Article(id=1193558471741244061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193558470239678932, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0531, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1717430400000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-04, revisedDate=1727625600000, revisedDateStr=2024-09-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762496114906, onlineDateStr=2025-11-07, pubDate=1736611200000, pubDateStr=2025-01-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762496114906, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762496114906, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762496114906, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1193558470239678932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='244', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762496114549, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764224942173, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200809698921402865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193558470239678932, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200809698921402866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193558470239678932, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=96, endPage=104, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1193558472047428258, articleId=1193558471741244061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Tubuloside B inhibits Aβ1-42 fibrillization and alleviates amyloid-induced cytotoxicity, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect of tubuloside B (Tub B) on amyloid β-protein (Aβ), and analyse the potential mechanism. A model of amyloid fibril was established by incubation of Aβ1-42 in vitro. Thioflavin-T (ThT), Congo red (CR), 8-anilino-1-naphthene sulfonic acid (ANS) staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were applied to detect the suppression of Tub B on the formation of Aβ1-42 fibril. Circular dichroism (CD) was used to analyse the regulatory effect of Tub B on the secondary structure of Aβ1-42. 3-(4, 5-Dimethyl-2-thiazole) -2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and red blood cell hemolysis experiments were used to investigate the attenuation of Tub B on Aβ1-42 induced cytotoxicity. 2', 7'-Dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) staining was used to assess the expression of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by Aβ1-42. And molecular docking experiment was used to explore the interaction between Tub B and Aβ1-42. The results indicated that Tub B could inhibit Aβ1-42 fibrillization in a certain extent, which retarded the structural transition of α-helix to β-sheet of Aβ1-42, hampered the exposure of hydrophobic regions, and attenuated amyloid-induced cytotoxicity and hemolysis. In summary, Tub B can prevent the formation of Aβ1-42 amyloid fibril, which may be related to its antioxidant activity and hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions with protein molecules. All animal experiments were approved by the Experimental Animal Research Center of Air Force Medical University (No. 20190051).

, correspAuthors=Ai-dong WEN, Jing-wen WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Di ZHANG, Juan-li ZHANG, Ai-dong WEN, Jing-wen WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1193558792467087724, articleId=1193558471741244061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=管花苷B抑制Aβ1-42淀粉样纤维化并降低其细胞毒性的研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文旨在探讨管花苷B (tubuloside B, Tub B) 对β-淀粉样蛋白(amyloid β-protein, Aβ) 纤维化的抑制作用及潜在作用机制。采用体外孵育Aβ1-42建立蛋白质淀粉样纤维化模型, 利用硫黄素-T (thioflavin T, ThT)、刚果红(Congo red, CR)、8-苯胺-1-萘磺酸(8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonic acid, ANS) 染色和透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscope, TEM) 考察Tub B对Aβ1-42纤维形成的抑制作用; 圆二色谱(circular dichroism, CD) 分析Tub B对Aβ1-42二级结构的影响; 3-(4, 5-二甲基-2-噻唑)-2, 5-二苯基溴化四氮唑噻唑蓝[3-(4, 5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2, 5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide, MTT] 和红细胞溶血实验研究Tub B对Aβ1-42诱导的细胞毒性的抑制作用; 2', 7'-二氯二氢荧光素二乙酸酯(2', 7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate, DCFH-DA) 染色检测Tub B对Aβ1-42诱导的细胞内活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 含量的影响; 以及利用分子对接实验研究Tub B与Aβ1-42分子相互作用。结果显示, Tub B对Aβ1-42淀粉样纤维形成具有一定抑制作用, 可降低Aβ1-42二级结构中α-螺旋结构向β-折叠结构的转化, 减少疏水区域暴露, 减弱Aβ1-42引起的细胞毒性和红细胞溶血性, 降低细胞损伤。综上所述, Tub B能够抑制蛋白质淀粉样纤维形成, 且这种抑制作用可能与其抗氧化活性及与蛋白质分子间的氢键和疏水作用力有关。本研究的动物实验经空军军医大学动物实验伦理委员会批准(批准号: 20190051)。

, correspAuthors=文爱东, 王婧雯, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*文爱东, E-mail:
王婧雯, Tel: 86-29-84773636, E-mail:
