Article(id=1193558471011435157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193558470239678932, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0491, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1716393600000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-23, revisedDate=1722441600000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762496114733, onlineDateStr=2025-11-07, pubDate=1736611200000, pubDateStr=2025-01-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762496114733, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762496114733, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762496114733, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1193558470239678932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='244', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762496114549, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764224942173, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200809698921402865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193558470239678932, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200809698921402866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193558470239678932, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=22, endPage=36, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1193558471267287703, articleId=1193558471011435157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Research progress on the structural modification of isosteviol and the biological activities of its derivatives, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Isosteviol is a tetracyclic diterpenoid compound obtained by hydrolysis of natural stevia glycoside under acidic conditions. It has many pharmacological activities, such as anti-tumor, hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial. Due to its low water solubility, low activity and low bioavailability, isosteviol has poor performance. In order to overcome these shortcomings, scholars have obtained a large number of isosteviol derivatives with novel structures and excellent activity. In this paper, we review the recent progress in the research on the structure modification, biological activity, structure-activity relationship and microbial transformation of isosteviol, in order to provide a reference for the development of new drugs of isosteviol and its derivatives.

, correspAuthors=Yan-li ZHANG, Ya WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Li-jun ZHAO, You-fu YANG, Tong-sheng WANG, Yan-li ZHANG, Ya WU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1193558787236790554, articleId=1193558471011435157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=异斯特维醇的结构修饰及其衍生物的生物活性研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

异斯特维醇是天然产物甜菊糖苷在酸性条件下水解得到的四环二萜类化合物, 具有多种药理活性, 例如抗肿瘤、降糖、降脂、抗炎和抗菌等。由于异斯特维醇本身具有水溶性低、活性不高、生物利用度低等缺点, 导致了其成药性能较差。为了克服这些缺点, 学者们对其进行了大量的结构修饰与改造, 发现了许多结构新颖、活性优良的异斯特维醇衍生物。本文综述了近年来异斯特维醇的结构修饰、生物活性、构效关系及微生物转化的相关研究进展, 以期为异斯特维醇及其衍生物类新药开发提供参考。

, correspAuthors=张艳丽, 吴亚, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*张艳丽, Tel: 13838172621, E-mail:
吴亚, Tel: 13783569267, E-mail:
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异斯特维醇的结构修饰及其衍生物的生物活性研究进展
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赵丽君 1 , 杨有福 1 , 王统盛 1 , 张艳丽 1, 2, * , 吴亚 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 综述 2025,60(1): 22-36
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药学学报 | 综述 2025, 60(1): 22-36
异斯特维醇的结构修饰及其衍生物的生物活性研究进展
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赵丽君1, 杨有福1, 王统盛1, 张艳丽1, 2, * , 吴亚1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.河南中医药大学药学院, 河南 郑州 450046
  • 2.河南省中药开发工程技术研究中心, 河南 郑州 450046

通讯作者:

*张艳丽, Tel: 13838172621, E-mail:
吴亚, Tel: 13783569267, E-mail:
Research progress on the structural modification of isosteviol and the biological activities of its derivatives
Li-jun ZHAO1, You-fu YANG1, Tong-sheng WANG1, Yan-li ZHANG1, 2, * , Ya WU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
  • 2. The Engineering and Technology Center for Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China
出版时间: 2025-01-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0491
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异斯特维醇是天然产物甜菊糖苷在酸性条件下水解得到的四环二萜类化合物, 具有多种药理活性, 例如抗肿瘤、降糖、降脂、抗炎和抗菌等。由于异斯特维醇本身具有水溶性低、活性不高、生物利用度低等缺点, 导致了其成药性能较差。为了克服这些缺点, 学者们对其进行了大量的结构修饰与改造, 发现了许多结构新颖、活性优良的异斯特维醇衍生物。本文综述了近年来异斯特维醇的结构修饰、生物活性、构效关系及微生物转化的相关研究进展, 以期为异斯特维醇及其衍生物类新药开发提供参考。

异斯特维醇  /  衍生物  /  结构修饰  /  微生物转化  /  生物活性  /  构效关系

Isosteviol is a tetracyclic diterpenoid compound obtained by hydrolysis of natural stevia glycoside under acidic conditions. It has many pharmacological activities, such as anti-tumor, hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial. Due to its low water solubility, low activity and low bioavailability, isosteviol has poor performance. In order to overcome these shortcomings, scholars have obtained a large number of isosteviol derivatives with novel structures and excellent activity. In this paper, we review the recent progress in the research on the structure modification, biological activity, structure-activity relationship and microbial transformation of isosteviol, in order to provide a reference for the development of new drugs of isosteviol and its derivatives.

