Article(id=1198624308760244400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624302414263267, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0781, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1656345600000, receivedDateStr=2022-06-28, revisedDate=1660233600000, revisedDateStr=2022-08-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763703904571, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1676131200000, pubDateStr=2023-02-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763703904571, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763703904571, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763703904571, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198624302414263267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='2', pageStart='235', pageEnd='468', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763703903058, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763704055811, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198624943157116946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624302414263267, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198624943161311251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624302414263267, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=339, endPage=350, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198624309708157121, articleId=1198624308760244400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Research progress of microparticles in traditional Chinese medicine decoction, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Decoction is a classical dosage form of traditional Chinese medicines. In the process of decocting, various complex components produce physical interactions and chemical reactions, among which physical interactions include van der Waals force, hydrogen bond, electrostatic interaction, π-π stacking, etc., and chemical reactions include Maillard reaction, oxidation reaction, hydrolysis reaction, degradation reaction, polymerization reaction, etc. New substances and original ingredients from chemical reactions can be further activated. These effects form the basis of particle formation in the broth. The sizes of the particles in decoctions range from nanoscale to micron scale, mostly composed of polysaccharide, protein matrix, wrapped in water insoluble molecules, can increase the dispersion of insoluble components and the stability of unstable components, as well as reduce the volatile components and toxic components of volatile components, and ultimately achieve the purpose of efficient absorption and toxicity reduction. From the angle of physical change and chemical reaction in the process of decoction, this paper expounds the formation mechanism of particles in decoction, expounds the research method of particles, analyzes the components in particles and the interaction between components, and then explains the pharmacodynamic characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine decoction, which provides the foundation for the modernization of Chinese decoction.

