Article(id=1198624305916506117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624302414263267, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0925, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1658937600000, receivedDateStr=2022-07-28, revisedDate=1660838400000, revisedDateStr=2022-08-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763703903892, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1676131200000, pubDateStr=2023-02-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763703903892, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763703903892, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763703903892, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198624302414263267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='2', pageStart='235', pageEnd='468', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763703903058, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763704055811, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198624943157116946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624302414263267, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198624943161311251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624302414263267, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=447, endPage=453, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198624306314965010, articleId=1198624305916506117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Cloning and functional analysis of IPI gene from Fritillaria unibracteata Hsiao et K. C. Hsia., columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

An open reading frame (ORF) of isopentenyl-diphosphate delta isomerase gene (FuIPI) was cloned from Fritillaria unibracteata Hsiao et K. C. Hsia. (F. unibracteata). Furthermore, the bioinformatics and functional analyses of FuIPI were performed in this study. The result showed that, the ORF of FuIPI gene was 825 bp, encoding a polypeptide of 274 amino acids in length, with a relative molecular mass of about 31 kD and a theoretical isoelectric point of 5.61. Sequence analysis showed that FuIPI contained conserved structural domains and key residues involved in the catalyzing process. The phylogenetic analysis exhibited that FuIPI was closely related to IPIs of Dendrobium officinale and Musa acuminate. Real-time PCR analysis showed that FuIPI was distributed in different tissues of F. unibracteata, but had the highest transcriptional level in leaves, followed by stems, bulbs, and flowers. Furthermore, the FuIPI protein was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). The purified FuIPI protein successfully catalyzed the conversion from isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) to dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP). The above results provided a theoretical basis for further investigation of the molecular role of FuIPI in the biosynthesis of alkaloids.

, correspAuthors=Jia-yu ZHOU, Hai LIAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jiao CHEN, Si-min SONG, Jie TANG, Jin-xiu XIN, Qian ZHANG, Hong-jie ZHAO, Xin CHEN, Jia-yu ZHOU, Hai LIAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198624308122710161, articleId=1198624305916506117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=暗紫贝母IPI基因的克隆与功能分析, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

从暗紫贝母(Fritillaria unibracteata Hsiao et K. C. Hsia.) 中克隆异戊烯焦磷酸异构酶(isopentenyl-diphosphate delta isomerase, IPI) 基因的开放阅读框(open reading frame, ORF), 命名为FuIPI, 并开展生物信息学及功能分析。结果表明, FuIPI基因的ORF长度为825 bp, 编码蛋白包括274个氨基酸残基, 相对分子质量约为31 kD, 理论等电点为5.61。序列比对表明FuIPI具有IPI家族特有的保守结构域及参与催化的关键氨基酸残基。系统进化分析表明FuIPI与姜、小果野蕉等植物的IPI具有较近的亲缘关系。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明, FuIPI在暗紫贝母不同组织中均有分布, 但在叶中表达量最高, 其次是茎、鳞茎, 花中最低。随后, 以大肠杆菌BL21(DE3) 为宿主, 过量表达FuIPI基因, 获得的FuIPI重组蛋白能有效转化异戊烯基二磷酸(isopentenyl diphosphate, IPP) 形成二甲基烯丙基二磷酸(dimethylallyl pyrophosphate, DMAPP)。本研究为进一步探究FuIPI在生物碱类物质生物合成中的分子作用奠定了理论基础。

, correspAuthors=周嘉裕, 廖海, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*周嘉裕, Tel: 13550204560, E-mail: ;
廖海, Tel: 13668243919, E-mail:
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暗紫贝母IPI基因的克隆与功能分析
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陈娇 1 , 宋思敏 1 , 唐婕 1 , 辛锦秀 1 , 张倩 1 , 赵虹杰 1 , 陈欣 2 , 周嘉裕 1, * , 廖海 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(2): 447-453
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2023, 58(2): 447-453
暗紫贝母IPI基因的克隆与功能分析
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陈娇1, 宋思敏1, 唐婕1, 辛锦秀1, 张倩1, 赵虹杰1, 陈欣2, 周嘉裕1, * , 廖海1, *
作者信息
  • 1.西南交通大学生命科学与工程学院, 四川 成都 610031
  • 2.成都市第三人民医院, 四川 成都 610014

通讯作者:

*周嘉裕, Tel: 13550204560, E-mail: ;
廖海, Tel: 13668243919, E-mail:
Cloning and functional analysis of IPI gene from Fritillaria unibracteata Hsiao et K. C. Hsia.
