Article(id=1198624399281713195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624396437975057, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0932, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1659196800000, receivedDateStr=2022-07-31, revisedDate=1661702400000, revisedDateStr=2022-08-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763703926153, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1678550400000, pubDateStr=2023-03-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763703926153, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763703926153, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763703926153, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198624396437975057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='804', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763703925474, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763704091914, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198625094596657875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624396437975057, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198625094596657876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624396437975057, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=530, endPage=535, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198624399550148663, articleId=1198624399281713195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Application of nanotechnology in local anesthetic drug sustained release and light-responsive controlled release, columnId=1198683323515105920, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports: Research on Precise Treatment of Diseases Based on Smart Drug Delivery Systems, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Local anesthetic drugs are commonly used to block the conduction function of patient's nerves temporarily for anesthesia during surgery or to provide targeted analgesia after trauma. Compared with general anesthetics, local anesthetics makes less impact on the physiological status and alleviates pain complications in the presence of clear consciousness. However, its clinical application is still limited by its systemic toxicity, as well as toxicity to nerves and muscles, duration of action and lack of penetration. Nanotechnology can help it penetrate the physiological barrier, prolong the time of nerve block, and reduce toxic side effects. In addition, by building a light-responsive release system, local anesthetics can be released on demand, enhancing drug effectiveness and safety. However, in addition to the problems of poor consistency and high production costs, the system of light response release is still limited in application due to the limitation of the depth of penetration of the tissue. According to the current research progress, this paper briefly introduces and analyzes the main dosage forms, hoping to provide new ideas for the responsive release of local anesthetic drugs.

, correspAuthors=Xing-Jie LIANG, Yong LUAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhi-qi WANG, Peter TIMASHEV, Xing-Jie LIANG, Yong LUAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198624400145739852, articleId=1198624399281713195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=纳米技术在局部麻醉药物缓释和光响应控释中的应用, columnId=1198624399348822061, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道: 基于智能化递药系统的疾病精准治疗研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

局部麻醉药物常用于手术中暂时性阻断患者的部分神经传导功能, 产生麻醉作用, 或在创伤后有针对性地对部分组织进行镇痛。相比于全身麻醉药, 局部麻醉药对生理状况影响较小, 既能保持患者神志清醒, 又能减轻疼痛, 然而其临床应用仍受系统毒性、局部组织毒性、作用时间、穿透性不足等方面的局限。纳米技术能帮助其穿透生理屏障, 延长神经阻滞时间, 降低毒副作用。此外, 通过构建光响应释放体系, 局部麻醉药物制剂能实现按需释放, 提升了药物效果和安全性。然而, 光响应释放体系也存在生产成本高、批次间均一性差、组织穿透性低等不足, 应用仍然受限。本综述根据目前研究进展, 对主要的几种剂型进行介绍和分析, 希望能为局部麻醉药物的响应性释放提供新的思路。

, correspAuthors=梁兴杰, 栾永, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*梁兴杰, E-mail: ;
栾永, E-mail:
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A: Liposomes with gold nanorods tethered onto the surface; B: Liposomes with unsaturated lipids have photosensitizers encapsulated within the bilayer; C: Liposomes tethered with gold nanorods and also loaded with photosensitizers. Adapted from Ref. 37 with permission. Copyright © 2017 American Chemical Society , figureFileSmall=oHqqUO0/y1w7ovWKWJaHhA==, figureFileBig=0wYHJEB7AXCFNYVsiSs5IA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702044329640704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624399281713195, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=YvVyfRjv7i19auDSve60Nw==, figureFileBig=01+sgM4Q9YvUHqDFNZmJaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702044476441359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624399281713195, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= A polymer-tetrodotoxin (TTX) conjugate, designed to have a large TTX content with slow release, is placed near a nerve. Flux of TTX into the nerve is enhanced by a delivery system that acts as a chemical permeation enhancer. Adapted from Ref. 44 with permission. Copyright © 2019 Nature Publishing Group. 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纳米技术在局部麻醉药物缓释和光响应控释中的应用
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王祉琪 1, 2 , Peter Timashev 3 , 梁兴杰 2, 4, * , 栾永 1, *
药学学报 | 专题报道: 基于智能化递药系统的疾病精准治疗研究 2023,58(3): 530-535
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药学学报 | 专题报道: 基于智能化递药系统的疾病精准治疗研究 2023, 58(3): 530-535
纳米技术在局部麻醉药物缓释和光响应控释中的应用
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王祉琪1, 2, Peter Timashev3, 梁兴杰2, 4, * , 栾永1, *
作者信息
  • 1.大连医科大学附属第一医院麻醉科, 辽宁 大连 116011
  • 2.国家纳米科学中心, 中国科学院纳米科学卓越创新中心, 中国科学院纳米生物效应与安全性重点实验室, 北京 100190
  • 3.谢切诺夫大学再生医学研究所临床智能纳米技术实验室, 莫斯科 119991
  • 4.中国科学院大学, 北京 100049

