Article(id=1198622901269267226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198622898320671473, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0695, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1654185600000, receivedDateStr=2022-06-03, revisedDate=1657814400000, revisedDateStr=2022-07-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763703568999, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1673452800000, pubDateStr=2023-01-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763703568999, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763703568999, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763703568999, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198622898320671473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='234', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1673452800000', pubDateStr='2023-01-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763703568296, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1763703697615, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198623440782586642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198622898320671473, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198623440782586643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198622898320671473, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=27, endPage=38, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198622902175236898, articleId=1198622901269267226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Recent advances in small molecule inhibitors of interleukin‑1 receptor-associated kinase, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase 4 (IRAK-4), acting as a serine threonine kinase, is considered as a key signal node for the transduction of IL-1R family and TLRs signal pathway. Studies have found that IRAK-4 has a hand in many signal pathways, involving the inflammatory response of human joints, intestines, liver and nervous system, as well as other autoimmune diseases. It is also one of the causes of drug resistance of some cancer cells. Therefore, IRAK-4 tends to be an effective therapeutic target for inflammatory diseases and cancer. The prospects for the development of drugs in this pathway is to develop novel IRAK-4 small molecule inhibitors and investigate their safety and effectiveness, enrich the clinical treatment of inflammatory and cancer diseases finally. This paper classified and summarized the latest research progress on small molecule inhibitors of IRAK-4 signaling pathway according to structures of the compounds, in order to provide assistances and references for the research and development of related drugs.

, authors=null, authorsList=Jing-cheng YU, Zheng-chuan DONG, Rui-xu MU, Le-yuan CHEN, Yi-liang LI, Wen-bin HOU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yi-liang LI, Wen-bin HOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198622908605104338, articleId=1198622901269267226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=白细胞介素-1受体相关激酶4小分子抑制剂的研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

白细胞介素-1受体相关激酶4 (interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase 4, IRAK-4) 作为一种丝氨酸-苏氨酸激酶, 是转导IL-1R家族和TLRs信号通路的关键信号节点。研究发现IRAK-4介导的炎症通路可以引起人体的关节、肠道、肝脏和神经系统的炎症反应及其他自身免疫疾病, 也是一些癌症细胞的耐药性原因。因此, IRAK-4可以作为炎症疾病和癌症的有效治疗靶点。研发结构新颖的IRAK-4小分子抑制剂, 考察其安全性和有效性, 丰富对炎症和癌症疾病的临床治疗用药, 是该通路药物发展的方向。本文按不同结构分类概述了关于IRAK-4信号通路小分子抑制剂的最新研究进展, 旨在为相关药物的研发工作提供参考。

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*李祎亮, Tel: 86-22-85683040, E-mail: ;
侯文彬, E-mail:
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白细胞介素-1受体相关激酶4小分子抑制剂的研究进展
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余竞成 1 , 董正川 2 , 穆瑞旭 3 , 陈乐园 3 , 李祎亮 3, * , 侯文彬 3, *
药学学报 | 综述 2023,58(1): 27-38
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药学学报 |综述 2023 , 58 (1) : 27 -38
白细胞介素-1受体相关激酶4小分子抑制剂的研究进展
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余竞成1, 董正川2, 穆瑞旭3, 陈乐园3, 李祎亮3, * , 侯文彬3, *
作者信息
  • 1.天津中医药大学, 天津 301617
  • 2.天津红日药业股份有限公司, 天津 301700
  • 3.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院放射医学研究所, 天津 300192
通讯作者:
*李祎亮, Tel: 86-22-85683040, E-mail: ;
侯文彬, E-mail:
Recent advances in small molecule inhibitors of interleukin‑1 receptor-associated kinase
Jing-cheng YU1, Zheng-chuan DONG2, Rui-xu MU3, Le-yuan CHEN3, Yi-liang LI3, * , Wen-bin HOU3, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
  • 2. Tianjin Chase Sun Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tianjin 301700, China
  • 3. Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
出版时间: 2023-01-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0695
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白细胞介素-1受体相关激酶4 (interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase 4, IRAK-4) 作为一种丝氨酸-苏氨酸激酶, 是转导IL-1R家族和TLRs信号通路的关键信号节点。研究发现IRAK-4介导的炎症通路可以引起人体的关节、肠道、肝脏和神经系统的炎症反应及其他自身免疫疾病, 也是一些癌症细胞的耐药性原因。因此, IRAK-4可以作为炎症疾病和癌症的有效治疗靶点。研发结构新颖的IRAK-4小分子抑制剂, 考察其安全性和有效性, 丰富对炎症和癌症疾病的临床治疗用药, 是该通路药物发展的方向。本文按不同结构分类概述了关于IRAK-4信号通路小分子抑制剂的最新研究进展, 旨在为相关药物的研发工作提供参考。

白细胞介素-1受体相关激酶4  /  TLRs/IL-1R信号通路  /  炎症性疾病  /  抗肿瘤  /  小分子抑制剂

Interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase 4 (IRAK-4), acting as a serine threonine kinase, is considered as a key signal node for the transduction of IL-1R family and TLRs signal pathway. Studies have found that IRAK-4 has a hand in many signal pathways, involving the inflammatory response of human joints, intestines, liver and nervous system, as well as other autoimmune diseases. It is also one of the causes of drug resistance of some cancer cells. Therefore, IRAK-4 tends to be an effective therapeutic target for inflammatory diseases and cancer. The prospects for the development of drugs in this pathway is to develop novel IRAK-4 small molecule inhibitors and investigate their safety and effectiveness, enrich the clinical treatment of inflammatory and cancer diseases finally. This paper classified and summarized the latest research progress on small molecule inhibitors of IRAK-4 signaling pathway according to structures of the compounds, in order to provide assistances and references for the research and development of related drugs.

interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4  /  TLRs/IL-1R signaling pathway  /  inflammatory disease  /  antitumor  /  small molecule inhibitor
余竞成, 董正川, 穆瑞旭, 陈乐园, 李祎亮, 侯文彬. 白细胞介素-1受体相关激酶4小分子抑制剂的研究进展. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (1) : 27 -38 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0695
Jing-cheng YU, Zheng-chuan DONG, Rui-xu MU, Le-yuan CHEN, Yi-liang LI, Wen-bin HOU. Recent advances in small molecule inhibitors of interleukin‑1 receptor-associated kinase[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (1) : 27 -38 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0695
白细胞介素-1受体相关激酶4 (interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4, IRAK-4) 是转导白细胞介素-1受体(interleukin-1 receptor, IL-1R) 和T淋巴细胞样受体家族(Toll like receptors, TLRs) 信号的关键信号节点[1, 2]。TLRs是一个跨膜模式识别受体家族, 能够识别人体受到微生物或人体内源物质刺激后产生的信号分子, 对免疫信号传导至关重要[3-5]。白细胞介素-1 (interleukin-1, IL-1) 在炎症通路中可以通过刺激IL-1R发挥传递炎症信号逐级放大[6-8]。TLRs和IL-1R被配体激活后都将激活下游IRAK激酶家族信号传导通路[9, 10]。因此, IRAK-4在全身炎症反应中具有重要作用, 可作为炎症及其相关疾病的治疗靶点, 为设计新的治疗人类炎症和自身免疫病的策略提供了方向。先前发现的小分子抑制剂大多具有较差的激酶选择性和较弱的全血效力, 限制了它们在临床前模型中的评价效果[11], 需要研发具有更优秀抑制活性和药代动力学(PK) 特征的选择性IRAK-4小分子抑制剂。本文旨在针对IRAK-4的小分子抑制剂近7年研究进展进行总结与讨论, 以期为开发新的IRAK-4小分子提供思路。
IRAK-4属于由IRAK-1、IRAK-2、IRAK-M和IRAK-4组成的IRAK激酶家族, 是一个全长包含460个氨基酸的蛋白激酶。IRAK家族成员的结构通常包括一个N-端死亡结构域(dead domain, DD)、一个保守的中央激酶结构域、一个富含脯氨酸/丝氨酸/苏氨酸结构域(proline/serine/threonine-rich domain, ProST domain) 和一个C端结构域(除IRAK-4外)[12]。DD结构域可介导蛋白与髓样分化主要反应基因88 (myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88, MyD88) 或其他IRAK家族成员形成复合体, 并激活下游信号通路。在已公布的蛋白结构中(图 1)[13, 14], IRAK-4激酶结构域的整体结构采用经典蛋白激酶的典型折叠。N-末端主要由扭曲的5个β折叠和一个螺旋(αC) 组成。另外, N-端包含了一个高度暴露于溶剂的谢尔曼环(Schellman loop)[15, 16], 位置与αDE不规则卷曲环区域相近, 形成了一个ATP结合口袋, 其他激酶中并没有这种特殊的结构, 因此也是一个可能的小分子结合位点。中央激酶结构域的激活环结构(activation segment) 常与αC螺旋形成氢键作用, 将αC螺旋拉向远离蛋白的位置, 形成非活性构象。αD螺旋附近的ATP核糖口袋和β7折叠附近的磷酸结合环(phosphate-binding loop, P环) 共同影响了蛋白对ATP的结合[13]。其中包含一个保守的赖氨酸“守门”残基(Tyr262), 该残基是控制ATP结合与否的“开关”。在被上游激活时, 激活环发生磷酸化, 与αC螺旋的氢键断裂。Tyr262与αC螺旋上的Glu233间形成氢键, 将αC螺旋拉近, 形成稳定的ATP结合位点, 构成活性构象[17-19]。ProST区富含多个磷酸化位点, IRAK-1可在此区域发生多次的磷酸化并募集下游蛋白[20]。