Article(id=1193632555590185450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193558470239678932, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0867, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1725465600000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-05, revisedDate=1730044800000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762513777872, onlineDateStr=2025-11-07, pubDate=1736611200000, pubDateStr=2025-01-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762513777872, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762513777872, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762513777872, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1193558470239678932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='244', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762496114549, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764224942173, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200809698921402865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193558470239678932, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200809698921402866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193558470239678932, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=130, endPage=140, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1193632555900563947, articleId=1193632555590185450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Isoliquiritigenin alleviates abnormal endoplasmic reticulum stress induced by type 2 diabetes mellitus, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Isoliquiritigenin (ISL) is a chalcone compound isolated from licorice, known for its anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, and antioxidant properties. Our previous study has demonstrated that ISL effectively lowers blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) mice and improves disturbances in glucolipid and energy metabolism induced by T2DM. This study aims to further investigate the effects of ISL on alleviating abnormal endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) caused by T2DM and to elucidate its molecular mechanisms. In vivo experiments were conducted using 8-week-old SPF male C57BL/6J mice. The T2DM animal model was established by high-fat and high-sugar diet combined with intraperitoneal injections of streptozotocin (STZ), in compliance with the ethical guidelines set by the Animal Welfare Committee of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (approval number: BUCM-2022021503-1134). In vitro experiments employed human liver cancer HepG2 cells, which were induced with tunicamycin (TM) to establish the ERS cell model. Transcriptomic sequencing was used to analyze changes in gene expression in the liver samples of T2DM mice following ISL treatment. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was employed to assess the regulatory effects of ISL on key ERS genes. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blot (WB), and immunofluorescence techniques were used to evaluate ISL's effects on ERS-related proteins. Results indicate that ISL significantly downregulates the expression of ERS-related genes, reduces the level of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), and inhibits the phosphorylation of protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), thereby alleviating abnormal ERS induced by T2DM. Additionally, ISL increases the protein levels of insulin receptor substrate (IRS) 1 and IRS2 and enhances the phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt), thereby improving insulin sensitivity. In conclusion, ISL is able to alleviate T2DM associated symptoms by improving abnormal ERS and enhancing insulin sensitivity.

, correspAuthors=Yao XIAO, Ying LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Kai-yi LAI, Wen-wen DING, Jia-yu ZHANG, Xiao-xue YANG, Wen-bo GAO, Yao XIAO, Ying LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1193632892698980575, articleId=1193632555590185450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=异甘草素改善2型糖尿病所致异常内质网应激机制研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

异甘草素(isoliquiritigenin, ISL) 是甘草中提取的查尔酮类化合物, 具有抗糖尿病、抗癌及抗氧化等多种生物活性。课题组前期研究发现, ISL可降低2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM) 小鼠的血糖水平, 改善T2DM引起的糖脂代谢和能量代谢紊乱, 本文拟进一步探究ISL缓解T2DM所致异常内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress, ERS) 的效果并解析其分子机制。体内实验采用8周龄SPF级雄性C57BL/6J小鼠, 通过饲喂高脂高糖饮食结合腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(streptozotocin, STZ) 构建T2DM动物模型, 动物福利和实验过程均遵循北京中医药大学实验动物伦理委员会规定(批准号: BUCM-2022021503-1134); 体外实验采用人肝癌HepG2细胞, 以衣霉素(tunicamycin, TM) 诱导ERS细胞模型。利用转录组测序分析ISL对T2DM小鼠肝脏基因转录水平的影响; 采用实时荧光定量PCR (real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, RT-qPCR) 检测ISL对ERS关键基因的调控作用; 采用酶联免疫吸附法(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)、蛋白质印迹法(Western blot, WB) 以及免疫荧光技术检测ISL对ERS关键蛋白的调控作用。实验结果表明: ISL可显著下调ERS关键基因的表达, 降低葡萄糖调节蛋白78 (glucose-regulated protein 78, GRP78) 的水平, 并抑制蛋白激酶R样内质网激酶(protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase, PERK) 的磷酸化, 从而缓解T2DM所致异常ERS; 同时, ISL可提高胰岛素受体底物(insulin receptor substrate, IRS) 1和IRS2的蛋白水平, 促进蛋白激酶B (protein kinase B, Akt) 的磷酸化, 改善胰岛素敏感性。综上, ISL可通过改善ERS和胰岛素敏感性, 缓解T2DM相关症状。

, correspAuthors=肖瑶, 刘颖, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*肖瑶, Tel: 86-10-53912136, E-mail:
刘颖, Tel: 86-10-53912163, E-mail:
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#共同第一作者.

