Article(id=1198624308433088685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624302414263267, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0840, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1657209600000, receivedDateStr=2022-07-08, revisedDate=1660147200000, revisedDateStr=2022-08-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763703904493, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1676131200000, pubDateStr=2023-02-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763703904493, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763703904493, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763703904493, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198624302414263267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='2', pageStart='235', pageEnd='468', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763703903058, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763704055811, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198624943157116946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624302414263267, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198624943161311251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624302414263267, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=396, endPage=404, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198624310173724913, articleId=1198624308433088685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=The chemical constituents and hypoglycemic activity of alcoholic extract of sea buckthorn leaves, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The purpose of this research is to identify the chemical constituents of sea buckthorn leaves extract (SBLE) and explore its hypoglycemic biological activity. SBLE was prepared by hot reflux extraction with 65% ethanol, and its chemical composition was analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (UHPLC-PDA-MS/MS) system. The animal experiments were compliant with ethical principles for animal use and had been approved by the Animal Experiment Ethics Committee of Jinan University. Mice were injected with streptozocin (STZ) to establish a hyperglycemic animal model, and SBLE (1.5 g·kg-1) was administered by gavage for 5 weeks. The fasting blood glucose (FBG) and oral glucose tolerance were detected. Normal mice were given SBLE (1.5 g·kg-1) by intragastric administration for 10 days, and blood was collected from the tail vein to detect the changes in blood glucose within 120 min after sucrose or starch loading. The mucous membrane of the small intestine of mice was taken to detect the activity of α-glucosidase (AG), and the activity of yeast-derived AG incubated with SBLE was evaluated. The glucose uptake by Caco-2 cells treated with SBLE was detected by fluorescence microscopy and cytometry, and the gene expression of sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1) and glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) in Caco-2 cells were detected by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). A total of 18 compounds were identified, mainly including tannins and flavonoids. SBLE reduced FBG and increased oral glucose tolerance in STZ hyperglycemic mice. SBLE effectively inhibited the increase of blood glucose caused by starch intake in normal mice. SBLE exerted good inhibitory activity on yeast-derived AG (IC50 = 16.94 μg·mL-1) and small intestinal mucosa AG with an inhibition rate of 15.48%. SBLE (25-100 μg·mL-1) dose-dependently inhibited glucose uptake by Caco-2 cells, and SBLE significantly reduced the mRNA level of SGLT1 without changing the expression of GLUT2. In conclusion, the UHPLC characteristic fingerprint of SBLE is established with 18 chemical components identified by mass spectrometry, and SBLE exerts hypoglycemic effect by inhibiting the activity of AG and the absorption of glucose by intestinal epithelial cells.

, correspAuthors=Lei LIANG, Rong-rong HE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Chang-yu YAN, Zhao-jun DING, Xiao-min LI, Xin-liang MAO, Zong-sheng YU, Zhi-fang WANG, Jian-wen YE, Kurihara HIROSHI, Yi-fang LI, Lei LIANG, Rong-rong HE), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198624312044384662, articleId=1198624308433088685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=沙棘叶醇提物的化学成分与降糖活性研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究旨在检识沙棘叶提取物(sea buckthorn leaves extract, SBLE) 的化学成分并探究其降糖生物活性。通过65%乙醇热回流制备SBLE, 经UHPLC-PDA-MS/MS (ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry) 系统分析其化学成分。本研究中的动物实验方案及程序均符合动物使用和护理的伦理原则, 并已获暨南大学动物实验伦理委员会批准。昆明小鼠通过注射链脲佐菌素(streptozocin, STZ) 构建高血糖动物模型, SBLE (1.5 g·kg-1) 连续灌胃给药5周, 检测高血糖小鼠的空腹血糖(fasting blood glucose, FBG) 与口服葡萄糖耐量。正常昆明小鼠SBLE (1.5 g·kg-1) 连续灌胃给药10天, 给予蔗糖或淀粉负荷, 尾静脉取血检测120 min内的血糖变化, 并收取小鼠小肠黏膜检测α-葡萄糖苷酶(α-glucosidase, AG) 的活性。体外直接将SBLE与酵母来源的AG共孵育检测其对糖苷酶活性的影响。Caco-2细胞经SBLE处理后, 通过荧光显微镜和细胞流式术检测细胞对葡萄糖的摄取, 并采用实时定量PCR技术检测SGLT1 (sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1) 和GLUT2 (glucose transporter 2) 基因的表达。质谱分析共检识了18个化合物, 主要类型为鞣质和黄酮。SBLE能降低STZ高血糖小鼠的FBG并增加口服葡萄糖耐量。SBLE可有效抑制正常小鼠由淀粉摄入引起的血糖升高。SBLE对酵母来源AG具有较好的抑制活性(IC50 = 16.94 μg·mL-1), 同时能降低正常小鼠小肠黏膜AG的活性, 抑制率为15.48%。SBLE (25~100 μg·mL-1) 可剂量依赖性地抑制Caco-2细胞对葡萄糖的摄取, 并且SBLE可显著降低SGLT1基因的水平, 但不影响GLUT2的表达。本研究建立了SBLE的UHPLC特征指纹图谱, 质谱检识了18个化学成分; 发现SBLE可通过抑制AG的活性与肠道上皮细胞对葡萄糖的吸收发挥降糖作用。

, correspAuthors=梁磊, 何蓉蓉, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*梁磊, E-mail: ;
何蓉蓉, Tel: 86-20-85221559, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《药学学报》编辑部2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=POfAoVye2XGLinbvEaChlQ==, magXml=N8VktT8Z3Yu838j6Q1T61w==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=zeLQWyM9IbxhSKSBBxEaKA==, pdfFileSize=2067512, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=o2ZCqU7y2AiIFzMhlPg53g==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=p8gwNmcuIwteFumFIokONA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=闫昌誉, 丁肇俊, 李晓敏, 毛新亮, 余宗盛, 王志芳, 叶健文, 栗原博, 李怡芳, 梁磊, 何蓉蓉)}, authors=[Author(id=1198702061538866089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624308433088685, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1198702061689861049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624308433088685, authorId=1198702061538866089, language=EN, stringName=Chang-yu YAN, firstName=Chang-yu, middleName=null, lastName=YAN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, 4, address=1. Perfect (Guangdong) Co., Ltd., Zhongshan 528400, China
