Article(id=1198624305304142119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624302414263267, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0893, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1658419200000, receivedDateStr=2022-07-22, revisedDate=1663948800000, revisedDateStr=2022-09-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763703903747, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1676131200000, pubDateStr=2023-02-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763703903747, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763703903747, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763703903747, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198624302414263267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='2', pageStart='235', pageEnd='468', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763703903058, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763704055811, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198624943157116946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624302414263267, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198624943161311251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624302414263267, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=439, endPage=446, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198624306113642816, articleId=1198624305304142119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Application of cocrystal separation technology in the separation and purification of genistein-puerarin-daidzein ternary system, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Cocrystal separation technology is a technology that utilizes coformers to selectively form cocrystals with target compounds and separate them from mixed systems. Our study used puerarin (PUE), daidzein (DDZ), and genistein (GEN) as model drugs, which have similar structures and are the main isoflavones in Pueraria lobata root. The separation and purification processes in the modern traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) of these three components use conventional column chromatography, recrystallization, and other technologies, which have the issues of lengthy separation cycles, high solvent consumption, and inefficient preparation. Different with existing separation technology, our team used the early-found cocrystal separation method to design a step-by-step extraction and separation experiment of GEN-PUE-DDZ ternary mixture. Caffeine and L-proline were added to the mixed system in turn, GEN-caffeine cocrystal and PUE-proline cocrystal were prepared by suspension method. The cocrystals precipitated out of the solution. The purities of the GEN-caffeine cocrystal and the PUE-proline cocrystal could achieve 93% (the purity of GEN) and 99% (the purity of PUE). Besides, the purity of DDZ could also be increased by 6.76 times. This study proposed a simple operating, low cost and wide application range separation method different from the traditional separation method and realized the separation of structurally similar chemical components in TCM, laying a foundation for the application of cocrystal technology in the separation and refining of TCM.