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Annu Rev Biochem, 2012, 81: 767-793., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1194708264341442586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193632555590185450, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194708264349831195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193632555590185450, companyId=1194708264341442586, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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A: Volcano plot of differentially expressed genes (DEGs); B: KEGG enrichment analysis at the primary level; C: Top 20 terms of KEGG enrichment analysis; D: Top 30 terms of GO enrichment analysis. DEGs were identified by <i>P</i> < 0.05 and |log<sub>2</sub>FC| > 1. T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; ISL: Isoliquiritigenin; GO: Gene ontology; KEGG: Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes , figureFileSmall=Mp4q6pvhscJSc8YRF8nwzA==, figureFileBig=IkYRKlLpMitz14EZ/n0WZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194708266862219344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193632555590185450, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=bIQ/KOZ0Jx1XCgkW8A+3zg==, figureFileBig=MYeCh612shzRMBZHJEmBVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194708266929328209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193632555590185450, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Determination of working concentrations of tunicamycin (TM) and 4-phenyl butyrate acid (4-PBA). A: Cell viability with TM treatment; B: Cell viability with 4-PBA treatment. <i>n</i> = 3, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> CTRL group , figureFileSmall=bIQ/KOZ0Jx1XCgkW8A+3zg==, figureFileBig=MYeCh612shzRMBZHJEmBVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194708267025797202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193632555590185450, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ZC9hoy89WMWJe7V9sCRXhg==, figureFileBig=lMQxlX8/wHNECSGa/8pCqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194708267101294675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193632555590185450, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= ISL downregulates the mRNA levels of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-related genes, including <i>GRP78</i>, <i>CHOP</i>, <i>PERK</i>, <i>eIF2α</i>, <i>IRE1α</i>, <i>XBP1</i>, <i>JNK</i>, and <i>ATF6α</i> in HepG2 cells. <i>n</i> = 3, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> CTRL group; <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> ERS model group , figureFileSmall=ZC9hoy89WMWJe7V9sCRXhg==, figureFileBig=lMQxlX8/wHNECSGa/8pCqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194708268162453588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193632555590185450, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=KyjJnH49VNfoGD0UqXfzSA==, figureFileBig=MgzQChxGKi9KXztc88NDIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194708268237951061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193632555590185450, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= ISL downregulates the levels of key proteins involved in ERS in mice livers and HepG2 cells. A: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis results of GRP78 in mice livers and HepG2 cells; B: Western blot (WB) analysis results of GRP78 in HepG2 cells; C: Immunofluorescence observation of GRP78 in HepG2 cells (40× magnification), the scale bar stands for 100 μm; D: ELISA analysis results of CHOP in mice livers and HepG2 cells; E: WB analysis results of PERK and p-PERK in HepG2 cells. <i>n</i> = 6 (<i>in vivo</i> experiments) or <i>n</i> = 3 (<i>in vitro</i> experiments), <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> CTRL group, <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> ERS model group , figureFileSmall=KyjJnH49VNfoGD0UqXfzSA==, figureFileBig=MgzQChxGKi9KXztc88NDIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194708268330225750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193632555590185450, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=AE64id0zZF0AE1eNz83jow==, figureFileBig=ciRM3Tf+Uj11RSn/S4FSFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194708268388946007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193632555590185450, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= The effects of ISL on glycogen synthesis and insulin sensitivity in HepG2 cells. 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Gene Sequence (5'-3')
β-actin GAGAAAATCTGGCACCACACC
GATAGCACAGCCTGGATAGCAA
GRP78 GCACAGACGGGTCATTCCAC
CAACGATGGAAGGATGCTGG
CHOP TTGCCTTTCTCCTTCGGGAC
CAGTCAGCCAAGCCAGAGAA
PERK CTCGGGAAAAGGTAATGCG
ATCCATCTTTTCTTGCCACTTC
eIF2α TAGCCTTGTCAGATAAGGAAGGA
TTTGGCTTCCATTTCTTCTGC
IRE1α AGAGAAGCAGCAGACTTTGTC
GTTTTGGTGTCGTACATGGTGA
XBP1 ATGGATTCTGGCGGTATTGAC
GAGAAAGGGAGGCTGGTAAGG
JNK ACACCACAGAAATCCCTAGAAG
CACAGCATCTGATAGAGAAGGT
ATF6α AGCAGCACCCAAGACTCAAAC
GCATAAGCGTTGGTACTGTCTGA