, correspAuthors=Rong-feng HU, Yu-zhou CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yu-fang WEI, Zhi-ying DOU, Chuan-shan JIN, Rui-xi LI, Zi-wen ZHAO, Ding-ding WANG, Yu-mei LIU, Zhuo-er YANG, Rong-feng HU, Yu-zhou CHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198624310748344623, articleId=1198624308760244400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=中药汤剂中的微粒研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

汤剂是中药传统剂型, 在其煎煮过程中各种复杂成分产生物理相互作用和化学反应, 其中物理相互作用包括范德华力、氢键、静电作用、π-π堆积等, 化学反应包括美拉德反应、氧化反应、水解反应、降解反应、聚合反应等。化学反应产生的新物质和原有成分可进一步产生作用。这些作用成为汤剂中微粒形成的基础。微粒粒径范围从纳米到微米, 多由多糖、蛋白质构成基质, 包裹水不溶性分子, 可增加难溶性成分的分散程度和不稳定成分的稳定性, 以及降低易挥发成分的挥发和毒性成分的毒性, 最终获得高效吸收和降低毒性的目的。本文从汤剂煎煮过程中的物理变化和化学反应的角度阐述汤剂中的微粒形成机制, 阐述微粒的研究方法, 分析微粒中成分和成分间相互作用, 进而说明传统中药汤剂的药效特点, 为中国汤剂现代化提供基础。

, correspAuthors=胡容峰, 陈宇洲, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*胡容峰, Tel: 18222006953, E-mail: ;
陈宇洲, E-mail:
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#共同第一作者.

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J Biomed Nanotechnol, 2014, 10: 1016-1029., articleTitle=Tea nanoparticles for immunostimulation and chemo-drug delivery in cancer treatment, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198702083919676000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624308760244400, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=274, issue=null, pageStart=796, pageEnd=802, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[88], rfOrder=87, authorNames=null, journalName=Food Chem, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Weng Q, Cai X, Zhang F, et al. Fabrication of self-assembled Radix Pseudostellariae protein nanoparticles and the entrapment of curcumin[J]. Food Chem, 2019, 274: 796-802., articleTitle=Fabrication of self-assembled Radix Pseudostellariae protein nanoparticles and the entrapment of curcumin, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1198702084104225384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624308760244400, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=48, issue=null, pageStart=4891, pageEnd=4896, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[89], rfOrder=88, authorNames=null, journalName=Chin Tradit Herb Drugs (中草药), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yin LN, Zhang LN, Zhang YW, et al. Preparation and pharmacokinetic study of asiatic acid loaded chitosan-deoxycholic acid polymeric micelles in rats[J]. Chin Tradit Herb Drugs (中草药), 2017, 48: 4891-4896., articleTitle=Preparation and pharmacokinetic study of asiatic acid loaded chitosan-deoxycholic acid polymeric micelles in rats, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1198702066236490265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624308760244400, awardId=2021KFKT06, language=CN, fundingSource=2021年度安徽省药物制剂技术与应用重点实验室开放基金项目(2021KFKT06), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1198702056832860960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624308760244400, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198702056841249568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624308760244400, companyId=1198702056832860960, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198702056866415395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624308760244400, companyId=1198702056832860960, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.