Article(id=1198624303353790747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624302414263267, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0801, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1656518400000, receivedDateStr=2022-06-30, revisedDate=1659974400000, revisedDateStr=2022-08-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763703903281, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1676131200000, pubDateStr=2023-02-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763703903281, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763703903281, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763703903281, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198624302414263267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='2', pageStart='235', pageEnd='468', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763703903058, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763704055811, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198624943157116946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624302414263267, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198624943161311251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198624302414263267, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=246, endPage=257, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198624303655780637, articleId=1198624303353790747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Exploring the safe and rational use of Epimedii Folium based on the evolution of efficacy/toxicity records in ancient and modern literature, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Epimedii Folium is a traditional non-toxic Chinese herbal medicine. However, liver injury caused by Chinese herb preparations, including Epimedii Folium, is frequently reported over the years. Based on ancient and modern literature, this paper systematically summarized and analyzed the safe application of Epimedii Folium from the perspectives of varieties, processing methods, clinical adverse reactions, pharmacological effects and toxic mechanism. Combined with our team work, we build the comprehensive prevention and control system "human-drug-application", for the safe and rational application of Epimedii Folium. This study is expected to provide support for scientific evaluation and precise prevention and control of the safety risk of Epimedii Folium.

, correspAuthors=Xiao-he XIAO, Zhao-fang BAI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yuan GAO, Jia-bo WANG, Xiao-he XIAO, Zhao-fang BAI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198624305262199077, articleId=1198624303353790747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=从古今文献效/毒记载演变探讨中药淫羊藿安全合理用药, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

淫羊藿是临床常用的传统“无毒”补益类中药, 但近年来淫羊藿相关制剂致肝损伤报道频发, 更有单味淫羊藿诱发肝损伤的临床病例报道, 为淫羊藿临床安全合理应用带来极大挑战。本文基于古今文献, 从品种、炮制方法、临床不良反应、药理作用、毒性机制等角度对淫羊藿安全应用进行较为系统的汇总分析, 并结合本课题组工作基础, 提出构建淫羊藿临床安全合理应用的“人-药-用”综合防控体系, 以期全面实现淫羊藿毒性的可防可控, 保证淫羊藿的临床安全性。

, correspAuthors=肖小河, 柏兆方, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
柏兆方, Tel: 86-10-66933322, E-mail: ;
*肖小河, E-mail:
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China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
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Name Model Dosage Time Reference
Epimedium brevicornu Maxim. Rat 0.86 g·kg-1 6 months [10]
1.71 g·kg-1
Epimedium koreanum Nakai 0.43 g·kg-1 3 months
1.29 g·kg-1 1 months
Epimedium sagittatum (Sieb.et Zucc.) Maxim. 0.43 g·kg-1 1 months
Epimedium pubescens Maxim. 0.86 g·kg-1 3 months
1.71 g·kg-1
Epimedium wushanense T. S. Ying 1.29 g·kg-1 1 months
Aqueous and alcohol extract of Epimedium ICR mice 80, 40, 20 g·kg-1 8 weeks [99]
Alcohol extract of Epimedium 80, 40, 20 g·kg-1
Epimedii Folium ICR mice 80 g·kg-1 Gavage once, observed 2 weeks [100]
CHO 15.63, 31.25, 62.5, 125.0 mg·mL-1 24 h
CHL 7.81, 15.63, 31.25, 62.5 mg·mL-1 24 h
L5178Y 156.25, 312.5, 625, 1 250 μg·mL-1 2 days
E95EE SD rat 17.1 g·L-1 20 days [101]
Icariin ICR mice 54 g·kg-1 gavage Morning/noon/night [103]
50, 66, 87, 115, 152, 200 mg·kg-1 intravenous administration Intravenous administration once, observed 14 days
Epimedium sagittatum (Sieb.et Zucc.) Maxi. Zebrafish 200, 500, 1 000, 1 500, 2 000 μg·mL-1 6 days [104]
Zhuanggu guanjiewan et al Beagle dog 3.0 g·kg-1 26 weeks [105]
Total flavones in Epimedium Wistar rat 1, 2, 4 g·kg-1 12 weeks [106]
Total flavones in Epimedium NIH mice 0.3 mL·10 g-1 Gavage once, observed 7 days [107]