isosteviol  /  derivative  /  structural modification  /  microbial transformation  /  biological activity  /  structure-activity relationship
赵丽君, 杨有福, 王统盛, 张艳丽, 吴亚. 异斯特维醇的结构修饰及其衍生物的生物活性研究进展. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (1) : 22 -36 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0491
Li-jun ZHAO, You-fu YANG, Tong-sheng WANG, Yan-li ZHANG, Ya WU. Research progress on the structural modification of isosteviol and the biological activities of its derivatives[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (1) : 22 -36 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0491
异斯特维醇(isosteviol) 又名异甜菊醇(图 1), 是一种由3个六元环和1个五元环稠合形成的具有对映-贝壳杉烷骨架的四环二萜类化合物, 是天然产物甜菊糖苷在酸性条件下发生Wagner-Meerwein重排得到的[1, 2]; 此外, 异斯特维醇还具有一定的刚性骨架和特有的凹槽结构[3]。近些年来, 国内外的研究人员发现异斯特维醇具有广泛的药理活性, 包括降糖[4]、降脂[5]、降血压[6]、心脏保护[7]、神经保护[8]、抗炎[9]、抗菌[10]、抗肿瘤[11]等药理活性。更深入的机制研究发现, 异斯特维醇通过降低DNA聚合酶的活性, 从而有效地抑制肿瘤细胞的生长; 通过降低心肌细胞ATP的水平, 起到抗心肌缺血的效果; 也可以通过降低细胞内钙离子的浓度, 达到降血压的作用[12]; 通过上调和刺激单磷酸腺苷活化蛋白激酶, 起到减轻由链脲佐菌素介导的大鼠糖尿病肾病的作用[13]
虽然异斯特维醇拥有多种药理活性, 具有广阔的开发前景, 但其自身水溶性差、活性不高、生物利用度低等缺点严格限制了其在临床上的广泛应用[14]。为了得到结构新颖、活性更好的衍生物, 近年来研究人员以异斯特维醇为先导化合物, 进行了大量的结构修饰与改造。目前对异斯特维醇的修饰主要集中在D环、C-16位羰基和C-19位羧基这3个化学活性部位。本文归纳和总结了近年来对异斯特维醇的结构修饰与生物活性研究进展, 以期为以异斯特维醇为先导结构的新药开发提供借鉴和参考。
异斯特维醇的C-19位羧基的修饰主要是引入酯类或者碳酰胺类衍生物, 得到的大部分衍生物的生物活性都高于异斯特维醇, 例如, 当引入甲醚类、糖基、三苯基膦阳离子、芳香基及杂环类、硝酸酯类NO供体、硫脲、铵盐、酰胺等衍生物都可以提高异斯特维醇的抗肿瘤活性; 当引入胆碱基类衍生物可以提高异斯特维醇对乙酰胆碱酯酶的抑制活性; 当引入三苯基膦阳离子和含氮基团等衍生物可以提高异斯特维醇对心脏的保护作用; 当引入脂杂环、铵盐和硫脲等衍生物还可以提高异斯特维醇对金黄色葡萄球菌、MRSA菌株和乙型肝炎病毒的抑制活性; 当引入短链烷基等衍生物时提高了异斯特维醇对蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶的抑制活性。
2012年, Korochkina等[15]合成了一系列具有胆碱基修饰的异斯特维醇衍生物, 并测定了衍生物对乙酰胆碱酯酶(acetylcholinesterase, AchE) 和丁酰胆碱酯酶(butyrylcholinesterase, BchE) 的抑制活性。其中化合物1 (图 2) 对AchE的选择性最好, 选择性指数 > 12.5, 对人红细胞的AchE的IC50值为80 μmol·L-1, 而对BchE的IC50 > 1 000 μmol·L-1
2014年, Malki等[16]设计合成了新型异斯特维醇甲醚衍生物, 通过噻唑蓝法(methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium, MTT) 对合成的衍生物进行初步筛选, 发现化合物2 (图 2, IC50 = 14 μmol·L-1) 和3 (图 2, IC50 = 21 μmol·L-1) 对肺癌细胞H1299的抑制作用最为显著, 并且这两个化合物对p53缺陷的H1299细胞的选择性凋亡诱导作用强于具有p53功能的正常肺上皮细胞NL-20; 随后, Malki等[17]将C-16位羰基还原成羟基后又通过酯键在C-19位上引入烷基链得到的化合物4 (图 2, IC50 = 2 μmol·L-1) 通过上调细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶抑制因子1A的表达, 使人肝癌细胞HepG2阻滞在G1期, 从而诱导HepG2细胞凋亡; 此外, 蛋白印迹数据显示, 化合物4抑制了HepG2细胞中E-cadherin、β-catenin、VEGF和COX-2的表达; 体内外研究表明, 化合物4对治疗宿主没有任何明显的毒性, 值得在临床水平上进一步研究。