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4. International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198702061199127440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624308433088685, companyId=1198702061152990088, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.教育部中药与创新药物研究国际合作联合实验室, 暨南大学药学院, 广东 广州 510632)]), AuthorCompany(id=1198702061320762263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624308433088685, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198702061333345176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624308433088685, companyId=1198702061320762263, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5. Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1198702061345928089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624308433088685, companyId=1198702061320762263, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5.广东省疾病易感性及中医药研发工程技术研究中心, 暨南大学中医学院, 广东 广州 510632)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1198702071198347937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624308433088685, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=HElpukNFiIm0sKpbDEW0xw==, figureFileBig=zvUfOyQDuU5UVC3vtptFDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702072385335984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624308433088685, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= The characteristics fingerprint of the sea buckthorn leaves extract. The compound information of peaks 1-18 is presented in <a href="javascript:;" class="mag_content_a mag_xref_table" onclick="clickTabXref(this,'Table1')" rid="Table1">Table 1</a>. Asterisk (<sup>*</sup>) indicates the compounds which are identified with the corresponding standard , figureFileSmall=HElpukNFiIm0sKpbDEW0xw==, figureFileBig=zvUfOyQDuU5UVC3vtptFDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702072569885374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624308433088685, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=VHOJpaeXWKC5J4577cS/ng==, figureFileBig=2byUZsjU/XYQSW7JyspoBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702072695714508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624308433088685, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Effects of sea buckthorn leaves extract (SBLE) on fasting blood glucose (FBG) and glucose tolerance test in streptozocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. A: FBG of mice every week; B, C: Glucose tolerance test (B) and the area under the curve (AUC, C) within 120 min of oral glucose. <i>n</i> = 5, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$\bar{x}$</span> ± standard error of the mean (SEM). <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> control; <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> STZ , figureFileSmall=VHOJpaeXWKC5J4577cS/ng==, figureFileBig=2byUZsjU/XYQSW7JyspoBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702072821543642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624308433088685, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Y7zBCU+H/TANlD210rhpWw==, figureFileBig=C2PhFjK/q9kyw3geMIeFdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702072968344294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624308433088685, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Effects of SBLE on carbohydrate tolerance test of normal mice. A: The time course of blood glucose after oral starch; B: The time course of blood glucose after oral sucrose. <i>n</i> = 7, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$\bar{x}$</span> ± SEM. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> control , figureFileSmall=Y7zBCU+H/TANlD210rhpWw==, figureFileBig=C2PhFjK/q9kyw3geMIeFdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702073073201903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624308433088685, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=E563xLeRRMfE582PTgFUXQ==, figureFileBig=YUEoTuVesAay4USFqA5Hvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702073186448128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624308433088685, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= The effects of SBLE and acarbose on <i>α</i>-glucosidase (AG) <i>in vitro</i>. A: The inhibition curve of SBLE on AG (<i>n</i> = 3); B: The inhibition curve of acarbose on AG (<i>n</i> = 3). <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$\bar{x}$</span> ± SEM. IC<sub>50</sub>: Half-maximal inhibitory concentration , figureFileSmall=E563xLeRRMfE582PTgFUXQ==, figureFileBig=YUEoTuVesAay4USFqA5Hvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702073320665870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624308433088685, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=g/Cvt4R7eZESmwO/o82keQ==, figureFileBig=VF6XIqruaQ9O7onTiIgtOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702073467466523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624308433088685, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= The effect of SBLE on glucose uptake by Caco-2 cells. A: The viability of Caco-2 cells (<i>n</i> = 5); B: The 2-(<i>N</i>-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1, 3-diazol-4-yl) amino)-2-deoxyglucose (2-NBDG) signal by fluorescence microscope (<i>n</i> = 3). Scale bar: 500 μm; C, D: The intracellular 2-NBDG detected by cytometry (<i>n</i> = 3). <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$\bar{x}$</span> ± SEM. <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001; ns: Not significant <i>vs</i> control; FITC: Fluorescein isothiocyanate , figureFileSmall=g/Cvt4R7eZESmwO/o82keQ==, figureFileBig=VF6XIqruaQ9O7onTiIgtOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702073631044393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624308433088685, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=MCuuFcm40TVbbkMoPeDGbA==, figureFileBig=xE7YIrnY0AphFiyqyAIiNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702073782039359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624308433088685, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= The effect of SBLE on the expressions of sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 (<i>SGLT1</i>, A) and glucose transporter 2 (<i>GLUT2</i>, B) in Caco-2 cells. The mRNA levels were detected by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). <i>β</i>-Actin was set as the housekeeping gene. Gene expressions presented as fold changes relative to the control group (<i>n</i> = 3). <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula">$\bar{x}$</span> ± SEM. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> control , figureFileSmall=MCuuFcm40TVbbkMoPeDGbA==, figureFileBig=xE7YIrnY0AphFiyqyAIiNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702074004337492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624308433088685, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. tR /min Formula Mode Detected (m/z) /error (ppm) MS/MS (m/z) Identification Ref.