最后, C-端结构域可以募集TNF受体相关因子6 (TNF-receptor-associated factor 6, TRAF6), 从而形成myddosome复合物[21]。谢尔曼环和酪氨酸残基作为守门残基是IRAK家族独有的, 这使IRAK家族成为一个独特的激酶家族。这两个特点也成为IRAK-4选择性激酶抑制剂理想的蛋白作用位点, 为选择性激酶抑制剂的设计提供了结构基础。据报道, IRAK-4小分子抑制剂进入夹缝, 结合到ATP结合位点, 主要在β5折叠和αD螺旋之间的铰链区发生相互作用, 通过与氨基酸残基Met265和Val263的氢键作用结合到主链上, 小分子的芳香环与守门残基Tyr262会以π-π堆积的方式发生相互作用, 小分子的其他基团占据ATP核糖口袋, 并可能与P环残基产生氢键作用[13, 22]
TLRs的胞质部分与IL-1R高度相似, 被称为Toll/IL-1受体(Toll/interleukin-1 receptor, TIR) 结构域。IL-1R和TLRs的细胞膜外部分与相关配体结合后被激活, 其TIR结构域会募集衔接蛋白MyD88, 并通过DD结构域募集并激活IRAK-4, 伴随着IRAK-1与IRAK-2的激活与聚集, 最终募集到TRAF6, 形成myddosome复合物[6, 23-25]。当TRAF6募集并激活后, 会通过转化生长因子激活激酶1 (transforming growth factor-activated kinase 1, TAK1) 进一步激活丝裂原活化蛋白(mitogen activated protein, MAP) 激酶p38、c-Jun N末端激酶(c-Jun N terminal kinase, JNK) 和IκB激酶(inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase, IKKα/β) 的信号传导[26-28]。最终导致核因子κB (nuclear factor kappa-B, NF-κB) 的激活和促炎细胞因子激活蛋白-1 (activator protein-1, AP-1)、干扰素调节因子3 (interferon regulatory factor 3, IRF3)、干扰素调节因子5 (interferon regulatory factor 5, IRF5) 的产生, 以及其他促炎细胞因子的表达(图 2)[29]。因此, 作为MyD88依赖性信号传导的核心, IRAK-4是一个抑制TLR/IL-1R信号传导的强有力靶点, 可用于多种炎症疾病与癌症的治疗。
在临床研究中发现, IRAK-4缺乏的个体对细菌感染具有更高的敏感性[30]。TLR激动剂(TLR3除外) 无法对缺乏IRAK-4患者的外周血单核细胞和淋巴细胞产生刺激。同时, IL-1β的刺激在患者的成纤维细胞也没有产生响应[31]
有研究人员使用IRAK-4基因敲除小鼠(IRAK-4 KD) 来阐明激酶功能对下游信号的影响[32, 33]。结果表明, 与野生型相比, IRAK-4 KD小鼠受IL-1β诱导产生的NF-κB活化明显减少。采用关节炎症动物模型进一步研究确定, 当用LPS刺激时, IRAK-4 KD小鼠免受炎症影响[34]。同时研究表明在多种疾病模型如系统性红斑狼疮[35]、类风湿性关节炎[36, 37]、脑缺血在内的神经炎症疾病[38]、坏死性小肠结肠炎[39]、乙醇诱导肝损伤炎症[40]中, 抑制IRAK-4均有较好的治疗作用, 因此IRAK-4抑制剂的临床适应症应十分广泛[41-44]
此外, 抑制IRAK-4的活性也能够减少哺乳动物癌症靶标的激活, 并影响癌细胞的细胞周期, 从而显示出抗肿瘤活性。例如在淋巴瘤蛋白Eμ-TCL1过继转移的慢性淋巴细胞白血病(chronic lymphocytic leukemia, CLL) 小鼠模型中, IRAK-4抑制剂ND2158抑制了髓样细胞和T细胞的活性, 减少了CLL细胞的NF-κB和STAT3信号传导、细胞因子分泌、增殖和迁移, 延缓了肿瘤进展, 提示IRAK-4是这种疾病的治疗靶点[45]。另外, 激活IRAK-4通路, 进而导致NF-κB转录因子上调, 是多种癌症化疗耐药类型的基础, 抑制IRAK-4活性可以减少肠道上皮NF-κB的激活, 可显著降低小鼠结肠炎导致的大肠癌[46, 47]。因此靶向抑制IRAK-4信号通路, 是一种增强化疗效果的辅助治疗策略[48]。例如, IRAK-1/4抑制剂R191会影响NF-κB和蛋白激酶B/Akt信号传导, 当R191与新型化疗药物如硼替佐米、阿夫列色替布和伊布替尼联合使用时, 化疗药物对Waldenström's巨球蛋白血症的治疗活性都得到增强, 且有效减弱了化疗耐药性[49]。抑制IRAK-4可有效降低胰腺导管腺癌(pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, PDAC) 细胞的NF-κB活性、锚定非依赖性生长、化学抗性和促炎细胞因子的分泌。使用药物抑制IRAK-4的活性和基因敲除, 都极大地抑制了小鼠的PDAC生长, 并通过促进细胞凋亡、减少肿瘤细胞增殖和肿瘤纤维化增强了吉西他滨的治疗效果[50]。这些都显示了靶向调节IRAK-4对癌症疾病的良好治疗效果。