Epimedii Folium SD rat (LPS model) 0.22 g·kg-1 1 day [108]
Icariside Ⅱ C57BL/6 mice
NLRP3-/- mice
50 mg·kg-1 1 day [11]
BMDMs 1, 2.5, 5 μmol·L-1 /
Icariside Ⅰ C57BL/6 mice 25, 50, 100 mg·kg-1 1 day [12]
BMDMs 5, 10, 20, 40 μmol·L-1 /
Epimedin B C57BL/6 mice 20, 40, 80 mg·kg-1 1 day [13]
BMDMs 10, 20, 40 μmol·L-1 /
), ArticleFig(id=1198702060653867876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198624303353790747, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

The mechanism of toxicity in Epimedii Folium. ICR: Institute of Cancer Research; CHO: Chinese Hamster oval cells; CHL: Chinese Hamster lung cells; LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; NLRP3: NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3; BMDMs: Bone marrow-derived macrophages

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Name Model Dosage Time Reference
Epimedium brevicornu Maxim. Rat 0.86 g·kg-1 6 months [10]
1.71 g·kg-1
Epimedium koreanum Nakai 0.43 g·kg-1 3 months
1.29 g·kg-1 1 months
Epimedium sagittatum (Sieb.et Zucc.) Maxim. 0.43 g·kg-1 1 months
Epimedium pubescens Maxim. 0.86 g·kg-1 3 months
1.71 g·kg-1
Epimedium wushanense T. S. Ying 1.29 g·kg-1 1 months
Aqueous and alcohol extract of Epimedium ICR mice 80, 40, 20 g·kg-1 8 weeks [99]
Alcohol extract of Epimedium 80, 40, 20 g·kg-1
Epimedii Folium ICR mice 80 g·kg-1 Gavage once, observed 2 weeks [100]
CHO 15.63, 31.25, 62.5, 125.0 mg·mL-1 24 h
CHL 7.81, 15.63, 31.25, 62.5 mg·mL-1 24 h
L5178Y 156.25, 312.5, 625, 1 250 μg·mL-1 2 days
E95EE SD rat 17.1 g·L-1 20 days [101]
Icariin ICR mice 54 g·kg-1 gavage Morning/noon/night [103]
50, 66, 87, 115, 152, 200 mg·kg-1 intravenous administration Intravenous administration once, observed 14 days
Epimedium sagittatum (Sieb.et Zucc.) Maxi. Zebrafish 200, 500, 1 000, 1 500, 2 000 μg·mL-1 6 days [104]
Zhuanggu guanjiewan et al Beagle dog 3.0 g·kg-1 26 weeks [105]
Total flavones in Epimedium Wistar rat 1, 2, 4 g·kg-1 12 weeks [106]
Total flavones in Epimedium NIH mice 0.3 mL·10 g-1 Gavage once, observed 7 days [107]
Epimedii Folium SD rat (LPS model) 0.22 g·kg-1 1 day [108]
Icariside Ⅱ C57BL/6 mice
NLRP3-/- mice
50 mg·kg-1 1 day [11]
BMDMs 1, 2.5, 5 μmol·L-1 /
Icariside Ⅰ C57BL/6 mice 25, 50, 100 mg·kg-1 1 day [12]
BMDMs 5, 10, 20, 40 μmol·L-1 /
Epimedin B C57BL/6 mice 20, 40, 80 mg·kg-1 1 day [13]
BMDMs 10, 20, 40 μmol·L-1 /
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从古今文献效/毒记载演变探讨中药淫羊藿安全合理用药
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高源 1 , 王伽伯 1 , 肖小河 2, 3, * , 柏兆方 2, 3, *
药学学报 | 综述 2023,58(2): 246-257
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药学学报 | 综述 2023, 58(2): 246-257
从古今文献效/毒记载演变探讨中药淫羊藿安全合理用药
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高源1, 王伽伯1, 肖小河2, 3, * , 柏兆方2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1.首都医科大学中医药学院, 北京 100069
  • 2.中国人民解放军总医院第五医学中心, 全军中医药研究所, 北京 100039
  • 3.中国人民解放军总医院第五医学中心, 肝病医学部, 北京100039

通讯作者:

柏兆方, Tel: 86-10-66933322, E-mail: ;
*肖小河, E-mail:
Exploring the safe and rational use of Epimedii Folium based on the evolution of efficacy/toxicity records in ancient and modern literature
Yuan GAO1, Jia-bo WANG1, Xiao-he XIAO2, 3, * , Zhao-fang BAI2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
  • 2. China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
  • 3. Senior Department of Hepatology, the Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
出版时间: 2023-02-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0801
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淫羊藿是临床常用的传统“无毒”补益类中药, 但近年来淫羊藿相关制剂致肝损伤报道频发, 更有单味淫羊藿诱发肝损伤的临床病例报道, 为淫羊藿临床安全合理应用带来极大挑战。本文基于古今文献, 从品种、炮制方法、临床不良反应、药理作用、毒性机制等角度对淫羊藿安全应用进行较为系统的汇总分析, 并结合本课题组工作基础, 提出构建淫羊藿临床安全合理应用的“人-药-用”综合防控体系, 以期全面实现淫羊藿毒性的可防可控, 保证淫羊藿的临床安全性。

淫羊藿  /  毒性  /  安全性  /  病证毒理学  /  合理用药

Epimedii Folium is a traditional non-toxic Chinese herbal medicine. However, liver injury caused by Chinese herb preparations, including Epimedii Folium, is frequently reported over the years. Based on ancient and modern literature, this paper systematically summarized and analyzed the safe application of Epimedii Folium from the perspectives of varieties, processing methods, clinical adverse reactions, pharmacological effects and toxic mechanism. Combined with our team work, we build the comprehensive prevention and control system "human-drug-application", for the safe and rational application of Epimedii Folium. This study is expected to provide support for scientific evaluation and precise prevention and control of the safety risk of Epimedii Folium.

