and standard curve of Cel; D: Particle size distribution graph of the FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel nanocomplex; E: Potential distribution graph of the FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel nanocomplex; F: Scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel nanocomplex; G: Transmission electron microscope (TEM) image of the FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel nanocomplex. Scale bar: 100 nm; H: Particle size and polymer dispersity index (PDI) change curves of the FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel nanocomplex in 7 days; I: Temperature change curves of the FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel nanocomplex with different concentration after irradiation with different power density of near-infrared light (NIR); J: Drug release curve of the FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel nanocomplex. <i>n</i> = 6, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$\bar{x}$</span> ± <i>s</i> , figureFileSmall=xf5Uuqn/fgoLHOwo7tQJOw==, figureFileBig=dowK1LRPt5QxvyMm4eV7ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702056476345093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624400997187988, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=npG066i5yacmh13082b2Qw==, figureFileBig=LLBjHbnN1wq+OKvnMnfPFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702056660894482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624400997187988, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Confocal laser scanning microscope images of RAW264.7 cells after uptake different drugs (IR808, PAMAM-IR808/Cel and FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel, 4 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) for 4 h, and treatment of RAW264.7 cells with the FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel nanocomplex at different concentrations and time points. Scale bar: 50 µm , figureFileSmall=npG066i5yacmh13082b2Qw==, figureFileBig=LLBjHbnN1wq+OKvnMnfPFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702056799306522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624400997187988, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=EbQ1Ew5ORHqUq8iMLW9pNg==, figureFileBig=5bXspnPGMvR+Q7pGa3ELiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702056933524263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624400997187988, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Organelle localization images of RAW264.7 cells after uptake the IR808, PAMAM-IR808/Cel nanocomplex and FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel nanocomplex. Scale bar: 13 µm , figureFileSmall=EbQ1Ew5ORHqUq8iMLW9pNg==, figureFileBig=5bXspnPGMvR+Q7pGa3ELiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702057105490744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624400997187988, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=LiOLj95AboNjogzrBtIDSg==, figureFileBig=WOlmlXfnniY/vW+KPQQY5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702057231319878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624400997187988, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Cytotoxicity and apoptosis of Cel, conjugates and nanocomplex to RAW264.7 cells. A: Cell survival rate of empty carrier. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05 <i>vs</i> PAMAM; <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05 <i>vs</i> FA-PAMAM-IR808; B, C: Cell survival rate of Cel and nanocomplexes to RAW264.7 cells without (B) or with (C) NIR irradiation. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05 <i>vs</i> Cel; <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05 <i>vs</i> PAMAM-IR808/Cel; D: Half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC<sub>50</sub>) of the Cel, PAMAM-IR808/Cel, FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel nanocomplex with or without NIR irradiation. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05 <i>vs</i> without NIR irradiation; E: Flow cytometer spot map of RAW264.7 cells after treatments with the Cel, PAMAM-IR808/Cel nanocomplex and FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel nanocomplex with or without NIR irradiation; F: Apoptosis analyses of flow cytometer spot map. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05 <i>vs</i> control; <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05 <i>vs</i> Cel. <i>n</i> = 6, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$\bar{x}$</span> ± <i>s</i> , figureFileSmall=LiOLj95AboNjogzrBtIDSg==, figureFileBig=WOlmlXfnniY/vW+KPQQY5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702057369731927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624400997187988, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=w6y1QDa+yHtnGrLGbEegJg==, figureFileBig=f/2mdff9rCjZ98wcdkPMEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702057533309802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624400997187988, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= A: Standard curves of tumor necrosis factor <i>α</i> (TNF-<i>α</i>), interleukin (IL)-1<i>β</i>, IL-6 and nitric oxide (NO) used for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) determination. B: Secretion level of inflammatory cytokines by RAW264.7 cells after induced with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 μg·mL<sup>-1</sup>). <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05 <i>vs</i> control. 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靶向叶酸受体和线粒体的载雷公藤红素PAMAM纳米递药系统构建及体外抗炎作用
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荆紫琪 , 王雪 , 闫天月 , 张玉杰 * , 马鹏凯 *
药学学报 | 专题报道: 基于智能化递药系统的疾病精准治疗研究 2023,58(3): 550-559
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药学学报 | 专题报道: 基于智能化递药系统的疾病精准治疗研究 2023, 58(3): 550-559
靶向叶酸受体和线粒体的载雷公藤红素PAMAM纳米递药系统构建及体外抗炎作用
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荆紫琪, 王雪, 闫天月, 张玉杰* , 马鹏凯*
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  • 北京中医药大学中药学院, 北京 102488

通讯作者:

*张玉杰, Tel: 13701114864, E-mail: ;
马鹏凯, Tel: 13121583863, E-mail:
Construction of folate receptors and mitochondria targeting celastrol-loaded PAMAM nano-drug delivery system and its in vitro anti-inflammatory effect
Zi-qi JING, Xue WANG, Tian-yue YAN, Yu-jie ZHANG* , Peng-kai MA*
Affiliations
  • School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
出版时间: 2023-03-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0539
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促炎巨噬细胞在类风湿性关节炎的发生和发展中发挥关键调控作用。本研究构建了一种可靶向叶酸受体和线粒体的载雷公藤红素(celastrol, Cel) 聚酰胺-胺树枝状聚合物(polyamide-amine dendrimer, PAMAM) 纳米递药系统, 实现可靶向炎症巨噬细胞的集化疗和光热于一体的协同治疗。以PAMAM为纳米载体, 通过酰胺反应偶联叶酸受体靶向基团叶酸(folic acid, FA) 和线粒体靶向基团IR808 (同时作为光热剂), 通过静电吸附作用负载抗炎药Cel, 制备了FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel纳米复合物。体外表征结果表明, 该纳米复合物中Cel载药量为50.90%, 粒径为130~160 nm, 平均电位在1.0~3.5 mV, 释药呈现pH敏感性, 经近红外光照射10 min温度可达42.5 ℃; 体外摄取实验表明, 纳米复合物有明显的叶酸靶向性和线粒体靶向性; 纳米复合物在近红外光照后可显著增强细胞毒性和诱导细胞凋亡能力, 并浓度依赖性降低促炎因子肿瘤坏死因子α (TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β (IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6 (IL-6)、一氧化氮(NO) 分泌量。本研究为开发新型的抗类风湿性关节炎纳米药物提供了思路。

类风湿性关节炎  /  雷公藤红素  /  聚酰胺-胺树枝状聚合物  /  叶酸  /  线粒体

Pro-inflammatory macrophages play key regulatory role in the occurrence and development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In this study, we constructed a celastrol (Cel)-loaded polyamide-amine dendrimer (PAMAM) drug delivery system, which could target folate receptor and mitochondria. It could target inflammatory macrophages and realize chemo-photothermal synergistic therapy. Using PAMAM as the nano-carrier, folate receptor-targeting group folic acid (FA) and mitochondria-targeting group IR808 (also known as the photothermal agent) were conjugated with PAMAM through amide reaction, and then complexed with anti-inflammatory drug Cel to prepare the FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel nanocomplex. In vitro characterization results showed that the drug loading efficiency of the nanocomplex was 50.90%, particle size was between 130 and 160 nm, average potential was between 1.0 and 3.5 mV, the drug release showed pH sensitivity, temperature reached to 42.5 ℃ after near-infrared (NIR) light irradiation for 10 min. In vitro cellular uptake experiments showed that the nanocomplex had obvious folate receptor-targeting and mitochondria-targeting ability. Following irradiation with NIR light, the cytotoxicity and cellular apoptosis enhanced. The secretion of pro-inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and nitric oxide (NO) decreased in a concentration-dependent manner. This study provided insights for the development of novel anti-RA nanomedicines.