天津中医药大学中药学院, 天津 301617)]), AuthorCompany(id=1198702057004827441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624308760244400, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198702057017410355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624308760244400, companyId=1198702057004827441, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Application, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198702057042576180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624308760244400, companyId=1198702057004827441, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.安徽中医药大学, 药物制剂技术与应用安徽省重点实验室, 安徽 合肥 230012)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1198702065137582516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624308760244400, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=pe6Ygn+6WO1fIkUcMxdk4A==, figureFileBig=mpyVGmcMSQ7Bga1P6aJxKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702065259217346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624308760244400, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= Formation of protein-polysaccharide complexes in decoction. Two self-assembly modes of protein-polysaccharide complex in the decoction were shown. 1: Natural protein-polysaccharide complexes exist in living native plants (<i>Hedera helix</i> L.); 2: Maillard reaction may occur during decocting to further generate protein-polysaccharide complexes with different structures. The combination of physical interaction and Maillard reaction leads to more complex chemical binding and more diverse particle types and forms in the decoction , figureFileSmall=pe6Ygn+6WO1fIkUcMxdk4A==, figureFileBig=mpyVGmcMSQ7Bga1P6aJxKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702065410212300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624308760244400, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=haQpmtCinuurr/guGQhjUw==, figureFileBig=SX1b2Y3zyBAZ/oSrKCWQ/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702065573790168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624308760244400, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Schematic diagram of multi-precipitation of polyphenol liquid preparation. SOL: Sanlejiang oral liquid , figureFileSmall=haQpmtCinuurr/guGQhjUw==, figureFileBig=SX1b2Y3zyBAZ/oSrKCWQ/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702065737368043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624308760244400, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=wpOGklOErCEFDUOZMbuUrQ==, figureFileBig=71/doS/VYVvHMpfaGVbsxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702065888363001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624308760244400, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Chemical reaction procedures in decoctions. The reactions of 1: Hydrolysis reaction of aconitine<sup>[<a href="javascript:;" class="mag_content_a" onclick="piaofuRef(this,'b28')" rid="b28">28</a>]</sup>; 2: The acid base neutralization reaction of berberine and glycyrrhizic acid<sup>[<a href="javascript:;" class="mag_content_a" onclick="piaofuRef(this,'b38')" rid="b38">38</a>]</sup>; 3: The degradation reaction of saponin occurred<sup>[<a