Epimedii Folium  /  toxicity  /  security  /  disease-syndrome-based toxicology  /  the rational use of drugs
高源, 王伽伯, 肖小河, 柏兆方. 从古今文献效/毒记载演变探讨中药淫羊藿安全合理用药. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (2) : 246 -257 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0801
Yuan GAO, Jia-bo WANG, Xiao-he XIAO, Zhao-fang BAI. Exploring the safe and rational use of Epimedii Folium based on the evolution of efficacy/toxicity records in ancient and modern literature[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (2) : 246 -257 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0801
淫羊藿又名仙灵脾, 2020年版《中国药典》记载, 淫羊藿为小檗科植物淫羊藿Epimedium brevicornu Maxim.、箭叶淫羊藿Epimedium sagittatum (Sieb.et Zucc.) Maxim.、柔毛淫羊藿Epimedium pubescens Maxim.或朝鲜淫羊藿Epimedium koreanum Nakai的干燥叶。淫羊藿始载于《神农本草经》, 列为中品, 具有补肾阳、强筋骨、祛风湿的功效, 是临床常用的传统“无毒”补益类中药, 目前已开发形成300余种中成药制剂。但近年来淫羊藿相关制剂致肝损伤现象屡见报道, 更有单味淫羊藿诱发肝损伤的临床病例报道, 为其临床安全合理用药带来极大挑战。本文结合古今文献记载对淫羊藿毒-效关系演变及其研究进展进行综述, 以期为淫羊藿临床安全合理用药及制剂开发提供科学指导和支持。
历代本草对淫羊藿的形态都有较为细致的记载[1], 唐《新修本草》卷第八在《本草经集注》的基础上对淫羊藿形态进行了描述“此草, 叶形似小豆而圆薄, 茎细亦坚, 所在皆有, 俗名仙灵脾者是也”。宋《本草图经》记载淫羊藿“叶青似杏, 叶上有刺; 茎如粟秆; 根紫色有须; 四月开花白色, 亦有紫色, 碎小独头子; 五月采叶, 晒干。湖湘出者, 叶如小豆, 枝茎紧细, 经冬不凋, 根似黄连。关中俗呼三枝九叶草, 苗高一、二尺许, 根叶俱堪使”。明《本草纲目》记载淫羊藿“豆叶曰藿, 此叶似之, 故亦名藿。仙灵脾、千两金、放杖、刚前, 皆言其功力也。鸡筋、黄连祖, 皆因其根形也。柳子厚文作仙灵毗, 入脐曰毗, 此物补下, 于理尤通”、“淫羊藿, 味甘气香, 性温不寒, 能益精气, 乃手足阳明、三焦、命门药也。真阳不足者, 宜之”。清《本草崇原》则记载“淫羊藿出上郡阳山山谷, 江东陕西、泰山、汉中、湖湘间皆有。茎高一二尺, 一茎三桠, 一桠三叶, 叶似杏叶, 上有刺, 关中呼为三枝九叶草。枝茎细劲, 经冬不凋, 四月开白花, 亦有紫花者, 生处不闻水声者良”。可见, 历代医家对淫羊藿的形态、产地等已经有了初步的认识, 认为淫羊藿“不闻水声者乃良”, “出上郡阳山山谷, 江东陕西、泰山、汉中、湖湘间皆有”等, 但尚未认识到淫羊藿的种属差异。现阶段, 我国淫羊藿产区分为4大产区: 东北区、西北华北区、华东华南区、西南区[2-4]。朝鲜淫羊藿主要分布在东北区(吉林省、辽宁省), 且该种药典检测成分(淫羊藿苷类) 含量最高, 所以质量最好, 价格最高; 柔毛淫羊藿主要分布在陕西、四川、湖北、甘肃等地; 箭叶淫羊藿在这几个种中分布最广, 且和粗毛淫羊藿较难鉴别; 淫羊藿主要分布在甘肃、河南等地; 巫山淫羊藿分布地区则较少, 仅集中分布在重庆、四川、陕西等地。此外, 2020版《中国药典》规定, 淫羊藿药材主要检测淫羊藿苷和总黄酮的含量, 而朝藿定C为巫山淫羊藿的含量测定指标成分。但不同品种的淫羊藿, 因产地不同、采收期不同、加工方法不同等因素的影响, 其淫羊藿苷和总黄酮含量相差较大, 特别是淫羊藿苷往往并不是大部分淫羊藿中含量最高的成分[4-9]。此外, 通过均匀设计结合多元回归分析研究发现, 朝鲜淫羊藿及巫山淫羊藿存在潜在肝毒性, 并与提取工艺、给药剂量、用药疗程等密切相关[10]。也有研究发现淫羊藿次苷Ⅰ、淫羊藿次苷Ⅱ、朝藿定B也有导致肝损伤的风险[11, 12, 13]。综上, 淫羊藿用药历史悠久, 但现阶段其药材质量参差不齐, 对于其毒性与品种等的关系缺乏系列研究。
淫羊藿炮制方法主要有炒、酒炙、盐炙、蜜水炙、米泔水浸、酥油制、羊脂油炙等, 而以羊脂油炙最为常见, 比如《雷公炮炙论》记载: “凡使, 时呼仙灵脾, 须用夹刀夹去叶四畔花栨尽后, 细锉, 用羊脂相对拌炒过, 待羊脂尽为度。每修事一斤, 用羊脂四两为度也”。《本草乘雅半偈》也记载, 淫羊藿“每斤用羊脂四两拌炒, 待脂尽为度。薯蓣、紫芝为之使。得酒良”。《本草求真》认为淫羊藿需“羊脂拌炒。山药为使。得酒良”。《本草述钩元》曰, 淫羊藿“每斤用羊脂四两拌炒。脂尽为度。山药紫芝为之使。得酒良”。2020版《中国药典》所载的炮制方法: “淫羊藿: 除去杂质, 摘取叶片, 喷淋清水, 稍润, 切丝, 干燥。炙淫羊藿: 取羊脂油加热熔化, 加入淫羊藿丝, 用文火炒至均匀有光泽, 取出, 放凉。每100 kg淫羊藿, 用羊脂油(炼油) 20 kg”。可见, 以羊脂油炙淫羊藿的炮制方法历史悠久, 沿用至今。