), ArticleFig(id=1194708268640604251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193632555590185450, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) primers. GRP78: Glucose-regulated protein 78; CHOP: C/EBP homologous protein; PERK: Protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase; eIF2α: Eukaryotic initiation factor 2α; IRE1α: Inositol-requiring enzyme 1α; XBP1: Recombinant X-box binding protein 1; JNK: C-Jun N-terminal kinase; ATF6α: Activating transcription factor 6α

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene Sequence (5'-3')
β-actin GAGAAAATCTGGCACCACACC
GATAGCACAGCCTGGATAGCAA
GRP78 GCACAGACGGGTCATTCCAC
CAACGATGGAAGGATGCTGG
CHOP TTGCCTTTCTCCTTCGGGAC
CAGTCAGCCAAGCCAGAGAA
PERK CTCGGGAAAAGGTAATGCG
ATCCATCTTTTCTTGCCACTTC
eIF2α TAGCCTTGTCAGATAAGGAAGGA
TTTGGCTTCCATTTCTTCTGC
IRE1α AGAGAAGCAGCAGACTTTGTC
GTTTTGGTGTCGTACATGGTGA
XBP1 ATGGATTCTGGCGGTATTGAC
GAGAAAGGGAGGCTGGTAAGG
JNK ACACCACAGAAATCCCTAGAAG
CACAGCATCTGATAGAGAAGGT
ATF6α AGCAGCACCCAAGACTCAAAC
GCATAAGCGTTGGTACTGTCTGA
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异甘草素改善2型糖尿病所致异常内质网应激机制研究
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赖恺怡 1, # , 丁文文 1, # , 张佳瑜 1 , 杨晓雪 1 , 高文博 1 , 肖瑶 2, * , 刘颖 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(1): 130-140
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2025, 60(1): 130-140
异甘草素改善2型糖尿病所致异常内质网应激机制研究
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赖恺怡1, #, 丁文文1, #, 张佳瑜1, 杨晓雪1, 高文博1, 肖瑶2, * , 刘颖1, *
作者信息
  • 1.北京中医药大学生命科学学院, 北京 102488
  • 2.北京中医药大学中药学院, 北京 102488

通讯作者:

*肖瑶, Tel: 86-10-53912136, E-mail:
刘颖, Tel: 86-10-53912163, E-mail:
Isoliquiritigenin alleviates abnormal endoplasmic reticulum stress induced by type 2 diabetes mellitus
Kai-yi LAI1, Wen-wen DING1, Jia-yu ZHANG1, Xiao-xue YANG1, Wen-bo GAO1, Yao XIAO2, * , Ying LIU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
  • 2. School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
出版时间: 2025-01-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0867
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异甘草素(isoliquiritigenin, ISL) 是甘草中提取的查尔酮类化合物, 具有抗糖尿病、抗癌及抗氧化等多种生物活性。课题组前期研究发现, ISL可降低2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM) 小鼠的血糖水平, 改善T2DM引起的糖脂代谢和能量代谢紊乱, 本文拟进一步探究ISL缓解T2DM所致异常内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress, ERS) 的效果并解析其分子机制。体内实验采用8周龄SPF级雄性C57BL/6J小鼠, 通过饲喂高脂高糖饮食结合腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(streptozotocin, STZ) 构建T2DM动物模型, 动物福利和实验过程均遵循北京中医药大学实验动物伦理委员会规定(批准号: BUCM-2022021503-1134); 体外实验采用人肝癌HepG2细胞, 以衣霉素(tunicamycin, TM) 诱导ERS细胞模型。利用转录组测序分析ISL对T2DM小鼠肝脏基因转录水平的影响; 采用实时荧光定量PCR (real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, RT-qPCR) 检测ISL对ERS关键基因的调控作用; 采用酶联免疫吸附法(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)、蛋白质印迹法(Western blot, WB) 以及免疫荧光技术检测ISL对ERS关键蛋白的调控作用。实验结果表明: ISL可显著下调ERS关键基因的表达, 降低葡萄糖调节蛋白78 (glucose-regulated protein 78, GRP78) 的水平, 并抑制蛋白激酶R样内质网激酶(protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase, PERK) 的磷酸化, 从而缓解T2DM所致异常ERS; 同时, ISL可提高胰岛素受体底物(insulin receptor substrate, IRS) 1和IRS2的蛋白水平, 促进蛋白激酶B (protein kinase B, Akt) 的磷酸化, 改善胰岛素敏感性。综上, ISL可通过改善ERS和胰岛素敏感性, 缓解T2DM相关症状。

异甘草素  /  2型糖尿病  /  内质网应激  /  胰岛素敏感性  /  糖代谢

Isoliquiritigenin (ISL) is a chalcone compound isolated from licorice, known for its anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, and antioxidant properties. Our previous study has demonstrated that ISL effectively lowers blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) mice and improves disturbances in glucolipid and energy metabolism induced by T2DM. This study aims to further investigate the effects of ISL on alleviating abnormal endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) caused by T2DM and to elucidate its molecular mechanisms. In vivo experiments were conducted using 8-week-old SPF male C57BL/6J mice. The T2DM animal model was established by high-fat and high-sugar diet combined with intraperitoneal injections of streptozotocin (STZ), in compliance with the ethical guidelines set by the Animal Welfare Committee of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (approval number: BUCM-2022021503-1134). In vitro experiments employed human liver cancer HepG2 cells, which were induced with tunicamycin (TM) to establish the ERS cell model. Transcriptomic sequencing was used to analyze changes in gene expression in the liver samples of T2DM mice following ISL treatment. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was employed to assess the regulatory effects of ISL on key ERS genes. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blot (WB), and immunofluorescence techniques were used to evaluate ISL's effects on ERS-related proteins. Results indicate that ISL significantly downregulates the expression of ERS-related genes, reduces the level of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), and inhibits the phosphorylation of protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), thereby alleviating abnormal ERS induced by T2DM. Additionally, ISL increases the protein levels of insulin receptor substrate (IRS) 1 and IRS2 and enhances the phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt), thereby improving insulin sensitivity. In conclusion, ISL is able to alleviate T2DM associated symptoms by improving abnormal ERS and enhancing insulin sensitivity.