, correspAuthors=Yuan-feng WEI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xue-ming LI, Yan LU, Shuai QIAN, Zun-ting PANG, Yuan-feng WEI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198624307543900551, articleId=1198624305304142119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=共晶分离技术在染料木素-葛根素-大豆苷元三元体系分离纯化中的应用, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

共晶分离技术是一种利用配体选择性与目标化合物形成共晶后从混合体系中分离的技术。葛根素、染料木素及大豆苷元是葛根中的主要成分, 这3种结构相似的成分的分离精制多采用常规柱色谱、重结晶等技术, 具有分离周期长、溶剂消耗量大、制备效率低等问题。本团队利用前期新发现的共晶分离现象设计并实现了染料木素-葛根素-大豆苷元三元混合物的分步提取分离实验, 在混合体系中依次加入咖啡因和脯氨酸作为共晶配体, 通过混悬液法形成了染料木素-咖啡因共晶和葛根素-脯氨酸共晶, 并从溶液中分别分离析出, 最终得到染料木素纯度为93%的染料木素-咖啡因共晶和葛根素纯度为99%的葛根素-脯氨酸共晶, 且大豆苷元的纯度也提高了6.76倍。本研究提出了一种不同于传统分离方法、操作简单、成本低、适用范围广的分离方法, 实现了中药中结构相近化学组分的分离, 为共晶技术应用于中药的分离与精制奠定基础。

, correspAuthors=魏元锋, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*魏元锋, Tel: 15251756256, E-mail:
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CAF: Caffeine; PRO: <i>L</i>-Proline , figureFileSmall=2pdWGnh0soFJptZa/IOGYQ==, figureFileBig=zz1UOlLh34eTsbV9lYb2MA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702070283993895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624305304142119, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=MAKPQ1Z4/bY1tHzW1lpOXw==, figureFileBig=60Wv84BuXfI1D3Mit+hECQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702070455960369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624305304142119, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) patterns of PUE (a), GEN (b), DDZ (c), CAF (d), PRO (e), PUE-CAF cocrystal (f), GEN-CAF cocrystal (g), PUE-PRO cocrystal (h) , figureFileSmall=MAKPQ1Z4/bY1tHzW1lpOXw==, figureFileBig=60Wv84BuXfI1D3Mit+hECQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702070615343938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624305304142119, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=bHqeqtzEmjcoqJ7CBj5/3w==, figureFileBig=9HGf13XPmlUI5jBbLZhorg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702070791504721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624305304142119, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) curves of PUE (a), GEN (b), CAF(c), PRO (d), PUE-CAF cocrystal (e), GEN-CAF cocrystal (f), PUE-PRO cocrystal (g) , figureFileSmall=bHqeqtzEmjcoqJ7CBj5/3w==, figureFileBig=9HGf13XPmlUI5jBbLZhorg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702070988637032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624305304142119, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=NHXD7UXcfIWOXWCsrepSUQ==, figureFileBig=he+MvrpJ8Qgh6fkrHah8Nw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702071122854771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624305304142119, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectra for PUE (a), GEN (b), CAF (c), PRO (d), physical mixture of PUE and CAF (e), GEN and CAF (f), PUE and PRO (g), PUE-CAF cocrystal (h), GEN-CAF cocrystal (i), PUE-PRO cocrystal (j) , figureFileSmall=NHXD7UXcfIWOXWCsrepSUQ==, figureFileBig=he+MvrpJ8Qgh6fkrHah8Nw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702071269655425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624305304142119, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=vljED3DtszPflZ2hfw0/Aw==, figureFileBig=TdgUKtjln0PNqNTiiTP6Lg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702072456643473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624305304142119, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= A: PXRD patterns of GEN-CAF cocrystal (a) and GEN-CAF cocrystal + DDZ (DGC, b). B: PXRD patterns of PUE-CAF cocrystal (a), GEN-CAF cocrystal (b) and GEN-CAF cocrystal + PUE (PGC, c). C: PXRD patterns of PUE-PRO cocrystal (a), PUE-PRO cocrystal + GEN (GPP, b) and PUE-PRO cocrystal + DDZ (DPP, c) , figureFileSmall=vljED3DtszPflZ2hfw0/Aw==, figureFileBig=TdgUKtjln0PNqNTiiTP6Lg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702072653775778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624305304142119, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=7oy3KCjmAMT5DjK12Ez5iA==, figureFileBig=0IJPzladlm7tdbJlfih0HQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702072792187824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624305304142119, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= A: Purity (<i>P</i>%) and recovery (<i>R</i>%) of GEN in the precipitation after the first cocrystal separation from different stock solutions. B: <i>P</i>% and <i>R</i>% of PUE in the supernatant (before adding PRO) and the precipitate (after adding PRO). C: Changes of <i>P</i>% of DDZ in the supernatant before and after the cocrystal separation. <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i>, <i>n</i> = 3 , figureFileSmall=7oy3KCjmAMT5DjK12Ez5iA==, figureFileBig=0IJPzladlm7tdbJlfih0HQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1198702072930599865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624305304142119, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Solvent Sample
GEN GEN-CAF CC (GEN) PUE PUE-PRO CC (PUE)
Methanol 12.78 ± 1.43 1.62 ± 0.10 45.64 ± 3.59 11.31 ± 2.14
Ethanol 16.18 ± 0.52 1.52 ± 0.11 16.91 ± 1.44 1.35 ± 0.01
Acetonitrile 2.11 ± 0.02 0.94 ± 0.04 0.29 ± 0.02 No determination
Methanol-ethanol (v : v = 50 : 50) No determination No determination 30.27 ± 0.02 5.21 ± 0.12
), ArticleFig(id=1198702073136120774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624305304142119, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Solubility determination results of GEN crystal, GEN-CAF cocrystal (CC), PUE crystal, and PUE-PRO CC (mg·mL-1; x ± s, n = 3)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Solvent Sample