现阶段, 针对炙淫羊藿是否增效等进行了系列研究。有研究[14]对比了不同品质的羊脂油炙淫羊藿对肾阳虚证小鼠的温肾阳作用, 结果表明, 炙淫羊藿炮制品温肾阳作用优于生品淫羊藿, 而不同品质的羊脂油对炙淫羊藿的温肾阳药效均有一定影响, 但差异不具显著性。而淫羊藿总黄酮及淫羊藿苷的含量变化也与炮制工艺等密切相关[15]。现阶段, 淫羊藿的炮制以羊脂油炙淫羊藿或酒炙淫羊藿为主, 淫羊藿经炮制后可显著提高淫羊藿活性成分含量[16]。此外, 基于代谢组学的研究认为, 炙淫羊藿确实具有增强温肾助阳功效的作用[17]。除了对炙淫羊藿的增效进行对比研究外, 多个课题组也开展了炙淫羊藿增效机制研究。有研究比较了不同巫山淫羊藿炮制品中朝藿定C、淫羊藿苷、淫羊藿次苷Ⅱ的油水分配系数, 发现羊脂油炮制后有利于上述成分的分布吸收, 并推测这可能是巫山淫羊藿炮制后增效的作用机制之一[18]。基于黄酮成分吸收代谢的炙淫羊藿炮制机制研究也发现, 炮制加热后可以使淫羊藿主要活性成分的含量发生变化, 能产生更多易于吸收的生物活性黄酮[19]。而淫羊藿炮制后对动物的基础与能量代谢都有促进作用[20]。也有研究从肠道吸收代谢的角度提出了淫羊藿炮制机制研究的新思路, 加热炮制可使淫羊藿黄酮脱去糖基, 提高黄酮渗透性, 同时淫羊藿苷在体内会被水解成宝藿苷Ⅰ, 使之更易吸收, 从而提高淫羊藿的临床疗效[21]。除上述研究之外, 也有研究称朝鲜淫羊藿经羊脂油炮制前后其总黄酮含量基本不变[22]。而淫羊藿饮片经加热炮制后, 淫羊藿苷含量均有不同程度的下降, 提示淫羊藿加热炮制后可能促使淫羊藿苷加速分解[23]。综上所述, 现阶段对于淫羊藿炮制机制的科学内涵及化学物质基础变化研究尚未达成共识, 但大多数研究认为淫羊藿炮制后主要可起到增效的作用, 且并未出现毒性反应。
随着淫羊藿及其相关制剂在临床的广泛应用, 近年来淫羊藿相关制剂致肝损伤现象屡见报道。特别是, 国家药品不良反应监测中心通报[24, 25], 治疗风湿骨病类常用中成药壮骨关节丸和仙灵骨葆均具有引起肝损伤的风险[26]。壮骨关节丸和仙灵骨葆处方有较大相似性, 均含较多促进免疫的中药, 共有药味4个: 淫羊藿、补骨脂、续断、地黄。临床报道壮骨关节丸和仙灵骨葆肝损伤发病特点较为相似, 提示具有较强促进免疫作用的共有药味可能与壮骨关节丸和仙灵骨葆肝损伤密切相关。有文献报道认为淫羊藿、补骨脂是壮骨关节丸肝损伤的主要因素, 还有病例报道单味淫羊藿和补骨脂引起肝损伤的情况, 提示淫羊藿、补骨脂可能与壮骨关节丸和仙灵骨葆肝损伤有重要关联性[27-30]。此外, 壮骨关节丸和仙灵骨葆也有明确的临床不良反应报道, 有文献[31]报道了仙灵骨葆致急性药物性肝损伤的病例, 此病例中, 患者发病2次, 均有仙灵骨葆的用药史, 且无其他用药史, 排除其他肝病后诊断为仙灵骨葆导致的急性药物性肝损伤。也有报道称, 一名患者使用仙灵骨葆20余天导致了重度肝损伤[32]。有多项研究分别收集了壮骨关节丸致急性肝损伤的病例, 通过分析发现, 壮骨关节丸虽可致肝损伤, 但其停药后可恢复, 预后良好[33, 34]。有研究报告了2例壮骨关节丸致肝损伤病例, 其临床表现以黄疸为主[35]。宋晓静[36]、江晓静等[37]则均报告了1例壮骨关节丸致肝损伤病例。也有多个报道称壮骨关节丸可诱发荨麻疹, 但停药后即可消退[38-40]。壮骨关节丸也有导致个别患者出现过敏性紫癜或血尿的不良反应[41, 42]。通过上述肝损伤病例报道发现, 壮骨关节丸和仙灵骨葆致肝损伤的病例并未出现超说明书大剂量使用或超疗程使用的现象, 其药物性肝损伤的发生或与患者机体等因素密切相关。王丹等[43]还对壮骨关节丸和仙灵骨葆毒性进行了回顾性对比研究: 壮骨关节丸和仙灵骨葆主要表现均为肝损伤, 且与淫羊藿在毒性及不良反应表现上相似, 推测壮骨关节丸和仙灵骨葆的毒性与所含药物淫羊藿密切相关, 淫羊藿可能是导致壮骨关节丸和仙灵骨葆肝毒性的主要原因。除此之外, HBV携带者服用淫羊藿致慢性药物性肝损伤的病例分析发现, 长期口服淫羊藿煎液可造成药物性肝损伤, 但该药物性肝损伤是可以临床治愈的[30]。综上, 淫羊藿及其相关制剂临床确实存在致肝损伤的风险, 有必要开展全面的毒性物质基础及机制研究, 开展基于临床真实世界的前瞻性、大样本、反巢式病例对照研究。此外, 淫羊藿相关中成药制剂比如壮骨关节丸、仙灵骨葆等必须在中医药理论指导下, 经过辨证论治, 对患者症状、体征等进行综合分析, 辨明病因、病性、部位等, 再确定相应的治疗方法、选择药物等, 才能有效规避中药临床不良反应, 保障中药临床安全应用。