Jiao CHEN1, Si-min SONG1, Jie TANG1, Jin-xiu XIN1, Qian ZHANG1, Hong-jie ZHAO1, Xin CHEN2, Jia-yu ZHOU1, * , Hai LIAO1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
  • 2. The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu 610014, China
出版时间: 2023-02-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0925
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从暗紫贝母(Fritillaria unibracteata Hsiao et K. C. Hsia.) 中克隆异戊烯焦磷酸异构酶(isopentenyl-diphosphate delta isomerase, IPI) 基因的开放阅读框(open reading frame, ORF), 命名为FuIPI, 并开展生物信息学及功能分析。结果表明, FuIPI基因的ORF长度为825 bp, 编码蛋白包括274个氨基酸残基, 相对分子质量约为31 kD, 理论等电点为5.61。序列比对表明FuIPI具有IPI家族特有的保守结构域及参与催化的关键氨基酸残基。系统进化分析表明FuIPI与姜、小果野蕉等植物的IPI具有较近的亲缘关系。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明, FuIPI在暗紫贝母不同组织中均有分布, 但在叶中表达量最高, 其次是茎、鳞茎, 花中最低。随后, 以大肠杆菌BL21(DE3) 为宿主, 过量表达FuIPI基因, 获得的FuIPI重组蛋白能有效转化异戊烯基二磷酸(isopentenyl diphosphate, IPP) 形成二甲基烯丙基二磷酸(dimethylallyl pyrophosphate, DMAPP)。本研究为进一步探究FuIPI在生物碱类物质生物合成中的分子作用奠定了理论基础。

暗紫贝母  /  异戊烯焦磷酸异构酶  /  基因克隆  /  异源表达  /  体外活性

An open reading frame (ORF) of isopentenyl-diphosphate delta isomerase gene (FuIPI) was cloned from Fritillaria unibracteata Hsiao et K. C. Hsia. (F. unibracteata). Furthermore, the bioinformatics and functional analyses of FuIPI were performed in this study. The result showed that, the ORF of FuIPI gene was 825 bp, encoding a polypeptide of 274 amino acids in length, with a relative molecular mass of about 31 kD and a theoretical isoelectric point of 5.61. Sequence analysis showed that FuIPI contained conserved structural domains and key residues involved in the catalyzing process. The phylogenetic analysis exhibited that FuIPI was closely related to IPIs of Dendrobium officinale and Musa acuminate. Real-time PCR analysis showed that FuIPI was distributed in different tissues of F. unibracteata, but had the highest transcriptional level in leaves, followed by stems, bulbs, and flowers. Furthermore, the FuIPI protein was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). The purified FuIPI protein successfully catalyzed the conversion from isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) to dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP). The above results provided a theoretical basis for further investigation of the molecular role of FuIPI in the biosynthesis of alkaloids.