自从IRAK-4作为新型药物靶点引起学界关注, 目前已有很多小分子问世。其中, 辉瑞公司的PF-06650833在2016年开启临床试验, 是第一个进入临床的抑制剂, 目前正在进行类风湿性关节炎和化脓性汗腺炎治疗的II期临床试验研究[51, 52]。除PF-06650833外, 在过去几年中, BAY-1830839[53]、BAY-1834845[54]、R-835[55]和CA-4948[56]也已进入I期临床试验阶段。此外, 近年来还有很多新型小分子抑制剂具有高活性、高选择性的特点, 具有良好的应用前景, 本文将按结构类型对代表化合物进行论述。
在拜耳公司发表的专利中关于吲唑类化合物的报道显示(图 3), 化合物1 (BAY-1830839, IRAK-4 IC50 = 3.4 nmol·L-1)、化合物2 (BAY-1834845, IRAK4 IC50 = 11.7 nmol·L-1) 活性十分优异, 构效关系研究结果显示, 当酰胺羰基的α位被6-三氟甲基吡啶基取代时具有最强的IRAK4抑制活性。在LPS刺激的THP-1细胞和人外周血单个核细胞中, 化合物12均有效地抑制了TNF-α的产生。并且评估了化合物12对胶原抗体诱导的关节炎、系统性红斑狼疮和银屑病模型在内的许多啮齿动物疾病模型的治疗效果, 这两种化合物在15至200 mg·kg-1的给药范围内, 均表现出剂量依赖性[57]。2016年拜耳公司在IRAK-4抑制剂与BTK抑制剂联合使用研究中发现, 化合物1与伊布替尼联用表现出协同抗癌效应, 在B细胞淋巴瘤细胞的小鼠异种移植模型中, 联合用药表现出比单用伊布替尼更强肿瘤生长抑制效果, 并且没有伴随体重减轻[58]。化合物12都已进入I期临床试验阶段, 检验对关节炎、盆腔炎、银屑病、类风湿性疾病和免疫介导的炎症性疾病治疗的安全性和有效性[53, 54]。2017年拜耳公司在新型取代吲唑化合物的专利中探讨了该化学类型中的其他67种化合物[59]。构效关系讨论主要集中在吲唑的2位和6位。优化得到化合物3 (IRAK-4 IC50 = 1.6 nmol·L-1, 图 3), 在THP-1细胞中显示出良好的IRAK-4酶抑制活性和细胞活性。
随后, 研究人员选择吲唑化合物1作为结构骨架。对先导化合物1进行了生物电子等排体置换、C-7迁移和芳基修饰等3种设计(图 3)。结果表明: ① N-7位的生物电子等排体置换发现, 二甲胺基为优势取代基团, 将化合物1的N-7替换为二甲胺基, 得到活性较好的化合物4 (HS271, IC50 = 0.55 nmol·L-1, 酶), 且对IRAK-1的选择性明显提高。HS271在大鼠体内产生高达91%的TNF-α抑制, 并且呈剂量依赖性, 但引入大体积基团是不利的; ② C-7迁移开发了一个新系列, 一些官能团如体积较大烷基、碱性氨基衍生物和吸电子基团会使活性大幅度降低; 此处接入甲氧基是最佳选择, 如化合物5 (IC50 = 8.3 nmol·L-1, 酶); ③联芳基衍生物可以很好地提高活性, 例如化合物6 (IC50 = 0.55 nmol·L-1, 酶)。最终, 化合物4 (HS271) 具有良好的酶和细胞活性, 以及优异的药代动力学特性。在急性炎症和胶原性关节炎(collagen induced arthritis, CIA) 大鼠模型中显示出强大的抗炎功效[60]
2016年Biogen的专利中报道, 在吲唑母核的N-1和C-6引入取代吡啶, 将1, 6-取代的吲唑作为IRAK-4抑制剂的母核, 并对N-芳基取代基进行了探索, 最终发现化合物78 (图 3, IRAK-4, IC50 < 100 nmol·L-1, 酶)。在IL-1β刺激的A549细胞中, 显示出对IL-6的释放抑制(IC50 < 1 μmol·L-1)[61, 62]
基于高通量筛选得到化合物9 (图 4), 其对IRAK-4抑制作用的IC50值为55.06 nmol·L-1。通过共晶分析结果进行结构优化, 选用萘环来扩大母核, 构建能更完全地占据ATP结合位点的结构, 并引入极性分子与口袋周围极性残基如Asp329、Asn316和Ala315产生氢键作用。铰链结合区被结合水包围, 阻挡了小分子与蛋白结合, 使用极性更强的杂环体系以获得更好的结合作用, 如化合物10 (PF-06650833, IC50 = 0.2 nmol·L-1, 酶)。10与IRAK-4的共晶分析显示(图 5A), 内酰胺的氨基和羰基分别作为氢键供体和受体, 与Ala315、Asn316和Ser328残基产生相互作用, 并与Lys213发生水介导的相互作用, 具有较高的IRAK-4选择性。化合物10具有良好的溶解度和微粒体代谢稳定性, 能够抑制LPS诱导的大鼠模型产生的血清因子TNF-α, 并且呈剂量依赖性。大鼠实验表明其口服生物利用度为34%~50%, 并具有良好的安全性[63]。I期临床结果显示PF-06650833具有良好的安全性和药理作用。这些数据支持在治疗风湿病和自身免疫性疾病的人体临床试验中继续进行评估[64]。另有I期临床研究表明其口服生物利用度为17%[65]