淫羊藿用药历史悠久, 根据本草、医经、方书及第五版《中华医典》调研, 《神农本草经》记载: 淫羊藿“味辛, 寒。主阳痿绝伤, 茎中痛, 利小便, 益气力, 强志。一名刚前。生山谷”。《本草经集注》将淫羊藿列为草木中品, 云: “味辛, 寒, 无毒。主治阴痿, 绝伤, 茎中痛, 利小便, 益气力, 强志。坚筋骨, 消瘰疬, 赤痈, 下部有疮洗出虫, 丈夫久服, 令人无子。一名刚前。生上郡阳山山谷。薯蓣为之使。服此使人好为阴阳。西川北部有淫羊一日百遍合, 盖食藿所致, 故名淫羊藿”。《滇南本草》云, 淫羊藿“兴阳草, 生山中, 月白绿叶, 上有粉霜, 边上有刺, 根类阳物。味辛, 性温。入足少阴、足厥阴二经。主治凡阳事不举、痿缩不升、久无子嗣者, 服之可以兴阳治痿, 其应如响。采草去刺为末, 如桐子大, 每服三钱, 可以复有子嗣”。之后的历代本草、医经等都对淫羊藿的功能主治有类似的记载, 大多认为淫羊藿可补肾壮阳, 益精气, 坚筋骨, 强心力, 且古文献并没有毒性相关记载。
淫羊藿主要含有淫羊藿总黄酮、多糖、生物碱等多种活性成分, 研究称其有效成分具有拟雌激素样作用, 可上调激素受体的表达, 从而达到“补肾”作用: 淫羊藿煎剂可使雌性小鼠子宫增重, 雌二醇含量升高, 雄性小鼠血清睾酮含量升高[44]。而淫羊藿苷有雄性激素样作用, 其不仅可促进幼年小鼠附睾及精囊腺的发育, 还可促进睾酮的基础分泌及环磷酸腺苷的生成[45]。也有研究表明淫羊藿苷可使阴茎勃起[46]。淫羊藿总黄酮可使去卵巢大鼠的下丘脑和海马区雌激素受体αβ mRNA的表达明显升高[47]。利用大鼠卵泡颗粒细胞及肾上腺皮质细胞发现, 淫羊藿苷在一定剂量下(30、100、300、1 000 μg·L-1) 可促进雌二醇及皮质酮的分泌[48]。此外多项研究表明, 淫羊藿及其活性成分对生殖系统具有保护作用: 淫羊藿可预防糖皮质激素所致的肾脏损害[49]。淫羊藿苷不仅能保护D-半乳糖所致的大鼠睾丸损伤[50], 还可保护糖尿病所致的睾丸损伤[51], 也可使肾阳虚大鼠血清皮质醇含量升高[52]。也有报道称, 淫羊藿能减轻化疗所造成的附睾损伤, 并在一定程度上保护生殖功能[53]。现阶段, 大部分研究表明, 淫羊藿及其活性成分不仅可以“补肾壮阳”, 还具有一定的保护生殖系统的作用, 在生殖系统方面并没有表现出明显的毒性作用。
诸多研究表明, 淫羊藿及其有效成分可抑制破骨细胞活化、抗骨质疏松、促进成骨细胞分化、增加成骨细胞蛋白表达等。淫羊藿总黄酮可直接促进成骨细胞的增殖, 且剂量与作用呈正相关[54]。淫羊藿苷对UMR106细胞的增殖作用最为显著, 此外, 朝藿定B及朝藿定C也表现出一定的促进作用, 说明某些淫羊藿黄酮类成分具有潜在的抗骨质疏松活性[55]。基于乳腺癌骨转移大鼠模型发现, 淫羊藿能够减轻癌性骨痛, 并抑制破骨细胞的过度激活[56]。而基于去势大鼠模型等发现, 淫羊藿可通过增加成骨细胞活性、减少破骨细胞生成等起到治疗骨质疏松的作用, 表明淫羊藿为治疗绝经后骨质疏松症的补充和替代药物[57]。淫羊藿黄酮类化合物可促进造骨细胞的发育, 其中淫羊藿苷可能是促进成骨细胞分化的有效活性成分[58]。也有研究发现淫羊藿总黄酮代谢产物可促进成骨细胞的增殖与分化[59]。而淫羊藿总黄酮对成骨细胞中骨保护素(OPG) 和核因子κ B受体活化因子配体(RANKL) mRNA基因表达的影响研究发现, 淫羊藿总黄酮可治疗骨质疏松症[60]。淫羊藿苷也可通过调节BMP-2/Smad4 (bone morphogenetic protein-2/small mother against decapentaplegic 4) 信号转导途径促进骨形成[61], 还可促进骨髓基质干细胞的成骨性分化[62]。综上, 淫羊藿对骨代谢有积极的调节作用, 并没有发现其活性成分对于骨代谢有明显的毒性。但临床报道, 临床常用的治疗骨关节病的中成药制剂壮骨关节丸、仙灵骨葆胶囊具有致肝损伤的风险, 且淫羊藿是壮骨关节丸、仙灵骨葆致肝损伤的主要风险药物。
现代药理研究表明, 淫羊藿总黄酮可促进免疫细胞分泌淋巴因子, 提高免疫力: 淫羊藿总黄酮可拮抗羟基脲抑制模型小鼠白介素(interleukin, IL)-2、自然杀伤(natural killer, NK) 细胞的细胞活性, 对免疫功能低下小鼠具有很好的免疫促进作用[63]。淫羊藿总黄酮也可使T细胞增殖从而促进IL-2、肿瘤坏死因子α (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α) 的分泌[64]还可促进体液免疫[65]。淫羊藿甲醇提取物的免疫调节作用研究发现, 低浓度的淫羊藿甲醇提取物(0.1和1 μg·mL-1) 可显著增强伴刀豆球蛋白A (Con A) 引发的脾细胞和胸腺细胞增殖[66]。而淫羊藿苷可促进小鼠脾脏淋巴细胞转化功能, 促进NK细胞活性[67]。淫羊藿苷和淫羊藿多糖可显著提高巨噬细胞的吞噬功能, 提高T细胞活性, 促进B淋巴细胞增殖[68]。淫羊藿含有的一些多糖、苷类等成分具有一定的免疫活性, 可增强或抑制机体的免疫功能, 调节机体免疫稳态。但近年来, 也有研究称淫羊藿所含的淫羊藿次苷Ⅰ、淫羊藿次苷Ⅱ可通过增强机体免疫, 诱发肝脏损伤[11, 12]。淫羊藿作为临床常用的补益类药物, 临床长期应用是否可以激活免疫, 导致免疫失衡也未可知。