href="javascript:;" class="mag_content_a" onclick="piaofuRef(this,'b26')" rid="b26">26</a>, <a href="javascript:;" class="mag_content_a" onclick="piaofuRef(this,'b31')" rid="b31">31</a>]</sup>; 4: Degradation of salvianolic acid B occurs<sup>[<a href="javascript:;" class="mag_content_a" onclick="piaofuRef(this,'b32')" rid="b32">32</a>]</sup>; 5: The acid base neutralization reaction of berberine and baicalin<sup>[<a href="javascript:;" class="mag_content_a" onclick="piaofuRef(this,'b37')" rid="b37">37</a>]</sup>; 6: The acid-base neutralization reaction of rhein and berberine<sup>[<a href="javascript:;" class="mag_content_a" onclick="piaofuRef(this,'b40')" rid="b40">40</a>]</sup>; 7: The acid-base neutralization reaction of glycyrrhizin acid and aconitine<sup>[<a href="javascript:;" class="mag_content_a" onclick="piaofuRef(this,'b39')" rid="b39">39</a>]</sup>; 8: Transformation of matrine and oxymatrine<sup>[<a href="javascript:;" class="mag_content_a" onclick="piaofuRef(this,'b34')" rid="b34">34</a>]</sup>; 9: A molecule of baicalin and (CH<sub>3</sub>OH+CH<sub>3</sub>O) react with a molecule of Al<sup>3+</sup> to form the complex<sup>[<a href="javascript:;" class="mag_content_a" onclick="piaofuRef(this,'b43')" rid="b43">43</a>]</sup>; 10: Two molecules of baicalin react with one molecule of Al<sup>3+</sup> to form a 2∶1 complex<sup>[<a href="javascript:;" class="mag_content_a" onclick="piaofuRef(this,'b43')" rid="b43">43</a>]</sup> , figureFileSmall=wpOGklOErCEFDUOZMbuUrQ==, figureFileBig=71/doS/VYVvHMpfaGVbsxw==, tableContent=null)], attaches=null, 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中药汤剂中的微粒研究进展
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韦玉芳 1, # , 窦志英 1, # , 金传山 2 , 李蕊汐 1 , 赵姿雯 1 , 王丁丁 1 , 刘玉梅 1 , 杨卓尔 1 , 胡容峰 2, * , 陈宇洲 1, *
药学学报 | 综述 2023,58(2): 339-350
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药学学报 | 综述 2023, 58(2): 339-350
中药汤剂中的微粒研究进展
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韦玉芳1, #, 窦志英1, #, 金传山2, 李蕊汐1, 赵姿雯1, 王丁丁1, 刘玉梅1, 杨卓尔1, 胡容峰2, * , 陈宇洲1, *
作者信息
  • 1.天津中医药大学中药学院, 天津 301617
  • 2.安徽中医药大学, 药物制剂技术与应用安徽省重点实验室, 安徽 合肥 230012

通讯作者:

*胡容峰, Tel: 18222006953, E-mail: ;
陈宇洲, E-mail:
Research progress of microparticles in traditional Chinese medicine decoction
Yu-fang WEI1, Zhi-ying DOU1, Chuan-shan JIN2, Rui-xi LI1, Zi-wen ZHAO1, Ding-ding WANG1, Yu-mei LIU1, Zhuo-er YANG1, Rong-feng HU2, * , Yu-zhou CHEN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
  • 2. Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Application, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
出版时间: 2023-02-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0781
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汤剂是中药传统剂型, 在其煎煮过程中各种复杂成分产生物理相互作用和化学反应, 其中物理相互作用包括范德华力、氢键、静电作用、π-π堆积等, 化学反应包括美拉德反应、氧化反应、水解反应、降解反应、聚合反应等。化学反应产生的新物质和原有成分可进一步产生作用。这些作用成为汤剂中微粒形成的基础。微粒粒径范围从纳米到微米, 多由多糖、蛋白质构成基质, 包裹水不溶性分子, 可增加难溶性成分的分散程度和不稳定成分的稳定性, 以及降低易挥发成分的挥发和毒性成分的毒性, 最终获得高效吸收和降低毒性的目的。本文从汤剂煎煮过程中的物理变化和化学反应的角度阐述汤剂中的微粒形成机制, 阐述微粒的研究方法, 分析微粒中成分和成分间相互作用, 进而说明传统中药汤剂的药效特点, 为中国汤剂现代化提供基础。

汤剂  /  微粒  /  自组装  /  物理相互作用  /  化学反应