GEN GEN-CAF CC (GEN) PUE PUE-PRO CC (PUE)
Methanol 12.78 ± 1.43 1.62 ± 0.10 45.64 ± 3.59 11.31 ± 2.14
Ethanol 16.18 ± 0.52 1.52 ± 0.11 16.91 ± 1.44 1.35 ± 0.01
Acetonitrile 2.11 ± 0.02 0.94 ± 0.04 0.29 ± 0.02 No determination
Methanol-ethanol (v : v = 50 : 50) No determination No determination 30.27 ± 0.02 5.21 ± 0.12
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共晶分离技术在染料木素-葛根素-大豆苷元三元体系分离纯化中的应用
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李雪铭 , 卢燕 , 钱帅 , 庞遵霆 , 魏元锋 *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2023,58(2): 439-446
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2023, 58(2): 439-446
共晶分离技术在染料木素-葛根素-大豆苷元三元体系分离纯化中的应用
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李雪铭, 卢燕, 钱帅, 庞遵霆, 魏元锋*
作者信息
  • 中国药科大学中药学院, 江苏 南京 211198

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*魏元锋, Tel: 15251756256, E-mail:
Application of cocrystal separation technology in the separation and purification of genistein-puerarin-daidzein ternary system
Xue-ming LI, Yan LU, Shuai QIAN, Zun-ting PANG, Yuan-feng WEI*
Affiliations
  • School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
出版时间: 2023-02-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0893
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共晶分离技术是一种利用配体选择性与目标化合物形成共晶后从混合体系中分离的技术。葛根素、染料木素及大豆苷元是葛根中的主要成分, 这3种结构相似的成分的分离精制多采用常规柱色谱、重结晶等技术, 具有分离周期长、溶剂消耗量大、制备效率低等问题。本团队利用前期新发现的共晶分离现象设计并实现了染料木素-葛根素-大豆苷元三元混合物的分步提取分离实验, 在混合体系中依次加入咖啡因和脯氨酸作为共晶配体, 通过混悬液法形成了染料木素-咖啡因共晶和葛根素-脯氨酸共晶, 并从溶液中分别分离析出, 最终得到染料木素纯度为93%的染料木素-咖啡因共晶和葛根素纯度为99%的葛根素-脯氨酸共晶, 且大豆苷元的纯度也提高了6.76倍。本研究提出了一种不同于传统分离方法、操作简单、成本低、适用范围广的分离方法, 实现了中药中结构相近化学组分的分离, 为共晶技术应用于中药的分离与精制奠定基础。

葛根素  /  染料木素  /  大豆苷元  /  共晶  /  分离方法

Cocrystal separation technology is a technology that utilizes coformers to selectively form cocrystals with target compounds and separate them from mixed systems. Our study used puerarin (PUE), daidzein (DDZ), and genistein (GEN) as model drugs, which have similar structures and are the main isoflavones in Pueraria lobata root. The separation and purification processes in the modern traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) of these three components use conventional column chromatography, recrystallization, and other technologies, which have the issues of lengthy separation cycles, high solvent consumption, and inefficient preparation. Different with existing separation technology, our team used the early-found cocrystal separation method to design a step-by-step extraction and separation experiment of GEN-PUE-DDZ ternary mixture. Caffeine and L-proline were added to the mixed system in turn, GEN-caffeine cocrystal and PUE-proline cocrystal were prepared by suspension method. The cocrystals precipitated out of the solution. The purities of the GEN-caffeine cocrystal and the PUE-proline