2015年, Strobykina等[18]合成了异斯特维醇与三苯基膦(triphenylphosphonium, TPP) 阳离子的偶联物, 并在海胆胚胎实验中进行了抗有丝分裂活性评价。偶联物5~10 (图 2) 可以阻断细胞分裂, 诱导异常有丝分裂纺锤体的形成, 当作用于受精卵时, 偶联物可以诱导有丝分裂停滞, 形成异常的多极有丝分裂纺锤体, 而异斯特维醇和TPP阳离子对此都没有活性; 实验还发现偶联物可能是通过影响线粒体DNA诱导有丝分裂纺锤体缺陷和有丝分裂阻滞; 构效关系研究表明连接链的化学结构和长度只对抗有丝分裂活性有轻微影响。2019年, Strobykina等[19]又合成了C-19位二膦酸修饰的异斯特维醇衍生物, 其中化合物11 (图 2) 对人子宫颈上皮癌细胞M-HeLa (IC50 = 18.0 ± 1.5 μmol·L-1) 和人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7 (IC50 = 15.2 ± 1.2 μmol·L-1) 具有较高的细胞毒性, 对金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌活性(MIC = 3.9 ± 0.3 μg·mL-1) 是对照药物氯霉素(MIC = 62.5 ± 5.7 μg·mL-1) 的16倍。
2017年, Testai等[20]也合成了一些异斯特维醇与TPP阳离子的衍生物, 并研究系列衍生物在大鼠心脏和大鼠心肌细胞H9c2的线粒体效应; 发现这些衍生物表现出了与异斯特维醇相似的作用, 都具有线粒体膜电位去极化和减少线粒体吸收钙的能力, 这是线粒体钾通道开放的典型功能, 其中化合物12 (图 2) 表现出了较好的心脏保护活性。
2018年, Luan等[21]通过酯键和酰胺键引入了1, 2, 3-三氮唑衍生物得到的化合物13 (图 2, IC50 = 5.38 ± 0.26 μmol·L-1) 对人结肠癌细胞HCT-116具有较强的抗增殖活性, 是阳性对照药物5-氟尿嘧啶(IC50 = 24.80 ± 2.08 μmol·L-1) 活性的4倍; 进一步研究发现, 化合物13是通过诱导S期阻滞来抑制HCT-116细胞的生长, 其作用机制可能与下调细胞周期蛋白A和细胞周期蛋白E1的表达及上调细胞周期蛋白B1的表达有关; 研究还发现化合物13是通过与CDK2/cyclin A的各种氢键和烷基相互作用而保持活性。
2018年, Sharipova等[22]通过酯键引入了不同长度的亚甲基间隔的脂杂环, 发现化合物14 (图 2, MIC = 31.3 μg·mL-1) 对金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC-209p的抑制活性是抗生素氯霉素(MIC = 62.5 ± 5.7 μg·mL-1) 的两倍, 化合物1516 (图 2) 对结核分枝杆菌H37Rv的抑制活性与抗结核药物吡嗪酰胺(MIC = 12.5 μg·mL-1) 相当, 当移去化合物16 (图 2) 中的乙酰基得到的化合物17 (图 2, MIC = 1.5 μg·mL-1) 的抗结核活性是吡嗪酰胺的8倍。2019年, Sharipova等[23]又通过酯键引入了不同间隔的单糖片段, 发现大多数衍生物对M-HeLa细胞和MCF-7细胞的细胞毒性一般; 其中化合物18~20 (图 2) 对M-HeLa细胞(IC50 = 10.0~15.1 μmol·L-1) 的抑制活性优于抗癌药物他莫昔芬(IC50 = 28.0 μmol·L-1), 并且对Chang liver细胞(IC50 > 100 μmol·L-1) 没有细胞毒性, 而他莫昔芬对Chang liver细胞有细胞毒性(IC50 = 46.0 μmol·L-1)。研究结果发现, 合成的衍生物的细胞毒活性很大程度上取决于单糖残基的性质及其位置, 作用机制可能与通过线粒体途径诱导细胞凋亡有关。
2019年, Garifullin等[24]通过酯键引入了N-乙酰葡萄糖胺基团, 其中化合物21 (图 2, IC50 = 14.0 ± 1.1 μmol·L-1) 和22 (图 2, IC50 = 13.0 ± 1.0 μmol·L-1) 对M-HeLa细胞的抑制活性是抗癌药物他莫昔芬(IC50 = 28 μmol·L-1) 的两倍。进一步研究机制发现, 化合物2122对M-HeLa细胞的细胞毒活性是通过诱导细胞凋亡所致。
2019年, Guo等[25]以异斯特维醇为先导化合物, 在C-19位羧基上引入吗啉和哌嗪结构, 发现化合物23~25 (图 2, IC50值分别为53.03 ± 0.034 3、103.37 ± 0.132 9和110.62 ± 0.139 8 μmol·L-1) 对人皮肤鳞癌细胞Colo-16的抑制活性略优于阳性对照药物5-氟尿嘧啶(IC50 = 117.41 ± 0.224 6 μmol·L-1) 和异斯特维醇(IC50 = 207.91 ± 0.147 8 μmol·L-1)。