根据ATP结合位点结构, 化合物11 (图 4, IC50 = 55.06 nmol·L-1, 酶) 作为先导化合物, 优化得到以喹唑啉环为母核的化合物, C-5、C-6和C-7位可为小体积基团取代, C-8位取代对活性不利。当C-4位的取代基上具有胺基时, 其活性显著提高, 通过吗啉环取代可以调节胺的pKa, 改变分子的被动渗透性和生物利用度, 优化得到化合物12 (IC50 = 7.0 nmol·L-1, 酶)。在TLR介导的小鼠体内模型中, 12可剂量依赖性地抑制TLR7激动剂雷西莫特(R848) 诱导的大鼠IL-6的分泌。药代动力学研究表明, 它具有73%的高生物利用度和22 mL·min-1·kg-1的低血浆清除率[66]
把喹唑啉环C-5替换为N原子, 可以与C-4上的氨基形成分子内氢键, 增强其溶解性。将C-6的氰基改为氰乙基, 得到了化合物13 (图 4, IC50 = 4.0 nmol·L-1, 酶), 与BTK抑制剂伊布替尼联合使用治疗MyD88 L265P突变型弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤(DLBCL) 显示出良好的活性。在移植了OCI-LY10 (MyD88 L265P突变型BTK依赖型肿瘤细胞) 的小鼠模型中, 进行口服给药化合物13 (50 mg·kg-1) 后, 作为单一药物, 可轻微抑制肿瘤的生长; 伊布替尼单独给药(12 mg·kg-1) 导致肿瘤停滞, 联合给药13 (化合物13 = 50 mg·kg-1, 伊布替尼= 12 mg·kg-1) 导致显著的肿瘤消退。这些结果证实了在MyD88 L265P突变型DLBCL中, 13和伊布替尼联合使用对BTK和IRAK-4的双重抑制导致协同抑制肿瘤生长[67]
研究者通过先导化合物14 (图 6) 与IRAK-4的共晶结构分析(图 5B), 分别确定吡唑并嘧啶和喹啉系统的结合模式。先导化合物的吡唑环的酰胺羰基和嘧啶环的C-2氢通过氢键作用结合到Met265和Val263的主链上, 其嘧啶环与守门残基Tyr262形成π-π堆积相互作用, 其喹啉环被作为连接基团, 堆叠在Met0192下, 并与P环残基和激酶结合位点的底部形成多个范德华力。哌啶上的甲胺基进入ATP结合口袋, 与Ala315的主链羰基和结合水分子形成氢键。将喹啉环优化为苯并二氢呋喃环。这种不饱和双环结构具有良好的理化性质, 同时保持了活性和选择性, 其中化合物15 (IC50 = 170 nmol·L-1, 酶) 的活性较好。在大鼠体内实验中, 化合物15可以抑制TLR9介导产生的细胞因子IL-6和TNF-α, 在最大给药量为100 mg·kg-1时, 产生91%的IL-6抑制和89%的TNF-α抑制, 且显示出较好的药动学性质[68]
选用极性更强的苯并内酰胺结构代替苯并二氢呋喃环, 优化得到化合物16 (图 6)。化合物16对IRAK4抑制活性优于15 (IL-6 IC50 = 0.16 μmol·L-1), 且选择性良好。化合物16在R848刺激的小鼠模型中, 在3 mg·kg-1的剂量下对IFNα、IL-6和TNF-α产生抑制作用。可用于多种疾病模型的体内实验, 探索其他适应症[69]
通过骨架跃迁策略, 对吡唑并[1, 5-a]嘧啶化合物17 (图 6, IC50 = 2.5 nmol·L-1) 进行改进[70]。以2位氮原子取代的咪唑并[1, 5-a]嘧啶为母核的化合物18 (IC50 > 1 000 nmol·L-1, 酶), IRAK-4抑制活性差, 确定了吡唑环2位的氢原子作为氢键供体的必要性。化合物19以咪唑并[1, 2-b]哒嗪为母核, 维持原母核与IRAK-4之间相互作用模式。19的IRAK4抑制活性提高(IC50 = 1.3 nmol·L-1, 酶), 且对MyD88 L265P突变细胞株(OCI-LY10 IC50 = 0.7 nmol·L-1和TMD8 IC50 = 1.2 nmol·L-1) 的选择性是未突变细胞株的10倍。0.3 μmol·L-1的化合物19与6.3 nmol·L-1的伊布替尼联用发挥协同作用, 可抑制TMD8细胞的生长[71]