cocrystal could achieve 93% (the purity of GEN) and 99% (the purity of PUE). Besides, the purity of DDZ could also be increased by 6.76 times. This study proposed a simple operating, low cost and wide application range separation method different from the traditional separation method and realized the separation of structurally similar chemical components in TCM, laying a foundation for the application of cocrystal technology in the separation and refining of TCM.

puerarin  /  genistein  /  daidzein  /  cocrystal  /  separation method
李雪铭, 卢燕, 钱帅, 庞遵霆, 魏元锋. 共晶分离技术在染料木素-葛根素-大豆苷元三元体系分离纯化中的应用. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (2) : 439 -446 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0893
Xue-ming LI, Yan LU, Shuai QIAN, Zun-ting PANG, Yuan-feng WEI. Application of cocrystal separation technology in the separation and purification of genistein-puerarin-daidzein ternary system[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (2) : 439 -446 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0893
药物共晶(cocrystal, CC) 是指活性药物分子(active pharmaceutical ingredient, API) 与形成物(coformer, CF) 按固定的化学计量比通过氢键、π-π堆积或其他非共价键相结合形成的单一均相的晶体[1, 2], CF须为药学可接受的小分子配体或是另一种有协同药理作用的小分子药物。共晶技术可在不改变药物化学结构及临床药理特性的情况下, 对API的关键药剂学性质进行改善, 包括溶解度、溶出速率、机械性能、稳定性、生物利用度等[3]
本课题组前期研究发现[4], 共晶形成过程中, API与CF间的结合力主要为方向性氢键, 基于分子识别原理, CF能选择性与混合体系中某一化合物形成共晶; 从而可利用共晶与另一种化合物溶解度的差异实现分离。目前, 共晶分离技术主要应用于二元化合物体系, 如Hsi等[5]通过共晶分离技术实现了布洛芬与酮洛芬的分离, 其在三元或多元化合物体系及中药多组分体系中分离、纯化的可行性需进一步研究。
葛根为豆科植物野葛Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi的干燥根, 在国内外广泛应用于心血管疾病、高血压、糖尿病等疾病的治疗[6]。研究表明, 葛根中葛根素(puerarin, PUE)、大豆苷元(daidzein, DDZ)、染料木素(genistein, GEN) 含量分别为PUE 52.04%~89.02%、DDZ 1.54%~44.43%、GEN 3.01%~19.54%[7], 提取得到的葛根总黄酮进一步水解精制后, 由PUE、DDZ、GEN几种异黄酮类化合物组成(图 1)[8-10]。组合大孔吸附树脂法从葛根提取液中分离得到的提取物中的PUE, 经薄层色谱法和高效液相色谱法(HPLC) 测定其纯度仅为55%, 收率仅有2%[11]。Cheng等[12]设计以PUE为目标模板分子的分子印迹聚合物能有效地从葛根提取物中分离PUE并通过HPLC检测, 但由于识别结构十分相似, 分子印迹聚合物会同时提取出DDZ等化合物, 从而导致产物含有较多种类杂质。此外, 3种成分水溶性均较差, 且DDZ和GEN仅在A环的C5位上相差1个-OH, 三者难以通过重结晶分离。
在现有分离方法不理想的情况下, 本研究应用共晶技术实现了GEN-PUE-DDZ三元体系的有效分离, 提高了各组分的纯度, 同时分离得到的共晶具有提高难溶性药物PUE、GEN水溶性和成药性的潜能。
药品及试剂  PUE (99.98%, 浙江震元制药有限公司); GEN (98%, 西安泽朗生物科技有限公司); DDZ (99%, 国药集团化学试剂有限公司); 咖啡因(caffeine, CAF, 99.3%, 江西康丰生物科技有限公司); L-脯氨酸(L-proline, PRO, 99%, 源叶生物公司); 实验用水(Milli-Q水纯化系统自制, 美国Millipore公司); 乙醇(分析纯, 南京化学试剂股份有限公司); 乙腈(色谱纯)、甲醇(色谱纯) (上海安谱科学仪器有限公司)。
仪器  BS124S、BT25S电子天平(德国Sartorius公司); 差示扫描量热分析(differential scanning calorimetry, DSC) 仪(200F3Phoenix Netzsch, 德国Netzsch公司); 高效液相色谱仪(LC-2010A HT & LC-10ADVP Shimadzu)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FT-IR) 仪(Affinity-1S Shimadzu) (日本Shimadzu公司); 粉末X-射线衍射仪(D8 Advance, 德国Bruker公司)。
配体的选择和制备方法研究  前期通过混悬液法筛选发现配体CAF能与PUE或GEN形成化学计量比1∶1的共晶, PRO仅与PUE形成化学计量比1∶1的共晶[13]
PUE-CAF共晶  称取3.21 g PUE和1.44 g CAF (摩尔比1∶1) 于西林瓶中, 加入甲醇10 mL, 密封, 室温搅拌24 h。将所得混悬液过滤, 所得产物于25 ℃真空干燥箱中干燥24 h后, 过100目筛网即得, 室温干燥保存。
GEN-CAF共晶  称取2.00 g GEN和1.44 g CAF (摩尔比1∶1) 于西林瓶中, 加入甲醇10 mL, 同上述方法操作即得。