1 4.22 C34H24O22 [M-H]- 783.069 5/2.518 481.064 7, 300.999 4, 275.020 2 Pedunculagin isomer [9]
2 5.63 C34H24O22 [M-H]- 783.069 8/2.824 481.063 6, 300.999 3, 275.020 1 Pedunculagin isomer [9]
3 6.68 C27H22O18 [M-H]- 633.074 0/2.069 300.999 4, 275.019 8, 249.040 5, 169.013 6 Galloyl-HHDP-glucopyranose [9]
4 7.05 C41H28O26 [M-H]- 935.080 4/2.003 633.074 5, 300.999 9, 169.013 3 Galloyl-bis-HHDP-glucopyranose [9]
5 8.64 C27H14O9 [M-H]- 481.052 4/-6.254 300.999 5, 275.020 3 HHDP-glucopyranose [9]
6 9.15 C34H42O21 [M-H]- 785.215 8/2.898 315.051 7 Isorhamnetin-3-O-sophoroside-7-O-rhamnoside [10]
7 10.12 C9H10O5 [M-H]- 197.044 8/1.878 169.013 3, 124.015 3 Syringic acid [11]
8* 11.40 C27H30O16 [M-H]- 609.146 7/2.723 463.087 4, 447.094 1, 301.036 1, 271.025 9, 151.002 9 Rutin [10]
9 12.48 C19H14O12 [M-H]- 433.041 7/3.551 300.999 3 Ellagic acid pentoside [12]
10* 13.55 C14H6O8 [M-H]- 300.999 2/4.274 283.997 7, 257.009 4, 229.014 2, 201.019 9 Ellagic acid [13]
11 13.97 C27H30O15 [M-H]- 593.151 8/2.855 447.093 7, 431.099 1, 285.040 7 Kaempferol-3-O-glucoside-7-O-rhamnoside [10]
12 14.09 C27H30O16 [M-H]- 609.146 5/2.411 301.035 7, 300.027 8, 271.023 6, 151.002 9 Quercetin-3-O-glucoside-7-O-rhamnoside [14]
13 14.65 C28H32O16 [M-H]- 623.162 4/2.710 477.104 9, 461.110 0, 445.078 5, 315.051 7 Isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside isomer [10]
14 15.08 C27H30O15 [M-H]- 593.152 1/3.479 461.109 9, 447.093 8, 313.085 9, 285.040 5 Kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside-7-O-glucoside [15]
15* 15.77 C27H30O15 [M-H]- 593.152 1/3.378 285.040 7, 255.030 3, 151.002 7 Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside [16]
16 16.07 C28H32O16 [M-H]- 623.162 2/2.518 477.103 2, 315.051 7 Isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside isomer [10]
17* 16.38 C22H22O12 [M-H]- 477.104 5/3.705 315.051 8, 285.040 8, 271.025 2, 243.029 9 Isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside [10]
18 17.95 C30H26O13 [M-H]- 593.130 7/2.989 447.091 8, 285.040 8, 229.050 0, 151.002 7 Kaempferol-3-O-β-D-(6"-O-p-coumaryl) glycoside [17]
), ArticleFig(id=1198702074159526750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624308433088685, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Identification of chemical compounds of sea buckthorn leaves extract. *Compared with standards; MS: Mass spectrometry; HHDP: Hexahydroxydiphenic acid

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
No. tR /min Formula Mode Detected (m/z) /error (ppm) MS/MS (m/z) Identification Ref.
1 4.22 C34H24O22 [M-H]- 783.069 5/2.518 481.064 7, 300.999 4, 275.020 2 Pedunculagin isomer [9]
2 5.63 C34H24O22 [M-H]- 783.069 8/2.824 481.063 6, 300.999 3, 275.020 1 Pedunculagin isomer [9]
3 6.68 C27H22O18 [M-H]- 633.074 0/2.069 300.999 4, 275.019 8, 249.040 5, 169.013 6 Galloyl-HHDP-glucopyranose [9]
4 7.05 C41H28O26 [M-H]- 935.080 4/2.003 633.074 5, 300.999 9, 169.013 3 Galloyl-bis-HHDP-glucopyranose [9]
5 8.64 C27H14O9 [M-H]- 481.052 4/-6.254 300.999 5, 275.020 3 HHDP-glucopyranose [9]
6 9.15 C34H42O21 [M-H]- 785.215 8/2.898 315.051 7 Isorhamnetin-3-O-sophoroside-7-O-rhamnoside [10]
7 10.12 C9H10O5 [M-H]- 197.044 8/1.878 169.013 3, 124.015 3 Syringic acid [11]
8* 11.40 C27H30O16 [M-H]- 609.146 7/2.723 463.087 4, 447.094 1, 301.036 1, 271.025 9, 151.002 9 Rutin [10]
9 12.48 C19H14O12 [M-H]- 433.041 7/3.551 300.999 3 Ellagic acid pentoside [12]
10* 13.55 C14H6O8 [M-H]- 300.999 2/4.274 283.997 7, 257.009 4, 229.014 2, 201.019 9 Ellagic acid [13]
11 13.97 C27H30O15 [M-H]- 593.151 8/2.855 447.093 7, 431.099 1, 285.040 7 Kaempferol-3-O-glucoside-7-O-rhamnoside [10]
12 14.09 C27H30O16 [M-H]- 609.146 5/2.411 301.035 7, 300.027 8, 271.023 6, 151.002 9 Quercetin-3-O-glucoside-7-O-rhamnoside [14]
13 14.65 C28H32O16 [M-H]- 623.162 4/2.710 477.104 9, 461.110 0, 445.078 5, 315.051 7 Isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside isomer [10]
14 15.08 C27H30O15 [M-H]- 593.152 1/3.479 461.109 9, 447.093 8, 313.085 9, 285.040 5 Kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside-7-O-glucoside [15]
15* 15.77 C27H30O15 [M-H]- 593.152 1/3.378 285.040 7, 255.030 3, 151.002 7 Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside [16]
16 16.07 C28H32O16 [M-H]- 623.162 2/2.518 477.103 2, 315.051 7 Isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside isomer [10]
17* 16.38 C22H22O12 [M-H]- 477.104 5/3.705 315.051 8, 285.040 8, 271.025 2, 243.029 9 Isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside [10]
18 17.95 C30H26O13 [M-H]- 593.130 7/2.989 447.091 8, 285.040 8, 229.050 0, 151.002 7 Kaempferol-3-O-β-D-(6"-O-p-coumaryl) glycoside [17]
), ArticleFig(id=1198702074335687533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624308433088685, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Group AG/U·mg protein-1 Inhibition rate/%
Control 0.063 ± 0.002 -
SBLE (1.5 g·kg-1) 0.053 ± 0.001** 15.48
Acarbose (30.75 mg·kg-1) 0.029 ± 0.000*** 53.91
), ArticleFig(id=1198702074503459704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624308433088685, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

The effect of SBLE on AG in small intestinal mucosa of mice. n = 7, $\bar{x}$ ± SEM. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs control