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A: Thioflavin-T (ThT) fluorescence growth curves of A<i>β</i><sub>1-42</sub> after 24 h of incubation; B: ThT fluorescence intensity of A<i>β</i><sub>1-42</sub> with various concentrations of Tub B at 24 h; C: The lag time of A<i>β</i><sub>1-42</sub> with various concentrations of Tub B; D: Congo red (CR) binding spectra were taken at 0 h; E: CR binding spectra were taken at 24 h. <i>n</i> = 3, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i>±<i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> A<i>β</i><sub>1-42</sub> , figureFileSmall=yihjYG4lVJ5VfRC8KTvnMA==, figureFileBig=inT1/pvQOaaPTkJsWH296Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194708356423197334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193558471741244061, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=T0tzheTYa6nRDQxvbXuMMQ==, figureFileBig=JwZjgXF40g2AHKEs1Yjqug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194708356515472023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193558471741244061, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Representative 8-anilino-1-naphthene sulfonic acid (ANS) fluorescence emission spectra of A<i>β</i><sub>1-42</sub> with various concentrations of Tub B. A: ANS fluorescence emission spectra were taken at 0 h; B: ANS fluorescence emission spectra were taken at 24 h. <i>n</i> = 3, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i>±<i>s</i> , figureFileSmall=T0tzheTYa6nRDQxvbXuMMQ==, figureFileBig=JwZjgXF40g2AHKEs1Yjqug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194708356582580888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193558471741244061, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=s07aI5Soa2G5gcF2yd3mxA==, figureFileBig=vKjVmgFDCLttlVaE7gvTfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194708356641301145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193558471741244061, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Representative circular dichroism (CD) spectra of A<i>β</i><sub>1-42</sub> with various concentrations of Tub B. A: CD spectra were taken at 0 h; B: CD spectra were taken at 24 h. <i>n</i> = 3, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i>±<i>s</i> , figureFileSmall=s07aI5Soa2G5gcF2yd3mxA==, figureFileBig=vKjVmgFDCLttlVaE7gvTfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194708356700021402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193558471741244061, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=3gzQEqrPib+vanJOD5g4fA==, figureFileBig=sI8pD8gb29+8AFcCKdwp8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194708356758741659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193558471741244061, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of A<i>β</i><sub>1-42</sub> with various concentrations of Tub B after 24 h of incubation. 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A: Viability percentage of SH-SY5Y cells upon treatment with A<i>β</i><sub>1-42</sub> and addition of different concentrations of Tub B; B: Hemolysis percentage of A<i>β</i><sub>1-42</sub> with different concentrations of Tub B. <i>n</i> = 3, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i>±<i>s</i>. <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> control; <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> A<i>β</i><sub>1-42</sub> , figureFileSmall=XGyJ76AiELXRl0QBLSHZpQ==, figureFileBig=DVdaPoXT9mi4U/U6BUPidw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194708356981039774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193558471741244061, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=kWhr125ViZd4EIPAdfcJlQ==, figureFileBig=SeSsCP1YmaXAZRusKKprMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194708357043954335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193558471741244061, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= Inhibitory effect of Tub B against preformed A<i>β</i><sub>1-42</sub>-induced cytotoxicity and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. A: Viability percentage of SH-SY5Y cells upon treatment with preformed A<i>β</i><sub>1-42</sub> fibril and the addition of different concentrations of Tub B; B: Fluorescence intensity of the intracellular ROS in SH-SY5Y cells; C: Confocal microscopy imaging of the intracellular ROS levels in SH-SY5Y cells. Scale bars: 100 μm. <i>n</i> = 3, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i>±<i>s</i>. <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> control; <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> A<i>β</i><sub>1-42</sub> , figureFileSmall=kWhr125ViZd4EIPAdfcJlQ==, figureFileBig=SeSsCP1YmaXAZRusKKprMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194708357643739808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193558471741244061, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=GGWr6NoBdK+KssIMB43JLg==, figureFileBig=hPXTnjSV8KF/CMSe1k9s+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194708357710848673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193558471741244061, language=CN, label=Figure 8, caption= Schematic diagrams (3D and 2D) of the binding modes of Tub B with A<i>β</i><sub>1-42</sub> , figureFileSmall=GGWr6NoBdK+KssIMB43JLg==, figureFileBig=hPXTnjSV8KF/CMSe1k9s+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194708357786346146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193558471741244061, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sample Time/h Helix/% Antiparallel/% Parallel/% Beta-turn/% Rndm. coil/%