Decoction is a classical dosage form of traditional Chinese medicines. In the process of decocting, various complex components produce physical interactions and chemical reactions, among which physical interactions include van der Waals force, hydrogen bond, electrostatic interaction, π-π stacking, etc., and chemical reactions include Maillard reaction, oxidation reaction, hydrolysis reaction, degradation reaction, polymerization reaction, etc. New substances and original ingredients from chemical reactions can be further activated. These effects form the basis of particle formation in the broth. The sizes of the particles in decoctions range from nanoscale to micron scale, mostly composed of polysaccharide, protein matrix, wrapped in water insoluble molecules, can increase the dispersion of insoluble components and the stability of unstable components, as well as reduce the volatile components and toxic components of volatile components, and ultimately achieve the purpose of efficient absorption and toxicity reduction. From the angle of physical change and chemical reaction in the process of decoction, this paper expounds the formation mechanism of particles in decoction, expounds the research method of particles, analyzes the components in particles and the interaction between components, and then explains the pharmacodynamic characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine decoction, which provides the foundation for the modernization of Chinese decoction.

decoction  /  microparticle  /  self-assembly  /  physical interaction  /  chemical reaction
韦玉芳, 窦志英, 金传山, 李蕊汐, 赵姿雯, 王丁丁, 刘玉梅, 杨卓尔, 胡容峰, 陈宇洲. 中药汤剂中的微粒研究进展. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (2) : 339 -350 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0781
Yu-fang WEI, Zhi-ying DOU, Chuan-shan JIN, Rui-xi LI, Zi-wen ZHAO, Ding-ding WANG, Yu-mei LIU, Zhuo-er YANG, Rong-feng HU, Yu-zhou CHEN. Research progress of microparticles in traditional Chinese medicine decoction[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (2) : 339 -350 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0781
自伊尹发明汤剂以来, 汤剂是中医临床应用最广泛的剂型, 适应辨证论治和个体化给药, 是治疗复杂疾病的首选剂型。《汤液本草·东垣用药心法》中记载: “汤者, 荡也, 去大病用之”。汤剂虽是传统而古老的剂型, 但汤剂复杂的科学内涵直至近十年才被研究者重视。
饶平凡团队[1]发现煮汤不是简单的热水浸提过程, 而是食物或药材成分从细胞内迁移至热水中。煎煮过程可使分子间共价键断裂, 也可基于美拉德反应(Maillard reaction) 等生成新化合物。汤剂中物质的存在方式有多种, 水溶性成分以分子状态存在于汤剂中, 也有以微粒形式存在于汤剂中。汤剂中富含多糖、蛋白质等高分子, 且多糖与蛋白质多以共价键结合。大量羟基导致多糖水化程度很高, 溶解于水中, 形成“外壳”, 与之相连的蛋白质因亲水性弱于多糖, 作为“内核”, 构成汤剂中微粒的骨架。汤剂中的微粒的结构类似于现代药剂学中的聚合物胶束, 能包载亲脂性的活性小分子, 从而发挥和聚合物胶束类似的作用, 如增加溶解度、减小毒性、促进吸收等作用。即药材中的难溶性成分尽管不溶于水, 但可被包裹在蛋白质和多糖的聚合物胶束内而溶于汤剂发挥作用。如甘草蛋白可与乌头碱发生组装形成粒径为238 nm的稳定颗粒, 可减小乌头碱的毒性[2]。葛根芩连汤中不同部位的微粒的药效不同, 聚集物颗粒的平均粒径多分布于纳米到微米级, 其中沉淀中的微粒粒径可达到941.9 nm, 沉淀具有和全汤相当的抗糖尿病活性[3]。因此汤剂中的活性成分不只是存在于溶液中, 微粒中也大量存在。上述结果符合汤液相态中的“相态差异”, 即汤剂中的化学成分存在游离态、结合态、络合态等多种化学结构形态[4, 5]。汤剂中的微粒相关研究逐渐成为研究热点, 涉及黄连解毒汤[6]、麻杏甘石汤[7]、白虎汤[8]、葛根芩连汤[9]等汤剂。
本文系统论述了汤剂在制备过程中发生的物理相互作用和化学反应, 及对微粒形成的贡献, 有助于解释传统汤剂体系的复杂性。归纳煎煮时间、温度等条件对微粒性质的影响; 综述汤剂中的微粒分离、化学组成、形貌特征、结构的研究方法; 论述汤剂中的微粒增溶、减毒、增效等作用。本综述从汤剂的微观角度阐释复方汤剂物质基础的真实形态, 为中药现代化研究提供思路。
中药化学成分种类多、结构复杂, 加热导致汤剂中的活性分子运动剧烈, 基团相互吸引、排斥和碰撞, 促使物理相互作用的发生, 作用力主要包括氢键作用、静电作用、π-π堆积、金属配位作用、阴离子-π相互作用等[10-12]。物理相互作用是中药分子发生自组装的动力。自组装过程有时不只受一种非共价键作用, 还可能受两种或多种非共价键共同作用驱动自组装的发生。如铜离子和槲皮素可通过金属配位作用自组装形成金属配合物, 具有明确的抗肿瘤作用, 提高槲皮素生物利用度[13]。花青素和姜黄素可通过疏水作用和静电相互作用共载到胶束中, 稳定性得以提高且在胃肠道中有较好的释放特性[14]。大黄酸分子可通过氢键分层、小檗碱可通过π-π堆积与静电相互作用, 二者结合形成小檗碱在核内、大黄酸在核外的核-壳纳米结构[15]。小檗碱是一种含有季铵基的永久电荷生物碱化合物, 黄芩苷具有羰基, 季铵盐离子与羧基之间的静电作用可使得羰基的拉伸振动频率减慢和键合强度变弱[16]。所以, 黄芩苷和小檗碱可自组装成结合比例为1∶1的配合物导致黄连解毒汤产生沉淀。