PUE-PRO共晶  称取5.35 g PUE和1.15 g PRO (摩尔比1∶1) 于西林瓶中, 加入20 mL甲醇, 同上述方法操作即得。
物理混合物  分别称取摩尔比1∶1的PUE和CAF、GEN和CAF、PUE和PRO适量, 过100目筛混合3次即得。
粉末X-射线衍射(powder X-ray diffraction, PXRD)  分别取样品粉末约200 mg, 采用Cu-Kα靶进行测定, 扫描速度为4°/min, 扫描范围2θ为5°~40°, 步长为0.02°, 波长为1.540 6 Å, 管压为40 kV, 管流为40 mA。
DSC  分别取样品粉末约3 mg置于铝坩埚内, 升温速率为10 ℃·min-1, 测定范围为40~250 ℃或40~320 ℃。
FT-IR  分别取样品粉末(约2 mg) 与KBr充分研磨, 并在1 T的压力下压制成薄片。采用IRAffinity-1S型的红外光谱仪, 对KBr空白片及各样品片进行扫描, 仪器相关参数设置, 测定模式为透过率(%), 扫描次数为32次, 分辨率为4 cm-1, 扫描范围4 000~400 cm-1
对照溶液的配制  取PUE (GEN、DDZ、CAF、PRO) 粉末适量, 用甲醇溶解制得质量浓度约为1 mg·mL-1的对照溶液。混合标准对照溶液: 用移液管精密移取PUE、GEN、CAF对照溶液适量, 用甲醇将其稀释制得各约含250 μg·mL-1的混合标准对照溶液。
HPLC分析方法  采用Xtimate XB-C18柱(6 mm × 150 mm, 5 μm), 检测波长为260 nm, 流动相A为纯水, 流动相B为甲醇, 梯度洗脱, 流速为1.0 mL·min-1, 梯度程序为: 0~25 min, 46% B; 25~30 min, 60% B; 30~36 min, 80% B; 36~40 min, 40% B, 柱温40 ℃, 进样体积为10 μL, 检测波长为260 nm。
线性与范围  用移液管分别精密移取对照溶液适量, 用甲醇将其稀释一定倍数, 即得系列质量浓度分别为400、200、100、50、25、12、6 μg·mL-1的PUE、GEN和DDZ溶液, 取上述各系列溶液, 用0.22 μm尼龙针式滤器过滤, 取续滤液10 μL按HPLC分析方法进样检测, 记录色谱图。分别以浓度为横坐标、峰面积为纵坐标绘制散点图, 回归分析得到标准曲线。
分离流程  分离流程如图 2所示。
DDZ对GEN-CAF共晶形成的影响  在含有1 mmol GEN和1 mmol DDZ的2 mL甲醇混悬液中加入1 mmol CAF (DGC样品), 置于10 mL西林瓶中, 室温搅拌24 h。将混悬液过滤后得到的滤饼进行真空干燥24 h, 并在4 ℃的真空干燥器中保存。
PUE对GEN-CAF共晶形成的影响  在含有1 mmol GEN和1 mmol PUE的2 mL甲醇混悬液中加入1 mmol CAF (PGC样品), 同上述操作制备产物。
GEN对PUE-PRO共晶形成的影响  在含有1 mmol GEN和1 mmol PUE的2 mL甲醇混悬液中加入1 mmol PRO (GPP样品), 同上述操作制备产物。
DDZ对PUE-PRO共晶形成的影响  在含有1 mmol PUE和1 mmol DDZ的2 mL甲醇混悬液中加入1 mmol PRO (DPP样品), 同上述操作制备产物。
分别取以上制备产物适量进行PXRD测定。
分离溶剂的选择  测定室温条件下PUE晶体、GEN晶体及PUE-PRO共晶、GEN-CAF共晶在不同溶剂[甲醇、乙醇、甲醇-乙醇(vv = 50∶50) 或乙腈] 中API的溶解度。分别称取过量的上述样品于密封管中, 加入5 mL溶剂, 置于恒温振荡器中(温度25 ± 1 ℃, 振摇速度250 r·min-1) 振摇24 h, 并在此温度下静置平衡1 h取出样品。样品经0.22 μm尼龙针式滤器过滤, 用甲醇稀释一定倍数后进行HPLC分析。每个样品平行测定3份。
三元混合母液的制备  取3个具塞碘量瓶, 分别加入200 mL甲醇、乙醇、甲醇-乙醇(vv = 50∶50) 溶剂。称取过量PUE、GEN和DDZ粉末置于装有3种溶剂的碘量瓶中, 置于恒温振荡器中(温度25 ± 1 ℃, 振摇速度250 r·min-1) 强力振摇24 h, 并在此温度下静置平衡1 h再取出样品, 样品经0.22 μm尼龙针式滤器过滤, 得到甲醇、乙醇、甲醇-乙醇(vv = 50∶50) 的三元饱和澄清母液, 分别为母液A、B、C, 经上述HPLC法分别测定母液中PUE、GEN及DDZ的含量。
GEN的分离  分别取100 mL的母液A、B和C, 向各母液中加入与GEN等摩尔的配体CAF后, 于25 ℃条件下搅拌24 h。将反应得到的混悬液4 000 r·min-1离心5 min, 分离固液混合物, 经HPLC分别测定上清液与沉淀中GEN、PUE、DDZ的含量。
PUE的分离  取上一步制备得到的上清液10 mL, 加入与上清液中PUE等摩尔量的配体PRO后, 同法操作进行分离。经HPLC分别分析第2次分离后的上清与沉淀中GEN、PUE、DDZ的含量。
分离效果的评价  通过计算上清液与沉淀中化合物的纯度P%, 评价PUE-GEN的分离效果。再分别将上清液与沉淀进行真空干燥, 得到干燥固体后称重, 计算上清液中的单体及沉淀中的共晶回收率R%。每个样品平行操作3次。
纯度P%由公式(1) 求得(以GEN为例):
$ \begin{array}{l}P\% = \frac{{{C_{{\rm{L}}, {\rm{GEN}}}}}}{{{C_{{\rm{L}}, {\rm{PUE}}}} + {C_{{\rm{L}}, {\rm{GEN}}}} + {C_{{\rm{L}}, {\rm{DDZ}}}}}} \times 100\% 或\\ P\% = \frac{{{C_{{\rm{S}}, {\rm{GEN}}}}}}{{{C_{{\rm{S}}, {\rm{PUE}}}} + {C_{{\rm{S}}, {\rm{GEN}}}} + {C_{{\rm{S}}, {\rm{DDZ}}}}}} \times 100\% \end{array} $
其中, CL, PUECS, PUE分别表示分离后PUE在液相和固相中的浓度(mg·mL-1); CL, GENCS, GEN分别表示分离后GEN在液相和固相中的浓度(mg·mL-1); CL, DDZCS, DDZ分别表示分离后DDZ在液相和固相中的浓度(mg·mL-1)。
回收率R%由公式(2) 求得:
