Article(id=1193602693039092714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193558470239678932, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0600, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1719417600000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-27, revisedDate=1730736000000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762506658085, onlineDateStr=2025-11-07, pubDate=1736611200000, pubDateStr=2025-01-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762506658085, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762506658085, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762506658085, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1193558470239678932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='244', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762496114549, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764224942173, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200809698921402865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193558470239678932, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200809698921402866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193558470239678932, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=37, endPage=47, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1193602693391414251, articleId=1193602693039092714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Research progress in small molecule inhibitors of complement factor B, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The alternative pathway (AP) of the complement system is a key contributor to the pathogenesis of several diseases including paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS), C3 glomerular disease (C3G) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Complement factor B (CFB) is a trypsin-like serine protein that circulates in the human bloodstream in a latent form. As a key node of the alternative pathway, it is an important target for the treatment of diseases mediated by the complement system. With the successful launch of iptacopan, the CFB small molecule inhibitors has become a current research hotspot, a number of domestic and foreign pharmaceutical companies are actively developing CFB small molecule inhibitors. In this paper, the research progress of CFB small molecule inhibitors in recent years is systematically summarized, the representative compounds and their activities are introduced according to structural types and design ideas, so as to provide reference and ideas for the subsequent research on CFB small molecule inhibitors.

, correspAuthors=Yi MOU, Zheng-yu JIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shuai WEN, Yao ZHAO, Yan WANG, Xing LI, Yi MOU, Zheng-yu JIANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1193602977979134860, articleId=1193602693039092714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=补体因子B小分子抑制剂研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

补体系统的旁路途径是多种疾病发病的关键因素, 包括阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿、非典型溶血性尿毒症综合征、C3肾小球病、年龄相关性黄斑变性等。补体因子B (complement factor B, CFB) 是一种胰蛋白酶样丝氨酸蛋白, 以潜伏形式在人体血液中循环。其作为补体旁路途径的关键节点, 是治疗补体系统介导疾病的重要靶点。随着伊普可泮(iptacopan) 的成功上市, 使得CFB小分子抑制剂成为目前的研究热点, 国内外多家制药公司都在积极研发CFB小分子抑制剂。本文主要就近年来CFB小分子抑制剂的研究进展做了系统总结, 按照结构类型和设计思路对代表化合物及其活性进行了介绍, 从而为后续CFB小分子抑制剂的研究提供借鉴和思路。

, correspAuthors=牟伊, 姜正羽, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*牟伊, Tel: 86-181-68058424, E-mail:
姜正羽, Tel: 86-25-83271351, E-mail:
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补体因子B小分子抑制剂研究进展
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文帅 1 , 赵耀 1 , 王燕 1 , 李幸 1 , 牟伊 1, * , 姜正羽 2, *
药学学报 | 综述 2025,60(1): 37-47
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药学学报 | 综述 2025, 60(1): 37-47
补体因子B小分子抑制剂研究进展
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文帅1, 赵耀1, 王燕1, 李幸1, 牟伊1, * , 姜正羽2, *
作者信息
  • 1.泰州学院医药与化学化工学院, 江苏 泰州 225300
  • 2.中国药科大学药学院, 江苏省药物分子设计与成药性优化重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210009

通讯作者:

*牟伊, Tel: 86-181-68058424, E-mail:
姜正羽, Tel: 86-25-83271351, E-mail:
Research progress in small molecule inhibitors of complement factor B
Shuai WEN1, Yao ZHAO1, Yan WANG1, Xing LI1, Yi MOU1, * , Zheng-yu JIANG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Pharmacy and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou 225300, China
  • 2. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
出版时间: 2025-01-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0600
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补体系统的旁路途径是多种疾病发病的关键因素, 包括阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿、非典型溶血性尿毒症综合征、C3肾小球病、年龄相关性黄斑变性等。补体因子B (complement factor B, CFB) 是一种胰蛋白酶样丝氨酸蛋白, 以潜伏形式在人体血液中循环。其作为补体旁路途径的关键节点, 是治疗补体系统介导疾病的重要靶点。随着伊普可泮(iptacopan) 的成功上市, 使得CFB小分子抑制剂成为目前的研究热点, 国内外多家制药公司都在积极研发CFB小分子抑制剂。本文主要就近年来CFB小分子抑制剂的研究进展做了系统总结, 按照结构类型和设计思路对代表化合物及其活性进行了介绍, 从而为后续CFB小分子抑制剂的研究提供借鉴和思路。

补体系统  /  旁路途径  /  补体因子B  /  补体因子B小分子抑制剂

The alternative pathway (AP) of the complement system is a key contributor to the pathogenesis of several diseases including paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS), C3 glomerular disease (C3G) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Complement factor B (CFB) is a trypsin-like serine protein that circulates in the human bloodstream in a latent form. As a key node of the alternative pathway, it is an important target for the treatment of diseases mediated by the complement system. With the successful launch of iptacopan, the CFB small molecule inhibitors has become a current research hotspot, a number of domestic and foreign pharmaceutical companies are actively developing CFB small molecule inhibitors. In this paper, the research progress of CFB small molecule inhibitors in recent years is systematically summarized, the representative compounds and their activities are introduced according to structural types and design ideas, so as to provide reference and ideas for the subsequent research on CFB small molecule inhibitors.