美拉德反应是氨基化合物和羰基化合物之间缩合、聚合生成褐色物质的反应, 该反应广泛存在于食品加工、中药炮制过程[17]。中药在煎煮过程中会发生美拉德反应, 加热使原来的化学成分结构改变而得到新物质, 或将某些结合在植物体内的成分复解析出来, 重新组装形成大分子或直接以小分子形式存在于药液中。物理相互作用和化学反应的共同作用使微粒之间的结合方式更多样, 结构更加复杂。中药含大量蛋白质、多糖、不饱和脂肪酸等物质, 以上物质是发生美拉德反应的基础[18]。通过控制美拉德反应的条件如pH、温度、反应时间等, 可获得目标蛋白质-多糖复合物[19]。美拉德反应产物可包载活性小分子形成共价复合物, 使其抗氧化性、溶解性、乳化性和稳定性等特性均有所提高。如龙眼果肉多糖与蛋白质发生美拉德反应后其产物活性增强[20]。大豆乳清蛋白分离物通过天然美拉德反应结合到纯化的胡芦巴胶上, 可形成不同比例的偶联物, 与1∶1比例相比, 1∶3和1∶5比例的乳剂稳定性更好[21]。大豆蛋白分离物和大豆可溶性多糖也可经过美拉德反应形成稳定的偶联产物, 用偶联物制备得到的柠檬油乳液(10%) 具有优越的物理稳定性[22]。蛋白质与多糖的自组装还存在于鲜活的原生植物中, 英国常春藤(Hedera helix L.) 根尖可分泌一种富含阿拉伯半乳聚糖的蛋白纳米粒(INPs), 可通过培养不定根的根毛, 分离出球状纳米粒[23]。该纳米粒由Ⅱ型阿拉伯半乳聚糖及低聚阿拉伯糖苷通过O-糖基化环绕在蛋白质骨架上。由于静电和疏水相互作用, 该纳米粒和多柔比星(doxorubicin, DOX) 之间可形成pH响应的纳米偶联物(INP-DOX)[24] (图 1)。
水解反应(hydrolysis reaction) 是在溶液中盐电离出的离子与水电离出的H+和OH-结合生成弱电解质的反应。汤剂中某些化学成分由于其特殊的结构, 在煎煮过程中会发生水解。如酰化柴胡皂苷结构中的酯键在碱性环境下易水解为柴胡皂苷[25]。已有研究发现[26], 该成分在pH为10.0条件下, 酰化柴胡皂苷a、b2含量分别占汤剂中柴胡皂苷a、b2含量的29%~41%和90%~115%。中药中某些苷类化合物具有缩醛结构, 易被酸、碱、酶等水解为糖基和苷元[27]。中药附子在煎煮时, 毒性最强的双酯型乌头碱类成分经水解转变为单酯型乌头碱类成分, 毒性减小[28]
降解反应(degradation reaction) 是指高分子质量或复杂的物质转化为比较简单的物质的过程。中药的某些成分其结构不稳定易发生降解, 如大承气汤在煎煮时受到水和热的影响, 大黄的蒽醌苷、番泻苷等成分降解导致含量减小, 药效降低[29]。柴胡皂苷a是柴胡中主要的皂苷成分, 但其易降解, 且随着煎煮时间的变化其降解量也在改变, 当体系pH值低于5.62时, 降解速率则更快[30]。柴胡皂苷a易转变成柴胡皂苷b1, 柴胡皂苷d易转变为柴胡皂苷b2[31]。酚酸类成分是丹参的重要活性成分, 丹酚酸B在低温、低pH值和短时间内较稳定, 若条件不适宜也会发生降解, 其降解产物主要有紫草酸、丹酚酸E等酚酸类成分[32]
氧化反应(oxidation reaction) 指的是物质与氧所发生的化学反应。富含双键、羟基、醛基等结构的成分遇光、受热、与氧气接触易发生氧化反应。绿原酸分子含有邻二酚羟基结构, 是酶催化最适的反应底物, 受高温、光照易氧化, 故含绿原酸成分的液体制剂在贮存过程中颜色易加深[33]。氧化苦参碱结构中含有N=O配位键, 具有还原性, 在加热时易被还原为苦参碱。有报道称苦参药材在煎煮过程中, 随着时间延长, 氧化苦参碱会不断向苦参碱转化, 煎煮5 h时将达到动态平衡[34]。山豆根与丹参、木蝴蝶、黄柏、玄参等配伍合煎时, 氧化苦参碱含量随煎煮时间的延长而减少, 而苦参碱含量增加, 由此也可说明氧化苦参碱易被还原成苦参碱[35]
聚合反应(polymerization reaction) 是指把低分子质量的单体转化成高分子质量的聚合物的过程。鞣质是结构复杂的多元酚化合物, 其聚合度高, 在一定条件下易缩合成暗红色的鞣红沉淀。含多酚的液体制剂三勒浆口服液(Sanlejiang oral liquid, SOL) 易产生沉淀, 沉淀的途径主要有3条: ①水解鞣质水解生成鞣花酸沉淀; ②儿茶素非酶氧化聚合生成鞣红沉淀; ③口服液中缔合胶体的沉降。复杂的中药化学成分是口服液形成沉淀的物质基础, 这也揭示了含有鞣质的汤剂内部的缔合胶体的特殊相态平衡、稳定性变化微观机制[36]。口服液中沉淀生成与汤剂中微粒也密切相关, 均是液体制剂体系中各种微粒共同作用的结果, 也可把微粒的聚集过程看作“聚合反应”, 是微粒的粒径、体积、质量由小到大的过程(图 2)。含有蛋白质、多糖、树胶等成分的药材在煎煮时会产生胶体, 胶体运动受温度影响较大, 温度降低时, 运动减弱, 胶粒将自然沉降下来形成汤剂中肉眼可见的沉淀。与此同时, 鞣质遇蛋白质可形成不溶于水的沉淀, 使得汤剂微粒整体形态各异、错综复杂。
酸碱中和反应(acid-base neutralization reaction) 指酸和碱互相交换成分, 生成盐和水的反应。当含生物碱的中药与含有机酸、苷类成分中药合煎时, 易发生酸碱中和反应。小檗碱是典型的生物碱, 可与含羧基的黄芩苷反应生成沉淀, 还会与甘草酸结合产生水不溶性物双小檗碱单甘草酸盐[37, 38]。甘草和乌头加水煎煮会产生沉淀, 主要是乌头碱加热先发生水解生成去乙酰乌头碱, 后者分子中的N原子与甘草酸结构中糖链的第2个葡萄糖醛酸上的羧基发生缔合生成离子缔合物[39]。三黄泻心汤处方由大黄、黄芩、黄连组成, 该汤剂会出现大量絮状沉淀, 深入研究显示该沉淀可分为两类, 一类由大黄中的鞣质类物质与蒽醌类物质和黄连中的生物碱生成; 另一类由黄连中的原小檗碱型生物碱与黄芩中的多酚类化合物相结合生成[40]
汤剂用水中的金属离子对中药成分稳定性有一定影响。金属离子与活性成分可直接或间接发生化学反应, 导致毒性增大或疗效降低, 还可能影响汤剂稳定性。金属离子会导致何首乌中二苯乙烯苷降解, 其中铁离子影响最为显著[41]。中药所含的金属元素在煎煮过程中易转移至汤中, 黄芩中的多种金属元素溶出率不同, 大多在30%以下, 但有多种离子溶出率在85%以上, 原因是某些金属元素能以自由离子的形式存在汤剂中, 有些元素可与黄芩中的羰基、羧基等配位基团形成配合物, 导致金属离子溶出减小[42]。中药中的成分与金属离子可形成比例不同的配合物, 黄芩苷与铝盐明矾反应形成两种配合物, 如1分子黄芩苷和(CH3OH+CH3O) 与1分子Al3+形成1∶1的配合物, 但实际上两分子黄芩苷也可与Al3+发生反应形成2∶1配合物[43]。本文涉及的部分化学反应式已列在图 3[26, 28, 31, 32, 34, 37-40, 43]