2020年, Andreeva等[26]在C-19位通过酯键引入1, 2, 3-三氮唑及糖基衍生物, 大多数衍生物对M-HeLa细胞和MCF-7细胞表现出了微弱的抑制活性, 其中体外抗增殖活性表明, 化合物26~28 (图 2, IC50 = 1.7~1.9 μmol·L-1) 对M-HeLa细胞的抑制活性与抗癌药物多柔比星(doxorubicin, DOX, IC50 = 3.0 μmol·L-1) 的活性相当, 还对Chang liver细胞没有细胞毒性, 而DOX对该细胞有细胞毒性(IC50 = 3.0 μmol·L-1)。进一步研究发现, 这一系列衍生物是通过线粒体途径诱导细胞凋亡, 从而抑制M-HeLa细胞的生长。
2020年, Voloshina等[27]合成了一系列异斯特维醇的铵盐衍生物, 其中化合物2930 (图 2) 对两株MRSA菌株具有较高的抑菌活性。这两个化合物对MRSA-1菌株的抑菌活性均高于阿莫西林和环丙沙星, 对MRSA-2菌株的抑菌活性与环丙沙星活性相当, 但却是阿莫西林抑菌活性的15~20倍, 化合物2930 (IC50 = 5.0 μmol·L-1) 对MCF-7细胞的抑制活性与抗癌药物DOX相当, 进一步研究发现, 这两个化合物对MCF-7细胞的抑制作用可能是通过线粒体途径诱导细胞凋亡, 并且对人胚肺细胞Wi38的毒性较小, 也不会引起细胞溶血。
2023年, Li等[28]在C-19位羧基上通过酯键引入短链烷基合成的衍生物31~33 (图 2) 对蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶(PTP1B) 的抑制活性优于异斯特维醇; 在C-19位羧基上引入苯环衍生物时, 发现在苯环邻位引入碘(34, 图 2) 和在苯环对位引入溴(35, 图 2) 都有利于提高对PTP1B的抑制活性, 在C-19位羧基上引入含有哌啶部分(3637, 图 2) 也有助于提高抑制活性; 为了研究异斯特维醇C-16位的取代基对PTP1B的影响, 将羰基转化为肟(38, 图 2) 或转化为羟基(39, 图 2) 时对PTP1B的抑制活性略有降低, 而酰化产物40 (图 2) 的抑制活性却有了明显的提高; 在异斯特维醇乙酯的C-15位引入溴原子得到的化合物41 (图 2) 具有良好的抑制活性; 进一步研究发现, 化合物34354142 (图 2) 对PTP1B具有显著的抑制活性(IC50 = 0.24~0.40 μmol·L-1); 化合物42 (IC50 = 0.24 μmol·L-1) 在体外对PTP1B的抑制活性是异斯特维醇的10倍, 对PTP1B的选择性是T细胞蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶的7倍, 是细胞分裂周期25同源B的14倍; 分子对接研究表明, PTP1B与化合物42和氨基酸残基LYS-116之间产生的氢键作用可能是其产生抑制活性的必要条件; 综合结果推测化合物42作为治疗肥胖和II型糖尿病的候选药物具有巨大潜力。
2024年, Heise等[29]在C-19位羧基上引入了含有不同间隔长度的芳香取代基, 利用磺酰罗丹明B比色法测定其细胞毒性, 发现具有较高间隔长度的化合物4344 (图 2) 显示出有较好的抗肿瘤活性、选择性及克服耐药性, 其中化合物44对人卵巢癌细胞A2780的IC50值低至0.18 μmol·L-1, 对该肿瘤细胞(与人正常结肠成纤维细胞CCD-18Co相比) 的选择性指数为59。
2014年, Wang等[30]在C-19位羧基上通过酰胺和酯键引入硝酸酯类NO供体, 化合物45~52 (图 3) 对小鼠皮肤黑色素瘤细胞B16-F10均具有抑制活性, 其中化合物51 (IC50 = 0.02 μmol·L-1) 对B16-F10细胞的抑制活性优于喜树碱(IC50 = 2.78 μmol·L-1) 和甲基巴多索隆(IC50 = 5.85 μmol·L-1)。初步细胞毒性检测结果显示, 化合物47 (IC50 = 4.24 μmol·L-1) 和49 (IC50 = 2.75 μmol·L-1) 对HepG2细胞的抑制活性优于阳性对照甲基巴多索隆(IC50 = 4.99 μmol·L-1)。
Liu等[31, 32]合成了新型酰基硫代氨基脲修饰的异斯特维醇衍生物, 并采用MTT法测试了这一系列衍生物对3种人癌细胞株(人结肠癌细胞HCT-116、人胃癌细胞HGC-27和人套细胞淋巴瘤JEKO-1) 的细胞毒活性, 体外抗增殖活性研究表明, 化合物53~57 (图 3) 对3个细胞株均表现出了显著的抑制活性(IC50 = 0.95~3.36 μmol·L-1), 发现在芳香环上引入吸电子基团对细胞毒活性有显著影响。
Huang[33]和Kachingwe[34]两个课题组发现在C-19位引入脲基后得到的化合物NC-8 (图 3) 对HepG2细胞中的乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus, HBV) 具有抑制作用, 进一步研究发现NC-8特异性地抑制了病毒基因的表达, 并降低了人肝癌细胞Huh7中的病毒DNA中间体的水平及病毒启动子活性, 但对于不含有HBV表达的细胞则没有影响; 研究还发现NC-8的抗病毒机制似乎是通过抑制宿主TLR2/NF-κB信号通路来干扰HBV的复制和基因表达。Tzeng等[35]还发现了NC-8通过抑制RANKL诱导ERK、p38和JNK的磷酸化来抑制巨噬细胞RAW-264.7分化, 还可以改善卵巢切除诱导的骨质疏松症。