rheumatoid arthritis  /  celastrol  /  polyamide-amine dendrimer  /  folic acid  /  mitochondria
荆紫琪, 王雪, 闫天月, 张玉杰, 马鹏凯. 靶向叶酸受体和线粒体的载雷公藤红素PAMAM纳米递药系统构建及体外抗炎作用. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (3) : 550 -559 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0539
Zi-qi JING, Xue WANG, Tian-yue YAN, Yu-jie ZHANG, Peng-kai MA. Construction of folate receptors and mitochondria targeting celastrol-loaded PAMAM nano-drug delivery system and its in vitro anti-inflammatory effect[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (3) : 550 -559 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0539
类风湿关节炎(rheumatoid arthriti, RA) 是一种以侵蚀性关节炎为主要表现的全身性自身免疫病, 常造成关节破坏和畸形, 严重者可致残[1, 2]。RA发病由多种免疫细胞和炎症因子介导, 其中最突出的是巨噬细胞。活化的巨噬细胞表达大量细胞因子和趋化因子, 包括肿瘤坏死因子α (TNF-α)、白细胞介素1β (IL-1β)、白细胞介素6 (IL-6) 等, 从而激活成纤维样滑膜细胞(fibroblast-like synovial cells, FLSs), 其无限增殖、迁移和侵袭, 最终导致软骨及骨组织损害[3, 4]。目前RA的治疗主要集中于炎症因子抑制与免疫抑制[5-7], 如阿司匹林、甲氨蝶呤、英夫利昔单抗等, 而相关治疗药物不仅不良反应大、价格高昂, 且由于RA的发病机制复杂, 很难通过使用一种治疗手段来完全缓解RA。因此, 在开发新的治疗药物的同时探索多种治疗手段相结合的联合治疗方案成为RA治疗趋势。
最近研究发现光热治疗(photo-thermal therapy, PTT) 对RA有特殊优势。PTT是利用光热剂在具有较强组织穿透的近红外光(near-infrared light, NIR) 照射下产生的热量以消融恶性病变的一种治疗方式[8]。与传统化疗相比, PTT可实现时空可控地对病灶区域照射, 达到最大限度地减少不良反应的作用。IR808作为经典的吲哚花菁素染料, 可靶向细胞线粒体, 是优良的光敏剂[9], 并且IR808经近红外光照射后具有较强的光-热转换效果, 因此近年来常作为光热剂用于PTT[10]。我国治疗RA已有上千年历史, 雷公藤作为经方验方的常用中药, 其对RA疗效已为大量临床所证实。对其深入研究发现, 雷公藤红素(celastrol, Cel) 是抗风湿中药雷公藤的活性成分之一, 其作用途径包括抑制炎性因子IL-1β和TNF-α等的表达[11]、抑制免疫细胞的过度募集, 从而减缓炎症反应及减少骨损害[12, 13]。然而, Cel较差的水溶性、低生物利用度和全身毒性极大限制了其临床应用。因此, 若能通过新型递药方式整合Cel和光热剂作用优势, 对改善Cel成药性及RA临床治疗均具有重要价值。
纳米递药系统(nano-drug delivery system, NDDS) 因能提高药物溶解度、改善药物药代动力学和组织分布、提高药物靶向性并降低不良反应, 近年来成为药剂学领域研究的热点[14, 15]。与脂质体、胶束、纳米粒等纳米载体相比, 聚酰胺-胺树枝状聚合物(polyamide-amine dendrimer, PAMAM) 具有均一的粒径、规整的球形结构、疏松的内部空腔, 特别是表面带有大量胺基基团, 可进行靶向配体、荧光探针的化学修饰, 表面胺基所带正电荷还可通过静电作用吸附药物, 这些特性使其成为应用价值极高的纳米载体[16, 17]
本研究以PAMAM为纳米载体, 分别通过FA和IR808对其表面进行化学修饰, 合成可同时靶向炎症细胞叶酸受体和线粒体的FA-PAMAM-IR808共价偶联物, 随后通过其表面胺基正电荷吸附带有羧基基团的Cel, 构建FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel纳米复合物, 在特异性靶向到炎症细胞线粒体后, 可通过Cel化学作用及IR808光热作用, 促进依赖线粒体途径的炎症细胞凋亡, 从而有效抑制RA。
试剂与耗材  PAMAM G4 (批号MKCJ8572, 美国Sigma Aldrich公司); 叶酸(folic acid, FA, 批号D27D11S135592)、Cel (98%, 批号P28M10F84300) (上海源叶生物科技有限公司); 1-乙基-(3-二甲基氨基丙基) 碳二亚胺盐酸盐[EDCI, 批号WG0019757-170409001, 韶远化学科技(上海) 有限公司]; 1-羟基苯并三唑(HoBt, 批号KCEBI26, 北京伊诺凯科技有限公司); IR808 (99%, 批号IR808-202001, 上海凯瑜琳医药科技有限公司); MD34-7000D透析袋(北京索莱宝科技有限公司); 娃哈哈水(娃哈哈集团有限公司); 二甲基亚砜(DMSO, 天津百伦斯生物技术有限公司); Hoechst 33342 (北京拜尔迪生物技术有限公司); YF488-Annexin V/PI凋亡试剂盒(北京百瑞极生物科技有限公司); 激光共聚焦培养皿(无锡耐思生命科技股份有限公司)。
