Article(id=1198622900539454254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198622898320671473, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0740, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1655308800000, receivedDateStr=2022-06-16, revisedDate=1657728000000, revisedDateStr=2022-07-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763703568825, onlineDateStr=2025-11-21, pubDate=1673452800000, pubDateStr=2023-01-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763703568825, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763703568825, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763703568825, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1198622898320671473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2023', volume='58', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='234', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1673452800000', pubDateStr='2023-01-12', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763703568296, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1763703697615, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1198623440782586642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198622898320671473, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1198623440782586643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1198622898320671473, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=21, endPage=26, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1198622900849832756, articleId=1198622900539454254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Progress on the neuroprotective effects of ginsenoside Rg1, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Ginsenoside Rg1 is one of the most important saponins in ginseng. It has a wide range of pharmacological activities. It is considered to be a powerful neuroprotective agent. It has neuroprotective effects such as anti-neuroinflammation, anti-oxidative stress, anti-neuronal apoptosis, and enhancing memory. Rg1 shows a good application prospect in the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, and mental diseases such as depression. This paper reviews the research on the neuroprotective mechanism of Rg1 at home and abroad in recent years, in order to provide new research ideas for the clinical treatment of nervous system diseases.

, authors=null, authorsList=Jun-peng LONG, Yang SUN, Sha-sha LIU, Jiao YAO, Song-wei YANG, Yan-tao YANG, Gang PEI, Lei MENG, Qi-di AI, Nai-hong CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qi-di AI, Nai-hong CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2023 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1198622902573691733, articleId=1198622900539454254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=人参皂苷Rg1的神经保护作用研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

人参皂苷Rg1是人参中最主要的皂苷成分之一, 具有广泛的药理活性, 被认为是一种强大的神经保护剂, 具有抗神经炎症、抗氧化应激、抗神经凋亡和增强记忆力等神经保护作用。Rg1在防治阿尔茨海默症、帕金森病、脑卒中等神经退行性疾病及抑郁症等精神类疾病中展现出了良好的应用前景。本文就近些年国内外对Rg1的神经保护作用机制研究进行综述, 旨在为临床上治疗神经系统性疾病提供新的研究思路。

, authors=null, authorsList=龙俊鹏, 孙洋, 刘莎莎, 姚娇, 阳松威, 杨岩涛, 裴刚, 孟蕾, 艾启迪, 陈乃宏, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=艾启迪, 陈乃宏, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*艾启迪, Tel: 86-731-88458225, E-mail: ;
陈乃宏, Tel: 86-10-63165177, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《药学学报》编辑部2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=owCa3buUxZ1GDQYX7NQUrg==, magXml=6PYNCZwXkc1Wjx3ydAfJbw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=bnNmLMFxWd92UbonvWO8Vg==, pdfFileSize=936448, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=eW5vUZe43DaVZdYDEfPECA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=gUtVgUFTg34b6pr/wWJndw==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1198702065133383835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198622900539454254, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1198702065288573097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198622900539454254, authorId=1198702065133383835, language=EN, stringName=Jun-peng LONG, firstName=Jun-peng, middleName=null, lastName=LONG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1. College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
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Type of disease In vivo/ in vitro Administration method Dose /mg·kg-1 Mechanisms of action Reference