2023年, Heisig等[36]合成了许多酰胺修饰的异斯特维醇衍生物, 发现化合物58~61 (图 3) 对人类肿瘤细胞株(A375、HT29、MCF7、A2780、HeLa、NIH-3T3、HEK293) 表现出了显著的细胞毒性, 其中化合物61 (EC50值分别为0.40 ± 0.02、0.47 ± 0.09、0.23 ± 0.02、0.16 ± 0.02、0.44 ± 0.07、0.08 ± 0.07和0.25 ± 0.04 μmol·L-1) 比化合物59 (EC50值分别为0.94 ± 0.15、0.90 ± 0.06、0.36 ± 0.06、0.29 ± 0.08、1.34 ± 0.9、1.33 ± 0.09和0.63 ± 0.07 μmol·L-1) 具有更显著的细胞毒性, 而异斯特维醇对这些肿瘤细胞株却没有任何的细胞毒性作用。
2024年, Chen等[37]以异斯特维醇为底物, 对C-19位羧基进行含氮基团修饰得到的化合物62在DOX诱导的心肌病斑马鱼模型中的保护作用优于异斯特维醇, 当去除化合物62中的叔丁氧羰基得到的化合物63对心脏的保护活性增加, 在哌嗪的氮基上引入脂肪酸、环己烯羧酸、芳香酸、含甲氧基的苯衍生物得到的化合物64~67中, 环己烯羧酸和芳香酸对心脏保护活性有良好的影响; 化合物66的钠盐(化合物68, 图 3) 具有优越的心脏保护活性和良好的溶解度特性; 此外, 在H9c2细胞和小鼠中进行的研究发现, 化合物68在不影响SIRT1的情况下选择性地激活SIRT3, 从而诱导了SOD2和OPA1表达水平的上调, 进一步促进了线粒体功能的恢复, 抗氧化系统的强化, ROS过度积累的减弱, 以及对心血管损伤的保护; 因化合物68作为SIRT3激活剂的独特结构特征及强大的心脏保护功效, 值得进一步探索和开发。
异斯特维醇的C-16位羰基的修饰主要是将羰基转化为肟醚、腙、(硫)脲类衍生物或者引入杂环衍生物, 得到的大多数衍生物都具有显著的生物活性, 例如, 当引入硝酸酯类NO供体、含氮杂环等衍生物都可以提高异斯特维醇的抗肿瘤活性; 此外, C-16位硫脲类衍生物不仅具有抗凝血和抗血小板活性, 还可以作为最有潜力的FXa抑制剂; C-16位肼类衍生物和C-16位杂环类衍生物提高了异斯特维醇的抗菌和抗疟活性。
2017年, Liu等[38]在C-16位通过酮肟基引入含有不同间隔的硝酸酯类NO供体, 结果发现, 化合物69 (图 4, IC50值分别为0.48、2.86、2.95和3.02 μmol·L-1) 和70 (图 4, IC50值分别为0.94、1.73、2.42和1.15 μmol·L-1) 对HCT-116、Huh7、HepG-2和人结肠癌细胞SW620的细胞毒活性均优于舒尼替尼(IC50值分别为5.62、3.03、7.78和6.25 μmol·L-1)。NO释放实验表明, 这些化合物的NO释放量与其抗肿瘤活性呈正相关。
2019年, Chen等[39]通过改造C-16位羰基获得了多个含有酮肟基修饰的异斯特维醇衍生物, 发现化合物71 (图 4) 不仅具有良好的抗凝血和抗血小板活性(Ki = 0.015 mmol·L-1), 还能显著抑制由ADP诱导的大鼠血小板的聚集, 在大鼠体内外均表现出了较强的抗血栓活性。
2024年, Gackowski等[40]设计了不饱和含硫、氧及氮原子的五元环的新型肟醚异斯特维醇衍生物, 发现化合物72~77 (图 4) 是其中最有潜力的FXa抑制剂(Ki = 0.907、0.674、0.656、0.555、0.643、0.688 μmol·L-1), 还发现卤素(特别是氟) 可以增强配体-受体的结合亲和力; 随后, Gackowski等[41]又对这些衍生物进一步深入研究, 通过分子动力学(molecular dynamics, MD) 模拟发现这些衍生物与FXa相互作用的方式不仅与伊多沙班和贝雷沙班类似, 与已上市的抗凝血剂相比还具有可溶性较低、亲脂性更强、总清除率较低及人最大推荐耐受剂量较高的特点; 其中化合物76与氨基酸残基G216形成氢键作用, 并且符合Lipinski规则, 生物利用度预测评分为0.55, 综合研究结果推测, 化合物76是作为FXa抑制剂最有潜力的候选药物。
2011年, Kataev等[42]合成的异烟肼修饰的异斯特维醇衍生物78~80 (图 5, 化合物78~80的MIC值均为10 μg·mL-1) 对结核分枝杆菌H37Rv的抗结核活性优于抗结核药物吡扎那酰胺(MIC = 20 μg·mL-1), 但低于抗结核药物异烟肼(MIC = 0.02~0.04 μg·mL-1)。
Garifullin等[43]合成的含有肼结构的异斯特维醇衍生物81~85 (图 5) 对结核分枝杆菌H37Rv的MIC值分别为3.1、6.3、6.3、3.1、1.7 μg·mL-1。2012年, 该课题组[44]又合成了异斯特维醇与二甲膦的偶联物, 其中化合物86 (图 5, MIC = 5 μg·mL-1) 对结核分枝杆菌H37Rv的抑制活性弱于抗结核药物异烟肼(MIC = 0.02~0.04 μg·mL-1)。