isoliquiritigenin  /  type 2 diabetes mellitus  /  endoplasmic reticulum stress  /  insulin sensitivity  /  glucose metabolism
赖恺怡, 丁文文, 张佳瑜, 杨晓雪, 高文博, 肖瑶, 刘颖. 异甘草素改善2型糖尿病所致异常内质网应激机制研究. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (1) : 130 -140 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0867
Kai-yi LAI, Wen-wen DING, Jia-yu ZHANG, Xiao-xue YANG, Wen-bo GAO, Yao XIAO, Ying LIU. Isoliquiritigenin alleviates abnormal endoplasmic reticulum stress induced by type 2 diabetes mellitus[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (1) : 130 -140 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0867
糖尿病及其并发症已成为重大的全球健康威胁, 城市化的发展也进一步提高了糖尿病的发病率[1, 2]。根据国际糖尿病联合会报告, 目前全球有5.37亿的成年人(20~79岁) 确诊糖尿病, 预计到2030年患者人数将增至6.43亿, 到2045年进一步增至7.43亿, 发病情况日益严峻[3]。全球范围内最常见的糖尿病类型是2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM), 其患者数量占糖尿病病例的90%以上[4]。T2DM以胰岛素抵抗和胰岛素分泌受损为主要特点[5], 随着病情的发展, 可导致患者的视网膜[6]、肾脏[7]、心血管系统[8]、骨骼系统[9]和神经系统[10]产生各种并发症, 严重威胁健康。
甘草作为世界上最古老的草药之一, 在全球范围内被广泛使用[11]。我国药典规定甘草为三基原中药材, 基原植物分别是乌拉尔甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.)、光果甘草(Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) 和胀果甘草(Glycyrrhiza inflata Bat.)[12-14]。甘草富含三萜类和黄酮类活性成分[12, 15], 异甘草素(isoliquiritigenin, ISL) 即4, 2', 4'-三羟基查尔酮, 是一种具有查尔酮结构的类黄酮化合物。近年来, 大量研究显示ISL具有抗糖尿病[16]、抗炎[17]和抗癌[18]等多种生物活性。本课题组前期针对ISL的抗T2DM活性开展了系统研究[19-21], 证实了在高脂高糖饮食(high-fat-high-sugar diet, HFD) 诱导的糖尿病小鼠中, 腹腔注射ISL可有效降低血糖水平, 抑制肝脏糖异生, 改善肝脏脂质代谢, 促进线粒体生物发生和自噬, 从而缓解T2DM引起的糖脂和能量代谢紊乱, 表现出改善T2DM的良好潜力。
当机体处于营养过剩状态时, 内质网中未折叠或错误折叠的蛋白质会异常蓄积, 引发内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress, ERS)[22]。长期的ERS会干扰胰岛素的生产、折叠和运输, 加剧肝脏、骨骼肌和脂肪组织的胰岛素抵抗[23]。因此, ERS是肥胖[24]和糖尿病[25]的常见特征之一。本论文将在前期研究的基础上进一步探究ISL缓解T2DM所致异常ERS的效果并解析其分子机制, 补充完善ISL改善T2DM的机制。
实验动物  SPF级雄性C57BL/6J小鼠(8周龄), 购于斯贝福(北京) 生物技术有限公司, 饲养于北京中医药大学实验动物中心(20~24 ℃, 50%~70%相对湿度, 12 h/12 h光暗交替)。实验方案经北京中医药大学动物伦理委员会批准: BUCM-2022021503-1134; 实验动物生产许可证号: SCXK (京) 2019-0010; 实验动物质量合格证编号: 110324211104663385。