Alzheimer's disease In vivo i.p./i.g. 10 Inhibits Aβ plaque formation and tau protein hyperphosphorylation; enhances hippocampal neurogenesis; anti-apoptotic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory [3-5]
Stroke In vivo i.g. 40 Repair of blood-brain barrier damage and vascular breakdown; inhibition of neuroinflammation and cellular scorching; anti-stress damage and anti-apoptosis [6-8]
Parkinson's disease In vivo i.g. 10, 20, 40 Maintains iron ion homeostatic environment; reduces α-synuclein-mediated neuroinflammation; promotes dopamine synthesis and protects against neuronal damage [9-12]
Depression In vivo i.g. 40 Increase total connexin Cx43 expression to increase gap junctions; inhibit microglia activation and mitochondrial dysfunction; anti-apoptosis [13-16]
), ArticleFig(id=1198702074373436274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1198622900539454254, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Experimental examples of Rg1 in the treatment of various neurological disorders

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Type of disease In vivo/ in vitro Administration method Dose /mg·kg-1 Mechanisms of action Reference
Alzheimer's disease In vivo i.p./i.g. 10 Inhibits Aβ plaque formation and tau protein hyperphosphorylation; enhances hippocampal neurogenesis; anti-apoptotic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory [3-5]
Stroke In vivo i.g. 40 Repair of blood-brain barrier damage and vascular breakdown; inhibition of neuroinflammation and cellular scorching; anti-stress damage and anti-apoptosis [6-8]
Parkinson's disease In vivo i.g. 10, 20, 40 Maintains iron ion homeostatic environment; reduces α-synuclein-mediated neuroinflammation; promotes dopamine synthesis and protects against neuronal damage [9-12]
Depression In vivo i.g. 40 Increase total connexin Cx43 expression to increase gap junctions; inhibit microglia activation and mitochondrial dysfunction; anti-apoptosis [13-16]
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人参皂苷Rg1的神经保护作用研究进展
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龙俊鹏 1, 2 , 孙洋 1, 2 , 刘莎莎 3 , 姚娇 1, 2 , 阳松威 1, 2 , 杨岩涛 1, 2 , 裴刚 1, 2 , 孟蕾 1, 2 , 艾启迪 1, 2, * , 陈乃宏 1, 2, 4, *
药学学报 | 综述 2023,58(1): 21-26
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药学学报 |综述 2023 , 58 (1) : 21 -26
人参皂苷Rg1的神经保护作用研究进展
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龙俊鹏1, 2, 孙洋1, 2, 刘莎莎3, 姚娇1, 2, 阳松威1, 2, 杨岩涛1, 2, 裴刚1, 2, 孟蕾1, 2, 艾启迪1, 2, * , 陈乃宏1, 2, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1.湖南中医药大学药学院, 湖南 长沙 410208
  • 2.湖南省中药饮片标准化及功能工程技术研究中心, 湖南 长沙 410208
  • 3.湘潭市中心医院, 湖南 湘潭 411199
  • 4.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 北京 100050
通讯作者:
*艾启迪, Tel: 86-731-88458225, E-mail: ;
陈乃宏, Tel: 86-10-63165177, E-mail:
Progress on the neuroprotective effects of ginsenoside Rg1
Jun-peng LONG1, 2, Yang SUN1, 2, Sha-sha LIU3, Jiao YAO1, 2, Song-wei YANG1, 2, Yan-tao YANG1, 2, Gang PEI1, 2, Lei MENG1, 2, Qi-di AI1, 2, * , Nai-hong CHEN1, 2, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China
  • 2. Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, Changsha 410208, China
  • 3. Xiangtan Central Hospital, Xiangtan 411199, China
  • 4. Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2023-01-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0740
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人参皂苷Rg1是人参中最主要的皂苷成分之一, 具有广泛的药理活性, 被认为是一种强大的神经保护剂, 具有抗神经炎症、抗氧化应激、抗神经凋亡和增强记忆力等神经保护作用。Rg1在防治阿尔茨海默症、帕金森病、脑卒中等神经退行性疾病及抑郁症等精神类疾病中展现出了良好的应用前景。本文就近些年国内外对Rg1的神经保护作用机制研究进行综述, 旨在为临床上治疗神经系统性疾病提供新的研究思路。

人参皂苷Rg1  /  神经保护  /  神经退行性疾病  /  阿尔茨海默症  /  脑卒中

Ginsenoside Rg1 is one of the most important saponins in ginseng. It has a wide range of pharmacological activities. It is considered to be a powerful neuroprotective agent. It has neuroprotective effects such as anti-neuroinflammation, anti-oxidative stress, anti-neuronal apoptosis, and enhancing memory. Rg1 shows a good application prospect in the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, and mental diseases such as depression. This paper reviews the research on the neuroprotective mechanism of Rg1 at home and abroad in recent years, in order to provide new research ideas for the clinical treatment of nervous system diseases.