近年来, 淫羊藿活性成分的抗肿瘤作用得到广泛关注: 淫羊藿主要活性成分淫羊藿苷, 其主要通过抑制肿瘤细胞增殖, 诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡发挥作用[69]。淫羊藿苷可下调肝癌细胞株HepG2细胞内凋亡蛋白质FLIP (FLICE inhibitory-protein) mRNA的水平[70], 还可抑制肿瘤细胞黏附、侵袭, 使肿瘤组织坏死[71], 并能呈浓度依赖性诱导细胞G0/G1期阻滞、凋亡, 同时下调SMMC-7721细胞PCNA (prolife-rating cell nuclear antigen) 蛋白和Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma-2) 蛋白的表达[72]。淫羊藿苷对甲状腺癌[73]、食管癌[74]等也均有不同程度的抑制作用。淫羊藿苷还可提高儿童或成人扁桃体单核细胞杀伤活性[75]。除此之外, 淫羊藿苷、宝藿苷Ⅰ等可抑制人肝癌细胞株和人乳腺癌细胞株的增殖[76]。而基于肝癌细胞株H22构建的小鼠体内荷移植瘤模型发现, 淫羊藿苷中剂量组(4.5 mg·kg-1) 抑瘤效果最好[77]
多项研究表明, 淫羊藿素是潜在的抗肿瘤小分子靶向药物, 在人肝细胞癌、内皮细胞癌等肿瘤中具有抑制肿瘤生长、抑制肿瘤细胞活力等作用[78, 79]。Tao等[80]对淫羊藿素治疗肝细胞癌的机制进行了探索, 研究发现, 淫羊藿素可下调肿瘤相关的脾脏髓外造血(EMH) 功能, 从而减少骨髓来源的抑制性细胞(MDSCs) 的生成和活化, 淫羊藿素可能成为一种新的有效治疗肝癌的辅助药物, 甚至是一种独立的治疗药物。也有研究表明, 淫羊藿素可能是一种治疗肝细胞癌的免疫调节药物, 可通过线粒体自噬与凋亡诱发免疫原性细胞死亡(ICD), 而低剂量的淫羊藿素和多柔比星联用即可起到较好的治疗作用[81]。值得注意的是, 从淫羊藿中提取出来的活性成分淫羊藿素(阿可拉定软胶囊) 已于2022年批准上市, 临床上主要适用于既往未接受过全身系统性治疗的不可切除的肝细胞癌。Hao等[82]也认为淫羊藿素是一种较好的抗肿瘤免疫抑制剂, 主要通过促进CD8 T细胞而发挥抗黑色素瘤和结直肠癌的作用。也有多项研究表明, 淫羊藿素可通过PI3K/AKT、JAK/STAT3、MAPK/ERK/JNK等治疗血液系统恶性肿瘤[83-86]。此外, 淫羊藿素也可通过PI3K/AKT信号通路, 抑制非小细胞肺癌H460细胞的增殖[87]
有研究称, 淫羊藿次苷Ⅱ可通过下调MDSCs比例、减弱其免疫抑制活性, 改善机体炎性微环境, 阻碍血管生长, 从而发挥显著抗肺癌作用[88]。Choi等[89]发现淫羊藿次苷Ⅱ可应用于缺氧诱导因子-1α所致的各种疾病。研究者考查了淫羊藿次苷Ⅱ对3种肿瘤细胞株增殖的抑制作用该研究表明淫羊藿次苷Ⅱ有较好的抗癌活性[90]。淫羊藿次苷Ⅱ还可通过Notch1/PTEN/FAK抑制舌鳞状细胞癌的上皮间质转化[91]。此外, 淫羊藿总黄酮在一定程度上也可抑制肿瘤细胞的生长[92]。但也有研究表明, 淫羊藿次苷Ⅰ、淫羊藿次苷Ⅱ、朝藿定B等可通过特异性增强ATP和尼日利亚菌素(nigericin) 介导的NLRP3 (NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3) 炎症小体活性诱发肝损伤[11-13]。淫羊藿及其活性成分具有较好的抗肿瘤作用, 但在发挥抗肿瘤作用的同时, 也有部分活性物质如淫羊藿次苷Ⅰ、淫羊藿次苷Ⅱ、朝藿定B等具有致肝损伤的风险, 淫羊藿是否可以通过其毒性作用而达到抑制肿瘤的作用还有待进一步研究。
研究显示, 淫羊藿及其活性成分还具有延缓衰老的作用: 如淫羊藿能明显提高老龄动物下丘脑中5-羟色胺(5-HT)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)、多巴胺(DA) 的含量, 并改善学习记忆行为, 表明淫羊藿可通过调节中枢神经递质、改善学习记忆等延缓脑组织衰老[93]。也有报道称淫羊藿具有抗氧化、抗衰老的作用[94]。淫羊藿植物雌激素对更年期症状则更为有效[95]。淫羊藿对衰老动物下丘脑神经递质的老年性变化也有明显的延缓作用[96]。此外, 淫羊藿总黄酮可提高肝脏总超氧化物歧化酶活性, 减少肝脏脂质过氧化物形成, 从而延缓衰老[97]
基于上述体内、体外研究等发现, 淫羊藿及其多种活性成分在抗骨质疏松、抗肿瘤、抗衰老、调节免疫、保护生殖系统等方面均具有一定的作用。与此同时, 研究者也发现淫羊藿及其活性成分在发挥不同生理作用时, 并没有特别明确的剂量/浓度依赖关系, 如有研究发现低剂量的淫羊藿苷、淫羊藿素等相较于高剂量可发挥较好的抗肿瘤作用等。此外, 淫羊藿相关药物性肝损伤研究也发现, 当机体处于免疫应激状态时, 淫羊藿及其某些活性成分才可诱发肝损伤。因此, 淫羊藿及其活性成分在临床应用过程中, 应综合考量机体因素等的影响。