Fritillaria unibracteata  /  isopentenyl-diphosphate delta isomerase  /  gene cloning  /  heterologous expression  /  in vitro activity
陈娇, 宋思敏, 唐婕, 辛锦秀, 张倩, 赵虹杰, 陈欣, 周嘉裕, 廖海. 暗紫贝母IPI基因的克隆与功能分析. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (2) : 447 -453 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0925
Jiao CHEN, Si-min SONG, Jie TANG, Jin-xiu XIN, Qian ZHANG, Hong-jie ZHAO, Xin CHEN, Jia-yu ZHOU, Hai LIAO. Cloning and functional analysis of IPI gene from Fritillaria unibracteata Hsiao et K. C. Hsia.[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (2) : 447 -453 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0925
川贝母是四川省名贵道地中药材, 按照性状可分为“松贝”、“青贝”与“炉贝”。百合科贝母属植物暗紫贝母(Fritillaria unibracteata Hsiao et K. C. Hsia.) 的干燥鳞茎是松贝的主要来源, 入药历史悠久[1]。然而, 相较于卷叶贝母(Fritillaria cirrhosa) 等其他基原植物, 暗紫贝母的鳞茎中所含西贝母碱等生物碱的含量较少[2], 常因不能达到《中华人民共和国药典》标准而难以上市销售, 造成种植户的损失与资源的浪费。并且, 由于松贝“以小为贵”, 致使尚未成熟的暗紫贝母常被提前采挖, 严重破坏暗紫贝母野生种群的正常繁殖, 已列入国家三级珍稀濒危保护植物[3, 4]。鉴于暗紫贝母野生资源匮乏, 临床用药难以保障, 对暗紫贝母中西贝母碱生物合成途径的相关基因开展克隆及功能研究不仅能为西贝母碱生物合成的分子调控奠定基础, 从而有效满足市场与临床需求, 同时也能减少对暗紫贝母野生资源的依赖, 实现资源保护的目的。
西贝母碱属于甾体类生物碱, 其生源途径来自甲羟戊酸(multi-domain vertical alignment, MVA) 和2-C-甲基-D-赤藓糖醇-4-磷酸(2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate, MEP) 途径。MVA与MEP途径交汇于异戊烯基二磷酸(isopentenyl diphosphate, IPP) 与二甲基烯丙基二磷酸(dimethylallyl pyrophosphate, DMAPP), 并以此为前体, 进一步合成西贝母碱、叶绿素与类胡萝卜素等生物碱类化合物[5]。异戊烯焦磷酸异构酶(isopentenyl-diphosphate delta isomerase, IPI) 催化IPP与DMAPP的异构化反应, 已有研究证实, 以IPI基因为靶点的植物基因工程能明显提高丹参[6]与雷公藤[7]等植物中番茄红素与胡萝卜素的产量, 表明IPI是生物碱类化合物生物合成途径的重要调控位点。鉴于IPI在植物生物碱类化合物生物合成途径中的重要地位, 对暗紫贝母IPI的研究有可能成为突破口, 实现对暗紫贝母生物碱类化合物合成的分子调控。基于本课题组已获得的暗紫贝母转录组数据, 本研究成功克隆出暗紫贝母IPI (FuIPI) 的cDNA序列, 对其开展生物信息学分析, 采用实时荧光定量PCR (qRT-PCR) 方法分析FuIPI基因在暗紫贝母不同组织中的表达水平, 随后构建重组表达载体, 在大肠杆菌BL21(DE3) 中过量表达, 验证其体外催化活性, 为最终实现暗紫贝母生物碱类化合物的代谢工程提供候选基因和作用靶点。
实验材料  暗紫贝母(Fritillaria unibracteata Hsiao et K. C. Hsia.) 4年期植株于2021年6月21日采自青海省西宁市互助县(102°15′E, 36°85′N), 经西南交通大学生命科学与工程学院周嘉裕副教授鉴定为暗紫贝母, 无菌水洗净, 滤纸吸干植株表面水分, 液氮速冻后保存于-80 ℃备用。