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Group AG/U·mg protein-1 Inhibition rate/%
Control 0.063 ± 0.002 -
SBLE (1.5 g·kg-1) 0.053 ± 0.001** 15.48
Acarbose (30.75 mg·kg-1) 0.029 ± 0.000*** 53.91
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沙棘叶醇提物的化学成分与降糖活性研究
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闫昌誉 1, 2, 3, 4 , 丁肇俊 3, 4 , 李晓敏 1, 2 , 毛新亮 1, 2 , 余宗盛 1, 2 , 王志芳 1, 2 , 叶健文 1, 2 , 栗原博 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , 李怡芳 3, 4, 5 , 梁磊 3, 4, 5, * , 何蓉蓉 3, 4, 5, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(2): 396-404
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2023, 58(2): 396-404
沙棘叶醇提物的化学成分与降糖活性研究
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闫昌誉1, 2, 3, 4, 丁肇俊3, 4, 李晓敏1, 2, 毛新亮1, 2, 余宗盛1, 2, 王志芳1, 2, 叶健文1, 2, 栗原博1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 李怡芳3, 4, 5, 梁磊3, 4, 5, * , 何蓉蓉3, 4, 5, *
作者信息
  • 1.完美 (广东) 日用品有限公司, 广东 中山 528400
  • 2.广东完美生命健康科技研究院有限公司, 广东 中山 528400
  • 3.广东省中药药效物质基础及创新药物研究重点实验室, 暨南大学药学院, 广东 广州 510632
  • 4.教育部中药与创新药物研究国际合作联合实验室, 暨南大学药学院, 广东 广州 510632
  • 5.广东省疾病易感性及中医药研发工程技术研究中心, 暨南大学中医学院, 广东 广州 510632

通讯作者:

*梁磊, E-mail: ;
何蓉蓉, Tel: 86-20-85221559, E-mail:
The chemical constituents and hypoglycemic activity of alcoholic extract of sea buckthorn leaves
Chang-yu YAN1, 2, 3, 4, Zhao-jun DING3, 4, Xiao-min LI1, 2, Xin-liang MAO1, 2, Zong-sheng YU1, 2, Zhi-fang WANG1, 2, Jian-wen YE1, 2, Kurihara HIROSHI1, 2, 3, 4, 5, Yi-fang LI3, 4, 5, Lei LIANG3, 4, 5, * , Rong-rong HE3, 4, 5, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Perfect (Guangdong) Co., Ltd., Zhongshan 528400, China
  • 2. Perfect Life Sciences Research Institute Co., Ltd., Zhongshan 528400, China
  • 3. Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
  • 4. International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
  • 5. Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
出版时间: 2023-02-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0840
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本研究旨在检识沙棘叶提取物(sea buckthorn leaves extract, SBLE) 的化学成分并探究其降糖生物活性。通过65%乙醇热回流制备SBLE, 经UHPLC-PDA-MS/MS (ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry) 系统分析其化学成分。本研究中的动物实验方案及程序均符合动物使用和护理的伦理原则, 并已获暨南大学动物实验伦理委员会批准。昆明小鼠通过注射链脲佐菌素(streptozocin, STZ) 构建高血糖动物模型, SBLE (1.5 g·kg-1) 连续灌胃给药5周, 检测高血糖小鼠的空腹血糖(fasting blood glucose, FBG) 与口服葡萄糖耐量。正常昆明小鼠SBLE (1.5 g·kg-1) 连续灌胃给药10天, 给予蔗糖或淀粉负荷, 尾静脉取血检测120 min内的血糖变化, 并收取小鼠小肠黏膜检测α-葡萄糖苷酶(α-glucosidase, AG) 的活性。体外直接将SBLE与酵母来源的AG共孵育检测其对糖苷酶活性的影响。Caco-2细胞经SBLE处理后, 通过荧光显微镜和细胞流式术检测细胞对葡萄糖的摄取, 并采用实时定量PCR技术检测SGLT1 (sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1) 和GLUT2 (glucose transporter 2) 基因的表达。质谱分析共检识了18个化合物, 主要类型为鞣质和黄酮。SBLE能降低STZ高血糖小鼠的FBG并增加口服葡萄糖耐量。SBLE可有效抑制正常小鼠由淀粉摄入引起的血糖升高。SBLE对酵母来源AG具有较好的抑制活性(IC50 = 16.94 μg·mL-1), 同时能降低正常小鼠小肠黏膜AG的活性, 抑制率为15.48%。SBLE (25~100 μg·mL-1) 可剂量依赖性地抑制Caco-2细胞对葡萄糖的摄取, 并且SBLE可显著降低SGLT1基因的水平, 但不影响GLUT2的表达。本研究建立了SBLE的UHPLC特征指纹图谱, 质谱检识了18个化学成分; 发现SBLE可通过抑制AG的活性与肠道上皮细胞对葡萄糖的吸收发挥降糖作用。

沙棘叶  /  化学成分  /  降血糖  /  α-葡萄糖苷酶  /  糖耐受  /  链脲佐菌素

The purpose of this research is to identify the chemical constituents of sea buckthorn leaves extract (SBLE) and explore its hypoglycemic biological activity. SBLE was prepared by hot reflux extraction with 65% ethanol, and its chemical composition was analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (UHPLC-PDA-MS/MS) system. The animal experiments were compliant with ethical principles for animal use and had been approved by the Animal Experiment Ethics Committee of Jinan University. Mice were injected with streptozocin (STZ) to establish a hyperglycemic animal model, and SBLE (1.5 g·kg-1) was administered by gavage for 5 weeks. The fasting blood glucose (FBG) and oral glucose tolerance were detected. Normal mice were given SBLE (1.5 g·kg-1) by intragastric administration for 10 days, and blood was collected from the tail vein to detect the changes in blood glucose within 120 min after sucrose or starch loading. The mucous membrane of the small intestine of mice was taken to detect the activity of α-glucosidase (AG), and the activity of yeast-derived AG incubated with SBLE was evaluated. The glucose uptake by Caco-2 cells treated with SBLE was detected by fluorescence microscopy and cytometry, and the gene expression of sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1) and glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) in Caco-2 cells were detected by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). A total of 18 compounds were identified, mainly including tannins and flavonoids. SBLE reduced FBG and increased oral glucose tolerance in STZ hyperglycemic mice. SBLE effectively inhibited the increase of blood glucose caused by starch intake in normal mice. SBLE exerted good inhibitory activity on yeast-derived AG (IC50 = 16.94 μg·mL-1) and small intestinal mucosa AG with an inhibition rate of 15.48%. SBLE (25-100 μg·mL-1) dose-dependently inhibited glucose uptake by Caco-2 cells, and SBLE significantly reduced the mRNA level of SGLT1 without changing the expression of GLUT2. In conclusion, the UHPLC characteristic fingerprint of SBLE is established with 18 chemical components identified by mass spectrometry, and SBLE exerts hypoglycemic effect by inhibiting the activity of AG and the absorption of glucose by intestinal epithelial cells.