试剂和试剂盒  ISL (纯度≥ 98%, 批号: B21525)、二甲双胍(metformin, MET, 纯度: 98%, 批号: S30880) 和衣霉素(tunicamycin, TM, 纯度≥ 98%, 批号: S17119) 均购自上海源叶生物科技有限公司; 链脲佐菌素(streptozotocin, STZ, 纯度≥ 98%, 色谱纯, 批号: BN30130) 购自北京百瑞极生物科技有限公司; 4-苯基丁酸(4-phenylmethylbutyric acid, 4-PBA, 纯度≥ 99%, 批号: P132032) 购自上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司; 胎牛血清(fetal bovine serum, FBS) 购自美国Corning公司; DMEM高糖培养基购自美国Gibco公司; 葡萄糖调节蛋白78 (glucose-regulated protein 78, GRP78)、C/EBP同源蛋白(C/EBP homologous protein, CHOP) 和人肝糖原酶联免疫吸附法(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA) 试剂盒均购自上海酶联生物科技有限公司; 葡萄糖含量(葡萄糖氧化酶法) 检测试剂盒购自南京建成生物工程研究所; 一站式DNA/RNA/蛋白提取试剂盒购自生工生物工程(上海) 股份有限公司; NovoScript® Plus All-in-one 1st Strand cDNA Synthesis SuperMix (gDNA Purge) 和NovoStart® SYBR qPCR SuperMix Plus购于苏州近岸蛋白质科技股份有限公司; 糖原过碘酸-雪夫(periodic acid-Schiff, PAS) 染色试剂盒以及BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司; 胰岛素受体底物(insulin receptor substrate, IRS) 1、IRS2、蛋白激酶RNA样内质网激酶(protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase, PERK)、p-PERK (Thr980)、蛋白激酶B (protein kinase B, Akt) 和p-Akt (Ser473) 一抗均购自美国Cell Signaling Technology公司; GRP78一抗购自美国Proteintech公司。
仪器  CO2恒温培养箱(MCO-18AIC, 日本SANYO公司); PCR仪(QuantStudioTM 6 Flex, 美国Applied Biosystems公司); 酶标仪(EPOCH, 美国Biotek Epoch公司); 低温高速离心机(Centrifuge 5424 R, 德国Eppendorf公司); 激光共聚焦扫描显微镜(FV3000, 日本Olympus Corporation公司); PowerPac基础电泳仪(1645050, 美国Bio-Rad公司)。
T2DM小鼠模型构建及分组给药  小鼠适应性饲养1周后, 采取本课题组前期方法[20, 21]构建T2DM小鼠模型, 以MET作为阳性药对照, 分组包括: 空白组(CTRL-Vehicle)、空白给药组(CTRL-ISL-H)、模型组(T2DM-Vehicle)、低剂量治疗组(T2DM-ISL-L)、高剂量治疗组(T2DM-ISL-H) 和阳性药组(T2DM-MET), 每组6只。每3天腹腔注射给药1次, 其中空白给药组和高剂量治疗组给予ISL (20 mg·kg-1), 低剂量治疗组给予ISL (10 mg·kg-1), 阳性药组给予MET (200 mg·kg-1), 持续3周。给药结束后, 摘眼球处死小鼠, 留取肝脏组织并保存于-80 ℃。
小鼠肝脏转录组分析  随机挑选ISL治疗组和T2DM模型组小鼠各3只, 对其肝脏样品进行转录组测序分析, 由上海欧易生物医学科技有限公司提供检测。
TM和4-PBA浓度筛选  人肝癌HepG2细胞购自北京协和医学院细胞资源中心。依据文献, 选择TM作为构建ERS细胞模型的诱导试剂[26, 27], 4-PBA作为改善ERS的阳性药对照[28, 29]。将HepG2细胞培养于DMEM+10% FBS (37 ℃, 5% CO2), 当融合率达到80%时, 进行噻唑蓝[3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, MTT] 比色法检测, 以确定TM和4-PBA的安全给药范围。TM给药浓度为1、2、5、10 μg·mL-1, 孵育4、8和24 h; 4-PBA的给药浓度为1、5、10、20 mmol·L-1, 孵育24和48 h。细胞实验均设置3次重复。