RNA提取试剂盒、琼脂糖凝胶回收试剂盒(北京天根生化科技有限公司); 反转录试剂盒(Prime-Script RT reagent Kit)、LA Taq酶、pMD19-T载体、DL2000 DNA marker (TaKaRa公司); IPP化合物(默克公司); DH5α、BL21(DE3) 感受态细胞和2× T5 FAST qPCR Mix (SYBR Green I) 试剂盒(北京擎科生物有限公司); Ni2+亲和柱[生工生物工程(上海) 股份有限公司]; 引物合成和基因测序由北京擎科生物有限公司完成。
仪器  Bio-Tek酶标仪(美国Bio-Tek公司); Roche Light Cycler 96荧光定量PCR仪(Roche公司); DYY-6C型电泳仪(北京六一生物科技有限公司); Veriti 96-Well Thermal Cycler PCR仪(Thermo Fisher公司); 质子核磁共振仪(1H NMR, Bruker AV 600 nuclear magnetic resonance instrument, Bruker公司)。
暗紫贝母总RNA提取与cDNA合成  提取暗紫贝母鳞茎的总RNA, 1.0%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测RNA完整性, Bio-Tek酶标仪检测RNA的纯度和浓度, 并保存于-80 ℃。取总RNA样品1 000 ng, 用Prime-Script RT reagent Kit逆转录试剂盒合成cDNA。
IPI基因的扩增  基于本课题组已有的暗紫贝母转录组数据[8], 功能注释获得3条IPI候选基因, 从中选择编码区最长的成员(该序列与NCBI上所公布的卷叶贝母IPI序列相似度最高, 达到95.93%), 将其命名为FuIPI。由于FuIPI基因编码肽链的N-末端含有一段由22个氨基酸组成的信号肽, 为便于随后的原核表达实验, 并未扩增该段信号肽。PCR扩增引物为: 5′-GAATTCATGGCAGCCGGGAGCG-3′ (斜体处为EcoRI酶切位点) 与5′-CCCAAGCTTTTAAATCAGTTTATGAATG-3′ (斜体处为HindIII酶切位点), PCR扩增体系为: 上下游引物各1 μL、10× LA PCR buffer (Mg2+ plus) 5 μL、dNTP 8 μL、模板cDNA 2 μL、LA Taq酶0.5 μL、ddH2O 32.5 μL。PCR反应条件为94 ℃ 2 min; 98 ℃ 30 s, 62 ℃ 30 s, 68 ℃ 1 min, 30次循环; 72 ℃ 7 min。PCR产物经1.5%琼脂糖凝胶电泳进行鉴定。
PCR产物回收及单克隆测序  PCR产物经1.0%琼脂糖凝胶电泳后, 按照说明书进行纯化。纯化后的PCR产物与pMD19-T载体于16 ℃连接过夜, 转化DH5α感受态细胞, 均匀涂布在LB (Luria-Bertani) 平板上。37 ℃培养16 h左右, 随机挑选10个单菌落, 37 ℃摇菌培养6~8 h, 将PCR验证为阳性的菌液送测序。
生物信息学分析  ExPASyProteomics Server (https://web.expasy.org/protparam/) 在线分析蛋白质的相对分子质量、等电点与疏水性等基本理化性质。TMHMM Serverv.2.0 (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/TMHMM-2.0/) 预测蛋白质跨膜结构域。SingnalP4.1 (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/signalP/) 进行信号肽分析。NCBI在线分析工具CDD (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/cdd/wrpsb.cgi) 分析蛋白质保守结构域。MEGA 7.0建立系统进化树。SOPMA (http://npsa-pbil.ibcp.fr/cgi-bin/npsa_automat.pl?page=npsa_sopma.html) 分析蛋白质二级结构, 并通过SWISS-MODEL (https://swissmodel.expasy.org/) 进行三级结构同源建模。
FuIPI基因在暗紫贝母不同组织中相对表达量分析  以暗紫贝母鳞茎为对照组, 茎、叶、花为实验组, 暗紫贝母18S基因为内参, 利用Primer Premier 5.0软件设计qRT-PCR扩增引物: FuIPI F: 5′-AGCCATCCGCTGTATCGT-3′, R: 5′-CATCGCTCGGTGCTTTAT-3′; 18S F: 5′-GCGACGTTCGCTCTCTATCCATAC-3′, R: 5′-TGGTTCACGGGATTCTGCAA-3′。以暗紫贝母各组织cDNA为模板, 采用2× T5 FAST qPCR Mix (SYBR Green Ⅰ) 试剂盒进行PCR检测, 每个样品平行做3次, 反应体系为16 μL, TB Green Premix EX Taq Ⅱ 7.5 μL、上下游引物各0.6 μL、cDNA模板1 μL、灭菌水6.3 μL。反应条件: 94 ℃预变性1 min; 94 ℃ 10 s, 65 ℃ 10 s, 72 ℃ 20 s, 循环40次。用2-ΔΔCt法分析FuIPI基因在暗紫贝母各组织的表达量。