通讯作者:

*梁兴杰, E-mail: ;
栾永, E-mail:
Application of nanotechnology in local anesthetic drug sustained release and light-responsive controlled release
Zhi-qi WANG1, 2, Peter TIMASHEV3, Xing-Jie LIANG2, 4, * , Yong LUAN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
  • 2. CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China
  • 3. Laboratory of Clinical Smart Nanotechnologies, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow 119991, Russia
  • 4. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
出版时间: 2023-03-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0932
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局部麻醉药物常用于手术中暂时性阻断患者的部分神经传导功能, 产生麻醉作用, 或在创伤后有针对性地对部分组织进行镇痛。相比于全身麻醉药, 局部麻醉药对生理状况影响较小, 既能保持患者神志清醒, 又能减轻疼痛, 然而其临床应用仍受系统毒性、局部组织毒性、作用时间、穿透性不足等方面的局限。纳米技术能帮助其穿透生理屏障, 延长神经阻滞时间, 降低毒副作用。此外, 通过构建光响应释放体系, 局部麻醉药物制剂能实现按需释放, 提升了药物效果和安全性。然而, 光响应释放体系也存在生产成本高、批次间均一性差、组织穿透性低等不足, 应用仍然受限。本综述根据目前研究进展, 对主要的几种剂型进行介绍和分析, 希望能为局部麻醉药物的响应性释放提供新的思路。

局部麻醉药  /  脂质体  /  高分子  /  前药  /  药物可控释放

Local anesthetic drugs are commonly used to block the conduction function of patient's nerves temporarily for anesthesia during surgery or to provide targeted analgesia after trauma. Compared with general anesthetics, local anesthetics makes less impact on the physiological status and alleviates pain complications in the presence of clear consciousness. However, its clinical application is still limited by its systemic toxicity, as well as toxicity to nerves and muscles, duration of action and lack of penetration. Nanotechnology can help it penetrate the physiological barrier, prolong the time of nerve block, and reduce toxic side effects. In addition, by building a light-responsive release system, local anesthetics can be released on demand, enhancing drug effectiveness and safety. However, in addition to the problems of poor consistency and high production costs, the system of light response release is still limited in application due to the limitation of the depth of penetration of the tissue. According to the current research progress, this paper briefly introduces and analyzes the main dosage forms, hoping to provide new ideas for the responsive release of local anesthetic drugs.