sea buckthorn leave  /  chemical composition  /  hypoglycemic  /  α-glucosidase  /  glucose tolerance  /  streptozocin
闫昌誉, 丁肇俊, 李晓敏, 毛新亮, 余宗盛, 王志芳, 叶健文, 栗原博, 李怡芳, 梁磊, 何蓉蓉. 沙棘叶醇提物的化学成分与降糖活性研究. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (2) : 396 -404 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0840
Chang-yu YAN, Zhao-jun DING, Xiao-min LI, Xin-liang MAO, Zong-sheng YU, Zhi-fang WANG, Jian-wen YE, Kurihara HIROSHI, Yi-fang LI, Lei LIANG, Rong-rong HE. The chemical constituents and hypoglycemic activity of alcoholic extract of sea buckthorn leaves[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (2) : 396 -404 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0840
糖尿病是全球高发的慢性疾病之一, 2021年国际糖尿病联合会(International Diabetes Federation, IDF) 公布的最新数据显示[1], 全球逾5亿成年人患有糖尿病, 其中约90%患者为2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes, T2D)。糖尿病患者伴有糖代谢紊乱而表现出高血糖特征, 而持续性的高血糖会损害神经、视网膜、心血管等组织与器官, 引发多种糖尿病并发症, 严重危害人类的生命健康[2]。临床上现有胰岛素、二甲双胍、阿卡波糖、格列美脲等多种降糖药, 但需终生服用, 会产生一定的不良反应。近年来的研究表明[3], 天然植物蕴含大量降糖活性成分, 是开发降糖相关保健食品与药品的重要资源。
沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides L.) 为胡颓子科沙棘属的落叶灌木或乔木, 兼具生态、药用和食用价值, 我国拥有世界上90%的沙棘资源[4]。然而, 相较于沙棘果实, 沙棘叶易采摘保存, 蕴藏量巨大, 但资源利用率较低。传统医药中沙棘常用于止咳、助消化、活血化瘀、止痛等, 现代科学研究提示沙棘具有抗氧化、抗癌和降血脂等药理作用[5, 6]。关于沙棘叶在降糖方面的研究较少, 仅有以下两项体内研究报道了其对糖尿病大鼠的改善作用: 研究显示沙棘叶水提物能降低链脲佐菌素(streptozocin, STZ) 诱导糖尿病大鼠的血糖, 同时改善其受损的肾功能, 对糖尿病肾病显示出潜在的治疗作用[7]; 此外, 沙棘叶三萜酸粗提物可降低高糖高脂饮食联合四氧嘧啶导致的T2D大鼠的空腹血糖(fasting blood glucose, FBG), 改善胰岛素抵抗, 并调节紊乱的脂代谢过程[8]。但仍未有研究报道沙棘叶乙醇提取物的抗糖尿病活性, 而中药与天然植物的生物活性与其提取方式关联较大。本研究主要评价沙棘叶醇提物的降糖活性并对其生物机制进行初步探究, 通过建立相应的指纹图谱分析其发挥生物活性的物质基础, 有利于促进沙棘叶资源的开发利用, 具有重要的社会与经济效益。
动物  SPF级雄性昆明小鼠(6周龄), 体重22~25 g, 购于南方医科大学实验动物中心[许可证号: SCXK (粤) 2016-0041, 生产批号: No. 44002100028714、44002100029996]。饲养条件: 温度22 ± 1 ℃, 湿度55% ± 5%, 每日光照12 h。实验方案及程序均符合动物使用和护理的伦理原则, 并已获暨南大学动物实验伦理委员会批准。
细胞与培养  人结直肠癌细胞(Caco-2细胞) 由南方医科大学吴少瑜教授馈赠, 培养于含10%胎牛血清(FBS) 的DMEM培养基中, 当细胞汇合至80%~90%时, 用胰酶消化后传代培养。
仪器  超级纯水仪(Milli Q, 美国Millipore公司); 电子天平(BS224S, 德国Sartorius公司); 旋转蒸发仪(N-1001, 东京理化Eyela公司); 高速冷冻离心机(3K15, 德国Sigma公司); 高效液相色谱仪(Ultimate 3000)、高分辨轨道离子阱质谱仪(Q-Exactive)、酶标仪(Multiskan Mk 3) (美国Thermo公司); 罗康全®活力型血糖检测仪(Accu-Chek Active, 德国罗氏公司); 细胞培养箱(CCL-170B-8, 新加坡ESCO公司); 倒置荧光显微镜(Ⅸ71, 日本Olympus公司); 流式细胞仪(Coulter CytoFLEX S, 美国Beckman公司); 超微量分光光度计(NanoPhotometer N50 Touch, 德国Implen Gmbh公司); 实时荧光PCR仪(CFX Connect System, 美国Bio-Rad公司)。
药品与试剂  沙棘叶(青海平安, 批号: 20200805) 由完美(广东) 日用品有限公司提供, 经暨南大学岭南传统中药研究中心张英老师鉴定为胡颓子科植物沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides L.) 的干燥叶(参照四川省藏药材标准2014年版)。DMEM培养基(C11995500BT, 美国Thermo公司); STZ (S110910, 上海阿拉丁公司); 无水葡萄糖(G6172)、蔗糖(S818046)、盐酸二甲双胍(M813341)、无水碳酸钠(S818014-500 g) (上海麦克林公司); 阿卡波糖片[国药准字H19990205, 拜耳医药(北京) 公司]; α-葡萄糖苷酶(α-glucosidase, AG, S10050-100 U)、对硝基苯基-α-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(p-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside, p-NPG, S10137-1 g)、阿卡波糖(B20003-20 mg) (上海源叶生物公司); 对硝基苯酚(R013436, 上海罗恩公司); MTT (1334GR001, Bio Froxx公司); 2-NBDG [2-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1, 3-diazol-4-yl) amino)-2-deoxyglucose, 11046, 美国Cayman公司]; Trizol试剂(DP424, 北京天根公司); 反转录试剂盒(AQ201)、SYBR Green荧光探针(AQ141-01) (北京全式金公司)。