2016年, Asad等[45]合成的异斯特维醇的硝基苯肼衍生物87~90 (图 5) 具有抗疟活性(MIC = 17.50~22.58 μg·mL-1), 而异斯特维醇本身没有抗疟活性, 由实验结果可知, 硝基苯肼基团的修饰可能会提高异斯特维醇的抗疟活性。
2020年, Shi等[46]通过硫脲基团引入了不同取代的苯环衍生物, 发现在苯基上引入供电子基团会导致对FXa抑制活性降低, 如异斯特维醇(IC50 = 0.64 ± 0.01 μmol·L-1) 的抑制活性是对甲基苯基取代的化合物91 (图 6, IC50 = 57.73 ± 0.32 μmol·L-1) 的90倍, 而在苯基上引入氯原子, 特别是对氯苯基取代的化合物92 (图 6, IC50 = 0.15 μmol·L-1) 会导致抑制活性增强; 在体外抗凝活性试验中, 化合物92具有高度的抗凝活性, 其凝血酶原时间和活化部分凝血活酶时间的敏感性相似。
2023年, Gackowski等[47]利用分子建模和分子对接方法设计了新型硫脲异斯特维醇衍生物, 发现3-氯-4-氟苯基(93)、3-氟-4-氯苯基(94) 及4-恶唑-苯基(95) (图 6) 取代的硫脲异斯特维醇衍生物可能是很有潜力的FXa抑制剂(Ki分别为0.180、0.179和0.415 mmol·L-1)。
Khaybullin等[48, 49]在C-19位和C-16位分别引入了1, 2, 3-三氮唑及其衍生物, 发现化合物96a~96c (图 7, IC50值分别为39.2 ± 5.23、38.1 ± 1.82和50.1 ± 3.08 μmol·L-1) 和97a~97c (图 7, IC50值分别为41.9 ± 0.69、35.3 ± 2.29和47.4 ± 0.78 μmol·L-1) 对人乳腺癌细胞MDA-231的抑制活性优于98a~98c (图 7, IC50值分别为69.2 ± 5.23、38.12 ± 1.82和50.13 ± 3.08 μmol·L-1), 化合物97a~97c (IC50值分别为25.6 ± 0.51、29.0 ± 0.58和31.5 ± 0.60 μmol·L-1) 对人急性白血病细胞HL-60的抑制活性优于化合物96a~96c (IC50值分别为28.8 ± 0.63、35.7 ± 1.08和46.8 ± 1.47 μmol·L-1) 和98a~98c (IC50值分别为29.62 ± 1.52、30.72 ± 0.62和40.57 ± 2.81 μmol·L-1), 这可能是因为化合物97a~97c具有α, β-不饱和键的迈克尔型受体。
2021年, Liu等[50]合成了一种新型的1, 2, 3, 4-四氮唑-5-硫醇修饰的异斯特维醇衍生物, 发现化合物99 (图 7) 不仅对枯草芽孢杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌活性较好(MIC = 1 μg·mL-1), 还对HCT-116细胞具有较好的抑制活性(IC50 = 40.98 ± 1.9 μmol·L-1), 但对大肠杆菌O157:H7没有抗菌活性, 化合物99对革兰阳性菌比革兰阴性菌更敏感, 而异斯特维醇对这些菌株均没有抑制作用, 由此可见, 1, 2, 3, 4-四氮唑-5-硫醇的修饰可以提高异斯特维醇的抑菌活性。
异斯特维醇的D环修饰主要是引入活性基团或者杂环衍生物, 得到的大多数衍生物都具有显著的生物活性, 例如, 当引入α, β-环外不饱和酮、氨基醇类、糖基及杂环类等衍生物都可以提高异斯特维醇的抗肿瘤活性; 当引入苯并五元氮杂环类衍生物可以提高异斯特维醇对体外α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制活性; 当引入烯醇醚类衍生物可以提高异斯特维醇对枯草芽孢杆菌的抑制作用; 此外, 对D环进行结构修饰还可以提高异斯特维醇对心脏的保护作用及对γ-氨基丁酸-氨基转移酶的抑制活性。
2008年, Wu等[51]对D环进行修饰, 合成了四氢异恶唑环骈异斯特维醇衍生物, 发现化合物100 (图 8, IC50 = 15 μmol·L-1) 对B16-F10细胞具有显著的抑制活性。2009年, 该课题组[52]又合成了一系列苯并五元氮杂环修饰的异斯特维醇衍生物, 结果发现合成的衍生物对体外α-葡萄糖苷酶具有良好的抑制活性, 其中化合物101 (图 8) 对体外α-葡萄糖苷酶具有较好的活性。
2013年, Zhu等[53, 54]通过分子内1, 3-偶极环加成和缩合反应在D环上引入不同类型的杂环衍生物, 体外抗增殖活性研究表明, 碳硫酰胺取代的异恶唑环衍生物102a~102u (图 8) 的细胞毒性弱于碳硫酰胺取代的吡唑衍生物103a~103u (图 8), 吡唑衍生物104a~104ad (图 8) 的细胞毒性优于吡唑啉衍生物105a~105ad (图 8), 吡唑类衍生物(103a~103u105a~105ad) 对Raji细胞的细胞毒活性均优于异斯特维醇和顺铂, 说明吡唑杂环片段的引入可以提高异斯特维醇的细胞毒活性; 对这4个系列衍生物来说, 含有对甲基取代基的化合物的活性优于其他单取代化合物, 化合物102m103m及化合物104l105l对人胃癌细胞SGC-7901、人非小细胞肺癌细胞A549和淋巴瘤细胞Raji的IC50值分别为7.21、45.76、27.64和9.65、17.73、6.51及29.39、13.67、3.91和13.55、12.36、4.84 μmol·L-1; 在双取代吡唑啉衍生物(105q~105ad) 中, 化合物105t对SGC-7901、A549、Raji和HeLa细胞(IC50值分别为2.71、3.18、1.09和13.52 μmol·L-1) 的抑制活性优于顺铂(IC50值分别为7.56、17.78、17.32和14.31 μmol·L-1); 表明D环融合吡唑类的衍生物值得进一步探究其细胞毒活性。