local anesthetic  /  liposome  /  polymeric  /  prodrug  /  controllable drug release
王祉琪, Peter Timashev, 梁兴杰, 栾永. 纳米技术在局部麻醉药物缓释和光响应控释中的应用. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (3) : 530 -535 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0932
Zhi-qi WANG, Peter TIMASHEV, Xing-Jie LIANG, Yong LUAN. Application of nanotechnology in local anesthetic drug sustained release and light-responsive controlled release[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (3) : 530 -535 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0932
疼痛是一种与实际或潜在的组织损伤相关的不愉快感觉、情绪情感体验或与之相关的经历, 通常是一种适应性和保护性感受, 但也可对身体机能、心理健康和社会功能产生不利影响[1]。急性疼痛(如围术期疼痛) 不加以治疗, 可能会引起心动过速、高血压、心肌缺血等并发症, 并通过持续释放组胺、缓激肽、前列腺素等活性物质引起痛觉过敏, 甚至发展为慢性疼痛, 严重影响患者的身心健康, 因此, 镇痛是医务工作者面临的重大挑战之一[2]
局部麻醉药物(local anesthetics, LAs) 能结合细胞膜上的电压门控钠离子通道[3], 通过阻断神经冲动的传入从而起到镇痛效果, 广泛应用于各类镇痛[4]。通过局部浸润、切口持续输注、神经阻滞、椎管内麻醉等手段, 在或不在超声等可视工具的辅助下, 可将LAs注射到神经周围, 在患者神志清醒的状态下, 可逆地阻断局部的痛觉传导, 缓解或消除疼痛, 相比于全身麻醉, 其对机体生理状况影响较小[5]。然而, 传统的LAs由于其作用机制的特殊性, 存在较强毒性, 一旦使用不当, 不仅会损伤局部组织, 进入循环后很可能导致系统毒性, 引起严重后果[6, 7], 其毒性、剂量与效能之间的冲突成为了限制LAs临床应用的重要因素[8]
近年来, 精准医疗逐渐成为生物医药领域发展的核心目标, 纳米技术逐渐成为国内外研究热点, 广泛应用于生物医药领域[9]。纳米技术通过改变药物分子的尺寸、电荷、组成和表面性质等理化特性, 促进药物分子穿透生物屏障, 赋予药物靶向性[10], 提升药物的生物相容性、稳定性, 延长药物在体内的滞留时间[11], 最终实现药物的精准治疗[12, 13]。在LAs递送过程中, 纳米平台既能延长药物的作用时间, 又能降低由高浓度药物带来的毒副作用, 还能根据需求实现响应性释放, 进而安全、有效地实现长效镇痛[14]。此外, 结合纳米技术, 生物毒素如河豚毒素和石房蛤毒素等应用于局部麻醉的安全性和治疗窗得到了极大提升[15], 有望成为新一代LAs应用于临床。本综述汇总了目前LAs在临床应用中面临的问题, 并对基于纳米技术的LAs递送优势、研究现状及需应对的挑战进行了分析。
自1891年可卡因的合成以来, 普鲁卡因、利多卡因、布比卡因等药物不断问世[16]。通常情况下, 临床常用的LAs由亲水域和疏水域通过酰胺键或酯键连接组成, 分为酰胺类和酯类, 其亲水基团多为叔胺, 疏水域多由芳香族构成。LAs在血液中会和血浆蛋白结合, 酯类在血浆中通过拟胆碱酯酶水解, 酰胺类在肝中通过脱碱作用代谢消除[17]。LAs主要以化合态穿透细胞膜, 以游离态结合细胞膜上的离子通道发挥作用, 因此其理化性质如分子大小、油水分配系数、烷基链的长度等影响LAs的效能、起效速度、强度和持续时间[18]
中枢神经系统对LAs浓度的敏感性远高于周围神经, 当达到血浆药物浓度时, 中枢系统会被选择性抑制, 随着浓度的增加, 逐渐影响中枢系统所支配的呼吸、循环等系统[19]。此外, LAs在心血管系统中主要作用于心肌, 影响心肌的兴奋性、传导速率和收缩力, 有时低浓度药物就会引起心室颤动, 危及患者生命[20]。基于不同药物的性质, 麻醉医生使用不同的手段进行局部麻醉, 如丁卡因脂溶性较高, 因此更易穿透皮肤和细胞膜, 但起效较慢, 所以通常用于表面麻醉, 也可用于腰麻、硬膜外麻醉等[21]。因此, 根据不同部位的神经敏感度和吸收浸润情况, 药物的浓度、剂量、注射部位需专业技术人员严格把握, 在进行镇痛时, 需尽量降低LAs进入循环系统的浓度, 以免引起心脏、中枢神经系统的不良反应。