ginsenoside Rg1  /  neuroprotection  /  neurodegenerative disease  /  Alzheimer's disease  /  stroke
龙俊鹏, 孙洋, 刘莎莎, 姚娇, 阳松威, 杨岩涛, 裴刚, 孟蕾, 艾启迪, 陈乃宏. 人参皂苷Rg1的神经保护作用研究进展. 药学学报, 2023 , 58 (1) : 21 -26 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0740
Jun-peng LONG, Yang SUN, Sha-sha LIU, Jiao YAO, Song-wei YANG, Yan-tao YANG, Gang PEI, Lei MENG, Qi-di AI, Nai-hong CHEN. Progress on the neuroprotective effects of ginsenoside Rg1[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2023 , 58 (1) : 21 -26 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0740
人参被誉为“百草药之王”, 为补气虚要药, 有扶正祛邪、滋补元气、醒神益智等功效[1]。作为人参最活跃的活性分子之一, 人参皂苷Rg1 (ginsenoside Rg1, Rg1) 拥有抗神经炎症、抗氧化应激、抗神经细胞凋亡等神经药理活性, 表现出良好的神经保护作用, 被认为是一种潜在的神经保护剂。神经系统性疾病是目前危害性最大的一类疾病, 同时也是临床上难以攻克的难题, 由于患病机制的复杂, 大多数药物在III期临床试验中的结果并不理想, 而神经系统性疾病在越来越发达的医疗水平下, 患病人群依旧在逐年增加, 因此找到切实可行的治疗药物迫在眉睫。Rg1强大的神经保护作用令其有望在临床上成为治疗神经系统性疾病的神经保护剂。
Rg1是一类三萜皂苷和甾体苷, 以多效作用靶点著称, 主要用于预防和治疗心脑血管疾病和神经系统病变疾病。大量的实验证实, Rg1在神经保护领域有广阔的研究前景, Rg1能够修复受损的神经元, 抑制神经元凋亡, 修复脑血管破损, 增强海马体神经发生, 增强学习记忆能力, 同时还有抗衰老等功效[1, 2]。Rg1的神经毒性很小, 在大量文献的报道中, 都将Rg1视为一种潜在的神经保护剂, 但其血脑屏障透过率较低, 极大地限制了Rg1在临床上的应用。表 1[3-16]总结了Rg1在治疗神经系统性疾病的实验案例。
阿尔茨海默症(Alzheimer's disease, AD) 又名老年痴呆症, 最常见的患病人群为老年人, 其典型的特征为记忆障碍, 严重者还伴有运动功能丧失及其他神经精神病症。AD的患病机制有多种假设, 如β-淀粉样蛋白斑块、tau蛋白过度磷酸化、神经原纤维缠结等[2], 靠单侧机制去治疗AD在临床上还未取得比较好的效果。Shi等[17]发现Rg1可以通过调节蛋白激酶A (proteinknase A, PKA)/cAMP反应元件结合蛋白(cAMP-response element binding pretein, CREB) 的活性从而抑制AD, 其中CREB是一种神经元的内分泌物, 被认为与长期记忆有关。β-淀粉样肽(Aβ) 在大脑中的积累和tau蛋白的过度磷酸化是AD最显著的标志, Aβ的积累会促进tau的磷酸化, 而tau的过度磷酸化又可以促进Aβ的沉积。淀粉样前体蛋白(APP) 和早老素-1 (presenilin-1, PS-1) 是造成β-淀粉样蛋白斑块的主要因素, Li等[3]建立APP/PS1双转基因小鼠AD模型, 并且长期给予Rg1治疗, 在10 mg·kg-1给药剂量下AD小鼠记忆力和认知能力得到显著改善, 脑源性神经营养因子(brain derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF) 和其受体酪氨酸蛋白激酶B (tyrosine protein kinase B, TrkB) 在Rg1应用后得到上调, 并且恢复了海马长时程增强作用(long-term potentiation, LTP)。Rg1还可以通过控制过氧化物酶体增殖物受体γ (peroxisome proliferators-activated receptors γ, PPARγ) 的表达进而调控胰岛素降解酶(insulin-degrading enzyme, Ide) 和β-淀粉样蛋白裂解酶1 (Bace1) 在脑内的表达, 这两个蛋白均参与了Aβ的沉积过程[18], 这些研究结果表明Rg1能通过抑制β-淀粉样蛋白斑块形成和tau蛋白过度磷酸化来抑制AD的恶化。