沙棘叶提取物(sea buckthorn leaves extract, SBLE) 的制备  称取干燥沙棘叶30 g置于1 L圆底烧瓶, 加入600 mL 65%乙醇(料液比1∶20) 进行热回流提取2 h, 重复提取2次, 合并提取液, 抽滤、减压浓缩、干燥, 得SBLE。称重计算收率为41.23%。
SBLE化学成分分析  精确称取2 mg SBLE, 加入1 mL 50%色谱级甲醇进行超声溶解, 14 000 r·min-1离心20 min, 吸取上清液过0.22 μm微孔滤膜得到质量浓度为2 mg·mL-1的样品溶液, 进行UHPLC-MS分析。分析所用仪器为Ultimate 3000 DGLC液相色谱串联Q-Exactive高分辨质谱仪, 色谱柱为Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm)。以0.1%甲酸水-乙腈为流动相, 洗脱程序如下, 0 min: 5% (乙腈), 1 min: 12% (乙腈), 10 min: 16% (乙腈), 14 min: 32% (乙腈), 15 min: 100% (乙腈), 18.5 min: 100% (乙腈), 19 min: 5% (乙腈), 25 min: 5% (乙腈), 流速为0.3 mL·min-1, 柱温40 ℃, 紫外扫描波长为254 nm, 进样体积为2 μL。质谱各项采集参数设置如下: 正负离子同时扫描, 扫描质量范围为m/z 100~1 000, 一级扫描分辨率为35 000, 最大注射时间为100 ms, 二级扫描分辨率为17 500, 最大注射时间为100 ms, 动态排除时间为10 s, 分离窗口为m/z 0.8, 碰撞能设置为: 20、30、40 V, 鞘气为30 arb, 辅助气为15 arb, 反吹气为1 arb, 正离子喷雾电压3.2 kV, 负离子喷雾电压-2.8 kV, 毛细管柱温为350 ℃, 辅助气温度为320 ℃, S-lens为60。
高血糖小鼠模型与给药  小鼠在禁食12 h后腹腔注射1%的STZ溶液(40 mg·kg-1), 连续注射5天, 于第7天再次注射(50 mg·kg-1) 1次, 造模期间在饮水中加入10%蔗糖。首次注射STZ后3、7、11、21天测定小鼠FBG, 当FBG稳定高于11.1 mmol·L-1被认为高血糖造模成功。高血糖小鼠随机分为模型组、SBLE组和二甲双胍组, 同周龄的正常昆明小鼠作为正常对照组, 每组5只小鼠。SBLE (1.5 g·kg-1) 连续灌胃给药5周; 二甲双胍组第1~2周按0.2 g·kg-1剂量给药, 第3~5周按0.4 g·kg-1剂量给药; 正常对照组与模型组灌胃等体积纯净水。
FBG与口服糖耐量的检测  高血糖小鼠在SBLE给药后每周测定FBG。测定前小鼠禁食9~11 h后尾静脉取血, 利用便携式血糖仪检测血糖值即为FBG。口服糖耐量实验: 给药第5周, 一次性灌胃给予小鼠20%葡萄糖溶液(2 g·kg-1), 灌胃后30、60、120 min测定小鼠血糖值, 糖耐受前的FBG作为起始血糖值, 根据各时段血糖值计算糖耐量曲线下面积(area under curve, AUC), 计算方法如公式(1):
$ {\rm{AUC = (BG_{0} + BG_{30 min}) × 0.25 + (BG_{30 min} +}}{\rm{BG_{60 min}) × 0.25 + (BG_{60 min} + BG_{120 min}) × 0.5}}$
其中, BG0为糖耐受前血糖, BG30 min、BG60 min、BG120 min分别为糖耐受后30、60、120 min的血糖。
正常小鼠蔗糖与淀粉负荷实验  正常昆明小鼠分为糖负荷模型组(4 g·kg-1蔗糖或6 g·kg-1淀粉)、阿卡波糖组(30.75 mg·kg-1) 和SBLE组(1.5 g·kg-1), 每组7只小鼠。阿卡波糖与SBLE连续灌胃给药10天, 禁食18 h于第11天糖负荷前30 min灌胃给予阿卡波糖及SBLE, 再给予相应的蔗糖或淀粉溶液, 并于0、15、30、60、90、120 min从小鼠尾静脉取血测血糖。
体外AG抑制活性检测  将20 μL SBLE与20 μL酵母来源的AG加到80 μL磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS) 中, 于37 ℃放置10 min, 再加入5 mmol·L-1 p-NPG溶液20 μL, 低速振荡混匀, 37 ℃反应20 min, 最后加入0.2 mol·L-1 Na2CO3溶液80 μL终止反应, 使用酶标仪检测405 nm处的吸光度(A) 值。阿卡波糖作为阳性对照药。根据公式(2) 计算体外AG活性抑制率(inhibition, I):
$ I (\%) = [1 - (A_{{\rm{s}}} - A_{{\rm{sb}}}) / (A_{{\rm{c}}} – A_{{\rm{b}}})] × 100$
其中, Ab为空白组(不加样品和AG)、Ac为对照组(不加化合物)、As为样品组、Asb为样品空白组(不加AG)。
正常小鼠肠黏膜AG活性检测  正常小鼠SBLE灌胃给药10天后处死, 收取十二指肠至空肠部分的小肠组织, 生理盐水洗涤肠腔后剪开, 用玻片刮取收集小肠黏膜, 加入适量PBS制备组织匀浆, 4 ℃、8 000 r·min-1离心10 min, 收取上清。用BCA (bicinchoninic acid) 试剂盒测定上清蛋白含量, 并稀释成蛋白含量相同的待测样品酶溶液。将样品溶液与p-NPG混匀后置于37 ℃反应20 min, Na2CO3终止反应后测定405 nm处的A值。根据公式(3)、(4) 分别计算各组小鼠小肠黏膜AG活性(U, U·mg protein-1) 和酶活性抑制率(I):
$ U = [(A - 0.080\;2) / 0.036\;7] × V_{反} / (M × t) / (V_{样} × C_{{\rm{pr}}})$
其中, A为吸光度值, V为反应体系总体积, M为产物(p-NP) 的相对分子质量, t为样品与底物反应时间, V为样品溶液体积, Cpr为样品溶液的蛋白浓度。
$ I (\%) = (U_{正常对照组} - U_{药物处理组}) / U_{正常对照组} × 100$
Caco-2细胞活力检测  处于对数生长期的Caco-2细胞种于96孔板, 在37 ℃、5% CO2环境中培养贴壁后, 加入不同浓度SBLE, 24 h后加入MTT溶液, 放入培养箱继续孵育4 h, 加入DMSO溶解甲瓒结晶, 使用酶标仪于570 nm波长检测吸光度(A570) 值。