仪器  TU-1901紫外分光光度计(北京普析通用仪器有限责任公司); LGJ-10真空冷冻干燥机(北京松源华兴科技发展有限公司); AVANCE Ⅲ HD 700 MHz核磁共振波谱仪(德国Bruker公司); LS45荧光光谱仪、13UV003激光共聚焦显微镜(美国PerkinElmer公司); Sorvall ST 8R高速冷冻离心机(美国Thermo公司); Malvern Zetasizer Nano-ZS动态光散射粒度仪(英国Malvern Instruments公司); SIGMA 300场发射扫描电镜(德国Zeiss公司); JEM-2100透射电子显微镜(日本JEOL公司); A00-1102流式细胞仪[贝克曼库尔特商贸(中国) 有限公司]。
细胞  RAW264.7细胞(中国科学院细胞库)。
FA-PAMAM-IR808偶联物的合成  合成路线如图 1所示。称取FA (4.5×10-3 mmol)、EDCI (22.66×10-3 mmol) 和HoBt (22.66×10-3 mmol) 于圆底烧瓶中, 以二甲基甲酰胺(DMF) 和DMSO溶液(3:1) 为溶剂溶解, 室温避光搅拌2 h活化FA羧基。PAMAM (0.9×10-3 mmol) 溶解于DMSO中, 加入到上述反应液中, 在室温下避光搅拌24 h。反应结束后, 将反应液透析24 h, 除去未反应的FA及催化剂, 过0.22 µm微孔滤膜, 冻干即得FA-PAMAM偶联物。随后, 称取IR808 (3.6×10-3 mmol) 溶解于DMSO中, 按上述反应条件活化2 h, 加入DMSO溶解的FA-PAMAM (0.72×10-3 mmol) 继续搅拌24 h。反应结束后, 透析除去未反应的IR808及催化剂, 过0.22 µm微孔滤膜, 冻干即得FA-PAMAM-IR808偶联物[18]。采用核磁共振仪(1H NMR)、紫外-可见分光光度计(UV-Vis)、荧光光谱仪(FS, Em = 780 nm/Ex = 808 nm) 对共价偶联物化学结构进行确证。建立FA和IR808的UV-Vis含量测定方法并进行方法学考察, 确定各分子连接数量。
FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel纳米复合物的制备  精密称取过量的Cel (3.07×10-3 mmol) 于反应瓶中, 加10 mL甲醇溶解, 再向反应瓶中加入甲醇溶解的FA-PAMAM-IR808偶联物(0.61×10-3 mmol), 室温下避光搅拌过夜, 反应液旋干, 加水复溶, 9 000 r·min-1离心30 min, 取上层清液, 过0.22 µm微孔滤膜, 冻干。
载药量  通过HPLC建立Cel定量方法, 并测定FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel纳米复合物中Cel的负载量, 测定条件及方法如下。
色谱条件  使用Kromasil C18色谱柱(4.6 mm × 150 mm, 5 μm), 流动相为甲醇-1%乙酸(90:10), 流速1.0 mL·min-1, 柱温25 ℃, 检测波长422 nm[19]
对照品溶液制备  精密称取Cel 5.0 mg, 甲醇溶解并定容至10 mL量瓶中, 得到0.5 mg·mL-1的对照品母液, 精密移取1 mL对照品母液, 定容到50 mL量瓶中, 得10 µg·mL-1的对照品储备液。分别精密移取对照品储备液0.5、1、2、4、6、8 mL, 定容至10 mL量瓶中, 得到质量浓度分别为0.5、1.0、2.0、4.0、6.0、8.0 µg·mL-1的系列对照品溶液。
载药量测定方法  精密称取过量的Cel于反应瓶中, 加3 mL甲醇溶解, 再向反应瓶中加入甲醇溶解的纳米复合物, 室温下搅拌过夜, 反应液旋干, 加水复溶, 9 000 r·min-1离心30 min, 取沉淀, 加色谱甲醇溶解, 过0.22 μm微孔滤膜, 按上述色谱条件进行测定, 记录峰面积, 根据标准曲线计算未负载的药物量, 计算方法如公式(1)。
$载药量 = (投料量 - 未负载量/纳米复合物量) × 100\%$
粒径、电位及形态  纳米复合物(5 mg·mL-1) 分散于超纯水中, 0.22 μm微孔滤膜过滤, 采用Malvern Zetasizer Nano-ZS动态光散射粒度仪测定纳米复合物的粒径、电位。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM) 和透射电子显微镜(TEM) 观察纳米复合物的形态。
稳定性  将FA-PAMAM-IR808、FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel分散于pH 7.4磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS), 质量浓度为5 mg·mL-1, 于室温放置, 采用Malvern Zetasizer Nano-ZS动态光散射粒度仪测定7天内纳米复合物的粒径和多分散系数(polymer dispersity index, PDI)。