complement system  /  alternative pathway  /  complement factor B  /  complement factor B small molecule inhibitor
文帅, 赵耀, 王燕, 李幸, 牟伊, 姜正羽. 补体因子B小分子抑制剂研究进展. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (1) : 37 -47 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0600
Shuai WEN, Yao ZHAO, Yan WANG, Xing LI, Yi MOU, Zheng-yu JIANG. Research progress in small molecule inhibitors of complement factor B[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (1) : 37 -47 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0600
补体系统是先天免疫系统的重要组成部分, 对防御微生物感染及清除免疫复合物和受损细胞至关重要[1-3]。补体系统主要由肝脏合成的多种蛋白质组成, 且在血液和组织中循环, 约占血清中球蛋白的10%。部分补体蛋白长期处于激活状态, 因此能够长期监测身体的免疫状况[4-6]。当补体系统激活时, 其中的蛋白酶便会切割特定的补体蛋白以释放细胞因子并引发进一步的级联反应。在正常宿主细胞中, 补体受到许多细胞表面蛋白的严格控制, 避免了对自身组织造成伤害; 而外来病原体和受损的宿主细胞容易受到这种攻击[7, 8]。当补体系统异常激活或过度活化时, 可导致细胞和组织损伤, 引起自身免疫性疾病和炎症性疾病[9, 10]
补体系统主要由补体激活因子、调节因子和补体受体组成[11]。补体激活因子也称补体固有成分, 包括C1-C9、B因子(factor B, FB)、D因子(factor D, FD) 及甘露糖结合凝集素等[12]。在生理状态下, 这些成分都是以无活性的酶前体形式存在; 当补体系统激活后产生级联放大反应, 最终生成膜攻击复合物, 作用于细胞膜形成小孔, 最终导致靶细胞死亡。补体调节因子是一类可溶性或以膜结合形式存在的、调节补体活化的蛋白, 主要包括补体1抑制因子、I因子(factor I, FI)、H因子(factor H, FH)、补体成分4结合蛋白、备解素及衰变加速因子等。补体调节因子可以精细调控补体激活的各个环节, 如: 严密控制C3转化酶的活性避免补体的持续激活; 将过敏毒素C3a和C5a转化为无活性或低活性物质等[13, 14]。补体受体主要表达在免疫细胞膜表面, 是一类膜蛋白, 包括过敏毒素受体(C5aR和C3aR)、C3b及其衍生物相关补体受体(CR1-4) 及C1q受体(cC1qR、qC1qR和VLA-2) 等。补体受体可以与激活的补体成分结合从而发挥招募白细胞到炎症部位、促进病原微生物的吞噬、清除血液系统中产生的免疫复合物等作用[15, 16]
补体系统主要由3条各自独立但又有重合的途径激活(图 1A): 经典途径(classical pathway, CP)、凝集素途径(lectin pathway, LP) 和旁路途径(alternative pathway, AP)[17, 18]。3种途径具有共同的末端通路, 即C2-C9裂解产生活性片段, 形成膜攻击复合物(membrane attack complex, MAC) 进而溶解细胞。其中经典途径主要发挥防御感染、清除病原体、清除凋亡坏死细胞和维持内稳态的作用, 主要分为C1的激活、C3转换酶的形成、C5转化酶和MAC的形成3个阶段。凝集素途径不依靠抗体来识别异物, 而是由血浆中甘露聚糖结合凝集素(mannose-binding lectin, MBL) 直接识别多种病原微生物表面的甘露糖、N-乙酰甘露糖、N-乙酰葡萄糖氨、岩藻糖等为末端糖基的糖结构。