Li等[55]合成了α, β-环外不饱和酮骈异斯特维醇衍生物, 发现化合物106 (图 8) 对人乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231和人胃癌细胞MGC-803 (IC50分别为1.58和2.22 μmol·L-1) 的抑制活性优于DOX (IC50分别为2.26和2.53 μmol·L-1) 和冬凌草甲素(IC50分别为2.38和3.57 μmol·L-1)。
2012年, Zhang等[56]对D环进行修饰, 合成了一系列氨基醇异斯特维醇衍生物; 体外抗增殖活性研究表明, 不含羟基或氨基的异斯特维醇衍生物107108 (图 8) 对4种肿瘤细胞株(人食管癌细胞EC9706、人前列腺癌细胞PC-3、HCT-116和人食管癌细胞ECA109) 均无抑制作用, 但当在C-15位引入羟基得到的化合物109110 (图 8, IC50值均 > 100 μmol·L-1) 对EC9706细胞和PC-3细胞的抑制活性弱于化合物111112113 (图 8, IC50值分别为91.63和43.33、24.42和26.52、56.64和17.87 μmol·L-1), 15-α-氨基甲基-16-β-羟基化合物114 (图 8, IC50分别是4.01、15.31、12.25和5.02 μmol·L-1) 对这4个细胞株的抑制活性优于阳性对照顺铂(IC50分别是6.12、21.02、62.03和4.02 μmol·L-1) 和含1, 2-氨基醇亚基的化合物115 (图 8, IC50值分别为19.33、41.32、25.38和20.13 μmol·L-1) 以及化合物116 (图 8, IC50值均 > 90 μmol·L-1)。
2016年, Liu等[57]在C-15位引入了1, 2, 3-三氮唑衍生物, 体外抗增殖活性研究表明, 大多数化合物表现出了显著的细胞毒活性, 尤其是16-羟基修饰的1, 2, 3-三氮唑衍生物117 (图 8, IC50 = 2.987 ± 0.098 μmol·L-1) 对HCT-116细胞的抑制活性优于顺铂(IC50 = 3.906 ± 0.261 μmol·L-1)。随后, 该课题组[58]又合成了烯醇醚修饰的异斯特维醇衍生物, 其中化合物118119 (图 8, MIC值分别是4.98和2.40 mg·L-1) 对枯草芽孢杆菌的抑制作用较好。
2019年, Jayachandra等[59]对D环进行结构修饰改造, 其中化合物120 (图 8, LC50 = 68.50 μmol·L-1) 对DOX (LC50 = 51.56 μmol·L-1) 诱导的心脏毒性具有较好的保护活性, 将化合物120的C-15位羟基氧化为羧基和醛基得到的化合物121 (图 8, LC50 = 66.62 μmol·L-1) 和122 (图 8, LC50 = 92.61 μmol·L-1) 对DOX诱导的心脏毒性也具有较好的保护活性。Mohammed Abdul等[60]进一步研究了化合物122的心肌保护作用, 发现化合物122通过在缺氧-复氧过程中选择性激活ERK1/2来保护H9c2细胞免受缺氧-复氧的影响, 而不影响正常氧条件下的ERK1/2信号通路。
2021年, Zhang等[61]对C-19位和D环进行修饰改造得到了一系列化合物, 发现化合物123 (图 8) 可以有效预防DOX诱导的斑马鱼形态扭曲和心功能障碍, 其心脏保护作用明显优于异斯特维醇和阳性药物左西孟旦, 进一步研究发现化合物123是通过抑制ROS的过度产生、恢复线粒体的膜电位和维持线粒体的形态来防止心肌细胞的死亡和损伤。
2023年, Chen等[62]对D环进行结构修饰, 其中化合物124 (图 8) 对斑马鱼心肌病模型表现出了最有效的心脏保护作用, 活性优于异斯特维醇和阳性药物左西孟旦; 深入研究发现, 化合物124是通过抑制ROS的过度积累、恢复MDA的水平和LDH的释放、增强抗氧化系统及增加SOD2的表达来保护H9c2细胞。
Liu等[63]将亲电性的α, β-不饱和酮引入异斯特维醇的A环后得到的化合物125 (图 8) 对A549、MCF-7、HepG2、人乳腺腺癌细胞HCC1428、人脐静脉内皮细胞HUVEC和人慢性髓系白血病细胞K562的IC50值分别为3.2 ± 0.28、11 ± 0.91、2.1 ± 0.11、5.7 ± 0.37、15 ± 1.2和10 ± 1.3 μmol·L-1, 继续对化合物125的D环进行含氮修饰得到的化合物126 (图 8) 对以上细胞株的IC50值分别为0.41 ± 0.12、0.29 ± 0.017、0.92 ± 0.067、0.51 ± 0.056、0.39 ± 0.042、2.9 ± 0.27 μmol·L-1, 证实了α, β-不饱和酮和对D-环进行的含氮修饰都可以提高异斯特维醇的抗肿瘤活性, 进一步研究发现化合物126是进入溶酶体后并破坏溶酶体从而导致细胞死亡。