FuIPI重组载体构建、诱导表达与纯化  根据大肠杆菌密码子偏好性特点, 对FuIPI进行密码子优化与全基因合成, 同时连接于pET28a载体。含有pET28a-FuIPI重组载体的大肠杆菌BL21(DE3) 培养于LB固体培养基(含50 μL·mL-1卡那霉素), 37 ℃活化, 随后选择单菌落, 于300 mL LB液体培养基(含50 μL·mL-1卡那霉素) 中扩大培养至A600值为0.6~1.0, 加入0.5 mmol·L-1 IPTG (isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside), 22 ℃、100 r·min-1培养过夜。10% SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) 电泳(分离胶浓度为10%, 浓缩胶浓度为5%) 检测FuIPI重组蛋白的表达情况。
经多次离心后的菌液用结合液(0.408 6 g咪唑、8.766 g NaCl、3 mL 1 mol·L-1 Tris-HCl pH 7.9、295 mL ddH2O) 重悬, 超声破碎(功率45%, 超声3 s, 停3 s, 合计30 min)。离心(11 000 r·min-1、20 min) 去杂质, 上清液滴入Ni2+亲和柱, 静置1.5 h, 用10 mL结合液冲洗杂蛋白, 5 mL洗脱液(1.362 g咪唑、2.922 g NaCl、1 mL 1 mol·L-1 Tris-HCl pH 7.9、97 mL ddH2O) 洗脱FuIPI蛋白, 在2种透析液(① 100 mL甘油、10 mL 1 mol·L-1 Tris-HCl pH 7.4、14.5 g NaCl、500 μL β-巯基乙醇、900 mL ddH2O; ② 100 mL甘油、10 mL 1 mol·L-1 Tris-HCl pH7.4、8.75 g NaCl、500 μL β-巯基乙醇、900 mL ddH2O) 中各透析4 h, 离心收集蛋白。10% SDS-PAGE电泳检测。
FuIPI蛋白的酶活性测定  依据I型IPI能在金属离子Mg2+存在下, 将IPP异构化为DMAPP。将“FuIPI重组载体构建、诱导表达与纯化”项中纯化处理后的FuIPI蛋白在-60 ℃、0.5 MPa条件下冷冻干燥36 h成粉末, 设置酶活性反应总体系为2 mL, 加入100 mmol·L-1 Tris-HCl (pH 7.0)、5 mmol·L-1 MgCl2、1 mmol·L-1 DTT、5 mmol·L-1 IPP、2 mg FuIPI重组蛋白粉末。反应在37 ℃温育9 h后, 将反应混合物在-60 ℃、0.5 MPa条件下冷冻干燥24 h, 将干燥粉末重悬于99.96% D2O中, 用质子核磁共振仪分析产物。分别以Chen等[9]报道的IPP和DMAPP对照品的1H NMR结果为对照, 分析FuIPI酶促产物的1H NMR结果中是否含有相关信号峰, 从而确定FuIPI重组蛋白的催化活性。
统计学分析  使用SPSS软件计算FuIPI基因在4个组织中表达量的平均数及两两组织之间的P值(P < 0.05代表有显著性差异), 再将平均数由大到小排列, 在最大平均数后标记字母a。用该平均数依次与各平均数相比, 凡差异不显著都标记同一字母a, 直到与其差异显著的平均数, 其后标记字母b, 向下比较停止, 继续标记字母b, 直至遇到某一个与其差异显著的平均数标记c即可。
参照暗紫贝母转录组数据设计引物, 以暗紫贝母的cDNA为模板进行PCR扩增, 获得一条特异性扩增条带(图 1)。回收目的片段, 亚克隆后测序, 确认该条带的长度为825 bp, 其编码多肽的氨基酸序列与理论序列的相似度为100%, 表明已获得FuIPI的ORF。
FuIPI ORF编码蛋白含有274个氨基酸残基, 相对分子质量约为31 kD, 理论等电点为5.61。FuIPI蛋白含有20种基本氨基酸, 含量最高的氨基酸依次是Leu (12.4%)、Ala (8.0%)、Val (8.0%) 与Glu (8.0%)。FuIPI的平均亲水值为-0.245, 属于亲水蛋白, 且不存在跨膜结构域, 推测FuIPI可能位于胞质。CDD (conserved domain database) 分析发现, FuIPI存在PLN02552结构域及Nudix_hydrolase superfamily结构域。将FuIPI与人(NP_004499)、小鼠(NP_663335)、拟南芥(NP_197148)、酿酒酵母(NP_015208) 和大肠杆菌(NP_417365) 等来源的IPI进行蛋白序列比对(图 2), 显示FuIPI中His8192Leu-His-Arg-Ala-Phe-Ser97130His-Phe131、Glu188与Glu190[8]参与酶活性中心形成的氨基酸残基均高度保守。