Caco-2细胞对2-NBDG的摄取分析  将Caco-2细胞种于6孔板中, 用含10% FBS的DMEM培养基分化培养15天, 加入含不同浓度SBLE的无血清培养基孵育24 h, 弃去含药物培养基, 使用预冷PBS润洗细胞2次, 加入100 μmol·L-1 2-NBDG工作液, 37 ℃孵育30 min。弃去2-NBDG工作液, 使用预冷PBS清洗细胞2次, 胰酶消化收集细胞并用PBS重悬, 使用流式细胞仪在FITC通道下检测细胞荧光强度。
qPCR检测基因表达  给予分化15天的Caco-2细胞50和100 μg·mL-1的SBLE, 24 h后收集细胞检测SGLT1 (sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1) 和GLUT2 (glucose transporter 2) 基因的水平。Trizol试剂裂解细胞抽提RNA, 超微量分光光度计测定总RNA浓度。使用反转录试剂盒合成cDNA第一链, 采用SYBR Green荧光探针进行扩增反应。qPCR参数如下: 95 ℃、60 s, 激活DNA聚合酶; 95 ℃、15 s变性, 60 ℃、30 s退火, 共40个循环。β-Actin作为内参基因, 使用的引物序列如下: SGLT1 (forward: GGGCAGCTTCAGGCATC; reverse: AAACAGCCAGCCCAGCA); GLUT2 (forward: ATGTCAGTGGGACTTGTGCTGC; reverse: AACTCA GCCACCATGAACCAGG); β-actin (forward: ACCCT GAAGTACCCCATCGA; reverse: TGATCTGGGTCAT CTTCTCGC)。
统计学分析  使用GraphPad Prism 8.0进行作图, 采用SPSS 26.0对实验数据进行统计学分析, 计量资料以均数±标准误[$\bar{x}$ ± SEM (standard error of the mean)] 表示。多组间比较采用one way ANOVA或two way ANOVA, P < 0.05表明有统计学差异。
为了明晰沙棘叶的化学轮廓, 采用UHPLC-PDA-MS/MS技术对沙棘叶化学成分进行定性分析。图 1为UHPLC指纹图谱(254 nm), 表 1[9-17]为质谱定性结果, 共检识18个化合物, 主要为鞣质和黄酮类, 其中芦丁(rutin)、没食子酸(ellagic acid)、山柰酚-3-O-芸香糖苷(kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside) 和异鼠李素-3-O-葡萄糖苷(isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside) 经标准品准确比对。在254 nm紫外波长下, 没食子酸(峰10) 在鞣质类化合物中的相对百分含量最高, 其峰面积约占总峰面积的17.43%, galloyl-HHDP-glucopyranose (峰3) 与galloyl-bis-HHDP-glucopyranose (峰4) 的相对百分含量次之, 分别为11.78%和11%。
FBG是表征糖尿病的直观指标, SBLE给药后每周测定小鼠的FBG。如图 2A所示, 正常组小鼠在5周内FBG基本稳定在6~9 mmol·L-1的正常水平, STZ模型组小鼠各周FBG均高于正常组(P < 0.05), 高血糖实验模型稳定。血糖监测期间SBLE组小鼠FBG较模型组均显著降低(P < 0.05), 血糖值可稳定在15 mmol·L-1以下。给药5周后糖尿病小鼠进行口服葡萄糖耐量实验, 结果如图 2B, 各组小鼠的血糖浓度在30 min时达到峰值, 之后呈现逐渐下降的趋势。SBLE组小鼠的血糖值在血糖监测期间均低于模型组小鼠, 且在120 min时血糖下降至糖负荷前的水平。各组小鼠的葡萄糖耐量AUC计算结果表明(图 2C), SBLE组和二甲双胍组的糖耐量AUC值均低于模型组小鼠(P < 0.001, P < 0.05), 口服葡萄糖耐量增加。
正常小鼠口服淀粉或蔗糖溶液的糖耐量实验结果显示(图 3), 给予淀粉溶液后, 血糖浓度在60 min达到峰值。阿卡波糖在30 min开始降低淀粉组血糖水平, 而SBLE在给予淀粉后15 min即显著降低血糖水平(P < 0.05), 延缓了葡萄糖的吸收入血(图 3A)。给予蔗糖溶液后血糖浓度在15 min达到峰值, SBLE对小鼠血糖升高仅有微弱的抑制作用, 无统计学意义(图 3B)。以上结果提示SBLE有助于延缓淀粉类膳食引起的餐后血糖升高。
首先在体外检测SBLE对酵母来源AG活性的影响, 结果显示, SBLE在6.25~50 μg·mL-1时对AG的活性抑制呈明显剂量依赖关系, 剂量大于50 μg·mL-1时可完全抑制酶活性, 其半数抑制浓度IC50为16.94 μg·mL-1 (图 4A)。而阳性药阿卡波糖的AG半数抑制浓度(IC50) 为5.33×10-7 μg·mL-1 (图 4B)。为了验证SBLE在体内对AG的抑制作用, 正常小鼠给予SBLE (1.5 g·kg-1) 10天后收取小鼠小肠黏膜, 通过p-NPG法测定其AG的活性。结果显示(表 2), SBLE (1.5 g·kg-1) 与阿卡波糖(30.75 mg·kg-1) 均可显著降低小肠黏膜AG活力(P < 0.01, P < 0.001), 抑制率分别为15.48%和53.91%。
Caco-2细胞是一种人源结肠癌细胞, 可分化产生刷状缘膜和基底外侧膜, 表达多种营养转运蛋白, 具有类似小肠上皮的吸收特性, 被广泛用于模拟体内肠转运的研究, 因此进一步采用该细胞评估SBLE是否影响小肠对葡萄糖的吸收过程。首先采用MTT法评价不同剂量SBLE对Caco-2细胞活力的影响。结果如图 5A所示, SBLE给药浓度在6.25~100 μg·mL-1的细胞存活率无显著改变。随后采用25、50和100 μg·mL-1的SBLE探究其对Caco-2细胞吸收葡萄糖的影响, 通过荧光显微镜和流式细胞仪检测细胞内2-NBDG (一种带有荧光标记的葡萄糖类似物) 的水平可表征细胞的葡萄糖的摄入量。荧光显微镜观察结果显示(图 5B), 与对照组相比, SBLE各剂量组均可不同程度地降低Caco-2细胞内2-NBDG的水平。进一步的流式细胞术检测结果(图 5CD) 也表明SBLE显著抑制了细胞对2-NBDG的摄取(P < 0.001)。
糖类物质在肠道中消化分解为葡萄糖后, 游离的葡萄糖需跨越肠道上皮进入循环系统, 这个过程主要包括SGLT1介导的主动转运与GLUT2介导的易化扩散。基于图 5中发现SBLE对Caco-2细胞葡萄糖摄取具有一定的抑制效果, 采用qPCR技术进一步检测了SGLT1GLUT2基因的表达。结果如图 6AB所示, SBLE可显著降低SGLT1基因的表达水平(P < 0.05, P < 0.01), 但对GLUT2基因无显著影响。