Aurigene公司和Curis公司对苯并噁唑骨架优化, 通过IRAK-4与20 (图 7) 的共晶结合模式分析(图 5C), 发现在苯并噁唑骨架的4位引入氮原子可以保持活性, 分子的亲脂性显著降低, 改善了水溶性, 但在7位引入氮原子将使活性下降(抑制LTA诱导THP-1细胞释放TNF-α, IC50 > 1 000 nmol·L-1)。根据守门残基Tyr262、Lys213-Asp329和核糖口袋的构效关系, 优化合成了21 (CA-4948, IC50 = 30 nmol·L-1, 酶)。21的共晶分析与20相比(图 5D), 与Lys213和Tyr264未发生极性相互作用, 21通过羟基与Glu194主链发生水介导的相互作用, 2-甲基吡啶基的氮原子与Asp329主链形成氢键。21具有良好的溶解度、微粒体代谢稳定性和Caco-2渗透性, 在LTA诱导的THP-1细胞中表现出良好的TNF-α抑制作用, 且对IRAK-4具有较强的选择性。在大鼠(F = 46%) 体内进行药物代谢动力学研究, 表明其有良好的生物利用度。在弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤细胞的小鼠异种移植模型中, 通过每日一次100 mg·kg-1剂量口服给药, 显示肿瘤生长抑制率大于90%, 并且没有显示出细胞毒性。21目前正在I期临床试验中, 临床适应症包括多种血液系统恶性肿瘤疾病, 比如非霍奇金淋巴瘤、MDS淋巴瘤和急性髓系白血病[72]
基于计算机虚拟筛选技术, 从Janus激酶3 (Janus kinase 3, JAK3) 激酶小分子抑制剂化合物库中筛选出一组4, 6-烟酰胺类似物, 它们与IRAK-4结合良好, 可能具有IRAK-4抑制活性。进一步的实验表明, 当化合物22 (图 8, IC50 = 1 800 nmol·L-1, 酶) 的R1为苯并杂环取代基时, 可以提高IRAK-4抑制活性(IC50 = 180~470 nmol·L-1, 酶)。当R1为苯并内酰胺时得到化合物23 (IC50 = 360 nmol·L-1, 酶), 23的蛋白共晶表明(图 9A), 苯并内酰胺的氮原子、吡啶环的氮原子和烟酰胺的氨基氮原子可分别与IRAK-4的铰链区产生氢键作用, 形成三联体铰链; 苯并内酰胺的羰基和Lys213之间形成氢键, 结合更加稳定。这种结合模式的另一个优势是23的R1基团中的苯环与守门残基Tyr262间具有明显的π-π堆积相互作用, 可以提高IRAK-4选择性[73]
当苯并噻唑作为R1取代基, 并且在C-4位的苄胺上引入乙二醇基团(24, 图 8, IC50 = 5 nmol·L-1, 酶), 可以提高对IRAK-4的抑制活性, 提高化合物的选择性。但其在体内代谢稳定性较差, 需要进一步优化。
通过延长酰胺侧链对化合物24进行优化, 以更好地占据结合口袋, 提高对IRAK-4的抑制活性和选择性。C-5位氨基末端用偕二甲基取代, 并在β位引入氟原子可增加抑制活性(25, 图 8, IC50 = 2.4 nmol·L-1, 酶), 且肝微粒体稳定性显著改善。25与IRAK4结合的共晶结构表明(图 9B), C-5位的酰胺侧链进入IRAK4中的由谢尔曼环和αD环的疏水侧链形成的空腔中, 末端的偕二甲基与空腔深处疏水残基Ile185和Val187通过范德华力稳定结合; C-4位的环丙基与P环中的Val200发生疏水相互作用; 吡啶N和酰胺NH分别通过与Met265和Pro266相互作用与铰链结合; C-2上的苯并噻唑环与守门残基Tyr262发生π-π堆积作用。当C-2位使用吡唑并嘧啶杂环进行取代时, 虽然能与守门残基Tyr262发生π-π堆积, 获得良好的抑制活性, 但其杂环的构象可能翻转并与酪氨酸激酶受体蛋白(tyrosine kinase receptor protein, cKIT) 的Thr670 (守门残基) 和Asp810的侧链接合, 降低化合物IRAK-4选择性。在吡唑并嘧啶环上引入单个氟原子可以稳定构象(26, IC50 = 3.4 nmol·L-1, 酶), 提高化合物IRAK-4选择性。26与IRAK4结合的共晶结构表明(图 9C), 吡唑并嘧啶杂环可与守门残基Tyr262产生π-π堆积相互作用, 并且通过吡唑并嘧啶的6位F原子取代, 干扰该杂环在cKIT上的结合构象, 显著提高26激酶组选择性。化合物26表现出较好溶解性、抑制率和肝微粒体稳定性。在小鼠体内的活性好、生物利用度高。化合物26对TLR7激动剂咪喹莫特诱导的小鼠银屑病模型显示出良好的治疗效果, 且无不良反应[74]
BMS公司的BMS-986126 (化合物27, 图 8), 是一种有效的、高度选择性的IRAK-4激酶活性抑制剂。在小鼠实验中, 该化合物抑制了几种不同TLR激动剂(TLR2、TLR7和TLR9) 诱导的细胞因子的产生。该化合物还能显著抑制局部给药咪喹莫特引起的皮肤炎症。BMS-986126在MRL/lpr和NZB/NZW狼疮模型小鼠中均表现出良好的治疗效果, 抑制多种致病反应。在MRL/lpr模型中, BMS-986126和泼尼松龙的联合用药具有良好的活性, 这表明其可能保留类固醇的活性。BMS-986126与泼尼松龙联合用药还可协同抑制TLR7和TLR9诱导的人外周血单个核细胞(peripheral blood mononuclear cells, PBMCs) 中干扰素的表达[75]