中药在煎煮过程中随着煎煮时间、加热温度、pH的不同, 将形成纳米管、纳米纤维、水凝胶、聚合物胶束等不同形态的微粒结构。研究证明葛根芩连汤中的葛根蛋白纳米粒和黄芩蛋白纳米粒的分布与煎煮温度有密切关系, 随着温度从室温到80甚至100 ℃时, 纳米粒粒径增大, 且从分散状态逐渐变成聚集状态[44]。在此推测高温增加了蛋白分子间碰撞的几率, 使更多的蛋白分子参与了自组装, 导致粒径变大。若加水稀释, 聚集的微粒则会发生解聚。解聚的机制是由于水的介入, 以多糖为壳、蛋白质为核的聚合物胶束会因多糖间的氢键消失而分开, 由粒径较大的微粒解聚成粒径较小的微粒。中药植物中存在大量天然蛋白质, 蛋白质可形成胶束, 胶束在药物包埋及控释方面与温度密切相关, 其自组装行为、形貌、尺寸、形态和结构等也表现出温度响应性。如抗癌药物紫杉醇可被共聚物胶束包载, 通过改变温度或光刺激起到控释作用[45]
当自组装分子带有弱酸性或弱碱性的离子基团时, pH值将影响分子间静电作用和疏水作用等进而影响自组装过程。蛋白质在等电点时, 其分子净电荷为零, 因分子之间的作用力减弱, 其颗粒极易碰撞、凝聚而产生沉淀。但由于蛋白质的水化层可使蛋白溶于水, 又可隔离蛋白, 使其不易沉淀。蛋白分子表面的可解离基团带相同电荷时, 可与周围的反离子构成稳定的双电层, 增加蛋白质的稳定性[46], 这也是蛋白质能形成稳定胶体的原因之一。如上述提到的葛根蛋白和黄芩蛋白在偏酸性、中性的条件下能形成稳定性好的纳米粒[44]。自组装胶原纤维凝胶的形态和密度可通过改变缓冲介质的pH值来控制, 不同pH值将导致胶原纤维凝胶自组装速率、凝胶强度、网格结构和稳定性有所差异[47]
为测定汤剂中的微粒所含成分的含量或探究微粒的药理作用, 需对汤剂中不同部位的微粒分离, 即把混合分散体系分离成溶液相、胶体相和混悬相等。分离方法有离心法、透析法、场流分离法、过滤法、凝胶色谱法和激光散射联用法等。汤剂中微粒的分布并不是均一的, 可采用离心法设置转速和时间将不同相态的微粒逐级分离, 该方法快速而简便。透析法是利用小分子物质在溶液中可通过半透膜, 而大分子物质不能通过半透膜的性质, 根据透析膜的规格来分离不同粒径的物质。场流分离法的基本原理是大分子、小分子流过扁平通道, 受到水平和垂直方向的流场作用力不同而达到分离目的。过滤的方法有微滤、超滤等, 但汤剂中的微粒易聚集, 汤剂的浓度和温度对过滤的效果影响较大, 所以需提前考察。醇沉的除杂效果也与浓度有关, 浓度不合适、除杂效果不佳将导致汤剂中有效成分的含量和药效降低, 这与中药液体制剂质量的有效控制密切相关。口服液在制备过程中还会加入辅料, 辅料更易引起沉淀的生成, 药液浓度较高时受辅料影响较强沉淀析出较多, 反之则析出沉淀较少。目前已有关于汤剂中的微粒分离的研究, 如对板蓝根汤离心处理后发现上清液含100 nm左右的胶体颗粒, 再利用凝胶色谱SephacryLTMS-1000柱对板蓝根纳米粒进行分离纯化, 可得到7种不同粒径的纳米粒组分[48]。太子参在煎煮过程中也可自组装形成纳米粒, 利用Sphacryl S-200HR凝胶过滤色谱分离得到粒径为131.4 nm的球形纳米粒[49]
本文将汤剂中的微粒表征分为物理表征和化学成分表征两部分。物理表征内容主要包括: 微粒形貌、粒径、结构和稳定性等。汤剂中的微粒所含成分多、结构复杂, 物理特征也各不相同。表征手段主要有扫描电子显微镜法、透射电子显微镜法、原子力显微镜法、激光粒度分析仪法、动态光散射法、X射线小角散射法等。
如利用相差显微镜和透射电子显微镜观察到板蓝根汤中含有呈球形或椭球形的胶体颗粒, 还有部分颗粒会相互黏连形成聚集体[48]。黄芪蛋白自组装纳米粒多呈球形或椭圆形, 粒径分布均匀[50]。利用原子力显微镜观察到盾叶薯蓣中皂苷和皂苷元的形态分布, 发现分子浓度不同其聚集状态和所形成结构也不同, 这主要与其分子官能团属性有关, 皂苷元由于分子骨架的羟基间氢键连接, 易形成大的片层结构, 而皂苷分子结构中的糖链阻碍皂苷形成大片层结构[51]。黄芩中黄芩苷和汉黄芩苷是黄芩的主要活性成分, 研究发现二者与小檗碱之间有两种天然自组装模式, 前者与小檗碱结合形成纳米粒, 后者与小檗碱结合形成纳米纤维, 静电作用和疏水相互作用是导致其空间结构不同的主要原因, 结构的不同导致其活性也有所区别, 实验证明纳米粒的抑菌活性明显强于纳米纤维[52]。借助动态光散射技术和激光粒度分析仪, 可成功从葛根芩连汤中制备得到稳定性好的葛根蛋白纳米粒和黄连蛋白纳米粒, 粒径大小均分布在170 nm左右[44]。云南白药具有活血化瘀作用, 通过原子力显微镜观察到其汤剂中存在大量均匀的纳米纤维, 且实验证明这些纤维在血小板聚集、凝血形成和伤口愈合中发挥作用[53]。小檗碱和大黄酸可在没有任何载体和辅料的情况下自组装成平均粒径约为174 nm的纳米粒。采用X射线单晶衍射、核磁共振等光谱技术可发现, 该纳米粒以大黄酸作为层状骨架, 小檗碱嵌入其中[13]
成分鉴别是汤剂研究中的重要项目, 如何选择一种快速、准确、适合的技术方法来分析汤剂中不同相态微粒所含的化学成分十分关键。中药特征图谱可较全面地反映化学成分的种类和数量, 进而准确地、综合地反映和控制中药的质量。目前中药特征图谱主要以色谱法和光谱法为主, 色谱法主要包括薄层色谱法、高效液相色谱法、毛细管电泳法、蛋白质电泳法等[54]。光谱法主要包括紫外光谱法、傅里叶红外光谱法、荧光光谱法等[55]
有研究[16]采用超高效液相色谱-四极杆-orbitrap高分辨率质谱联用技术从黄连解毒汤中共鉴定出109种化合物(32种生物碱、39种黄酮类、12种环烯醚萜、9种酚酸和17种其他化合物), 同时建立了14种标记物的含量测定方法, 且这些标记物均存在于上清液和自然沉淀中, 自然沉淀中黄芩苷和小檗碱的含量明显高于上清液, 可能是由于自组装络合作用。同时也有研究发现葛根芩连汤中葛根素、大豆苷元、染料木素等心血管活性物质主要存在于汤剂的聚集体中[56]。白虎汤指纹图谱共鉴定出16个峰, 主要化学成分为新芒果苷、芒果苷、甘草苷和甘草酸铵[57]。粳米的存在会导致白虎汤纳米相的产生, 纳米粒径主要集中在100 nm左右, 呈球形, 且芒果苷和新芒果苷主要分布在纳米粒中[58]。麻杏石甘汤中有机和无机成分在各相态的分布并不是均匀的, 有研究[59]采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICPMS) 检测到该汤剂中主要含Ca、K、Mg、Fe、Na、Zn和Cu等金属元素; 采用高效液相色谱法对各相态组成进行定量, 发现麻黄碱、苦杏仁苷和甘草酸等有机活性小分子在汤液中并非均匀分布, 而是伴随特定相态的形成而重新分布。在麻杏石甘汤中可分离得到半径在50~150 nm内的球形纳米粒, 且发现麻黄碱(99.7%) 和伪麻黄碱(95.5%) 大部分与这些纳米粒有关, 而不是在溶液中自由分散[7]
汤剂是中药传统剂型, 具有吸收迅速、疗效确切等特点。汤剂发挥药效并非只因为溶液中的单体活性成分, 而是汤剂体系整体发挥作用。汤剂在煎煮过程中可形成大量固体微粒, 这些固体微粒包括多糖、蛋白质及煎煮时汤剂体系内物质发生理化反应所产生的颗粒物等[60]。但微粒对汤剂有效成分吸收特性的影响值得关注, 已有研究证明, 汤剂中的微粒粒径越小, 对有效成分的促吸收效果越明显[61]。黄芪、粉葛在单独煎煮过程中形成的固体微粒可显著影响活性成分的吸收, 且微粒粒径越小其促活性成分吸收作用越强[62, 63]。汤剂往往是以“君臣佐使”配伍, 混煎也更易形成纳米粒[64]。众所周知, 纳米粒对胃肠道黏膜等生物膜具有黏附作用, 可延长药物在胃肠道的停留[65]。甘草酸[66]、人参皂苷Rh2[67]等皂苷对细胞膜通透性的影响显著。白芍与甘草配伍合煎可形成纳米粒, 甘草酸能促进芍药苷等成分在回肠段的肠吸收[68]。芦荟凝胶和全叶提取物可通过调节紧密连接促进药物吸收[69]。黄连汤中的颗粒聚集物由多糖聚集而成, 可促进细胞旁小檗碱转运, 且通过主动转运和内吞作用能改善细胞间小檗碱转运[70]。葛根芩连汤沉积物中的团聚体可增加黄芩苷的吸收, 减小黄芩苷的毒性, 并显著抑制氧化损伤对细胞活力和功能的影响[9]