根据药物产生局部麻醉的时间, 可将局部麻醉药物分为短效(45~90 min)、中效(90~180 min) 和长效局麻药(4~18 h), 但很多情况下, 如围术期疼痛、带状疱疹后神经痛等, 即使是长效局麻药也远远达不到患者的镇痛需求。为延长作用时间, 除在安全范围内增大剂量外, 临床医生使用具有缩血管作用的药物和局麻药协同作用, 如肾上腺素、地塞米松、右美托嘧啶等, 以降低进入循环系统的药量, 维持局部麻醉剂浓度, 延长镇痛时间[22]。在预计镇痛时间超过15 h的情况下, 可使用周围神经置管的方式, 通过持续输入药物维持镇痛效果[23], 但置管处存在感染风险, 且易脱落, 导致由于突然失去镇痛而引起剧烈疼痛, 反复进行局部镇痛不仅消耗医疗资源, 患者本身生活质量也大大下降, 因此, 通过纳米技术改善LAs的理化性质进而实现药物的缓释、控释研究具有重大意义[24]
来自海洋甲藻的虎耳石毒素及其衍生物新虎耳石毒素和从河豚鱼中提取的河豚毒素等生物碱毒素对细胞膜外钠通道具有极高的亲和力, 能阻断神经传导[25], 但由于其对神经的高度亲和, 治疗窗口非常小, 仅0.6 µg河豚毒素就能使神经麻痹致人死亡, 且其持续时间较传统LAs并无显著提升, 这些都限制了其临床应用。通过纳米技术增强其安全性, 延长作用时间, 或将成为新一代的LAs应用于临床[26, 27]
脂质体是由磷脂等类脂质分散于水中所形成的具有双分子层包裹水相结构的纳米级或微米级的小囊泡, 具有良好的生物相容性, 作为一种重要的纳米载体, 通过将磷脂等双亲性脂质分子包裹在药物表面, 提升药物的长效性和稳定性[28]。靶向修饰的载药脂质体可靶向特定部位, 提高药物在病灶部位的累积。脂质体具有较好的生物相容性, 已广泛应用于生物医药领域[29, 30]
脂质体按脂质分子层数可分为单层脂质体(25 nm~1 µm)、多层脂质体(0.1~15 µm) 和多囊脂质体(1.6~10.5 µm)。进入循环系统后, 单层和多层脂质体缓释药物往往会由于外层崩解而导致大量的药物释放, 引发系统毒性, 因此难以用于递送治疗窗相对狭窄的LAs[31]。基于此, 2011年获批上市的布比卡因脂质体混悬液注射剂Exparel将LAs布比卡因包裹在具有多个小室的多囊脂质体内, 其优势在于, 即使最外层的囊泡崩解, 也不会引起药物的瞬时大量释放。布比卡因脂质体能将布比卡因对坐骨神经阻滞的时间延长至72 h, 相对于相同剂量的盐酸布比卡因的作用时间延长1倍, 并且有效降低了布比卡因的局部浓度, 减轻其毒副作用[32]。然而, 在骨科手术等导致的急性剧烈疼痛中, 布比卡因脂质体初期释放的布比卡因不足, 导致其镇痛效果并不理想。此外, 由于多囊脂质体的稳定性较差, Exparel和游离局麻药合用时会因为脂质体重组而导致布比卡因的突释, 从而引起严重的毒副作用[33]。研究者[34]将布比卡因脂质体和地塞米松脂质体或右美托嘧啶脂质体联合使用, 可在无明显全身毒性的情况下将坐骨神经阻滞时间延长2.9倍, 且明显降低局部炎症反应。
光响应脂质体是浅表组织和经皮给药的优良载体, 也是目前临床应用较成熟的纳米系统[35]。对于需长时间镇痛如围术期的患者而言, 除在术后的初期需高强度镇痛外, 在受到外界刺激、入睡时, 仍需加强镇痛。研究者开发了近红外光响应脂质体包载河豚毒素[36], 通过封装光敏剂, 在730 nm的辐射下, 脂质过氧化进而释放药物。除在使用初期由于药物的突释可阻滞大鼠坐骨神经13.5 ± 3.1 h外, 通过近红外照射, 能额外触发LAs的按需释放, 在5天内使用近红外光照射大鼠脚垫固定时长, 能引起多次有效镇痛, 虽然阻滞时间随着光照次数的增加而缩短, 但有希望通过调整光照的强度和时间调节药物释放的剂量。如图 1所示, 使用光敏剂与金纳米棒在近红外光下产生的光化学效应与光热效应结合, 能显著提高制剂的光敏性, 更好地实现河豚毒素的响应释放[37]。近红外光响应释放近年来广泛应用于生物医药的研发, 但尽管近红外光可穿透厘米级的组织[38], 达到部分神经, 但其作用效果仍受到靶神经深度、患者身体状况及使用的特定波长限制[39]
高分子药物载体结合了纳米技术, 可将具有一定尺寸和理化性质的高分子和药物进行连接, 或将药物吸附于聚合物表面或包入和嵌入聚合物内部, 从而增强药物稳定性、靶向性和生物利用度, 降低药物的毒副作用, 已广泛应用于各类疾病的治疗[40, 41]。得益于高分子药物载体的特殊尺寸, 其在注射后可在一定程度上避免被巨噬细胞吞噬, 同时降低引发局部组织炎症的概率, 进而实现在组织中的长时间滞留。载药选择的高分子需具有活性官能团、生物相容性好、能在体内降解、本身及其代谢产物无毒、无免疫原性等特点[42]
常见的高分子化合物多由聚乙二醇、聚乳酸、聚氨基酸、多聚糖等组成[43]。当高分子载体递送的LAs被注入到神经周围时, 其对局麻药的缓慢释放可延长对神经的阻滞时间, 进而降低单位时间内进人体循环的局麻药总量。对于通过物理方式吸附药物形成的体系, 药物释放曲线受其使用的聚合物性质及分子质量的影响, 载体内的药物通过聚合物载体的通道或随载体分子分解而释放, 而通过化学键连接的高分子前药则相对较稳定。Zhang等[41]利用水凝胶负载布比卡因微球和右美托嘧啶, 通过微球和水凝胶的缓释及药物间协同作用, 有效延长了布比卡因的作用时间。如图 2所示, Zhao等[44]将河豚毒素(tetrodotoxin, TTX) 和一种可降解的聚合物TDP [poly(triol dicarboxylic acid)-co-poly(ethylene glycol)] 通过酯键连接, 使药物缓释的同时其衍生物能起到类似化学促渗剂(chemical permeation enhancer, CPE) 的作用, 帮助河豚毒素更好地穿透血管神经屏障进入轴浆, 并在3天内持续释放共计80 µg的河豚毒素, 这极大地增加了河豚毒素的治疗窗, 达到高效低毒的效果。