$ \begin{aligned} & R \%=\frac{W_{\mathrm{L}} \times P_{\mathrm{L}} \%}{W_{\mathrm{T}}} \times 100 \% \text { 或 } \\ & R \%=\frac{W_{\mathrm{S}} \times P_{\mathrm{S}} \%}{W_{\mathrm{T}}} \times 100 \% \end{aligned} $
其中, WLWS分别表示分离的上清液与沉淀干燥后的净重量(g); PLPS分别表示分离的上清液与沉淀中化合物的纯度(%); WT表示相应物料的起始投入量(g)。
统计学分析  实验数据用SPSS 22.0统计软件进行分析, 各组间数据采用多因素方差分析, 数据以x ± s表示, P < 0.05表示具有统计学意义。
图 3可知, PUE晶体在2θ = 6.44°、7.94°、11.58°、13.86°、15.88°、18.66°、21.04°、23.30°处具有特征衍射峰。GEN晶体的特征衍射峰在2θ = 7.50°、12.20°、12.74°、14.30°、15.40°、18.04°、22.46°、24.74°、28.72°。DDZ晶体在2θ = 10.44°、15.84°、17.04°、24.62°、25.29°、26.49°等处具有特征的衍射峰。CAF晶体的特征衍射峰在2θ = 11.84°、12.02°、26.46°、27.14°。PRO晶体的特征衍射峰在2θ = 15.25°、18.08°、18.45°、19.59°、22.73°、24.78°。PUE与CAF形成共晶后, PUE的特征峰大部分消失, 在2θ = 7.50°、9.40°、23.52°、24.00°等处出现了新的特征衍射峰。GEN与CAF形成共晶后, GEN的特征峰大部分消失, 2θ = 9.46°、20.18°、22.04°、26.34°、28.18°等处出现了新的特征衍射峰, 与文献[14]报道一致。PUE与PRO形成共晶后, 在2θ = 5.43°、7.56°、13.32°、19.16°、20.62°处出现了新的特征衍射峰, 表明产物均为新的固体形态, 可能形成了PUE-CAF、GEN-CAF及PUE-PRO共晶。
图 4可知, PUE晶体的DSC图谱上有2个吸热峰, 其中82.9 ℃处宽的吸热峰为脱水峰, 208.7 ℃处吸热峰为其熔融峰, 与文献[15, 16]报道一致。GEN晶体在305.6 ℃处有单一尖锐吸热熔融峰。CAF晶体在162.5 ℃处的吸热峰为αβ晶型转变峰, 吸热熔融峰在237.0 ℃[17]。PRO晶体在233.7 ℃有一尖锐吸热熔融峰。PUE-CAF共晶在194.0 ℃出现单一尖锐吸热熔融峰。GEN-CAF共晶在250.3 ℃出现单一尖锐吸热熔融峰, 与文献[14]报道一致。PUE-PRO共晶在179.5 ℃处有单一尖锐的吸热熔融峰, 表明形成了单一组分的共晶。
图 5可知, PUE晶体的ν(O-H)伸缩振动位于3 346、3 232 cm-1, ν(C=O)伸缩振动位于1 631 cm-1, 1 235 cm-1ν(C-O)伸缩振动。染料木素晶体ν(O-H)伸缩振动位于3 408 cm-1, ν(C=O)伸缩振动位于1 651 cm-1, 苯环的骨架ν(C=C)振动位于1 614和1 519 cm-1。酚羟基的键弯曲振动峰为1 309 cm-1, ν(C-O)伸缩振动位于1 202 cm-1, 与文献[18, 19]报道一致。CAF晶体苯环的ν(C-H)伸缩振动位于3 112 cm-1, ν(C=O)伸缩振动位于1 701和1 656 cm-1 [20]。PUE+CAF或GEN+CAF的物理混合物的红外图谱分别为二组分特征峰的简单叠加。PUE-CAF共晶中PUE O-H伸缩振动峰红移后与3 232 cm-1处的峰重合, 形成了3 378 cm-1处的宽峰。而CAF的ν(C=O)伸缩振动蓝移至1 659 cm-1。推测PUE的羟基与咖啡因的羰基形成了分子间氢键。
PUE-CAF共晶中GEN的ν(O-H)伸缩振动和CAF的ν(C-H)伸缩振动在3 196 cm-1处合并成了一个大宽峰; GEN ν(C=O)伸缩振动弱化消失; 苯环骨架C=C键的振动峰红移至1 602 cm-1; 酚羟基的O-H键弯曲振动峰红移至1 328 cm-1; ν(C-O)伸缩振动峰红移至1 244 cm-1。CAF的ν(C=O)伸缩振动峰红移至1 641 cm-1。推测GEN的C7位上的羟基与CAF的C2位上的羰基形成了分子间氢键, GEN的C5位上的羟基和C4位上的羰基形成了分子内氢键, 且GEN与CAF分子间存在π-π堆积[14]
PRO分子中羧酸基团的ν(O-H)吸收峰在3 064 cm-1处, ν(C-O)吸收峰在1 550 cm-1处, COO-基团的对称振动吸收峰位于1 622 cm-1。PRO与PUE物理混合物的红外图谱为二者特征峰的简单叠加。PUE-PRO共晶中PUE的酚羟基ν(O-H)吸收峰蓝移至3 360 cm-1, PUE的酚羟基上的ν(C-O)蓝移到1 250 cm-1, 并且峰形发生明显的宽化, PUE的酚羟基上δ(OH)的面外变形由611 cm-1变弱。而PRO羧基的ν(O-H)吸收峰蓝移至3 081 cm-1。推测PUE的酚羟基与PRO的羧基参与了PUE-PRO共晶中分子间氢键的形成。
PUE、GEN、DDZ的保留时间分别为4.2、21.8、14.3 min, 分离度均大于1.5, 各组分之间能达到有效分离, 表明该色谱条件专属性好, 分离效果良好。PUE的线性范围为6~401 μg·mL-1, 相关系数r = 1.000 0, GEN的线性范围为6~389 μg·mL-1, 相关系数r = 1.000 0, DDZ的线性范围为6~391 μg·mL-1, 相关系数r = 1.000 0。该方法分离度良好, 重复性好, 准确度高。
DDZ对GEN-CAF共晶形成的影响如图 6A所示。在GEN与DDZ甲醇溶液中, 加入等摩尔的CAF (1∶1∶1), 经磁力搅拌, 所析出产物(DGC样品) 的PXRD特征峰基本与GEN-CAF共晶一致, 这表明DDZ不会影响GEN-CAF共晶的形成。此外, 还在2θ = 10.44°、15.84°、17.04°、24.62°、25.29°处出现DDZ晶体的衍射峰, 表明在共晶析出的过程中, 伴随着部分DDZ晶体析出。
PUE对GEN-CAF共晶的形成影响如图 6B所示。在GEN与PUE甲醇溶液中, 加入等摩尔的CAF (1∶1∶1), 经磁力搅拌, 所析出产物(PGC样品) 的PXRD特征峰与GEN-CAF共晶一致, 同时缺少PUE-CAF共晶在2θ = 7.50°、15.88°、23.30°等处的特征峰, 表明在此三元体系中, CAF竞争性选择与GEN形成共晶, PUE不会影响GEN-CAF共晶的形成。