同时, Rg1可以通过介导Wnt信号通路抑制AD的发生, 而且经过Rg1治疗后, 抗凋亡相关蛋白B淋巴细胞瘤-2 (B-cell lymphoma-2, Bcl2) 与Bcl2关联X蛋白(Bcl2 assaciated X protein, Bax) 比例增加, 促炎因子白介素-18 (interleukin 18, IL-18)、白介素-1β (interleukin-1 beta, IL-1β) 等下调, 而超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)、过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase, GPX) 等抗氧化活性的增加, 表明Rg1还可通过抑制细胞凋亡、神经炎症、氧化应激等途径来抑制AD的发生[4]。近些年来, 肠道菌群也被认为参与了AD的发生过程。AD发病期间, 肠道益生菌种类和数量显著减少, 导致肠道菌群的代谢紊乱, 进而加重AD病症, 而Rg1可以降低肠道菌群中一些益生菌的能量消耗, 这可能在肠道菌群和脑之间建立某种联系, 在一定程度上有益于改善AD症状[19]。总的来说, Rg1可以通过多个途径抑制AD病症。
脑卒中又名中风, 是一种危害性很大的神经退行性疾病, 伴随着严重的脑损伤, 在老年人中有极高的发病率、死亡率及致残率。目前临床上唯一的有效治疗方式是溶栓治疗, 但治疗时间窗仅3~4.5 h, 且溶栓后仍有再灌注损伤出血性转化的潜在威胁, 因此需要找到更高效且低不良反应的治疗药物。脑卒中的发生常伴随着神经细胞的凋亡、神经炎症、氧化应激、脑血管损伤及血脑屏障破坏等过程[20]
人参在古代就被用于治疗脑卒中, Rg1在其中起到重要作用。研究发现Rg1可以降低凝血酶受体PAR1 (被认为与神经元损伤有关的蛋白) 激活来修复脑缺血/再灌注损伤后的神经损伤, 同时下调基质金属蛋白酶-2 (matrix metalloproteinase 2, MMP-2)、基质金属蛋白酶-9 (matrix metalloproteinase 9, MMP-9) 的表达以减少脑损伤后的血脑屏障通透性[21]。另有研究表明, Rg1可以通过调控磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, PI3K)/蛋白激酶B (protein kinase B, PKB)/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin, mTOR) 途径上调血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF) 的表达, 进而促进损伤后血管的生成, 并且这一功能对新生儿的脑损伤同样起到神经保护的作用[6]。神经炎症在脑卒中的发生中起到关键作用, 初始阶段的神经炎症起到良性作用, 而随着炎症的进一步发展, 小胶质细胞就会向M1型(促进炎症发生的模式) 转化, 进而诱发更严重的脑损伤。NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3 (NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3, NLRP3) 是目前研究最多的炎症小体, 由受体蛋白NLRP3、凋亡相关斑点样蛋白(apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD, ASC) 及caspase家族的半胱氨蛋白酶-1 (cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1, caspase-1) 组成。NLRP3炎症小体参与了许多炎症反应, 发生脑卒中后其在小胶质细胞中大量表达, 其中从NLRP3炎症小体自我切割下来的caspase-1可以将消皮素D (gasdermin-D, GSDMD) 切割成N-GSDMD和C-GSDMD, 而N-GSDMD可以与细胞质膜结合形成10~20 nm小孔, 同时caspase-1还负责将pro-IL-18、pro-IL-1β切割成有促炎作用的小分子蛋白IL-18、IL-1β, 并从小孔流出, 从而引起细胞焦亡[7]。Rg1可以显著改善脑卒中后的炎症反应, 抑制小胶质细胞向M1型转化, 降低IL-6、IL-1β及肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumour necrosis factor-α, TNF-α) 等促炎因子含量, 抑制Toll样受体4 (Toll-like receptor 4, TLR4)/NLRP3焦亡通路, 下调凋亡相关蛋白caspase-3的表达, 有文献报道表明caspase-3也可以通过切割GSDME引发细胞焦亡(常见于化疗药物治疗引起的细胞焦亡)[22, 23]