MBL与病原表面上不同的糖分子结合导致MBL相关丝氨酸蛋白酶(MBL-associated serine proteases, MASP) 的激活。MASP能裂解C4和C2, 形成凝集素途径C3转换酶C4b2a, 下游效应与经典途径相同。旁路途径在宿主防御细菌感染的先天机制中发挥重要作用, 与经典激活途径不同之处在于激活越过了C1、C4、C2三种成分, 由C3及B、D、H、I和P因子等参与, 不依赖特异性抗体的形成仅通过细菌的细胞壁成分——脂多糖、肽聚糖、磷壁酸和凝聚的IgA和IgG4等物质直接激活C3, 形成C3与C5转化酶, 继而完成C5至C9各成分的连锁反应[19, 20]。旁路激活途径在细菌性感染早期, 尚未产生特异性抗体时, 即可发挥重要的抗感染作用。
在正常生理条件下, 旁路途径对经典途径和凝集素途径占主导地位(图 1B)。①旁路途径的准备阶段: C3与FB、FD等相互作用, 可产生极少量的C3bB和C3bBb, 但迅速受FH和FI的作用, 不再能激活C3和后续的补体成分, 只有当FH和FI的作用被遏制时, 旁路途径方得以激活; ②旁路途径的激活: 旁路途径的激活在于激活物质(例如细菌脂多糖、肽聚糖、病毒感染细胞、肿瘤细胞、痢疾阿米巴原虫等) 的出现, 激活物质的存在为C3b或C3bBb提供一种不易受H因子置换Bb, 不受I因子灭活C3b的保护性微环境, 使旁路激活途径从缓和进行的准备阶段过渡到正式激活的阶段[21]; ③激活效应的扩大: FB是激活AP途径的主要成分, 其被激活后与C3b结合, 随后被FD裂解产生一种含FB催化亚基Bb的C3转化酶复合物C3bBb, C3bBb继续切割C3以产生更多的C3b, 从而对整个补体系统激活起到扩增放大作用。由于C3的不受控制循环, 产生大量活性C3b及末端补体因子沉积于肾小球, 引起肾小球结构及功能的改变, 进一步引发补体系统受累相关肾病[22-24]
研究证明, 阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿(paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, PNH)、非典型溶血性尿毒症综合征(atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, aHUS)、C3肾小球病(C3 glomerular disease, C3G)、年龄相关性黄斑变性(age-related macular degeneration, AMD) 这4种典型疾病与旁路途径相关[25-27]。其中PNH是由于造血干细胞发生PIG-A基因突变, 导致膜上GPI锚链蛋白如CD55、CD59缺失, 细胞易受补体攻击, 产生血管内溶血[28]; aHUS主要是由于补体旁路途径过度激活, 导致膜攻击复合物形成, 进而导致肾脏内皮损伤和肾小动脉微血栓形成, 引起微血管病性溶血性贫血及急性肾功能衰竭等症状[29, 30]; C3G主要是由于补体旁路途径的过度激活或调解异常导致补体活化成分及降解产物在肾脏沉积引起肾组织损伤[31]; 另一种突变导致替代通路激活增加的疾病是AMD, 这种病理表现在视网膜上, 并可能发展为局部视网膜变性, 称为视觉功能丧失[32]。以上4种典型疾病与补体旁路途径的过度激活密不可分, 这也为这类疾病的治疗提供了新思路, 即开发特异性的补体旁路途径抑制剂[33-35]
补体旁路途径的成分主要包括丝氨酸蛋白酶因子D、γ球蛋白备解素又称因子P (factor P, FP) 和丝氨酸蛋白酶因子B[36]。FB是一种胰蛋白酶样丝氨酸蛋白酶, 其分子质量是93 kDa, 由3个结构域组成(图 2A): 一个三模块补体控制蛋白(complement control protein, CCP)、一个von Willebrand因子A结构域(von Willebrand factor A domain, VWA) 和一个C端丝氨酸蛋白酶结构域(serine protease, SP)。FB与病原体结合的C3b之间的相互作用由其A结构域介导, 从而触发了FB的构象变化, 最终形成了替代补体途径的“C3转化酶”。作为补体旁路途径的关键节点, FB对C3和C5转化酶的形成是不可或缺的。其主要在肝脏和巨噬细胞产生, 以潜伏形式在人体血液中循环[37, 38]。FB可以与C3b或C3结合, 生成C3转换酶原C3bB复合物, 使复合物成为FD的底物[39, 40]。FD裂解该复合物中FB的Arg234-Lys235肽键, 释放N末端片段Ba, 而包含丝氨酸蛋白酶结构域的剩余FB亚基Bb成为完全激活的C3转化酶的关键组成部分[41]。C3转化酶可以裂解额外的C3以产生更多的C3b, 从而进一步放大局部补体反应。因此, CFB抑制剂可被用于治疗多种补体介导的疾病[42]