通过对化合物28 (图 10, IC50 = 1 700 nmol·L-1, 酶) 三环母核的环己基环进行优化, 发现将环打开为5, 6-二甲基取代后效价降低。但5-甲基双环相对于最初的三环化合物28具有更好的活性(IC50 = 140 nmol·L-1, 酶), 并且具有较高的细胞配体亲脂性效率(LLE = 6.6)。当C-5为较大烷基取代基时, 细胞活性随着取代基亲脂性的增加而增加, 因此得到了四氢吡喃作为C-5取代基的化合物(29, IC50 = 59 nmol·L-1, 酶)。29和IRAK-4的共晶显示(图 11A), 吡咯的氨基和Val262形成氢键, 使化合物29结合在铰链区。亲脂性C-5取代基通过占据原三环母核的环己烷环所在的区域来增强活性。29的四氢吡喃显示了与守门残基Tyr262的π-π堆积相互作用以及与Lys213的氢键。但化合物29仍存在渗透性差和高度外排的问题。随后在环己基上引入吗啉可以增强渗透性并减少外排。当吡咯并嘧啶的4-位为氨基取代时, 活性显著提高(30, IC50 = 51 nmol·L-1, 酶)。30与IRAK-4的共晶结构显示出与口袋高度互补的形状, 且结合模式与化合物29近似(图 11B)。碱性吗啉部分比29的二甲胺空间结构大, 吗啉环通过离子键和强极性相互作用夹在Asp272和Met192的主链之间。30在pH = 1~10的范围内显示出良好的水解稳定性, 在细胞实验中表现出较高的IRAK-4抑制活性, 并且在大鼠肝细胞中具有良好的稳定性。化合物30和伊布替尼的联合给药具有协同作用, 在ABC-dll小鼠模型中导致肿瘤消退, 产生良好的治疗效果[76]
吡咯并三嗪被认为是较强的氢键供体和较弱的受体, 替换吡咯并嘧啶系列的母核结构, 可有效解决其低渗透性和高外排性的问题, 这一改动将渗透性提高了约3倍, 将药物外排减少了约7倍。在取代基的优化中发现, C-5位使用异丙基取代(IC50 = 42 nmol·L-1, 酶) 活性明显优于四氢吡喃(IC50 = 98 nmol·L-1, 酶) 和甲基取代(IC50 = 236 nmol·L-1, 酶)。C-4位使用N-乙酰基哌嗪取代, 可以有效地减少外排(31, 图 10, IC50值为22 nmol·L-1, 酶), 且有效改善了药物的理化性质和药代动力学特性。在MyD88/CD79双突变异小鼠模型中进行体内实验时, 31显示了与BTK抑制剂联合用药后良好的肿瘤治疗效果[77]
2017年专利报道了嘧啶母核2位和4位具有氨基取代的化合物[78], 其中化合物32~34表现出良好的细胞活性(图 10), IRAK-4 IC50均小于100 nmol·L-1。3种化合物可抑制B细胞淋巴瘤细胞系TMD-8的细胞生长, 在LPS诱导的THP-1细胞中抑制TNF-α的产生(IC50 < 500 nmol·L-1)。
研究人员发现结构相似的激酶ATP激酶结合位点往往具有显著不同的结合水分子, 表明结合水在蛋白中的分布模式差异可以为选择性激酶抑制剂的开发提供有用的信息[79]。为了量化结合位点的水分子网络模式, 研究人员建立了一种计算ATP结合口袋中特定位置的水分子网络偶极矩的方法, 将这种方法称为拓扑水分子网络(topological water networks, TWNs) 分析[80]。TWNs有助于识别选择性激酶抑制剂, 能够补充传统分子建模技术的局限性, 解释传统分子建模技术的微小结构差异。
TWN分析显示, IRAK-4结合口袋中有很高比例的水分子(35.7%)。与IRAK-4结构类似的3种激酶, 即凋亡信号调节激酶1 (ASK1, 33.3%)、酪氨酸蛋白激酶Lyn (Lyn, 31.3%) 和IL-2诱导T细胞激酶ITK (26.0%) 也有类似的TWN趋势[81]。由Takeda制药公司报道的ASK1抑制剂化合物35 (图 12) 经TWN分析, 显示了与IRAK-4结合口袋关键残基Lys213、Tyr262和Met265的相互作用。并通过实验验证了35的抑制活性(IC50 = 187.5 nmol·L-1, 酶)。基于药效团的虚拟筛选和分子对接筛选出化合物36 (IC50 = 6 651 nmol·L-1, 酶)。两个苗头化合物的药效团杂合, 设计得到了新的化合物37 (IC50 = 157.5 nmol·L-1, 酶), 验证了这一策略的有效性。该骨架保持与氨基酸残基Lys213的氢键相互作用, 以及与铰链残基Met265和守门残基Tyr262的疏水相互作用。