采用邻近法构建FuIPI与番茄等不同物种IPI的系统进化树(图 3)。该系统进化树中bootstrap值超过70的分支数占全部分支数的78%, 表明该系统进化树的可信度较高。不同物种的IPI共分为3簇, 其中被子植物聚为一簇(bootstrap值为85), 该簇中单子叶植物形成单系群(bootstrap值为94), FuIPI与来源于单子叶植物(姜与小果野蕉) 的IPI具有最近的亲缘关系。
二级结构预测结果显示, FuIPI含274个氨基酸, 以α-螺旋为主, 其占总氨基酸数目的46.35%, 随机卷曲占比38.69%, 延伸链占比11.31%, β-折叠占比3.65%。由于目前尚未成功获得植物IPI蛋白的三维结构, 以人源IPI (2i6k.1.A) 为模板(与FuIPI的序列相似度为51.98%)[10], 同源建模获得FuIPI的三维结构。FuIPI呈单体球状蛋白, 其可能的催化残基如His81位于α-6螺旋, His93位于α-7螺旋, His130位于β-4与α-8之间, Glu188和Glu190则位于α-11螺旋(图 4)。
采用实时荧光定量PCR分析FuIPI基因在暗紫贝母不同组织中的表达量, 结果显示(图 5), FuIPI基因的表达具有组织特异性, 在叶中表达量最高为鳞茎的21倍, 其次是茎(鳞茎的8倍)、鳞茎, 花(鳞茎的0.8倍) 中表达量最少。
将pET28a-FuIPI重组载体成功转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3), IPTG诱导后, 在34 kD处出现了一条明显加粗的蛋白条带(图 6A), 其大小与预测分子质量相符(His标签为3 kD), 表明FuIPI蛋白获得了成功表达。分析FuIPI在上清与沉淀中的分布情况, 发现FuIPI在上清中的含量较高, 可溶性较好(图 6B), 推测FuIPI蛋白可能具有酶促活性。随后, Ni2+亲和柱纯化重组蛋白, 10% SDS-PAGE电泳检测, 34 kD处显示明显蛋白条带(图 6B), 表明已获得纯度较高的FuIPI重组蛋白, 可用于后续的酶促活性实验。
将FuIPI与底物(IPP) 混合9 h后, 以Chen等[9]报道的IPP与DMAPP单独存在时的1H NMR信号图谱为对照, 确定FuIPI的酶促活性。结果显示(图 7), 混合物中不仅含有IPP底物的信号(1.64、2.3、3.8、4.7 ppm), 还含有DMAPP的4个特征信号(1.51、1.61、4.2和5.5 ppm), 表明FuIPI能有效转化IPP, 产生DMAPP。
IPI作为生物碱类化合物生物合成的关键限速酶, 催化IPP和DMAPP之间的相互转化, 在二价阳离子存在下, 通过亲核取代连接到另一个化合物上[11, 12]。本研究从川贝母的主要基原植物之一—暗紫贝母中, 成功克隆FuIPI基因的ORF序列。生物信息学分析表明, FuIPI与大多数植物的IPI结构类似, 均以单体形式存在, 其编码的氨基酸数为274 aa, 这与已报道的植物IPI所含的氨基酸数目(226~292) 相吻合[13-16]。暗紫贝母IPI存在IPI家族典型的PLN02552及Nudix_hydrolase superfamily结构域, 属于Nudix_hydrolase超家族成员, 这与已报道的其他物种IPI的特征一致[14]。根据Berthelot等[12]的分类依据, FuIPI的分子质量较小(少于300个氨基酸残基), 以单体形式存在, 且属于Nudix超家族成员, 应归为Ⅰ型IPI。FuIPI蛋白的二级结构组成以α-螺旋为主, β-折叠所占比例极少, 这与香樟[17]等IPI蛋白的二级结构组成差别较大, 推测这些差别源于不同物种的特异性。FuIPI属于α/β蛋白类, 活性中心形似八面体, 由His81、His93、His130、Glu188和Glu190等氨基酸残基组成, 这5个关键氨基酸残基构成一个形似八面体的活性中心(图 4), 借助配位键螯合Mg2+和Zn2+等金属离子, 参与IPP和DMAPP的异构化反应[9]。由于FuIPI与人源IPI的关键氨基酸残基高度保守, 推测FuIPI具有与人源IPI相似的催化活性, 且这些功能位点在人[9]与大肠杆菌[18]等不同物种中均高度保守, 为维持IPI的催化活性起到重要作用。