随着2023年12月诺华(Novartis) 开发的CFB小分子抑制剂iptacopan获FDA批准用于治疗成人阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿症[43], 使得CFB小分子抑制剂的开发成为目前的研究热点, 目前国内外有多家制药企业也在开展CFB小分子抑制剂的研究。本文主要就近年来国内外CFB小分子抑制剂的专利申请进行总结和分析, 以期为后续CFB小分子抑制剂的开发提供参考和思路。
伊普可泮的发现历经了5个阶段[44](图 2B)。①高通量筛选得到先导化合物: 诺华研究人员运用CVF-Bb高通量筛选法鉴定出氨基咪唑啉衍生物1 (IC50 = 6.6 μmol·L-1), 晶体结构显示咪唑啉环位于由残基Glu97、Tyr99、Tyr172F、Pro172D形成的S3口袋中, 并与Gly216的主链羰基形成氢键。萘环与Arg192形成了阳离子-π相互作用, 可能通过结晶缓冲溶液中硫酸根离子的存在而稳定在晶体结构中。萘基位于S1口袋的开口处, C-2处的溴占据由残基Pro172D和Val218形成的凹槽。②改萘环为吲哚环, 改咪唑啉为哌啶环: 考虑到萘环的非极性性质不易与S1口袋产生良好的相互作用且萘环骨架不容易进行构效关系研究, 因此研究人员决定采用极性的且容易研究构效关系的吲哚环取代萘环, 对吲哚的C-3位、C-5和C-7分别进行取代基构效关系研究, 发现C-5和C-7位有甲基取代的最优。随后采用不同碱度的胺来替换咪唑啉, 发现使用乙胺或者吗啉环来代替咪唑啉均会导致FB活性的丧失, 但是使用哌啶环来替换咪唑啉会保持一定的活性, 得到了哌啶衍生物2 (IC50 = 50 μmol·L-1), 虽然哌啶衍生物2活性有所降低, 但是哌啶环的引入导致在C-2和C-4方便衍生化, 从而提供了新的构效关系研究位点。③哌啶环的衍生化: 为了探索亲脂性和极性官能团的影响, 研究人员在哌啶的2位引入苯基得到衍生物3 (IC50 = 5.9 μmol·L-1)。在衍生物3的基础上, 于哌啶的C-4位引入-OMe得到衍生物4 (IC50 = 1.4 μmol·L-1), 活性得到了一定程度的提高。④羧酸基团的引入: 研究人员在衍生物3的基础上制备了一系列对位取代的苯基哌啶, 相对于未取代的衍生物3, 砜和酰胺取代的化合物的效力均提高了约4~8倍, 特别是在苯环对位引入羧酸基团的衍生物5 (IC50 = 0.033 μmol·L-1), 其效力提高了近100倍。通过衍生物5与FB的共晶结构, 揭示了该羧基参与了Asn220和Asp218的几个关键氢键。此外, 羧基的引入消除了hERG和肾上腺素能受体活性。⑤微调取代基, 克服物种间的功能活性差异: 当使用C3b沉积测定法评估功能活性时, 衍生物5的活性显著降低。通过序列分析发现可能是由于蛋白质结构的物种差异, 小鼠FB的催化结构域与人类只有80%的序列同源性。虽然针对人源FB的效力是最关键的, 但选择性FB抑制剂的体内药理学从未有过报道。因此, 希望发现对人类和小鼠均有效的化合物, 以便能够评估PK/PD及在各种疾病模型中的药效。于是研究人员在哌啶的C-4处引入-OMe产生了衍生物6, 衍生物6在50%人血清MAC沉积测定和50%小鼠血清C3b沉积测定中均具有相似的效力, IC50值分别为0.15和0.16 μmol·L-1。衍生物6具有良好的体内PK性质。为方便探究骨架的细微变化, 研究人员用乙氧基替换C-4哌啶甲氧基来更深地扩展到S3口袋, 用C-5甲氧基取代的吲哚比甲基提供了更大程度的补体旁路途径抑制, 最终得到上市药物伊普可泮。晶体结构显示(图 2C), 伊普可泮苯甲酸片段上的羧基与Asp218A-NH和Asn220B侧链形成氢键相互作用, 哌啶环上的乙氧基位于S3口袋, 且哌啶环上的N原子与Gly216构成氢键作用, 吲哚甲氧基占据His57和Tyr99形成的小口袋, 吲哚环上N原子则与Thr190保持氢键相互作用。