基于多元线性回归(multiple linear regression, MLR) 的定量构效关系(quantitative structure-activity relationship, QSAR) 分析与基于结构的药理探索相结合的分析方法, 用于发现数据库中新的IRAK-4抑制剂。基于遗传函数算法(genetic function algorithm, GFA) 的MLR分析中生成的药效团及其理化参数, 确定了最优的IRAK-4抑制剂的QSAR模型, 根据QSAR模型对德国国家癌症研究所数据库进行筛选, 得到了一批具有活性的化合物, 其中化合物38 (图 12) 的活性最好(IC50 = 157 nmol·L-1, 酶)[82]。这些计算机辅助药物设计方法为今后的IRAK-4小分子抑制剂设计开发提供了新的思路。
IRAK-4是TLR/IL-1R信号通路的核心组成部分, 抑制该靶点已被证明对许多疾病具有治疗作用, 包括肿瘤、炎症性疾病、自身免疫疾病和神经退行性疾病[83, 84]。目前, 研究人员在开发有效和选择性小分子IRAK-4抑制剂方面投入了大量精力。通过筛选发现结构新颖的化合物母核, 并对构效关系进行深入探究, 优化其理化性质和药代参数, 得到了吲唑类、喹啉/喹唑啉类、吡唑并嘧啶类、苯并噁唑类、烟酰胺和吡咯双杂环类等新型化合物。蛋白靶向嵌合体(proteolysis targeted chimera, PROTAC) 等新技术与此信号途径的结合, 提供了更多新型的小分子抑制剂, 为疾病的治疗提供更多的可能性[85, 86]。目前已有4种小分子IRAK-4抑制剂进入临床试验阶段。其中辉瑞公司的PF-06650833取得了良好的I期临床试验效果, 正在对治疗类风湿性关节炎和化脓性汗腺炎进行II期临床研究。并且, PF-06650833用于治疗COVID-19肺炎及其重症炎症患者的II期临床试验也已开始招募[87]
目前发现的IRAK-4小分子抑制剂存在渗透性差、高度外排、溶解性差、口服生物利用度低等不足, 这些都制约其进入临床试验阶段。因此基于大量已经完成的蛋白共晶结构分析和化合物优化工作, 通过生物电子等排和骨架跃迁等策略, 优化IRAK-4小分子抑制剂的理化性质和药代、药动参数, 以发现更多的临床药物。另外, 利用当前临床试验数据, 推进其临床药物的优化, 提高IRAK-4抑制剂的安全性和有效性, 同时开展更多相关适应症的研究, 以发现更多的临床应用。未来为数百万患有癌症和慢性炎症等相关疾病的患者提供有效的治疗。
作者贡献: 余竞成是本文的第一作者, 负责文献资料的收集及文章的撰写; 董正川对文章修改提出建议, 进行指导和帮助; 穆瑞旭、陈乐园对本文进行了细致的修改; 李祎亮为本文的通讯作者, 负责提供撰写思路和内容框架组织等工作; 侯文彬为本文的共同通讯作者, 负责稿件修改完善等工作。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明无利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年项目资助(82104012)
  • 中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程重大协同创新项目(2021-I2M-1-042)
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2023年第58卷第1期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0695
  • 接收时间:2022-06-03
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-01-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-06-03
  • 修回日期:2022-07-15
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国家自然科学基金青年项目资助(82104012)
中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程重大协同创新项目(2021-I2M-1-042)
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    1.天津中医药大学, 天津 301617
    2.天津红日药业股份有限公司, 天津 301700
    3.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院放射医学研究所, 天津 300192

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侯文彬, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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