机体的糖吸收与代谢过程包括多种生物途径, 中药与天然植物提取物往往因富含多种活性成分, 其降血糖的机制也涉及多个方面[18]。同样, 本研究发现SBLE不仅能通过抑制AG与小肠黏膜对葡萄糖的摄取来改善餐后血糖升高, 增加机体糖耐量; 还能降低STZ诱导1型糖尿病小鼠的FBG, 提示SBLE对机体糖代谢也有潜在调控作用。
AG是一类能催化水解α-1, 4-糖苷键的酶的总称, 广泛分布于小肠黏膜的刷状缘, 通过外切酶活性水解低聚糖非还原端的α-葡萄糖糖基, 生成葡萄糖和果糖等单糖, 其活性高低决定着碳水化合物在肠道内释放可吸收单糖的速率。因此, 抑制AG可降低餐后血糖水平, 是预防和治疗糖尿病及其并发症的经典策略[19]。研究表明[20], 沙棘叶甲醇提取物显示出对AG的体外抑制活性(IC50为50 μg·mL-1); 同时沙棘叶乙酸乙酯提取物和正丁醇提取物对AG同样具有较强抑制活性(IC50分别为46.89和51.33 μg·mL-1)[21]。本研究发现沙棘叶的乙醇提取物对AG的IC50为16.94 μg·mL-1, 这与不同溶剂和提取方式导致的提取成分不同有关, 提示在以沙棘叶为原料制备AG抑制剂时, 采用乙醇作为提取溶剂更好。近年来的研究表明天然植物中的黄酮类化合物对肠道AG具有较好的抑制活性[22]。本研究发现SBLE中含有多种黄酮类物质, 包括山柰酚(kaempferol) 及其衍生物山柰酚-3-O-芸香糖苷(kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside) 等都是较好的AG抑制剂[23, 24]。此外, 研究表明沙棘叶总多酚也可抑制AG[25], SBLE中的没食子酸与pedunculagin等多酚成分可能是其发挥活性的物质基础。同时本研究还证实了SBLE能降低小肠黏膜中的AG的活性, 因此SBLE能在体内有效抑制葡萄糖的释放, 进而缓解机体餐后血糖升高。此外, 沙棘叶作为新资源食品, 可开发为食品与保健品, 长期服用具有较好的安全性, 相较于阿卡波糖具有更为广泛的应用优势。
葡萄糖释放后在肠道的吸收分为2个阶段: ①由SGLT1介导的主动转运, 运载葡萄糖进入肠上皮细胞; ②位于肠上皮细胞基底外侧膜的GLUT2介导的易化扩散, 将葡萄糖从细胞内转运到门静脉系统[26]。本研究提示SBLE对葡萄糖释放后的糖转运过程亦有干预作用, 并发现SBLE可显著降低Caco-2细胞SGLT1基因的水平, 但对GLUT2无显著影响。因此, SBLE可能通过抑制肠道AG减少葡萄糖释放, 降低SGLT1的表达抑制其介导的葡萄糖转运, 两方面协同作用降低餐后血糖与提高机体糖耐量。
沙棘叶水提物可显著降低STZ诱导糖尿病大鼠的血糖水平[7], 与本研究结果一致, SBLE可降低STZ糖尿病小鼠FBG, 改善小鼠生理状态, 提示SBLE有助于增强机体对葡萄糖的代谢。最新的一项研究发现[27], SBLE能促进细胞内GLUT4向细胞膜表面的转位, 有利于促进外周组织细胞摄入葡萄糖, 增强对葡萄糖的吸收利用。因此, 沙棘叶中或存在能发挥胰岛素样效应的活性成分, 进而对1型糖尿病发挥改善作用。沙棘叶中的科罗索酸是一种“植物胰岛素”, 同样能在哺乳动物体内发挥降糖活性[28]。Zhang等[29]采用水-乙醇提取法制备的SBLE, 其中科罗索酸含量高达0.8%。
此外, 一些研究对沙棘叶中活性成分的降糖功能也进行了探索。沙棘叶黄酮显著延缓正常小鼠口服葡萄糖引起血糖升高, 其降糖活性可能归因于异鼠李素、槲皮素和山柰酚等活性物质[30]。从沙棘叶中分离得到的白雀木醇也可促进胰岛素抵抗的HepG2细胞摄取葡萄糖, 对糖代谢紊乱有良好的调节作用[31]。因此, SBLE中蕴含的活性成分仍需进一步探索解析, 找寻活性更好的降糖成分。
作者贡献: 何蓉蓉和梁磊负责实验设计与指导; 闫昌誉进行体外实验与文章撰写; 丁肇俊进行动物实验与数据收集分析; 李晓敏与毛新亮负责背景调研与实验管理; 余宗盛、王志芳和叶健文协助实验与样品处理; 栗原博和李怡芳协助修改论文。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明没有利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(U1801284)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81973718)
  • 广东省自然科学基金资助项目(2021A1515011297)
  • 中山市院士工作站建设项目(中山科发[2019]187号)
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2023年第58卷第2期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0840
  • 接收时间:2022-07-08
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-02-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-07-08
  • 修回日期:2022-08-11
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(U1801284)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81973718)
广东省自然科学基金资助项目(2021A1515011297)
中山市院士工作站建设项目(中山科发[2019]187号)
作者信息
    1.完美 (广东) 日用品有限公司, 广东 中山 528400
    2.广东完美生命健康科技研究院有限公司, 广东 中山 528400
    3.广东省中药药效物质基础及创新药物研究重点实验室, 暨南大学药学院, 广东 广州 510632
    4.教育部中药与创新药物研究国际合作联合实验室, 暨南大学药学院, 广东 广州 510632
    5.广东省疾病易感性及中医药研发工程技术研究中心, 暨南大学中医学院, 广东 广州 510632

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*梁磊, E-mail: ;
何蓉蓉, Tel: 86-20-85221559, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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