Wiles等[45]开发了一类吲哚哌啶类CFB抑制剂(图 3, 通式A, WO2018005552A1), 与iptacopan相比, 这类衍生物保留了吲哚母核结构和侧链的哌啶基团, 然而哌啶环C-4取代基及苯环对位取代基发生了改变, 这些不同的苯环对位取代基可以改变化合物的溶解度、稳定性和生物利用度, 同时也影响了化合物与靶标的相互作用。这类化合物均显示出一定的CFB抑制活性, 尤其化合物7~10的IC50值均小于1 μmol·L-1
Luan等[46]发明了一类以吲哚环为母核的CFB抑制剂(图 3, 通式B, WO2022028527A1), 其中取代基Cy可以是哌啶环为基础的单环、螺环、桥环和稠环中的任意一种。表面等离子共振(surface plasmon resonance, SPR) 结合力检测实验表明, 化合物11和靶蛋白具有更显著的结合能力, 显著优于对照化合物。补体溶血活性检测实验表明, 该系列化合物均具有一定的人血清CFB抑制活性, 可以阻止其对兔红细胞的攻击而产生的溶血, 尤其是化合物11对人血清CFB的抑制活性显著优于其他化合物, 其IC50值为87.9 nmol·L-1
Chen等[47]开发了一系列吲哚环为母核哌啶取代的苯酸类化合物(图 3, 通式C, WO2022143940A1), 发明人通过Wieslab补体系统旁路通路试剂盒, 对化合物进行补体系统旁路的抑制活性测定, 结果显示化合物12对人血清旁路通路激活抑制活性明显, 其IC50值为23.6 nmol·L-1。Czabaniuk等[48]也开发了一类以吲哚环为母核的CFB抑制剂(图 3, 通式D, WO2023187715A1), 与iptacopan相比, 这类化合物仍保留了吲哚环结构, 不同的是哌啶环上的N原子位置发生了变化, 同时哌啶环可以由四氢吡咯环、七元氮杂环等来代替。CFB的时间分辨荧光共振能量转移技术(time resolved-fluorescence resonance energy transfer, TR-FRET) 活性测试数据表明, 这类化合物均具有一定的人CFB抑制活性, 尤其化合物13~16的IC50值均小于0.1 μmol·L-1
Li等[49]设计合成了一类含氮桥杂环类化合物(图 4, 通式A, EP4273136A1), 与iptacopan相比, 该类化合物保留了吲哚母核结构和苯甲酸片段, 哌啶环由含氮桥杂环替代。CFB酶活实验表明这类化合物均具有一定的抑制活性, 尤其化合物17具有显著的CFB抑制活性, 其IC50值为1.3 nmol·L-1; 此外, 人补体旁路途径抑制活性表明, 化合物17具有较好的抑制活性, 其IC50值为27.0 nmol·L-1。该公司在此类化合物的基础上继续设计了一类氘代含氮桥杂环类化合物[50](图 4, 通式B, CN116655633A), 与碳原子连接的各个可用的氢原子可独立地被氘原子替换, 其中氘的替换可以是部分或完全的。这类氘代化合物对人补体旁路途径具有较好的抑制作用, 尤其化合物18抑制作用显著, 其IC50值为47.9 nmol·L-1
Ding等[51]设计了一系列双环取代的芳香羧酸类化合物(图 4, 通式C, WO2022218429A1), 该类化合物以吲哚环为母核, 同时保留了芳香羧酸片段, 哌啶环由含氮桥杂环替代, 其中哌啶环上的R2和R3取代基与它们连接的原子一起形成3~6元杂环基或者R2和R4取代基与它们连接的原子一起形成3~6元杂环基。发明人通过Wieslab补体系统旁路通路试剂盒, 对本发明化合物进行补体系统旁路的抑制活性测定, 结果表明化合物19对人血清旁路通路激活抑制活性明显, 其IC50值小于100 nmol·L-1。利用TR-FRET方法对此类化合物进行人CFB蛋白结合活性测定, 结果表明, 该类化合物对人CFB蛋白均具有一定的结合活性。大鼠药代动力学研究表明, 化合物19具有较好的口服暴露量和较长的半衰期。