Aβ1-42 0 34.50 8.70 8.20 18.30 30.10
Aβ1-42 24 18.80 16.30 12.60 27.50 24.90
Aβ1-42 + 50 µmol·L-1 Tub B 24 22.50 14.90 11.80 24.90 25.60
Aβ1-42 + 100 µmol·L-1 Tub B 24 25.80 13.60 10.90 23.80 26.20
Aβ1-42 + 150 µmol·L-1 Tub B 24 28.20 11.20 10.10 21.70 28.70
), ArticleFig(id=1194708357849260707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193558471741244061, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Estimates of the secondary structural components of Aβ1-42 with different concentrations of Tub B as obtained from CD spectral analyses

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Sample Time/h Helix/% Antiparallel/% Parallel/% Beta-turn/% Rndm. coil/%
Aβ1-42 0 34.50 8.70 8.20 18.30 30.10
Aβ1-42 24 18.80 16.30 12.60 27.50 24.90
Aβ1-42 + 50 µmol·L-1 Tub B 24 22.50 14.90 11.80 24.90 25.60
Aβ1-42 + 100 µmol·L-1 Tub B 24 25.80 13.60 10.90 23.80 26.20
Aβ1-42 + 150 µmol·L-1 Tub B 24 28.20 11.20 10.10 21.70 28.70
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管花苷B抑制Aβ1-42淀粉样纤维化并降低其细胞毒性的研究
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张迪 , 张娟利 , 文爱东 * , 王婧雯 *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(1): 96-104
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2025, 60(1): 96-104
管花苷B抑制Aβ1-42淀粉样纤维化并降低其细胞毒性的研究
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张迪, 张娟利, 文爱东* , 王婧雯*
作者信息
  • 空军军医大学第一附属医院药剂科, 陕西 西安 710032

通讯作者:

*文爱东, E-mail:
王婧雯, Tel: 86-29-84773636, E-mail:
Tubuloside B inhibits Aβ1-42 fibrillization and alleviates amyloid-induced cytotoxicity
Di ZHANG, Juan-li ZHANG, Ai-dong WEN* , Jing-wen WANG*
Affiliations
  • Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
出版时间: 2025-01-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0531
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本文旨在探讨管花苷B (tubuloside B, Tub B) 对β-淀粉样蛋白(amyloid β-protein, Aβ) 纤维化的抑制作用及潜在作用机制。采用体外孵育Aβ1-42建立蛋白质淀粉样纤维化模型, 利用硫黄素-T (thioflavin T, ThT)、刚果红(Congo red, CR)、8-苯胺-1-萘磺酸(8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonic acid, ANS) 染色和透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscope, TEM) 考察Tub B对Aβ1-42纤维形成的抑制作用; 圆二色谱(circular dichroism, CD) 分析Tub B对Aβ1-42二级结构的影响; 3-(4, 5-二甲基-2-噻唑)-2, 5-二苯基溴化四氮唑噻唑蓝[3-(4, 5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2, 5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide, MTT] 和红细胞溶血实验研究Tub B对Aβ1-42诱导的细胞毒性的抑制作用; 2', 7'-二氯二氢荧光素二乙酸酯(2', 7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate, DCFH-DA) 染色检测Tub B对Aβ1-42诱导的细胞内活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 含量的影响; 以及利用分子对接实验研究Tub B与Aβ1-42分子相互作用。结果显示, Tub B对Aβ1-42淀粉样纤维形成具有一定抑制作用, 可降低Aβ1-42二级结构中α-螺旋结构向β-折叠结构的转化, 减少疏水区域暴露, 减弱Aβ1-42引起的细胞毒性和红细胞溶血性, 降低细胞损伤。综上所述, Tub B能够抑制蛋白质淀粉样纤维形成, 且这种抑制作用可能与其抗氧化活性及与蛋白质分子间的氢键和疏水作用力有关。本研究的动物实验经空军军医大学动物实验伦理委员会批准(批准号: 20190051)。

管花苷B  /  阿尔茨海默病  /  β-淀粉样蛋白  /  纤维化  /  抑制作用

This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect of tubuloside B (Tub B) on amyloid β-protein (Aβ), and analyse the potential mechanism. A model of amyloid fibril was established by incubation of Aβ1-42 in vitro. Thioflavin-T (ThT), Congo red (CR), 8-anilino-1-naphthene sulfonic acid (ANS) staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were applied to detect the suppression of Tub B on the formation of Aβ1-42 fibril. Circular dichroism (CD) was used to analyse the regulatory effect of Tub B on the secondary structure of Aβ1-42. 3-(4, 5-Dimethyl-2-thiazole) -2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and red blood cell hemolysis experiments were used to investigate the attenuation of Tub B on Aβ1-42 induced cytotoxicity. 2', 7'-Dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) staining was used to assess the expression of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by Aβ1-42. And molecular docking experiment was used to explore the interaction between Tub B and Aβ1-42. The results indicated that Tub B could inhibit Aβ1-42 fibrillization in a certain extent, which retarded the structural transition of α-helix to β-sheet of Aβ1-42, hampered the exposure of hydrophobic regions, and attenuated amyloid-induced cytotoxicity and hemolysis. In summary, Tub B can prevent the formation of Aβ1-42 amyloid fibril, which may be related to its antioxidant activity and hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions with protein molecules. All animal experiments were approved by the Experimental Animal Research Center of Air Force Medical University (No. 20190051).