ERS模型构建及分组给药  采用上述相同条件培养HepG2细胞, 当融合率达到80%时, 更换为含2% FBS的DMEM培养基并分组给药, 设置空白组、模型组、ISL给药组(5、10、20、40 μmol·L-1)[20, 21]和阳性药4-PBA组(1 mmol·L-1), 孵育24 h; 除空白组外, 其他各组加入TM (2.0 μg·mL-1), 孵育4 h, 以诱导ERS。
RT-qPCR分析  提取以上各组细胞样品总RNA, 以β-actin作为内参, 进行实时荧光定量PCR (real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, RT-qPCR) 分析, 检测ERS相关基因GRP78CHOPPERK、肌醇依赖酶1α (inositol-requiring enzyme 1α, IRE1α)、激活转录因子6α (activating transcription factor 6α, ATF6α)、真核翻译起始因子2α (eukaryotic initiation factor 2α, eIF2α)、X-框结合蛋白1 (recombinant X-Box binding protein 1, XBP1) 和c-Jun氨基末端激酶(c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1, JNK) 的转录水平, 引物由生工生物工程(上海) 股份有限公司合成, 序列信息见表 1, 扩增程序: 95 ℃ 1 min、95 ℃ 20 s、60 ℃ 1 min, 40个循环。
ELISA分析  体内研究取小鼠肝脏, 称重, 按1∶9加入PBS (pH 7.4), 研磨匀浆; 体外研究取各组1 mL细胞培养液置于1.5 mL离心管; 对体内外样品离心并收集上清, 通过ELISA试剂盒测定各组样品中GRP78和CHOP的蛋白含量。
蛋白质印迹法(Western blot, WB) 检测  裂解细胞, 95 ℃加热5 min制备蛋白样品; 配制SDS-PAGE凝胶, 10 μL蛋白样品上样, 电泳60 min, 电压120 V; 转膜75 min, 电流220 mA; 5%脱脂奶粉或5%牛血清白蛋白室温封闭1.5 h; 4 ℃一抗孵育过夜; 室温二抗孵育2 h; ECL显色。使用Image J软件对目标蛋白IRS1、IRS2、PERK、p-PERK、Akt、p-Akt和GRP78进行分析。
免疫荧光分析  将圆盖玻片置于24孔板中, 每孔接种50% HepG2细胞, 采用上述相同条件分组给药并构建ERS细胞模型。以4%多聚甲醛固定液室温固定1 h; 0.2% Triton X-100通透20 min; 10%山羊血清室温封闭1 h; 4 ℃一抗孵育过夜; 室温二抗孵育1 h。采用激光共聚焦扫描显微镜观察GRP78的蛋白表达。
细胞糖原染色观察及糖原含量测定  按照糖原PAS染色试剂说明书处理各组细胞, 加入染料孵育, 于一体化荧光显微成像系统上观察细胞的糖原染色情况。收集各组细胞于1.5 mL离心管中, PBS清洗后超声破碎1 min, 按照人肝糖原ELISA试剂盒说明书测定各组样品中的糖原含量。
胰岛素刺激的细胞葡萄糖摄取测定  将各组细胞改为无血清DMEM培养基孵育并加入胰岛素(100 nmol·L-1) 刺激30 min, 取细胞培养液, 采用葡萄糖含量检测试剂盒检测各组培养液样品中的葡萄糖含量, 以反映细胞的葡萄糖摄取水平。
统计学分析  采用软件IBM SPSS Statistic 26.0, 对数据进行单因素方差分析(ANOVA), 以平均数±标准差(x ± s) 表示, P < 0.05为具有统计学意义。
图 1A可知, 与模型组(T2DM-Vehicle) 相比, ISL治疗引起了小鼠肝脏转录组的变化, 共有差异表达基因(differentially expressed genes, DEGs) 180个, 包括70个显著上调DEGs和110个显著下调DEGs。
DEGs的KEGG通路分类汇总如图 1B所示: ISL治疗引起了T2DM小鼠各主要代谢过程的变化, 包括碳水化合物代谢、多糖的生物合成与代谢、脂代谢、能量代谢、氨基酸代谢等。
DEGs的KEGG富集分析结果如图 1C所示: 排名前20的上调信号通路包括了碳水化合物代谢、磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(phosphoinositide 3-kinase, PI3K)-Akt信号通路和内质网中的蛋白质加工等, 提示ISL可能改善T2DM小鼠的胰岛素信号和ERS。