目前, 根据主要成因和作用方式分析, 药物毒性可分为3种类型, 既有传统熟知的固有型毒性(intrinsic toxicity), 还有鲜有关注的特异质毒性(idiosyncratic toxicity) 和间接型毒性(indirect toxicity)[98, 99]。药物固有型毒性, 也称药物直接毒性, 指由药物固有毒性物质成分造成的直接损伤, 具有剂量依赖、可以预测等特点, 在正常动物上可以复制出毒性反应。多个课题组开展了淫羊藿固有型毒性研究: 有研究运用均匀设计结合多元回归分析的方法对淫羊藿肝毒性进行挖掘, 结果表明朝鲜淫羊藿、巫山淫羊藿肝毒性较强[10]。而长期毒性研究表明, 给予大剂量淫羊藿提取物对小鼠有一定的毒副作用[100]。有课题组对淫羊藿进行了较系统的安全性评价, 结果提示, 淫羊藿的半数致死量(LD50) > 80 g·kg-1, 中国仓鼠卵巢细胞CHO、中国仓鼠肺细胞CHL的半数抑制浓度(IC50) 分别为55.4、19.53 g·L-1, 该研究证实了淫羊藿在较高剂量下对CHO和CHL可表现出一定的细胞毒性[101]。此外, 也有研究基于代谢组学的研究方法发现, 淫羊藿95%乙醇洗脱部位(E95EE) 对正常大鼠的神经系统、免疫系统、心血管系统及肿瘤疾病的发生虽有一定的保护作用, 但也存在潜在毒性[102]。有课题组测定了多种天然药物成分在鸡胚成纤维细胞体外培养中的最大安全浓度, 其中淫羊藿多糖、淫羊藿黄酮的最大安全浓度为97.656 mg·L-1[103]。淫羊藿苷灌胃给药及静脉给药的急性毒性安全性评价研究表明, 淫羊藿苷静脉给药LD50为97 mg·kg-1, 而淫羊藿苷灌胃给药无法测出LD50, 表明在淫羊藿苷急性毒性安全性评价中, 灌胃给药更安全[104]。而箭叶淫羊藿在500 μg·mL-1及以上质量浓度时, 可导致斑马鱼脏器变形或死亡, 其毒性与给药剂量浓度和时间相关[105] (表 1)[10-13, 100-102, 104-109]
但与此同时, 也有课题组在对壮骨关节丸致肝损伤的研究中发现淫羊藿并无明显毒性[106]。有课题组研究发现淫羊藿总黄酮并无明显的长期毒性, 在急性毒性研究中发现灌胃小鼠淫羊藿总黄酮最大耐受剂量相当于人临床日用量的1 440倍, 提示淫羊藿总黄酮急性毒性也较弱[107, 108]。综上所述, 基于固有型毒性认知理念的淫羊藿毒性研究已取得了系列研究进展, 与此同时, 研究者也发现现有的固有毒性认知理论指导下的淫羊藿毒性研究, 并不能精准、有效、全面地解决现有淫羊藿的“毒性”问题, 如临床上淫羊藿及其制剂壮骨关节丸、仙灵骨葆等的毒性反应并不具有药物剂量依赖性及可预测性, 并不能真正地做到安全风险可防可控等。可见, 随着对药物毒性认知的深入, 药物固有毒性的研究已不能全面系统认识中药毒性。
药物特异质型毒性, 也称药物特异质反应。此类药物无明显的直接毒性, 其发生主要与患者的遗传、代谢或免疫的特异体质(遗传背景) 相关, 仅在极少数易感个体下引起损伤作用, 缺少剂量依赖关系、个体差异极大、难以预测的特点导致在正常动物模型上难以复制其毒性反应。相比于固有型毒性, 诱导特异质型毒性和间接型毒性的中药物质往往没有明显的直接毒性, 传统的毒理学模式和方法对此难以进行有效的评价和研究。本课题组提出并建立了关联临床病证的中药安全性评价模式和方法―病证毒理学(disease-syndrome-based toxicology, DSBT), 即以临床真实世界和“拟临床”的病证模型、易感性模型为评价载体, 对比研究“有毒”中药在正常状态和不同病证状态下的体内过程和命运、毒效应答差异和规律、毒效转化关系和机制以及风险获益比(risk-benefit ratio), 从而全面、科学、准确地评价“有毒”中药的安全性, 并指导制定有针对性的安全风险防控对策。病证毒理学理论和研究方法已成功应用于淫羊藿、何首乌、补骨脂等中药的肝毒性客观评价及毒效关系转化研究。
以淫羊藿研究为例, 在病证毒理学指导下, 课题组首先发现当机体处于免疫应激状态时, 壮骨关节丸可导致肝损伤, 免疫应激等机体免疫异常活化状态可能是壮骨关节丸诱导特异质肝损伤的主要病证基础, 而免疫应激状态下, 壮骨关节丸中淫羊藿、补骨脂均可诱导特异质肝损伤, 且淫羊藿配伍补骨脂较两者单独应用所致肝损伤更为严重[109, 110]。在此基础上, 该课题组提出淫羊藿具有免疫特异质肝损伤属性[109], 并对其致肝损伤机制进行研究, 淫羊藿主要通过特异性活化天然免疫而产生毒性反应, 具体来讲, 淫羊藿中淫羊藿次苷Ⅰ、淫羊藿次苷Ⅱ、朝藿定B等多个成分可通过特异性增强ATP和nigericin介导的NLRP3炎症小体活性诱发肝损伤。同时, 实验表明, 淫羊藿次苷Ⅱ具有一定的直接肝细胞毒性并可诱导细胞释放ATP等损伤相关分子, 由此可见, 淫羊藿主要通过免疫活性成分协同直接毒性成分诱发NLRP3炎症小体持续活化从而诱发免疫特异质肝损伤[11, 12]。综上, 本课题组提出了淫羊藿诱导特异质肝损伤的成因机制假说, 即“当机体处于特定因素诱导的NLRP3炎症小体活化状态时, 淫羊藿中活化NLRP3炎症小体的成分协同直接毒性成分诱发持续的NLRP3炎症小体活化及级联反应, 从而导致广泛免疫炎症反应和肝实质细胞损伤, 最终导致特异质肝损伤发生。”在病证毒理学的指导下, 本课题组全面系统地阐明了淫羊藿致免疫特异质肝损伤的机制和特点, 为从机体免疫角度开展传统“无毒”中药特异质肝损伤的客观辨识与风险防控研究提供了基础和依据(图 1)[111]
本课题组的系列传统“无毒”中药研究表明, 针对不同类型中药肝损伤的机制和特点, 通过筛查易感人群可实现辨证用药避毒, 通过解析致毒机制可指导配伍减毒, 通过阐明易感物质可指导炮制减毒和安全性质量控制。因此, 中药安全风险是相对的、有条件的, 具有较强的可调适性, 可从不同环节阻断中药安全风险的传递链, 有效规避中药临床应用的安全性风险。本课题组首次提出并构建了基于易感人群辨识、易感物质质量控制、临床精准用药为综合防控手段的中药安全性风险“人-药-用”三维警戒技术体系, 推动中药安全风险防控从“以药找毒”向结合“因人避毒”方向转变[99, 111, 112]