tubuloside B  /  Alzheimer's disease  /  amyloid β-protein  /  fibrillization  /  inhibition
张迪, 张娟利, 文爱东, 王婧雯. 管花苷B抑制Aβ1-42淀粉样纤维化并降低其细胞毒性的研究. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (1) : 96 -104 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0531
Di ZHANG, Juan-li ZHANG, Ai-dong WEN, Jing-wen WANG. Tubuloside B inhibits Aβ1-42 fibrillization and alleviates amyloid-induced cytotoxicity[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (1) : 96 -104 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0531
阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease, AD) 是一种原发性神经退行性疾病, 会导致患者认知功能障碍、记忆力丧失、语言失调及生活能力低下, 已成为严重威胁老年人健康的主要疾病之一[1]。据统计, 现阶段我国60岁及以上人群中有痴呆患者1 507万例, 其中AD患者983万例[2]。随着我国人口老龄化进程加快, 预计2050年AD患者将超过3 000万[3], 中国也成为全球AD患病人数最多、增长幅度最快的地区, 给患者、家庭、社会和医疗带来沉重负担[1]
β-淀粉样蛋白(amyloid β-protein, Aβ) 异常聚集形成斑块是AD主要致病因素[4], 也是AD患者的标志性病变之一[5]。累积的Aβ淀粉样原纤维可发展为老年斑, 引起神经毒性, 导致细胞凋亡、神经元丢失等[6, 7]。因此, 开发可抑制Aβ聚集和解聚Aβ聚集物的药物是治疗AD的潜在方法之一。
管花苷B (tubuloside B, Tub B, 图 1), 分子式C31H38O16, 是中药肉苁蓉苯乙醇苷类化合物的主要成分之一[8], 具有抗衰老、抗哮喘、抗氧化、保肝、抗炎等多重药理作用[9-13]。研究发现, Tub B具有显著的神经保护作用, 可通过抗氧化活性抑制1-甲基-4-苯基吡啶诱导的PC12细胞损伤[14], 拮抗TNF-α诱导的SH-SY5Y细胞凋亡[15], 表明其在预防和治疗AD方面具有一定潜力。然而对于Tub B是否可通过抑制蛋白质淀粉样纤维化发挥AD的治疗作用目前鲜有研究。因此, 本研究通过恒温孵育建立Aβ1-42淀粉样纤维化体外模型, 研究Tub B与Aβ1-42的相互作用, 探讨其可能的作用机制, 以期为Tub B的开发和临床应用奠定理论基础。
细胞  人神经母细胞瘤细胞(SH-SY5Y细胞) 购自美国ATCC细胞库。
实验动物   SPF级雄性SD大鼠20只, 体质量(200 ± 20) g, 由空军军医大学实验动物中心提供, 动物生产许可证号: SCXK (陕) 2019-001。所有大鼠均饲养于空军军医大学SPF级实验动物中心, 使用许可证号: SYXK (陕) 2019-001。饲养条件为室温(22 ± 2) ℃, 相对湿度40%~70%, 12 h/12 h明暗交替, 每笼10只。动物实验经空军军医大学动物实验伦理委员会批准, 批准号: 20190051。
药品与试剂   Tub B (B23222) 购自上海源叶生物科技有限公司; Aβ1-42 (PP69)、六氟异丙醇(hexafluoroisopropanol, HFIP, 804515)、硫黄素T (thioflavin T, ThT, T3516)、刚果红(Congo red, CR, C6767)、8-苯胺-1-萘磺酸(8-anilino-1-naphthalene sulfonic acid, ANS, 10417)、3-(4, 5-二甲基-2-噻唑)-2, 5-二苯基溴化四氮唑噻唑蓝[3-(4, 5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2, 5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide, MTT, 475989] 购自美国Sigma-Aldrich公司; 活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 检测试剂盒(S0033) 购自碧云天生物技术有限公司。