此外, 该公司在此类化合物的基础上继续设计了一类双环取代的芳香羧酸类氘代化合物[52](图 4, 通式D, WO2023237012A1), 体外酶活筛选实验结果表明, 该类化合物对人血清旁路通路激活抑制活性明显, 尤其化合物2021抑制效果显著, 其IC50值均小于100 nmol·L-1。在前两类化合物的基础上, 该公司发明人还设计了一类双环取代的芳香羧酸酯类化合物[53](图 4, 通式E, WO2023237041A1), 该类化合物保留了通式C和通式D中的吲哚环、哌啶桥杂环及苯甲酸片段等母体结构, 同时在苯甲酸的羧基上引入C1-6烷基、苯基等基团成酯。大鼠药代动力学研究表明, 本发明化合物2223口服给药后, 其羧酸代谢产物在体内暴露量高, 药代动力学性质优良。LPS诱导补体激活小鼠体内PD模型结果表明, 与正常组相比, 此类化合物能够显著抑制LPS刺激的补体激活。
Zhang等[54]发明了一类苯并氮杂芳环衍生物(图 5A, WO2023020566A1), 该类化合物仍保留了吲哚环/苯并咪唑/苯并吡唑的母核结构和苯甲酸片段, 哌啶环与氧/氮杂环丁基、氧/硫杂环戊基、氧杂环己基等共同形成螺环。CFB活性抑制率实验数据表明, 该类化合物对CFB均具有良好的抑制作用。补体替代通路的抑制作用检测结果表明, 该类化合物对补体替代通路具有一定的抑制作用, 其中化合物24具有显著的抑制作用, 其IC50值小于200 nmol·L-1。小鼠体内C3a水平的抑制率结果显示, 与iptacopan相比, 在同等剂量条件下, 化合物24 C3a水平的抑制率是iptacopan的2倍。
Zhu等[55]设计发明了一类吲哚螺环类似物(图 5B, WO2023072197A1), 该类结构保留了吲哚环和苯甲酸片段, 哌啶环/吡咯环/氮杂环丁烷与环丁基/环戊基/环己基共同形成螺环。利用TR-FRET方法对这类化合物进行人CFB蛋白结合活性测定, 化合物25具有较好的结合活性, 其IC50值小于2 nmol·L-1。SPR实验结果表明, 该类化合物均具有较好的蛋白结合力, 化合物25结合力显著, 其KD值为0.17 nmol·L-1。药代动力学研究数据表明化合物25的半衰期为22.2 h。Adams等[56]也设计了一类螺环哌啶基衍生物, 在保留了吲哚环的基础上, 哌啶环与双氟取代的环丁基/环戊基共同形成螺环(图 5C, WO2023139534A1)。利用TR-FRET方法, 对这类化合物进行人CFB蛋白结合活性测定, 化合物26具有较好的结合活性, 其IC50值为0.5 nmol·L-1
Wiles等[57]发明了一类大环CFB抑制剂(图 5D, WO2022155294A1), 该类结构通式中环A表示苯环或者萘环, 环B和环C形成二环杂芳基、二环杂环基或者二环环烷基, X表示CH2、CH、O、S或NH, Y表示O、S或NH, X和Y与它们所连接的原子一起形成10至16元大环。其中化合物27具有较好的人CFB抑制活性, 其IC50值为83.7 nmol·L-1
Adams等[58]设计了一类2-苄基-苯并咪唑CFB抑制剂(图 6, 通式A, WO2015066241A1), 该类化合物以苯并咪唑为母核, 咪唑环上连接苄基取代基。本发明化合物在CFB抑制方面均具有一定的活性, 其中化合物28活性显著, 其IC50值为23 nmol·L-1
Luan等[59]设计了一种杂环类CFB抑制剂(图 6, 通式B, WO2022028507A1), 与iptacopan相比, 吲哚环由苯并咪唑/吡唑/呋喃/噻唑/恶唑等代替, 保留了苯甲酸和哌啶环, 补体溶血活性检测实验结果表明, 化合物29具有较好的活性, 其IC50值为0.9 μmol·L-1
Dechantsreiter等[60]设计了一类以4-氨基喹唑啉为母核的CFB抑制剂(图 7, 通式A, WO2013192345A1), 喹唑啉嘧啶环的2位引入有取代的哌嗪环, 人CFB抑制活性测试结果表明, 化合物30具有较好的活性, 其IC50值为1 nmol·L-1