FuIPI基因的表达模式分析发现, 其在叶中的表达量最高, 这与冬凌草IPI基因的表达模式一致[19]。然而, FuIPI基因的表达模式与西贝母碱在暗紫贝母不同组织中的分布情况并不吻合, 推测该现象可能与生物碱类物质合成途径的复杂程度较高及种类较多有关。MVA与MEP途径作为植物生物碱类化合物合成的两条重要途径, 参与途径相关酶基因的表达模式已有较多报道。例如, 在MVA途径, 位于上游的乙酰辅酶A酰基转移酶基因在冬凌草的叶中高表达[20]; 在MEP途径, 位于上游的5-磷酸脱氧木酮糖还原异构酶基因在烟草的叶中较高表达[21], 与IPI同处中游的磷酸甲羟戊酸激酶基因在银杏叶中也有较高表达[22]; 而位于途径下游的鲨烯合酶[23], 则在暗紫贝母鳞茎中的表达量最高。因此, 西贝母碱等生物碱的合成可能涉及暗紫贝母的多个组织, 其中, 途径中的部分反应可能集中于叶、茎等地上组织, 一方面, 这有利于植物高效利用光合作用产生的磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸等原料; 另一方面, 促进DMAPP与IPP等中间产物的合成, 及叶绿素与质体醌等在叶中的积累。同时, 已有研究发现ABC转运蛋白(ATP-binding cassette transporter, ABC transporter) 和/或Ca2+通道等组分参与了IPP等萜类中间产物在不同细胞间的运输过程[24, 25]。通过对暗紫贝母转录组数据分析发现, 其中功能注释为ABC转运蛋白的基因有264个, 依靠Ca2+通道转运的基因有80个, 推测这些转运蛋白能参与转运中间产物, 参与生物碱等下游产物在鳞茎中的合成积累。以上结果也暗示, FuIPI可能不仅是西贝母碱合成的限速酶, 也可能是叶绿素与质体醌等萜类物质合成的限速酶, 体现其在萜类物质合成中的重要性。然而, 以上推测有待进一步实验验证。
FuIPI具有高度保守的功能结构区域且能与金属离子螯合而发挥其活性, 能有效调控生物碱类物质的合成, 对FuIPI的功能验证发现, FuIPI重组蛋白的可溶性较好, 这可能与表达条件有密切的关系。例如, 暗紫贝母苯丙氨酸解氨酶在低温时蛋白表达量明显优于高温条件, 低IPTG浓度诱导时表达量显著高于高IPTG浓度[26]。本研究在较低温度下成功表达FuIPI重组蛋白, 但若想进一步增加FuIPI重组蛋白的可溶性表达量, 可对温度、IPTG浓度与诱导时间等条件进一步探索优化。本研究进一步验证FuIPI重组蛋白在离体条件下的催化活性, 所获的1H NMR光谱与Chen等[27]研究的光谱相同, 表明在有Mg2+的环境中, FuIPI重组蛋白能通过碳-碳双键的质子化, 形成碳阳离子中间体, 将IPP异构化为DMAPP, 从而证实FuIPI具有酶学活性。
本研究成功克隆FuIPI序列, 对其开展了生物信息学分析, 对FuIPI基因在暗紫贝母不同组织中的表达含量进行分析, 并验证了其重组蛋白在离体条件下的功能, 所获结果为进一步研究FuIPI基因在暗紫贝母西贝母碱生物合成途径的生物学作用及调控机制奠定了基础。
作者贡献: 陈娇是本研究的实验设计者和实验研究的执行人, 完成数据分析、论文初稿的写作; 宋思敏、唐婕、辛锦秀、张倩和赵虹杰参与样品采集、实验设计、实验结果分析; 周嘉裕、廖海和陈欣是项目的构思者及负责人, 指导实验设计、数据分析、论文写作与修改。全体作者都阅读并同意最终的文本。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(31500276)
  • 四川省科技项目(2018SZ0061)
  • 四川省科技项目(2021ZHFP0170)
  • 四川省中医药管理局面上项目(2021MS116)
  • 成都市科技局项目(2022-YF05-01357-SN)
  • 西南交通大学个性化实验项目(GX2022160167)
  • 西南交通大学医工结合项目(2682021ZTPY017)
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2023年第58卷第2期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0925
  • 接收时间:2022-07-28
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-02-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-07-28
  • 修回日期:2022-08-19
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(31500276)
四川省科技项目(2018SZ0061)
四川省科技项目(2021ZHFP0170)
四川省中医药管理局面上项目(2021MS116)
成都市科技局项目(2022-YF05-01357-SN)
西南交通大学个性化实验项目(GX2022160167)
西南交通大学医工结合项目(2682021ZTPY017)
作者信息
    1.西南交通大学生命科学与工程学院, 四川 成都 610031
    2.成都市第三人民医院, 四川 成都 610014

通讯作者:

*周嘉裕, Tel: 13550204560, E-mail: ;
廖海, Tel: 13668243919, E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0925
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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