仪器   F-2500荧光分光光度计(日本Hitachi公司); SPECORD 2000紫外分光光度计(德国Analyrik Jena公司); JEM-1400透射电子显微镜(日本JEOL公司); ChirascanTM圆二色谱仪(英国Applied Photophysic公司); Bio-Rad 680酶标仪(美国Bio-Rad公司); 5804R低温冷冻离心机(德国Eppendorf公司); Fluoview FV 1000激光共聚焦显微镜(日本Olympus公司)。
体外制备Aβ1-42淀粉样纤维[16] Aβ1-42具有较强疏水性, 存储过程极易聚集沉淀, 需预先利用HFIP打散已有聚集物。具体方法: 称取一定量Aβ1-42溶于HFIP使其终浓度为1 mg·mL-1, 室温静置2 h, 超声30 min, 1.4×104 r·min-1离心30 min, 除去已形成的聚集物, 取上清分装于1.5 mL EP管, -80 ℃冷冻, 冻干机冻干, -20 ℃储存。将冻存的Aβ1-42溶于20 mmol·L-1 NaOH溶液, 超声2 min, 1.4×104 r·min-1离心30 min, 取上清液溶于含有50 mmol·L-1 PBS和100 mmol·L-1 NaCl溶液(pH 7.4), 使Aβ1-42终浓度为1 mmol·L-1。将不同浓度的Tub B加入Aβ1-42溶液, 保证Tub B终浓度为0、50、100、150 μmol·L-1, 37 ℃恒温水浴孵育24 h。孵育期间定时取样, 4 ℃密封保存。
ThT荧光检测取Aβ1-42样品30 µL, 加入1 mmol·L-1 ThT荧光染料90 µL, PBS加至9 mL, 混匀。荧光分光光度计检测, 检测条件为激发波长440 nm, 发射波长485 nm, 激发光和发射光狭缝均为10 nm。
动力学曲线拟合  将Aβ1-42孵育过程中的孵育时间与相应的ThT荧光强度变化作图即可得纤维化动力学生长曲线。生长曲线可分为成核期、延伸期和平衡期[17], 用S-型曲线函数进行拟合[18, 19], 拟合公式如下:
$ Y = Y_{0}+ \frac{{Y}_{max}-{Y}_{0}}{1+{e}^{-\left(t-{t}_{1/2}\right)k}} $
$ \text { Lag time } = t_{1/2} -\frac{2}{k} $
其中Y为孵育t h的荧光强度, Y0Ymax分别为孵育0 h和孵育达到稳定期时最大荧光强度, k为动力学曲线常数; t1/2为达到最大荧光强度一半时对应的孵育时间, lag time为Aβ1-42聚集过程中的延滞时间。运用公式(1) 和公式(2) 对ThT荧光强度数据进行拟合, Aβ1-42淀粉样纤维的生长速率参数通过拟合后的动力学曲线获得。
CR结合实验取Aβ1-42样品500 µL, 加25 µmol·L-1 CR溶液至9 mL, 混匀, 37 ℃反应30 min。紫外分光光度计在400~600 nm波长范围内扫描。
ANS荧光检测取Aβ1-42样品500 µL, 加1 mmol·L-1 ANS荧光染料至10 mL, 混匀, 37 ℃避光反应30 min。荧光分光光度计检测, 检测条件为激发波长380 nm, 扫描范围400~600 nm, 激发光和发射光狭缝均为10 nm。
圆二色谱(circular dichroism, CD) 分析  10 mmol·L-1、pH 7.4的磷酸盐缓冲液(phosphate buffer saline, PBS) 稀释Aβ1-42样品至终浓度50 µmol·L-1, 取500 µL置于1 mm比色皿。圆二色谱仪检测, 检测条件为扫描波长190~260 nm, 扫描速率50 nm·s-1, 步长0.3 nm, 响应时间2 s。CDNN软件分析Aβ1-42二级结构。
透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscope, TEM) 检测  Aβ1-42样品用PBS稀释至200 µmol·L-1, 取15 µL滴至铜网, 多余样品用滤纸吸掉, 静置10 min。滴加2% (w/v) 醋酸铀溶液10 µL染色10 min, 待铜网干后, TEM观察纤维形态并拍照(电压80 kV)。
细胞活性检测   SH-SY5Y细胞在37 ℃、5% CO2条件下培养, 调整细胞浓度至每毫升5×104个, 定量接种于96孔板, 待贴壁并培养达70%以上融合度后, 将用无血清RPMI1640培养基稀释的Aβ1-42样品加至各孔使其终浓度为50 µmol·L-1, 继续培养24 h。每孔加入5 mg·mL-1 MTT溶液30 µL, 孵育4 h, 弃上清, 加入150 µL DMSO震动15 min, 酶标仪于570 nm处测吸光度。
红细胞溶血实验   SD大鼠眼眶取血, 3 000 r·min-1离心10 min, 分离得红细胞沉淀, 10 mmol·L-1、pH 7.4的PBS洗涤3次, 加PBS制成1%悬浮液。取1%红细胞悬液1 mL与Aβ1-42样品0.1 mL于37 ℃水浴30 min, 3 000 r·min-1离心10 min, 取上清液用酶标仪于540 nm处测吸光度。