应激反应是脑卒中后诱发严重脑损伤的另一个重要原因, 氧化应激和硝化应激都可以引发细胞炎症反应, 破坏血脑屏障完整性, 增加神经元细胞死亡。Rg1可以通过增加PPARγ表达及调控核因子E2相关因子2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, Nrf2) 与抗氧化反应元件(antioxidant responsive element, ARE) 内源性抗氧化通路降低活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 及活性氮(reactive nitrogen species, RNS) 含量, 从而减少脑卒中后的应激损伤[24]。Rg1还通过下调葡萄糖调节蛋白78 (glucose regulated protein 78, GRP78)、激活蛋白激酶R样内质网激酶[protein kinase R (PKR)-like ER kinase, PERK]-PERK真核翻译起始因子2 α (the PERK-eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 α, eIF2α)-激活转录因子4 (activating transcription factor 4, ATF4) 信号通路来保护神经元免受内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress, ERs), 从而改善脑缺血症状[25]
多项研究结果表明, Rg1对缺血/再灌注损伤后的神经元凋亡也有很好的抑制效果, Rg1治疗缺血/再灌注大鼠后, TUNEL阳性神经元显著减少, 表明其可有效减少细胞凋亡, 此外Rg1降低了Janus激酶1 (Janus kinase 1, JAK1) 和信号转导与转录激活因子1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 1, STAT1) 的磷酸化表达, 这表示Rg1可通过抑制JAK1/STAT1信号通路来发挥抗凋亡作用[8]。此外, 线粒体自噬在脑卒中中也扮演着重要的角色, 在脑缺血期间线粒体自噬会抑制细胞凋亡, 而在再灌注损伤期间, 由于过度的自噬反而会促进凋亡过程, Rg1可通过抑制再灌注损伤期间的线粒体自噬发挥神经保护作用。
帕金森病(Parkinson's disease, PD) 是一种运动功能受限的神经系统退行性疾病, 虽然未有文献报道PD会影响人类寿命, 但是会对人们的日常生活造成巨大困扰[26]。PD最典型的标志就是黑质致密部(substantia nigra pars compacta, SNpc) 中多巴胺能神经元的进行性丧失, 神经炎症、氧化应激、凋亡等均可以导致多巴胺能神经元受损[27]。氧化应激可以引起脑内铁离子稳态失调从而损伤多巴胺能神经元, Rg1除了有强大的抗氧化应激作用外, 还可以通过增加少突胶质细胞, 尤其是成熟少突胶质细胞中铁蛋白重链的表达和减少铁蛋白轻链的表达来维持铁调节蛋白的稳态, 从而保护多巴胺能神经元[9]α-突触核蛋白的积累是PD主要的病理学特征之一, 在Heng等[10]的研究中, Rg1可以靶向减轻α-突触核蛋白的异常增加, 同时减少TNF-α、IL-1β等促炎性细胞因子的释放, 促使小胶质细胞由M1型向M2型(抗炎型) 转变; 而Liu等[11]用Rg1治疗脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS) 诱导亚急性PD模型, 在10、20、40 mg·kg-1给药剂量下, 呈现出剂量依赖性地抑制神经元损伤及神经炎症的发生, 表明Rg1可以减轻α-突触核蛋白介导的神经炎症从而发挥抗PD作用。Song等[12]使用516只动物样本进行了符合PD病症的25项研究项目, 结果显示Rg1除了通过增加抗炎、抗氧化、抗凋亡活性途径抑制PD外, 还可以通过增加酪氨酸羟化酶(tyrosine hydroxylase, TH) 的表达来促进多巴胺的合成从而发挥抗PD作用。
有文献报道Rg1还能对其他一些神经退行性疾病如亨廷顿病(Huntington's disease, HD) 有治疗作用, 其机制可能与Rg1调节有丝分裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK) 和NF-κB通路有关[28]