光热转化效率  吸取200 µL不同浓度的FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel水溶液(以IR808计为5、10、20 µmol·L-1) 于不透光96孔板中, 以水为空白对照, 用808 nm功率为1.5 W·cm-2的激光照射600 s, 每60 s记录1次温度变化, 并用相同方法测定其(以IR808计为10 µmol·L-1) 在3种不同功率(1.5、1、0.5 W·cm-2) 激光照射下的温度变化。
体外释药  采用透析法对Cel及FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel的体外释放行为进行考察。配制pH 5.0、7.4、8.8的PBS溶液作为释放介质, 精密称取Cel及FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel溶于相应的释放介质中, 得质量浓度为1 mg·mL-1的含药溶液(以Cel计)。精密移取1.0 mL于透析袋中, 将透析袋的两端用细线扎紧, 然后浸没于50 mL离心管中, 放置于恒温水浴振荡箱中(37 ℃、100 r·min-1)。分别于放置后10、15、30、45 min, 1、2、4、8、12、24、36、48、60、72 h取1.0 mL释放介质, 过0.22 μm微孔滤膜, 采用HPLC测定Cel浓度Cd, 与此同时补加1.0 mL新鲜的释放介质至原释放介质中, 使释放介质总体积保持不变, 按公式(2) 计算校正浓度Cc, 按公式(3) 计算累积释放率F(t), 其中Wt为载药偶联物中Cel含量。
$ C\mathrm{c}=C\mathrm{d}+1/50{\sum }_{i=1}^{n=1}C\mathrm{d} $
$F\left(\mathrm{t}\right)=\frac{C\mathrm{c}\times 50}{W\mathrm{t}}\times 100\%$
叶酸受体靶向性  激光共聚焦培养皿中以5×104个细胞/皿密度接种RAW264.7细胞, 待细胞融合到80%, 用PBS冲洗3次, 加入PAMAM-IR808/Cel、FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel溶液(以IR808计浓度为4 µmol·L-1)。培养4 h后, 用PBS冲洗3次, 然后加1 mL PBS或无血清培养液, 将培养皿置于激光共聚焦显微镜下观察拍照, 评价不同药物细胞摄取情况。
此外, 配制2种浓度FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel溶液(1、2 µmol·L-1), 固定摄取时间, 观察给药4 h后细胞摄取情况; 固定药物浓度, 观察给药4、8 h后细胞摄取情况。
线粒体靶向性  取对数生长期RAW264.7细胞, 加入3 mL含纳米复合物的培养基(以IR808计浓度为4 µmol·L-1), 与细胞共孵育8 h, 随后用移液枪小心将含纳米复合物的培养液移出, 细胞用预冷的PBS洗涤3次, 除去未被细胞摄取的纳米复合物。然后加入浓度为50 nmol·L-1的MitoTracker Green线粒体荧光探针, 在培养箱中避光孵育30 min; 再加入1 mL的Hoechst 33342 (10 µg·mL-1) 细胞核荧光探针, 继续避光孵育20 min, 之后细胞用预冷的PBS洗涤3次除去游离染料。置于激光共聚焦显微镜下观测不同荧光在细胞内的分布, 并进行相关分析。
细胞毒性  实验分组: 共价偶联物组、Cel原药组(±NIR)、PAMAM-IR808/Cel纳米复合物组(±NIR)、FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel纳米复合物组(±NIR)。RAW264.7细胞培养在96孔板中, 以1×105个细胞/孔的密度种板。24 h后, 加入药液(以Cel计0.25~25 µmol·L-1) 与细胞共孵育24 h, 细胞用预冷的PBS洗涤3次, 加入新鲜培养基, 继续培养24 h。对于近红外光照射组, 细胞洗涤后加入新鲜培养基, 用808 nm激光照射10 min (1.5 W·cm-2), 继续培养24 h。培养结束后弃掉培养基, 每孔加入100 μL 0.5 mg·mL-1 MTT溶液, 并放入培养箱中继续孵育4 h, 取出96孔板, 用移液枪移去各孔内培养基, 并加入150 μL DMSO, 用酶标仪测定490 nm处各孔吸光度(A) 值, 以未加药孔为对照, 按照公式(4) 计算细胞存活率。
$ \mathrm{存}\mathrm{活}\mathrm{率}\left(\mathrm{\%}\right)\mathrm{ }=\frac{\mathrm{实}\mathrm{验}\mathrm{组}A\mathrm{值}}{\mathrm{对}\mathrm{照}\mathrm{组}A\mathrm{值}}\times 100\mathrm{\%} $
细胞凋亡  采用YF488-Annexin V/PI双染法检测细胞凋亡。RAW264.7细胞于6孔板培养, 每孔1×106个细胞。24 h后, 用1 mL 5 µmol·L-1药物溶液(以Cel计算) 孵育24 h, 小心移去药液, 然后用预冷PBS洗涤3次, 对于近红外光照射组, 用808 nm激光照射10 min (1.5 W·cm-2), 加入新鲜培养基, 继续孵育24 h。孵育结束后用不含EDTA的胰酶消化, 1 800 r·min-1离心5 min, 预冷的PBS冲洗2次, 然后加入100 μL PBS重悬细胞, 每管加入5 μL YF488-Annexin V和PI工作液, 室温下避光孵育10~15 min, 孵育结束后加入400 μL PBS, 流式细胞仪检测。
FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel纳米复合物对细胞炎症因子的调节作用  将RAW264.7细胞以5×105个/孔的密度接种于24孔板中, 培养24 h后弃旧培养基, 分别加入以完全培养基稀释的各浓度药物(根据MTT细胞活力实验, 选择以Cel计浓度为0.25、0.50、1.00 μmol·L-1的纳米复合物溶液), 并设置空白组、LPS模型组、Cel组、PAMAM-IR808/Cel (±NIR) 组、FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel (±NIR) 组, 其中Cel组、PAMAM-IR808/Cel (±NIR) 组、FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel (±NIR) 组设高、中、低浓度, 每个浓度设3个复孔。药物作用细胞4 h后, 加入含1 μg·mL-1 LPS的DMEM培养基, 孵育48 h[20]。培养结束后, 收集上清培养液, 3 500 r·min-1离心10 min, 取上清液用ELISA试剂盒测定TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6因子及一氧化氮(NO) 含量。
统计学分析  使用SPSS 17.0软件通过单因素方差分析对数据进行统计学分析。实验数据以均数±标准差($\bar{x}$ ± s) 表示, 比较组间差异, P < 0.05表示统计学差异。
首先, 合成了可靶向叶酸受体和线粒体的共价偶联物, 用于负载抗炎药物Cel。FA-PAMAM、FA-PAMAM-IR808的1H NMR如图 2A所示, δH 2.0~3.5为PAMAM氢特征峰[21], 其中δH = 2.20~2.35 ppm (H3), δH = 2.45~2.53 ppm (H5), δH = 2.62~2.72 ppm (H4), δH = 2.91~3.00 ppm (H1), δH = 3.10~3.20 ppm (H2), δH = 3.29~3.36 ppm (H6)。δH 7~8为FA、IR808的芳香氢特征峰[22]; 不同偶联物UV-Vis扫描结果如图 2B所示, FA-PAMAM、FA-PAMAM-IR808均在285 nm处显示叶酸特征吸收峰, FA-PAMAM-IR808在808 nm处显示IR808特征吸收峰; 荧光光谱如图 2C所示, FA-PAMAM-IR808的荧光信号在808 nm处有与IR808相同的最大发射波长。因此, 从1H NMR、UV-Vis及FS检测结果可确定, FA、IR808均成功连接到PAMAM上。
通过紫外分光光度法对FA和IR808连接个数进行了定量分析。叶酸在最大吸收波长285 nm处标准曲线回归方程为: y = 0.063x + 0.035, R2 = 0.996 (图 3A); IR808在最大吸收波长808 nm处标准曲线回归方程为: y = 0.113 8x - 0.006 9, R2 = 0.999 (图 3B)。经计算, 每个FA-PAMAM-IR808共价偶联物中FA和IR808连接个数分别为1.60和4.55。
分别进样Cel对照品溶液和空白溶剂, Cel色谱峰保留时间为10.0 min且无其他干扰(图 3C), 专属性符合含量测定要求; Cel在0.5~10 μg·mL-1的标准曲线回归方程为y = 13.839x - 5.764 9, R2 = 0.993, 线性良好, 符合测定要求。经计算, FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel中负载Cel的含量为50.90%, 包封率为67.48%。
通过动态光散射粒度仪和扫描电镜对纳米复合物的粒径、电位和形态等物理化学性质进行了表征。粒径、电位结果如图 3DE所示, FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel纳米复合物的粒径在130~160 nm, 平均电位在1.0~3.5 mV; 从扫描电镜和透射电镜结果可观测到其形态近为球形(图 3FG)。
FA-PAMAM-IR808偶联物和FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel纳米复合物稳定性考察结果如图 3H所示, 室温下放置7天, FA-PAMAM-IR808偶联物、FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel纳米复合物的粒径在130~160 nm, PDI在0.22~0.26, 在7天内均无明显变化, 说明FA-PAMAM-IR808偶联物和FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel纳米复合物稳定性较好。
通过温度变化对FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel的体外光热效应进行评价。结果如图 3I所示, 在808 nm近红外光照射下温度变化呈现明显的浓度依赖性和激光功率依赖性。FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel (以IR808计, 浓度为20 µmol·L-1) 使用激光功率为1.5 W·cm-2, 照射时间为600 s时, 温度可达42.5 ℃, 说明可迅速将808 nm的光能转化为热能, 已超过对细胞产生杀伤作用的温度(40 ℃)。