中药水煎液随着放置时间的延长, 其微粒会发生聚集形成粒径较大的聚集物, 大的聚集物不能通过完整的单层膜[71]。有研究表明粒径超过250 nm的微粒不利于某些化合物的肠道吸收, 如葛根在煎煮过程中形成的几十微米大小的聚集物, 导致葛根提取物中葛根素和大豆苷元的血浆浓度降低[72]
汤剂中化学成分的溶解度既由其自身结构决定, 又受溶媒、共存成分、环境条件等因素影响。汤剂中化学成分之间的相互作用可起到增加溶解度的作用。皂苷是汤剂中具有重要生物活性的两亲性分子, 皂苷元亲脂而糖侧链亲水。甘草酸是典型的皂苷, 其疏水部分是三萜苷元, 亲水部分包括2个葡萄糖醛酸和1个羧基。当浓度达到临界胶束浓度时, 非共价键驱动力使其疏水链段(苷元) 构成内核, 亲水链段(糖链) 形成外壳, 从而自组装形成胶束有效增加药物的溶解度[73]。甘草酸在一定浓度下从溶液状态转变为凝胶状态, 还可形成棒状胶束[74]。甘草酸可使口服降压药辛伐他汀的溶解度增加100多倍[75]。甘草酸和紫杉醇都属于萜类化合物, 能互溶, 甘草酸作为紫杉醇增溶体系的载体, 改善了紫杉醇的生物利用度[76]。已有研究发现在甘草酸和低体积分数乙醇的协同作用下, 紫杉醇水中溶解度得到有效增加[77]。甘草酸还可增加薯蓣皂苷元和齐墩果酸在水中的溶解度, 在甘草酸溶液的浓度达到1 mmol·L-1时, 溶解度增加的最多[78]。甘草和芫花配伍共煎后, 甘草酸可促进毒性成分芫花酯甲的溶出, 并使该部位形成分布均一的纳米粒, 有利于成分吸收, 从而使毒性增强[79]。此外, 可利用甜菊糖苷自组装形成胶束的特点来提高根皮素在水中的溶解性[80]。新橙皮苷可提高柚皮苷在水溶液中的溶解性, 原因可能是在水煎煮过程中新橙皮苷的参与改变了柚皮苷的分子排列方式, 形柚皮苷-新橙皮苷共簇体[81]
甘草具有“解毒”作用, 如甘草和附子配伍可减小附子的毒性, 随着甘草用量的增加, 附子毒性也会相应减弱[82]。为探究甘草的解毒机制, 有研究者用纯化的甘草蛋白构建了包载乌头碱的纳米粒, 通过小鼠急性毒性实验发现甘草与附子合煎剂中经甘草蛋白包裹的乌头碱纳米粒对小鼠的生命无危险, 而附子煎剂中的乌头碱单体具有严重毒性, 可致小鼠死亡[83]。这说明将有毒生物碱包埋在自组装的中药蛋白纳米粒中, 可降低汤剂中有毒药物的毒性。此研究表明甘草中的甘草酸与乌头碱产生络合反应从而降低了游离乌头碱的含量, 由此推测中药汤剂中其他有毒生物碱与甘草中的其他主要两亲性化合物(如蛋白质、多糖等) 之间的相互作用也可能达到相似效果[84]。茶多酚含有大量表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG)。儿茶酚残基可通过氢键、疏水作用及配位键等非共价作用与多种化合物或生物表面结合形成稳定的超分子[85]。以聚合物polyEGCG作为载体, 包载蜂毒肽形成自组装微粒可降低蜂毒肽的毒副作用[86]
体系外合成的自组装微粒和汤剂中天然形成的微粒具有相似的作用。汤剂中的微粒可起到包裹挥发性成分、增加溶解度、减小毒性和增加稳定性等作用, 进而提高生物利用度、增强药效。绿茶汤剂中自然形成的纳米粒可包裹DOX, 进而增加细胞对DOX的摄取[87]。太子参在煎煮过程中可形成太子参自组装纳米粒, 其具有优良的pH稳定性、离子强度稳定性及胃肠道稳定性。还有研究表明姜黄素可通过疏水作用与太子参蛋白纳米粒结合形成纳米复合物, 使姜黄素的光稳定性显著提高。负载姜黄素的纳米复合物比游离姜黄素具有更强的还原能力, 表现出姜黄素与太子参蛋白纳米粒之间的加性效应[88]。以两亲性材料壳聚糖-去氧胆酸聚合物为载体制备积雪草酸自组装胶束, 发现药物在大鼠体内药物水平明显提高, 作用时间延长, 极大提高了积雪草酸的口服生物利用度[89]
汤剂中的微粒研究是汤剂研究领域的一个重要方面, 汤剂中存在的微粒与现代药剂学中的纳米制剂、聚合物胶束等有相似之处, 故可借用现代科学技术来研究汤剂中的微粒。在药剂学领域, 20世纪70、80年代即已对纳米载药系统进行了研究。将纳米技术应用于中药的研究, 主要集中在提高生物利用度和药效、增强靶向性等方面, 为研究汤剂中的纳米粒研究提供依据。本文论述了汤剂中微粒的分离方法及物理、化学表征手段, 采用现代药剂学技术来研究中药汤剂中的微粒, 具有科学性和实际应用性。这些研究方法也为研究者提供了理论和实践依据, 有利于更好地阐明中药汤剂中的微粒的基本性质, 也为开发纳米粒、脂质体、聚合物胶束等提供参考依据。更重要的是, 本文为剖析汤剂整体发挥药效的机制及如何利用现代化的科技方法使得汤剂对病灶的作用更加准确、更具有靶向性等的应用奠定基础。本文对更好地推动中药学的现代化发展, 将中药学从宏观领域带入到微观领域进行研究, 有着非常重要的意义。
研究汤剂微粒从新的视角揭示中药配伍机制, 阐释中药复方物质基础的真实形态, 为中药新药的开发提供全新的研究策略。同时对解决中药液体制剂产生沉淀共性问题意义重大, 是一条崭新的“蹊径”, 对提高液体制剂质量、稳定性具有指导作用, 将会给中药液体制剂生产提供实践依据。
作者贡献: 韦玉芳负责撰写论文, 收集文献、绘制图片、修改论文; 窦志英提供论文素材, 拟定论文框架; 李蕊汐、赵姿雯、王丁丁参与论文撰写; 刘玉梅、杨卓尔参与绘制化学反应式; 金传山、胡容峰指导论文写作和修改; 陈宇洲负责选题, 撰写、修改和协调。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 2021年度安徽省药物制剂技术与应用重点实验室开放基金项目(2021KFKT06)
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2023年第58卷第2期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0781
  • 接收时间:2022-06-28
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-02-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-06-28
  • 修回日期:2022-08-12
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2021年度安徽省药物制剂技术与应用重点实验室开放基金项目(2021KFKT06)
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    1.天津中医药大学中药学院, 天津 301617
    2.安徽中医药大学, 药物制剂技术与应用安徽省重点实验室, 安徽 合肥 230012

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*胡容峰, Tel: 18222006953, E-mail: ;
陈宇洲, E-mail:
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占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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