具体来讲, 从“人”角度, 针对淫羊藿致特异质肝损伤的机制和特点, 提出并警示伴有免疫炎症或为自身免疫性疾病, 尤其是NLRP3炎症小体活化相关病证(如痛风、2型糖尿病、阿尔茨海默症、动脉粥样硬化、类风湿性关节炎、非酒精性脂肪性肝炎等[113-122]), 可能是淫羊藿及其相关制剂肝损伤发生的主要易感人群特征; 从“药”角度, 淫羊藿品种、产地繁多, 药物活性成分含量差异较大, 结合淫羊藿致特异质肝损伤的特点, 提出并警示淫羊藿及其制剂在临床应用过程中, 应结合临床具体病证进行综合考量, 如主要用于抗肿瘤, 可选用毒性相关物质含量较高的品种, 不仅有效改善风险获益比, 同时可以通过活化炎症小体协同增加抗肿瘤效应, 实现毒效转化应用; 如主要用于补益肝肾等, 则应选用毒性相关物质含量较低的品种, 或者指定毒性相关物质含量限度标准, 增加风险获益比。此外, 从“用”角度, 中药配伍、中西药联合应用等均是影响药物临床安全应用的重要方面, 本课题组提出了基于成分效应靶标互作的中药配伍/联用控毒策略和方法[99], 该控毒策略既关注和研究直接毒性成分, 又关注易感成分、间接毒性成分等, 更重要的是, 除了关注配伍中药成分互作对毒性相关物质体内外暴露的影响, 特别重视配伍中药的效应靶标互作对药效和毒性效应的影响, 尤其是锁定诱发损害的靶标通路直接进行干预, 目标明确地阻断毒性反应发生。以淫羊藿为例, 针对淫羊藿免疫特异质肝损伤的风险认知, 建立靶向NLRP3炎症小体的中药配伍/联用减毒策略和方法, 即淫羊藿在临床应用过程中应避免同活化NLRP3炎症小体的中药(如补骨脂[123, 124])、化药(如卡马西平、对乙酰氨基酚、异烟肼等[125, 126]) 等配伍或联用; 为了有效降低临床用药风险, 可根据病证需要, 与甘草、丹参等靶向抑制NLRP3炎症小体的中药配伍。
淫羊藿是传统“无毒”中药的典型代表之一, 本课题组对淫羊藿安全合理用药进行了较为系统的研究, 首先发现淫羊藿具有特异质肝损伤属性, 并从机体易感性等角度阐释了其致肝损伤的病证基础、易感物质及易感机制。在此基础上, 从易感人群、药物易感物质/直接毒性物质、中药配伍/联用控毒的角度进行淫羊藿临床安全合理应用的综合防控体系构建, 以期全面实现淫羊藿毒性的可防可控, 保证淫羊藿的临床安全性, 也为传统“无毒”中药的临床安全合理应用研究提供一定的理论依据。
作者贡献: 高源是本综述的主要撰写人, 完成文献资料的收集、分析、论文撰写; 王伽伯、肖小河指导综述的构思; 柏兆方是本篇综述的负责人, 指导论文写作。全体作者都阅读并同意最终文本发表。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明无相关利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(8163000655)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81874368)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82004057)
  • 国家中医药传承创新团队项目(ZYYCXTD-C-202005)
  • 北京市科技新星(Z181100006218001)
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2023年第58卷第2期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0801
  • 接收时间:2022-06-30
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-02-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-06-30
  • 修回日期:2022-08-09
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(8163000655)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81874368)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(82004057)
国家中医药传承创新团队项目(ZYYCXTD-C-202005)
北京市科技新星(Z181100006218001)
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    1.首都医科大学中医药学院, 北京 100069
    2.中国人民解放军总医院第五医学中心, 全军中医药研究所, 北京 100039
    3.中国人民解放军总医院第五医学中心, 肝病医学部, 北京100039

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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