利用透析法对Cel及FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel的体外释药行为进行评价, 结果如图 3J所示, 可看出Cel和FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel的体外释药行为均呈现显著的pH依赖性, 随着pH增大, 释药速率加快, 同时在碱性条件下, FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel在24 h内Cel几乎完全释放, 明显高于Cel原药。
通过激光共聚焦显微镜考察了PAMAM-IR808/Cel和FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel纳米复合物被细胞摄取的情况, 结果如图 4所示, 修饰了FA的纳米复合物相比于不修饰FA的纳米复合物, 其被RAW264.7细胞摄取的能力显著增加, 说明造成细胞摄取增加的原因是通过细胞表面过表达的FA受体对FA靶向配体的特异性识别和转运作用; 此外, RAW264.7细胞对FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel的摄取具有浓度和时间依赖性的特点, 随着共孵育时间和浓度增加, 细胞摄取增加(图 4)。
通过激光共聚焦显微镜观测各纳米复合物被摄取进入细胞后的细胞内定位, 结果如图 5所示, IR808本身呈红色荧光, 代表的是纳米复合物的分布情况; 细胞核被Hoechst 33342荧光探针试剂标记成蓝色荧光; 利用MitoTracker Green线粒体荧光探针试剂将线粒体标记为绿色荧光。当PAMAM连接线粒体靶向基团IR808后, 纳米复合物进入细胞后大多聚集到线粒体部位, 具有明显的线粒体靶向性。
采用MTT法评价了空白载体、Cel及各载药偶联物在不同条件下对RAW264.7细胞的毒性作用。结果如图 6A所示, 空白载体组FA-PAMAM-IR808较PAMAM、PAMAM-IR808在不同浓度下毒性差异明显(P < 0.05), 说明连接靶向基团FA后细胞毒性增强。Cel及PAMAM-IR808/Cel、FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel对RAW264.7细胞的增殖抑制作用均随浓度增加而增大, 在无其他因素干扰下, 5~25 μmol·L-1浓度的FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel和PAMAM-IR808/Cel比Cel原药表现出更强的细胞毒性(P < 0.05), 并且FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel和PAMAM-IR808/Cel的细胞毒性也有明显差异(P < 0.05); 在近红外光照射条件下, PAMAM-IR808/Cel、FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel的细胞毒性与正常组相比明显增强(P < 0.05), Cel的细胞毒性无明显变化; 同时给予近红外光照射时, 在20~25 μmol·L-1浓度的FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel和PAMAM-IR808/Cel显示更强的细胞毒性, 并且强于Cel的细胞毒性(P < 0.05) (图 6BC)。Cel (±NIR)、PAMAM-IR808/Cel (±NIR)、FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel (±NIR) 的IC50值分别为18.19/17.92、16.56/12.53、8.10/6.84 μmol·L-1 (图 6D)。在近红外光照射下, FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel的细胞毒性作用是在正常条件下的1.18倍, 是Cel的2.66倍, 说明光热治疗可显著增强细胞毒性, 增强抑炎效果。
利用双染法评价了Cel和各纳米复合物对细胞凋亡作用的影响, 结果如图 6EF所示, 与空白对照组相比, Cel及各纳米复合物的细胞凋亡率均显著提高, 在近红外光照射下, FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel (82.85%) 诱导细胞凋亡作用增强(P < 0.05), 且高于Cel, 显示最强的凋亡诱导作用(P < 0.05)。其中近红外光照射占主导作用, 表明通过化疗联合光热治疗可增强诱导细胞凋亡作用。