抑郁症是当前最常见的一类精神疾病, 患病机制十分复杂。随着社会竞争压力的增加, 抑郁症的患病人群逐渐年轻化, 早期的抑郁症往往难以察觉, 这极大地增加了治疗难度, 中高度的抑郁症患者需要借助药物的治疗才能缓解症状, 但是复发率极高, 目前还没有能够完全有效解决抑郁症的药物。Rg1的抗抑郁作用已经被证实, 然而具体的机制目前还在探索之中[29]。大量的研究数据表明Rg1可通过上调间隙连接蛋白43 (recombinant connexin 43, Cx43) 表达来发挥抗抑郁作用。Cx43可以形成前额叶皮层(prefrontal cortex, PFC) 与海马星形胶质细胞之间的间隙连接, 被认为与抑郁症紧密相关, 抑郁症的发生会伴随Cx43的加速降解, Rg1通过抑制Cx43的泛素-蛋白酶体和自噬-溶酶体降解等途径, 同时调控Cx43的生物合成和Cx43的降解途径, 从而上调总Cx43的表达来发挥抗抑郁效用[13-16]
神经炎症也被认为与抑郁症的发生有紧密联系, 在慢性不可预测的轻度应激抑郁模型(chronic unpredictable mild stress, CUMS) 中, 可以检测到促炎因子IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-18等含量增加, 磷酸化的c-Jun氨基末端激酶(p-c-Jun N-terminal kinase, p-JNK) 1/2和p-p38 MAPK表达增加, 磷酸化的细胞外调节蛋白激酶(p-extracellular regulated protein kinases, p-ERK) 1/2表达减少, 而Rg1治疗后可以逆转这些变化发挥抗抑郁作用[30]。Fan等[31]研究发现Rg1治疗后抑郁小鼠的Bcl2含量增加, 而PFC区域内切割的caspase-3、caspase-9表达降低, 表明Rg1还可以通过抗凋亡途径发挥抗抑郁作用。Li等[32]通过对生长抑制特异性基因5 (growth arrest-specific 5, GAS5) 进行过表达与敲除处理, 指出Rg1可以逆转GAS5对Nrf2、细胞因子信号转导抑制因子3 (suppressor of cytokine signaling 3, SOCS3) 的抑制作用, 从而抑制小胶质细胞的活化与改善抑郁样小鼠的线粒体功能障碍。另有研究证明Rg1可以上调TrKB及PKA/CREB信号通路的表达, 并增加BDNF表达来改善抑郁行为[16]。总而言之, Rg1在治疗抑郁症上有广大的应用前景。
Rg1可以有效预防和治疗精神障碍, 对创伤后应激障碍(post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD) 和功能认知障碍也有防治效果。Rg1治疗PTSD的潜在机制可能与其降低皮质酮(corticosterone, CORT) 和下丘脑促皮质激素释放激素(corticotropin releasing hormone, CRH) 水平有关, 并且有相关实验表明Rg1通过促进突触蛋白合成, 减少海马中的细胞内流钾通道蛋白Kir4.1和TNF-α表达起到防治作用[33, 34]。Rg1可以对多种原因导致的认知障碍有防止效果, 其机制与增加神经元可塑性、抑制神经炎症、抑制氧化应激引起的海马神经功能障碍有关[35]
Rg1对氧化应激诱导的神经元损伤有很好的神经保护作用。Rg1可以通过NF-κB、AKT/ERK1/2、Nrf2等途径来挽救过氧化氢(H2O2) 对神经元的损伤[1, 36]; 还可以通过调控NF-κB/Aβ25-35途径减少活性氧的表达, 从而抑制氧化应激诱发的神经元凋亡[37]; 此外Rg1对缺血导致的神经干细胞(neural stem cell, NSC) 受损有保护作用, Rg1可以减轻缺血带来的氧化应激反应, 同时降低受损NSC中的p38/JNK的磷酸化表达, 从而保护受损的神经元细胞[38]
Rg1还可以修复破损的神经血管再生, 促进海马神经再生, 对各种神经系统变性疾病导致的神经元损伤均有不错的修复作用。Rg1可以增强D-半乳糖(D-galactose, D-gal) 诱导的衰老大鼠模型中海马体的神经发生, 这可能与Rg1促进神经干细胞/祖细胞(NSC/NPC) 增殖分化, 提高海马突触可塑性, 以及增加BDNF表达有关[5]
文献[39]报道, Rg1通过调控腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase, AMPK) 与mTOR介导的自噬途径来延缓细胞衰老, 还可以在正常生理状态下促进海马体的神经发生, 增加CREB表达, 从而发挥抗衰老、增强记忆力等功能。