DEGs的GO富集分析结果如图 1D所示: 在排名前30的上调信号通路中, ISL上调了蛋白质重折叠、蛋白质折叠伴侣、组蛋白去乙酰化酶结合和错误蛋白的结合, 下调了晚期糖基化终产物受体结合, 提示ISL可抑制ERS的进展。
不同浓度TM给药4、8和24 h后HepG2细胞活力检测结果如图 2A所示: 与空白组相比, 1和2 μg·mL-1 TM对细胞的活力无显著影响, 5和10 μg·mL-1 TM可显著降低细胞活力。根据上述实验结果及相关文献[30]报道, 确定2 μg·mL-1 TM给药4 h以构建HepG2细胞ERS模型。
不同浓度4-PBA给药24和48 h后HepG2细胞活力检测结果如图 2B所示: 与空白组相比, 5 mmol·L-1及以下浓度的4-PBA对细胞的活力无显著影响, 10 mmol·L-1及以上浓度的4-PBA会显著降低细胞活力。根据上述实验结果及相关文献[31]报道, 选择1 mmol·L-1作为4-PBA的给药浓度。
本文检测了ISL对HepG2细胞ERS相关基因的调控作用, 结果如图 3所示: 与空白组相比, 在ERS状态下, 模型组中GRP78CHOPPERKeIF2αIRE1αXBP1JNKATF6α的mRNA水平均显著升高; ISL治疗可显著降低这些基因的mRNA水平, 且ISL对CHOPeIF2αJNKATF6α的下调效果具有浓度依赖性。阳性药4-PBA也表现出对以上基因的转录抑制效果。以上结果与肝脏转录组分析结果相吻合, 提示ISL可能通过下调ERS相关基因的转录, 缓解HepG2细胞的ERS压力, 恢复内质网的正常功能。
本文采用ELISA法检测了小鼠肝脏和HepG2细胞中GRP78的蛋白水平, 如图 4A所示: 在小鼠肝脏中, 与空白组相比, 模型组的GRP78蛋白水平显著升高, ISL治疗可显著降低GRP78的蛋白水平; 在HepG2细胞中, ERS模型组的GRP78蛋白水平相较于空白组显著升高, 经过ISL给药后显著降低, 并在5 μmol·L-1达到最大抑制效果, 阳性药4-PBA也表现出对GRP78的抑制效果。WB实验结果(图 4B) 和免疫荧光观察结果(图 4C) 也进一步验证了ISL对GRP78的抑制作用。
CHOP蛋白水平的检测结果如图 4D所示: 各组小鼠肝脏的CHOP蛋白含量均无显著性差异; 在HepG2细胞中, 与空白组相比, 模型组CHOP的蛋白水平显著升高, 当ISL的浓度达到40 μmol·L-1时, 则可显著降低CHOP的蛋白水平。
PERK蛋白及其磷酸化水平的WB检测结果如图 4E所示: 相较于空白组, ERS模型组中PERK的蛋白水平及其磷酸化水平均显著升高, 而ISL治疗则显著抑制了PERK蛋白的表达及其磷酸化, 阳性药4-PBA也表现出相似的效果。
以上实验结果表明: ISL可通过降低GRP78和PERK的蛋白水平来抑制过度的ERS过程, 从而恢复内质网稳态。
本文检测了ISL对ERS状态下细胞糖原水平的影响, 结果如图 5A所示: 与空白组相比, ERS模型组细胞糖原染色减弱, 表明其糖原水平下降; 与模型组相比, ISL给药组和阳性药4-PBA组糖原染色均增强, 表明ISL可促进HepG2细胞糖原合成。本研究进一步检测了细胞的糖原水平, 结果如图 5B所示: 与空白组相比, ERS模型组细胞中的糖原含量显著降低(P < 0.05), 表明在发生ERS的情况下, HepG2细胞的糖原合成能力明显减弱; 同时, 10和20 μmol·L-1 ISL可显著提高细胞的糖原合成能力(P < 0.01), 阳性药4-PBA也有相似的作用效果, 此结果与糖原染色结果(图 5A) 相吻合, 表明在ERS状态下ISL可促进细胞糖原合成。
胰岛素刺激的葡萄糖摄取检测结果如图 5C所示: 与空白组相比, 模型组培养基上清中的葡萄糖含量显著升高, 10和20 μmol·L-1 ISL处理则可显著降低培养基中的葡萄糖含量, 阳性药4-PBA也表现出相似的效果。以上结果表明在ERS状态下, ISL可提高HepG2细胞的胰岛素敏感性。因此, 本研究进一步检测了ERS状态下HepG2细胞中IRS1和IRS2的蛋白水平(图 5D), 结果显示: 与空白组相比, 模型组的IRS1蛋白水平显著降低, 10和20 μmol·L-1 ISL处理可显著提高IRS1的蛋白水平; 与模型组相比, 5~40 μmol·L-1 ISL处理则可显著提高IRS2的蛋白水平。此结果与上述糖摄取的检测结果(图 5C) 相吻合。
Akt在胰岛素敏感性和糖脂代谢的调节中发挥着关键作用, 已有研究表明, ERS会抑制Akt的磷酸化[32], 加剧T2DM的进程[19]。因此, 本文检测了ERS状态下ISL对Akt蛋白水平及其磷酸化的影响, 结果如图 5E所示: 相较于空白组, 模型组的p-Akt/Akt显著降低, 而ISL给药则显著促进了Akt的磷酸化, 阳性药4-PBA也表现出相似的效果。