通过ELISA法对TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和NO的含量进行测定, 4种炎症因子的标准曲线如图 7A所示, 在0.1~2.5 pg·mL-1时与吸光度值呈线性关系。用1 μg·mL-1的LPS诱导RAW264.7细胞后, 细胞炎症因子TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6及NO的分泌水平明显高于对照组(图 7B), 说明已成功构建RAW264.7细胞炎症模型。各给药组在和LPS共同孵育细胞48 h后, 对不同因子的抑制效果不同, 且显示出剂量差异(图 7C)。对TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6因子的检测结果显示, FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel + NIR组与Cel组、FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel组相比显著降低了RAW264.7细胞分泌的3种因子的含量(P < 0.05)。对于NO而言, FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel + NIR组在1.0 μmol·L-1时显示出与Cel组、FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel组的明显差异(P < 0.05)。总之, 在高浓度下, FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel纳米复合物在近红外光照射下使LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞的TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6和NO分泌量明显降低, 说明FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel能够抑制炎症巨噬细胞中炎症因子的产生。
雷公藤制剂临床上主要用于治疗RA、强直性脊柱炎和银屑病等免疫系统疾病。Cel作为中药雷公藤的活性成分, 由于其广泛的抗肿瘤、抗炎、抗氧化等药理活性而备受关注, 但其较差的溶解性和较强的不良反应是制约其向临床转化的关键。本研究所构建的FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel纳米复合物, Cel主要是通过静电作用吸附在PAMAM上, 与其他Cel纳米制剂如脂质体、胶束等通过物理包裹实现载药的机制不同, 其载药量可高达50.90%, 有效解决了Cel溶解性差的问题, 同时使其具备pH响应的特点, 在线粒体基质碱性条件下, 通过打破静电平衡实现快速释药, 减少在体内循环和正常组织生理环境下的药物泄露。此外, 纳米复合物利用巨噬细胞过表达FAR介导的线粒体靶向作用, 可显著提高细胞摄取, 将药物高效递送到作用靶标线粒体, 极大提高了药效, 降低脱靶效应所致的全身毒性。
我国在几千年前已将热疗应用在“寒痹证”的治疗中, 借助热气进入体内, 起到散寒驱邪、舒筋活络及缓解疼痛等作用, 结合现代科技的光热治疗因其时空可控的优点, 已广泛应用于肿瘤等疾病的治疗[23], 于风湿的治疗目前还处于探索之中, 本研究所构建的FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel纳米复合物, 在经过808 nm下1.5 W·cm-2的激光照射后, 短时间内温度即可达到42.5 ℃, 具有优良的光热转化效率。近红外光照射下, 纳米复合物对RAW264.7巨噬细胞的细胞毒性与诱导细胞凋亡能力显著增强, 能消灭病变部位过度募集的巨噬细胞, 减少炎症因子的释放, 从而减缓FLSs对关节的侵袭, 其在动物模型上的药效有待进一步验证。
综上所述, 本研究构建的FA-PAMAM-IR808/Cel纳米复合物增加了Cel的溶解性, 通过FAR和线粒体双重靶向作用, 以及Cel化学治疗和IR808光热治疗的联合作用, 提高了药效并降低了不良反应, 是一种极具开发前景的纳米药物。
作者贡献: 荆紫琪负责实验操作、数据处理和初稿撰写; 王雪负责细胞培养; 闫天月负责数据核对; 张玉杰、马鹏凯负责课题的设计、指导和论文修改。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82104404)
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2023年第58卷第3期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0539
  • 接收时间:2022-05-06
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-03-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-05-06
  • 修回日期:2022-07-21
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(82104404)
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    北京中医药大学中药学院, 北京 102488

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马鹏凯, Tel: 13121583863, E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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