GEN或DDZ对PUE-PRO共晶形成的影响如图 6C所示。在GEN与PUE甲醇溶液中, 加入等摩尔的PRO (1∶1∶1), 经磁力搅拌, 所析出产物(GPP样品) 的PXRD特征峰与PUE-PRO共晶一致。在DDZ与PUE甲醇溶液中, 加入等摩尔的PRO (1∶1∶1), 经磁力搅拌, 所析出产物(DPP样品) 的PXRD特征峰与PUE-PRO共晶一致。这表明, GEN或DDZ不会影响PUE-PRO共晶的形成。
综上, 在含有GEN-PUE-DDZ的三元体系中, CAF与PUE、GEN均可形成共晶, 但优先与GEN形成共晶, PRO仅与PUE形成共晶。这为选用CAF与PRO为配体, 经共晶技术实现GEN-PUE-DDZ三元体系的分离纯化奠定了基础。
选择合适的溶剂使GEN-CAF共晶与GEN单体在溶剂中的溶解度具有较大的差异, 是得到高回收率共晶的前提条件。如表 1所示, 在甲醇、乙醇及乙腈中, GEN-CAF共晶的溶解度相比GEN晶体分别下降了87.32%、90.61%及55.45%, 相比之下, 乙腈不适于作为三元体系分离的溶剂。
对三元体系中PUE的分离是加入配体PRO进行搅拌反应, 使其形成PUE-PRO共晶以沉淀形式析出实现的。在甲醇、乙醇及甲醇-乙醇混合溶剂中, PUE-PRO共晶与PUE晶体相比, 溶解度分别下降了75.22%、90.02%及82.79%。
考虑到单体与共晶的溶解度差异大小会影响到实际分离时的分离效率, 后续将对比分析甲醇、乙醇及甲醇-乙醇混合溶剂的分离效果。
以CAF为配体时, GEN-PUE-DDZ三元体系中, CAF优先与GEN形成共晶, DDZ与PUE不会影响GEN-CAF共晶的形成(图 6)。因此, 选用CAF作为配体从三元体系中分离GEN (图 7), GEN-CAF共晶以沉淀的形式析出。由图 7A可知, 从母液A、B、C中析出的固体中GEN纯度分别为72%、44%和93%, 回收率分别为70%、80%和91%。母液A、C中的GEN均得到很好的分离, 母液B中GEN的纯度较低, 这可能是由于不同母液中GEN-CAF共晶与另两种组分间溶解度差异不同导致的。在沉淀析出过程中, 溶解度差异越大, 沉淀中目标成分纯度越高, 如在母液A、B中PUE溶解度分别是共晶的28.17、11.13倍(表 1), 在沉淀析出过程中, 母液B的PUE更易随共晶析出, GEN纯度较低。
图 7B所示, 经5.1项下第一步共结晶分离后, 3种母液上清液中PUE的纯度均在70%以上(母液A: 89%, 母液B: 80%, 母液C: 75%)。通过加入PRO进行第二步共结晶分离后, PUE-PRO共晶以沉淀形式析出, 沉淀中PUE纯度分别提高至99% (母液A)、96% (母液B)、96% (母液C), 同时回收率分别为65%、98%、69%, 即3种母液中的PUE均得到很好的沉淀分离, 说明共结晶的方式可提取体系中的PUE, 得到纯度均接近100%的PUE-PRO共晶。
同时, 经二次共结晶分离后, DDZ在上清液中的纯度也有很大程度的提高, 在母液A、B、C中分别提高了1.96、6.76和1.56倍(图 7C)。此分离步骤对上清液中DDZ的富集效应较差是由于共晶反应生产的PUE-PRO共晶在甲醇中具有一定溶解度(表 1), 上清液中残留的PUE的量仍较高, 所以在母液A和C中DDZ纯度比母液B中的低。
本研究验证了在复杂的中药体系中通过共晶分离技术可以实现PUE-GEN-DDZ的混合体系的有效分离纯化。通过共晶分离方法可得到纯度为93%的GEN-CAF共晶和纯度为99%的PUE-PRO共晶, 具有较高的回收率。同时, 该共晶分离方法具有操作步骤少、简单方便、易重复操作的优势, 对于运用现代晶体工程学前沿技术推动中药的传承与创新具有积极意义, 对于本研究提出的晶体学分离技术在更复杂的多元体系中的分离应用还有待于继续研究。
作者贡献: 李雪铭、卢燕负责实验操作、结果分析及撰写文章; 钱帅、庞遵霆负责实验操作、结果分析; 魏元锋负责修改文章。
利益冲突: 作者排名顺序无争议, 稿件不涉及泄密和知识产权争议。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81873012)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82074029)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82104401)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82274217)
  • 中国药科大学“双一流”建设项目(CPU2018GY11)
  • 中国药科大学“双一流”建设项目(CPU2018GY27)
  • 江苏省青年基金项目(SBK2020042291)
  • 中国博士后面上项目(2020M671665)
  • 中央高校基金资助项目(2632021ZD15)
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2023年第58卷第2期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0893
  • 接收时间:2022-07-22
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-02-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-07-22
  • 修回日期:2022-09-24
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81873012)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(82074029)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(82104401)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(82274217)
中国药科大学“双一流”建设项目(CPU2018GY11)
中国药科大学“双一流”建设项目(CPU2018GY27)
江苏省青年基金项目(SBK2020042291)
中国博士后面上项目(2020M671665)
中央高校基金资助项目(2632021ZD15)
作者信息
    中国药科大学中药学院, 江苏 南京 211198

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*魏元锋, Tel: 15251756256, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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