体外制备Aβ1-42淀粉样纤维将冻存的Aβ1-42溶于20 mmol·L-1 NaOH溶液, 超声2 min, 1.4×104 r·min-1离心30 min, 取上清液溶于含有50 mmol·L-1 PBS和100 mmol·L-1 NaCl溶液(pH 7.4), 使Aβ1-42终浓度为1 mmol·L-1, 37 ℃恒温水浴24 h, 形成纤维样沉积物。将已形成的Aβ1-42淀粉样纤维用无血清培养基稀释至50 µmol·L-1备用。
细胞内ROS含量测定将SH-SY5Y细胞以每毫升5×104个的密度接种于6孔板, 待细胞融合至70%左右时, 加入Tub B使其终浓度为0、50、100、150 µmol·L-1, 培养12 h, 各孔加入已孵育24 h的Aβ1-42样品液使其终浓度为50 µmol·L-1, 继续培养24 h后除去培养液。取2', 7'-二氯二氢荧光素二乙酸酯(2', 7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate, DCFH-DA) 10 µL, 无血清培养基稀释至10 mL (1∶1 000, 终浓度为10 µmol·L-1), 每孔加入100 µL, 37 ℃孵育30 min, 消化离心, PBS洗3遍。激光共聚焦显微镜检测, 检测条件为激发波长488 nm, 发射波长525 nm, Olympus FV10-ASW软件定量分析。
分子对接实验  使用AutoDock Vina软件(版本号: 1.5.6) 分析Tub B与Aβ1-42的相互作用[20], Aβ1-42三维结构取自RCSB蛋白数据库(https://www.rcsb.org/,PDBID:1Z0Q), Tub B分子结构取自PubChem (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/,CID:9831166)。利用pymol对Aβ1-42结构去水去配体后, 使用AutoDock Tool将二者以PDBQT格式进行对接模拟输入, 使用AutoDock Vina将Aβ1-42与Tub B进行对接, 盒子中心坐标为(-1.683, 1.711, -6.781) Å, 盒子大小为40 Å×40 Å×40 Å, 对接成功后计算出二者相互作用力类型和大小, 筛选最低结合能量的构象并使用软件Discovery Studio Visualizer-2020分析Tub B与Aβ1-42之间的相互作用。
统计学分析  数据采用GraphPad Prism 5.01统计软件进行分析及作图。所有数据均采用均数±标准差(x±s) 表示, 两组间比较采用t检验、多组间比较采用单因素方差分析, P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。
ThT荧光实验是检测蛋白质纤维化的常用方法, ThT荧光分子能特异性与淀粉样纤维中的β-折叠结构结合, 并在440 nm激发波长下, 于485 nm处发射较强荧光, 且荧光强度随β-折叠结构比例增加而不断加强[21, 22]。如图 2A所示, Aβ1-42的淀粉样纤维化生长曲线呈典型的“S”型, 即成核期的荧光强度无明显变化; 延伸期荧光强度迅速增长, 延滞时间为3.9 h; 12 h后到达峰值而进入平衡期。经24 h孵育, Aβ1-42的ThT荧光强度明显增强(0 h: 75.93 ± 0.65 A.U.; 24 h: 1 534.84 ± 3.74 A.U.), 而Tub B的加入能显著降低荧光强度(图 2AB), 延长延滞时间(图 2C), 且Tub B浓度越高, 作用越明显。
CR能与淀粉样纤维中的β-折叠结构特异性结合, 当二者发生相互作用后, 吸光度显著升高并伴随最大吸光度值对应波长红移, 淀粉样纤维的数量越多则含有的β-折叠结构越多, 吸光度越大[23], 因此CR结合实验可进一步验证Tub B对淀粉样纤维化的影响。图 2DE显示, 孵育24 h后Aβ1-42的CR吸光度显著升高, 且最大吸收峰红移, 表明淀粉样纤维已形成; 而Aβ1-42样品的吸光度及红移程度随加入Tub B浓度的增加(50、100、150 µmol·L-1) 而显著降低。
ANS是一种疏水性荧光探针, 能与蛋白质纤维化后暴露的疏水区域特异性结合, 最大吸收峰蓝移, 且荧光强度也随之增加, 因此ANS常用来检测淀粉样纤维的形成和聚集情况[24, 25]。如图 3所示, 与0 h相比, 孵育24 h后Aβ1-42的ANS荧光强度显著增强, 且最大吸收峰蓝移。而随着加入Tub B浓度的升高, 荧光强度的增强趋势依次减弱, 波峰蓝移减弱, 表明Aβ1-42表面疏水结构的暴露程度降低, 进一步推断Tub B对Aβ1-42淀粉样纤维化有抑制作用, 且这种抑制效果呈浓度依赖性。