总的来说, Rg1治疗各类神经系统变性疾病是基于其抗氧化应激、抗神经凋亡、抑制细胞焦亡及抗神经炎症等作用, 同时还通过介导自噬等途径发挥神经保护作用(图 1)。以脑卒中为例, Rg1可以通过降低脑卒中后的氧化应激, 减少应激反应引起的炎症反应, 也可以直接作用于小胶质细胞抑制炎症反应和细胞焦亡, 并且Rg1还拥有修复破损脑血管、保护神经元等功效, 这些功效均有助于抑制脑卒中的恶化。正是由于Rg1有多效靶点治疗这一特性, 让它在众多神经保护药物中脱颖而出。
神经系统疾病给全球带来了巨大的社会压力, 其中一些神经退行性疾病在发展中国家甚至位居死因前列。Rg1具有抗炎、抗氧化、抗凋亡、增强记忆和抗衰老等神经药理活性, 以往的研究证明有强大的神经保护作用, 并且神经毒性极小, 在治疗神经系统疾病方面展现出广阔的应用前景[40]。Rg1可以增强海马体神经发生和突触可塑性, 增加BDNF、CREB表达, 改善多种疾病类型导致的认知功能障碍, 尤其是在AD中, 10 mg·kg-1给药剂量就可以有效改善症状[3, 17]。Rg1的神经保护作用在越来越多的实验中被不断挖掘出来, Rg1可以促进脑卒中损伤后的血管再生, 保护血脑屏障完整性, 抑制神经元死亡; Rg1可以促进多巴胺合成, 抑制氧化应激保护多巴胺能神经元细胞; Rg1还通过增加Cx43表达来增加间隙连接, 发挥抗抑郁作用等。遗憾地是, 尽管Rg1在各种动物模型中证实了可以通过多效靶点有效抑制各类神经系统疾病, 但是在临床上却难以取得良好的效果, 究其原因在于Rg1的血脑屏障透过率极低, 难以达到有效治疗神经系统疾病的效果。因此, 在不影响Rg1神经保护作用的基础上借助药物载体输送或者改变某个基团来增加Rg1的血脑屏障透过率, 或有助于将Rg1开发为临床上用于治疗神经系统疾病的药物, 这需要学者们去进一步深入研究。
作者贡献: 龙俊鹏是本文的主要完成者; 孙洋、刘莎莎、姚娇、阳松威、杨岩涛、裴刚和孟蕾协助查询相关文献并进行图片的整理; 艾启迪、陈乃宏对本文撰写进行指导并提出修改意见。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82174271)
  • 湖南省自然科学基金项目(2021JJ30512)
  • 湖南省自然科学基金项目(2022JJ40456)
  • 湖南省教育厅优秀青年项目(21B0354)
  • 长沙市自然科学基金资助项目(kq2202269)
  • 湖南中医药大学校级基金重点项目(2019xjjj001)
  • 湖南中医药大学生物工程重点学科([2018] No 3)
  • 湖南中医药大学中药学一流学科建设项目
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2023年第58卷第1期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2022-0740
  • 接收时间:2022-06-16
  • 首发时间:2025-11-21
  • 出版时间:2023-01-12
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  • 收稿日期:2022-06-16
  • 修回日期:2022-07-14
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(82174271)
湖南省自然科学基金项目(2021JJ30512)
湖南省自然科学基金项目(2022JJ40456)
湖南省教育厅优秀青年项目(21B0354)
长沙市自然科学基金资助项目(kq2202269)
湖南中医药大学校级基金重点项目(2019xjjj001)
湖南中医药大学生物工程重点学科([2018] No 3)
湖南中医药大学中药学一流学科建设项目
作者信息
    1.湖南中医药大学药学院, 湖南 长沙 410208
    2.湖南省中药饮片标准化及功能工程技术研究中心, 湖南 长沙 410208
    3.湘潭市中心医院, 湖南 湘潭 411199
    4.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药物研究所, 北京 100050

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*艾启迪, Tel: 86-731-88458225, E-mail: ;
陈乃宏, Tel: 86-10-63165177, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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