Wiles等[45]设计了一类以4-氨基喹唑啉为母核的CFB抑制剂(图 7, 通式B, WO2018005552A1), 喹唑啉嘧啶环的2位引入有取代的哌嗪环/哌嗪桥环/四氢吡啶环, 人CFB抑制活性测试结果表明, 化合物31~33具有较好的活性, 其IC50值均小于1 μmol·L-1
CFB小分子抑制剂的基本药效基团由3部分组成: 取代的苯并杂环(如吲哚环)、取代的哌啶环和连接链(亚甲基)。这些基团都是与CFB蛋白结合所必需的, 其中哌啶环上的两个取代基对活性影响较大, 哌啶环N原子的对位引入合适的取代基, 有利于分子与CFB蛋白S3口袋的占据与结合, N原子邻位羧基苯基片段的取代与Asp218A-NH和Asn220B侧链形成氢键相互作用, 且哌啶环邻对位碳原子构型对于活性的影响较大, 都以S-构型为活性异构体。
CFB小分子抑制剂的构效关系总结如图 8
近年来, 随着对补体系统生物学研究的不断深入, 针对补体系统的药物开发逐渐成为研究热点, 目前已有多个候选药物在临床上展现出较好的疗效和安全性。Iptacopan (研发代号LNP023) 是首个成功上市的CFB靶向小分子抑制剂, 2023年12月iptacopan获FDA批准用于治疗成人阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿症。Iptacopan的成功进一步促进了该靶标的药物研发, 目前国内外多家制药公司都在积极研发CFB小分子抑制剂, 比如开发的编号为MY-008211A的CFB小分子抑制剂已经进入临床II期研究。相较于CFB靶标的核酸、多肽、单克隆抗体类药物, CFB小分子抑制剂具有较好的生物利用度和药代动力学性质, 部分小分子抑制剂穿过血脑屏障的能力有所增强, 有望满足不同疾病患者对治疗药物的需求。随着候选药物种类的拓展, 相信后续CFB抑制剂尤其是小分子抑制剂的开发与应用将更加广泛。
尽管补体因子B在治疗旁路途径失调引发的疾病方面是一个非常有潜力的靶点, 但是针对这一靶点的药物发现却充满了挑战。一方面, 补体系统是一个复杂的蛋白质网络, 包含了多条通路, 即使其中一条通路被阻断, 补体系统也可以通过其他通路补充发挥作用, 但同时也会降低目标靶点抑制剂的预期临床效果; 另一方面, 由于补体系统在先天免疫中清除病原体的关键作用, 干扰这一系统运行所引起的安全问题一直受到广泛关注。对服用补体抑制剂的患者来说, 继发的细菌感染一直是一个备受关注的用药安全问题; 此外, 由于补体蛋白广泛存在于人体内, 约占血清总蛋白的10%, 且代谢速度极快, 一旦体内的补体蛋白被激活, 将需要高频率、大剂量地使用药物进行阻断。因此, 补体药物使用频率及剂量的考察成为一个重大挑战。随着iptacopan的成功开发, 补体药物领域的突破性创新进展指日可待。
作者贡献: 文帅负责文献的收集整理及主要内容的撰写; 赵耀、王燕负责文章图片和结构式的绘制和部分案例整理; 李幸负责部分的文献检索和内容修改; 牟伊、姜正羽负责综述选题与框架设计, 稿件修改等工作。
利益冲突: 本文的研究内容无任何利益冲突。
  • 江苏省高校自然科学基金资助项目(21KJB350008)
  • 泰州市社会发展项目(TN202135)
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0600
  • 接收时间:2024-06-27
  • 首发时间:2025-11-07
  • 出版时间:2025-01-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-27
  • 修回日期:2024-11-05
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江苏省高校自然科学基金资助项目(21KJB350008)
泰州市社会发展项目(TN202135)
作者信息
    1.泰州学院医药与化学化工学院, 江苏 泰州 225300
    2.中国药科大学药学院, 江苏省药物分子设计与成药性优化重点实验室, 江苏 南京 210009

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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