CD是检测蛋白质二级结构的重要方法, 蛋白质发生淀粉样纤维化伴随着二级结构中α-螺旋结构向β-折叠结构的转变[16]。故本文利用CD光谱考察Tub B对Aβ1-42聚集过程中构象转变的影响。从图 4A可以看出, 0 h时Aβ1-42分别在208和222 nm处有一吸收峰, 这是α-螺旋结构的典型吸收峰; 图 4B显示, 孵育24 h后Aβ1-42在220 nm处出现一强吸收峰, 代表β-折叠结构的增加, 而208和222 nm处吸收峰减弱, 说明在纤维化过程中Aβ1-42二级结构变化的总体趋势是α-螺旋结构比例降低, β-折叠结构比例增加[26]; Tub B的加入使得220 nm处吸收峰减弱, 208 nm处吸收峰增强。接着, 通过软件分析0和24 h不同Aβ1-42样品二级结构中各部分所占比例的变化, 与CD谱图一致, Tub B的加入使得Aβ1-42α-螺旋结构比例增加, β-折叠结构比例减少, 抑制了α-螺旋结构向β-折叠结构的转化(表 1)。
为了更直观观察Aβ1-42淀粉样纤维的形成及评估Tub B的抑制作用, 采用TEM观察Aβ1-42的形态变化。如图 5所示, 经过37 ℃恒温孵育24 h, Aβ1-42形成密集的细长纤维交错缠绕, 加入Tub B后, Aβ1-42的纤维化程度明显减弱, 且随着Tub B浓度的升高, 形成的纤维数量逐渐减少且更细更短。
图 6A所示, 不加Tub B共孵育的Aβ1-42具有较强细胞毒性, 显著降低SH-SY5Y细胞存活率(54.15% ± 0.67%, P < 0.01); 相比之下, 分别与50、100、150 µmol·L-1 Tub B共孵育24 h的Aβ1-42可使细胞存活率依次升高, 分别为62.49% ± 1.27%、68.25% ± 0.68%、77.91% ± 1.28% (P < 0.01)。结果表明, Tub B可抑制Aβ1-42聚集物的产生, 从而减弱Aβ1-42淀粉样纤维诱导的细胞毒性。
图 6B显示, 与对照组相比, Aβ1-42形成的淀粉样纤维可显著增加红细胞溶血率(38.26% ± 1.50%, P < 0.01)。而与Aβ1-42共孵育的Tub B浓度越高(50、100、150 µmol·L-1), 红细胞溶血率越低(21.98% ± 0.90%、19.24% ± 0.57%、11.23% ± 0.85%, P < 0.01)。结果表明, Tub B通过抑制Aβ1-42聚集物的产生, 进而降低Aβ1-42淀粉样纤维引起的红细胞溶血性。
图 7A可知, 与对照组相比, 已形成的Aβ1-42淀粉样纤维可降低SH-SY5Y细胞存活率, 而对SH-SY5Y细胞进行不同浓度(50、100、150 µmol·L-1) 的Tub B预处理可抑制Aβ1-42淀粉样纤维诱导的细胞存活率降低。图 7BC是激光共聚焦显微镜检测细胞内ROS的结果, 与对照组相比, 已形成的淀粉样纤维可刺激细胞内ROS的产生, 而Tub B预处理能显著降低细胞内ROS含量, 且这种作用与Tub B浓度成正比。
分子对接是研究小分子和蛋白质之间相互作用的重要手段, 通常结合能被作为配体和受体对接结果的评判依据[27]。当结合能小于-4.25 kcal·mol-1时, 表明两者具有一定的结合活性; 当结合能小于-5.0 kcal·mol-1时, 表明两者结合活性较好; 当结合能小于-7.0 kcal·mol-1, 表明两者具有强烈的结合活性[28]。如图 8所示, Tub B可与Aβ1-42多肽中的多种氨基酸残基发生相互作用, 并具有较低结合能(-6.5 kcal·mol-1)。其中, Tub B分别与Aβ1-42的HIS 6、ALA 2、GLN 15和ASP 1、ASP 7通过传统氢键和碳氢键形成稳定的氢键作用力; 分别与TYR 10和VAL 18通过Pi-Pi堆积和Pi-烷基形成疏水力作用。这些相互作用有助于两者的结合, 同时也是Tub B与Aβ1-42之间结合能较低的原因。
作为老年人最常见的神经系统疾病, AD已成为继心脑血管疾病、肿瘤和脑卒中之后的老年人第四大杀手, 严重危害老年患者的身体健康和生活质量[29]。AD的病理特征之一是大脑中存在大量由Aβ聚集形成的纤维状沉积物[30, 31], 其中Aβ1-40和Aβ1-42是沉积Aβ的主要成分, 而Aβ1-42比Aβ1-40更易沉积形成淀粉样纤维且毒性更大, 被认为是Aβ聚集的核心物质, 最终导致AD患者大脑中淀粉样斑块沉积[32]。故本研究体外恒温孵育Aβ1-42建立蛋白质淀粉样纤维化模型, 系统研究了Tub B对Aβ1-42纤维化动力学、蛋白质构象和细胞毒性的影响, 提出了Tub B调节蛋白质淀粉样纤维化的可能作用机制。实验结果表明, Tub B能显著抑制Aβ1-42淀粉样纤维化, 阻止蛋白分子中α-螺旋结构向β-折叠结构的转化, 从而降低Aβ1-42淀粉样纤维引起的细胞毒性和红细胞溶血性, 且这种作用随Tub B浓度的升高而明显增强。
在蛋白质淀粉样纤维化的成核阶段, 部分折叠的单体通过疏水和氢键作用相互结合形成纤维核(初级成核), 纤维核进一步自组装结合形成短纤维。随后蛋白质聚集进入快速生长阶段, 即延伸期, 此阶段的单体以初级成核的短纤维为核心(二次成核), 通过分子间氢键与纤维末端结合延伸形成长纤维, 长纤维进一步自组装捆绑聚集形成成熟的淀粉样纤维。快速生长阶段过后, 蛋白质聚集进入平衡期, 即形成的成熟淀粉样纤维基本稳定不变[33, 34]。ThT荧光实验结果表明Tub B通过增加延滞时间, 延长聚集过程的成核期, 抑制纤维生长从而阻滞纤维化进程。分子对接实验也证实Tub B通过与Aβ1-42形成疏水和氢键作用力, 从而干扰蛋白质自身的相互作用, 并且氢键可能是Tub B与Aβ1-42反应的主要作用力, 从而抑制Aβ1-42淀粉样纤维的形成。