以上实验结果表明: ISL可促进蛋白IRS1和IRS2的表达并激活Akt, 从而提升HepG2细胞的胰岛素敏感性, 增强其糖摄取能力, 并促进糖原合成。
本课题组前期研究已证实ISL可改善T2DM引起的糖脂和能量代谢紊乱[19-21], 本研究进一步评估了ISL对于缓解T2DM所致异常ERS的效果, 如图 6所示: ISL可抑制ERS关键靶点GRP78和PERK的蛋白表达, 并抑制PERK的磷酸化, 下调折叠蛋白反应(unfolded protein response, UPR) 3条信号通路相关基因的转录水平, 从而缓解ERS压力, 恢复内质网功能。内质网蛋白稳态对于胰岛β细胞在生理和病理条件下的存活均至关重要[33]。T2DM患者的UPR反应通常被持续激活, 导致GRP78、CHOP和PERK等相关蛋白水平显著高于健康受试者[34-36]。因此, 改善T2DM患者体内的ERS状态有利于控制糖尿病的病程进展。
本文还探讨了ISL在缓解ERS的同时对胰岛素信号的调节作用。前人研究[37]表明, ERS会激活JNK, 并通过IRS1的抑制性磷酸化干扰PI3K-Akt信号通路, 导致糖原合成受阻和糖异生增强; 高能磷酸化合物磷酸肌酸可下调ERS标志蛋白GRP78、CHOP的水平, 抑制IRS1的磷酸化, 促进Akt的磷酸化, 从而改善胰岛素抵抗[38]。本文的研究结果显示, ISL显著提高了HepG2细胞中IRS1/2的蛋白水平, 并促进了Akt的磷酸化, 从而在一定程度上恢复了胰岛素信号传导, 提升了HepG2细胞的糖摄取能力, 并促进了糖原合成(图 5)。这一结果也与本课题组前期的研究结果[19]相吻合。前期研究发现, ISL主要通过激活5'-磷酸腺苷活化蛋白激酶(adenosine 5'-monophosphate activated protein kinase, AMPK) 和抑制哺乳动物雷帕霉素复合物1 (mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1, mTORC1) 发挥其抗T2DM活性。AMPK是真核生物中参与代谢的中枢调节因子, 是临床抗T2DM药物发挥药效的最重要靶点[39], 如MET可通过激活AMPK增加糖摄取[40]和促进糖原合成[41], 从而改善异常糖代谢。在本论文中, ISL促进HepG2细胞糖摄取和糖原合成的效果与其对AMPK的激活效果相吻合。mTORC1是胰岛素信号通路下游的细胞营养传感器, 是调节生物体内糖脂代谢、蛋白质合成及自噬的重要靶点[42, 43], 在肥胖和T2DM哺乳动物体内mTORC1普遍表现为异常活化[44]。mTORC1对胰岛素激活的Akt起负反馈调节作用, 进而降低细胞对胰岛素的敏感性[45]。在本论文中, ISL对Akt的激活效果与其对mTORC1的抑制效果相吻合。
慢性高血糖会降低内质网的蛋白折叠能力, 破坏内质网稳态, 诱导无法恢复的UPR激活, 进而加速胰岛β细胞衰竭[46]。T2DM和ERS之间密切相关, 本文显示ISL可缓解T2DM状态下的异常ERS, 同时可提高细胞胰岛素敏感性, 但二者间是否存在因果关系尚未可知。未来本课题组将进一步探讨ISL缓解异常ERS与改善胰岛素抵抗之间的相关性, 为ISL在T2DM临床治疗中的进一步应用提供理论基础和实验依据。
作者贡献: 赖恺怡和丁文文负责实验研究过程并撰写论文, 二人同等贡献; 刘颖和肖瑶提出实验思路、设计研究方案并修改论文; 张佳瑜、杨晓雪和高文博协助进行实验数据采集与分析; 所有作者均阅读并参与修改了本论文。
利益冲突: 本文作者均没有利益冲突。
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2025年第60卷第1期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0867
  • 接收时间:2024-09-05
  • 首发时间:2025-11-07
  • 出版时间:2025-01-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-05
  • 修回日期:2024-10-28
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    1.北京中医药大学生命科学学院, 北京 102488
    2.北京中医药大学中药学院, 北京 102488

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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