光响应释放的高分子载体通常是将对光照敏感的小分子或聚合物与载体复合, 通过光照刺激分子化学键断裂或分子构象变化, 引发载体的破裂、形变或降解, 从而实现对治疗药物的有效释放。此响应释放系统能解决药物体内释放缓慢的问题, 增强药物释放的可控性[45]。Zhang等[46]通过可光解的香豆素键将丁卡因与温敏水凝胶P407连接, 经足给药后, 在激光照小鼠的足底时, 能成功阻滞小鼠痛觉传导, 并在600 h内实现丁卡因的按需释放。对于LAs的递送, 高分子键合的稳定性使其在响应释放方面有天然优势, 但由于神经干通常位于外界信号难以达到的组织深部, 这种响应释放可能更适用于浸润麻醉和表面麻醉。
纳米粒的尺寸效应有利于药物穿透神经外部屏障。使用无机材料、自组装胶束等具有纳米尺度的药物形式, 能将局麻药有效递送到神经干内部, 促使局麻药浸润神经, 起到麻醉效果[47]。Weldon等[48]制备了一种布比卡因胶束制剂, 其尺寸仅15 nm左右, 相比于等剂量的尺寸为100 nm的布比卡因脂质体制剂, 这种胶束更易吸附到血管壁, 因此在局部静脉麻醉中能为大鼠尾部提供更长效的局麻效果。然而, 这种经静脉的局麻方式产生系统毒性的风险更高, 其临床应用仍受到一定限制。
纳米技术可通过改善药物性质, 在一定程度上既保证药物效果, 又能降低毒性。除传统LAs, 一些生物毒素在经改良后也可用于局部麻醉。相较于传统LAs, 经过纳米技术修饰的药物更高效、更安全、操作更简便, 能极大地降低LAs的使用风险和人工成本, 具有较好的研究前景和临床转化价值。目前已有大量研究对LAs的缓释和控释行为进行了探索[44, 46, 49]。在进行LAs纳米递送体系的构建时, 首先需注意的是, 平衡好递送系统的稳定性和药物的缓释; 其次, 在按需释放的药物体系中如何避免药物的提前泄漏, 以实现提升递送系统安全性的同时增强药物释放的可控性; 再则, 仅仅靠外界信号刺激药物释放难以满足治疗需求, 开发能响应疼痛部位生理环境的纳米递送系统对于简化治疗流程是有意义的; 最后, 如何实现纳米药物的批量、经济生产也是纳米药物尤其是LAs临床转化需攻克的重大难题。
作者贡献: 王祉琪负责资料调研和写作; Peter Timashev提出想法; 栾永和梁兴杰指导并修改论文。
利益冲突: 所有作者声明无利益冲突。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2021YFA1201000)
  • 国家重点研发计划(2018YFE0117800)
  • 国家自然科学基金重点项目(32030060)
  • 国家自然科学基金国际合作重点项目(51861135103)
  • “京津冀基础研究合作项目”(19JCZDJC64100)
  • 辽宁省教育厅科学研究经费项目(LZ2020028)
  • 俄罗斯联邦科学和高等教育部赠款协议(075-15-2021-596)
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2023年第58卷第3期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0932
  • 接收时间:2022-07-31
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-03-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-07-31
  • 修回日期:2022-08-29
基金
国家重点研发计划(2021YFA1201000)
国家重点研发计划(2018YFE0117800)
国家自然科学基金重点项目(32030060)
国家自然科学基金国际合作重点项目(51861135103)
“京津冀基础研究合作项目”(19JCZDJC64100)
辽宁省教育厅科学研究经费项目(LZ2020028)
俄罗斯联邦科学和高等教育部赠款协议(075-15-2021-596)
作者信息
    1.大连医科大学附属第一医院麻醉科, 辽宁 大连 116011
    2.国家纳米科学中心, 中国科学院纳米科学卓越创新中心, 中国科学院纳米生物效应与安全性重点实验室, 北京 100190
    3.谢切诺夫大学再生医学研究所临床智能纳米技术实验室, 莫斯科 119991
    4.中国科学院大学, 北京 100049

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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