研究发现, 蛋白质在不断聚集形成纤维化的过程中, 常伴随着蛋白质结构中疏水性氨基酸的暴露[35], 而Aβ1-42在孵育过程中可通过疏水作用力上调分子中β-折叠结构比例, 这是其形成淀粉样纤维的关键[36, 37]。ANS荧光实验结果显示, Tub B可阻止淀粉样纤维形成过程中Aβ1-42表面疏水结构的暴露; 分子对接实验又进一步证实Tub B通过Pi-Pi堆积和Pi-烷基与Aβ1-42中的氨基酸残基TYR 10和VAL 18形成疏水作用力, 表明Tub B通过与Aβ1-42分子间的非共价键相互作用, 阻止Aβ1-42表面疏水结构的暴露, 降低蛋白质分子间的作用力, 从而破坏富含β-折叠的淀粉样纤维结构形成。
此外, 由于多酚类结构中存在芳香环, 已被证实可通过芳香环上的受体基团与纤维核产生氢键作用, 从而干扰β-折叠结构生成, 延缓蛋白质聚集[38, 39], 且氢键作用主要发生于N端亲水区1~16位氨基酸残基[40]。分子对接结果表明, Tub B主要通过传统氢键和碳氢键与Aβ1-42形成稳定的氢键作用力, 结合位点为HIS 6、ALA 2、GLN 15、ASP 1和ASP 7, 进而干扰α-螺旋结构向β-折叠结构的转化, 阻止淀粉样纤维的形成。
氧化应激损伤是导致神经元凋亡的重要原因之一, Aβ沉积形成的不溶性斑块会导致大量自由基生成, 引起线粒体功能、糖脂代谢及其他关键生化反应障碍, 最终因供能不足等原因导致神经元凋亡。因此, 改善氧化应激损伤可能是防治AD的重要研究方向[41-43]。细胞实验表明, Tub B可提高Aβ1-42淀粉样纤维干预的SH-SY5Y细胞活性, 降低胞内ROS水平, 说明Tub B具有一定的抗氧化能力, 改善Aβ1-42所致的细胞氧化应激损伤。
综上所述, Tub B可能凭借良好的抗氧化活性, 通过氢键和疏水作用力与Aβ1-42结合, 从而维持蛋白质结构稳定, 阻止α-螺旋结构向β-折叠结构的转化, 抑制蛋白质淀粉样纤维形成, 降低Aβ1-42淀粉样纤维引起的细胞毒性。本研究为Tub B如何影响Aβ1-42纤维化动力学提供了直接证据, 在分子水平上初步解释了二者的相互作用机制, 为Tub B治疗蛋白质淀粉样纤维导致的AD提供了一定的实验基础。
但本实验仅初步阐述了Tub B对蛋白质淀粉样纤维化的抑制与其抗氧化能力以及与蛋白质分子间的氢键和疏水作用力有关, 具体机制尚有待进一步探讨。如纤维的形成过程中存在很多中间聚集物, 本实验缺乏有关淀粉样纤维形成过程中各种中间体的结构分析和动态变化监测, 下一步作者将优化中间体的分离, 解析3D结构, 开展更深层次的机制研究; 同时在分子层面深入探索淀粉样纤维形成的不同阶段, Tub B与Aβ1-42的动态相互作用和具体结合位点, 从微观机制探究淀粉样蛋白的纤维化过程和发现影响淀粉样蛋白纤维化的核心因素, 阐明Tub B对Aβ1-42纤维化抑制作用的构效关系。此外, Tub B对细胞的毒性较低, 体外抑制效果较好, 然而还需在动物层面进行深入研究以验证Tub B是否能够在体内发挥有效作用, 并进一步应用于临床。
作者贡献: 张迪负责实验实施、数据采集分析和论文撰写; 张娟利负责部分数据分析; 王婧雯和文爱东负责指导实验设计和论文修改。
利益冲突: 本文所有作者均声明无利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82074321)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81602979)
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0531
  • 接收时间:2024-06-04
  • 首发时间:2025-11-07
  • 出版时间:2025-01-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-04
  • 修回日期:2024-09-30
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(82074321)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(81602979)
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    空军军医大学第一附属医院药剂科, 陕西 西安 710032

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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