2021年, Ozsvár等[64]对D环进行修饰, 立体选择性合成了1, 3-氨基醇修饰的异斯特维醇衍生物, 其中化合物127~131 (图 8) 对HeLa细胞的抑制活性(IC50值分别是4.11、11.66、5.47、2.55和2.75 μmol·L-1) 优于顺铂(IC50 = 12.43 μmol·L-1), 而化合物132133 (图 8) 对HeLa细胞的抑制活性(IC50值分别是34.61、13.65 μmol·L-1) 弱于顺铂。2023年, Ozsvár等[65]又合成了同类型的衍生物, 并对C-19位羧基进行不同的取代, 发现化合物134 (图 8) 对4种人肿瘤细胞株(HeLa、A2780、MCF-7和MDA-MB-231) 的细胞毒活性弱于化合物135136 (图 8), 而化合物137 (图 8, IC50 = 1.37 μmol·L-1) 对MCF-7细胞的抑制活性优于顺铂(IC50 = 16.01 μmol·L-1); 根据构效关系可以解释为氨基功能上的N-苄基取代基的引入可以增强抗肿瘤活性, π-π键合性质和亲脂性的增加, 使甲酯与丙炔基的引入也增加了抗肿瘤活性, 而苄基酯的取代没有明显的优势。
2023年, Salaria等[66]在C-15位上引入氟元素, 对C-16位进行还原反应引入羟基(138) 和氨乙基醇(139) (图 8) 后, 通过分子对接和MD模拟方法研究其与γ-氨基丁酸-氨基转移酶(γ-aminobutyric acid-aminotransferase, GABA-AT) 的相互作用, 发现衍生物不仅与氨己烯酸(vigabatrin) 有相同的结合位点, 而且结合亲和力均高于vigabatrin和GABAT抑制剂CPP-115; 此外, MD模拟表明, 化合物138139可以与GABA-AT形成稳定的配合物; 进一步研究发现它们还可以穿过血脑屏障, 并符合Lipinski法则, 具有类药性, 无毒, 吸收率 > 80 %; 此外, 体内外试验证实了它们对GABA-AT的抑制活性, 这些结果的发现有助于开发异斯特维醇衍生物作为癫痫治疗药物。
2024年, Qi等[67]以异斯特维醇为先导化合物, 在C-16位上引入糖基得到的化合物140 (图 8, IC50 = 7.84 ± 0.84 μmol·L-1) 和在D环引入双键得到的化合物141 (图 8, IC50 = 6.89 ± 0.33 μmol·L-1) 对A549细胞的细胞毒性明显优于吉非替尼(IC50 = 11.02 ± 3.27 μmol·L-1), 进一步研究还发现C-16位糖基化修饰可以提高衍生物的溶解度、稳定性和生物利用度, 在D环引入双键可以提高异斯特维醇的抑制活性。
化学合成方法是获取药用天然产物的一种重要途径, 然而这种方法有时成本太高, 还容易造成环境污染, 并且一些结构复杂的化合物也很难通过化学合成方法获得。而利用微生物转化不仅可以提高生产效率, 降低生产成本, 还可以确保生产过程对环境友好[68]。目前, 研究人员利用各种微生物对异斯特维醇及其衍生物进行微生物转化, 获得了多种异斯特维醇衍生物。
2009年, Chang等[69]利用黑曲霉BCRC-32720和犁头霉菌ATCC-24169对异斯特维醇肟(142, 图 9) 进行微生物转化, 分离出7个化合物, 并利用X-射线晶体学、一维和二维核磁共振对化合物进行了结构鉴定, 证实得到了4个羟基化合物143~146、1个贝克曼重排化合物147和两个异常的贝克曼重排化合物148149 (图 9)。此外, 还评估了这些化合物对脂多糖(lipopolysaccharides, LPS) 刺激的RAW-264.7细胞中NF-κB和AP-1活化的抑制作用, 发现化合物145149显著抑制了NF-κB的激活, 化合物145的抑制活性和地塞米松相当, 化合物143146~148显著抑制了AP-1的激活, 特别是化合物147的抑制活性优于地塞米松。
2009年, Chou等[70]利用黑曲霉BCRC-31130和犁头霉菌ATCC-24169对化合物150 (图 9) 进行微生物转化, 分离出6个化合物151~156 (图 9), 通过高场核磁共振技术和X-射线晶体学推导并证实了这些化合物的结构, 其中化合物152~154的抑制活性优于地塞米松。2011年, 该课题组[71]利用黑曲霉BCRC-32720和犁头霉菌ATCC-24169对异斯特维醇内酰胺(149) 进行微生物转化, 分离出了化合物148157~163 (图 9); 此外, 通过实时荧光定量方法(reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, RT-PCR) 检测发现这些化合物可以抑制LPS诱导的iNOS-mRNA的表达, 其中化合物158的抑制活性优于地塞米松。
2012年, Yang等[72]对化合物164 (图 9) 进行微生物转化, 其中化合物165~172 (图 9) 是164利用黑曲霉BCRC-32720转化得到的, 化合物173~176 (图 9) 是164利用巨大芽孢杆菌ATCC-14581转化得到的, 化合物175~178 (图 9) 是164利用长孢被孢菌ATCC-38063转化得到的; 通过RT-PCR检测可知, 化合物164~178均可以显著抑制TNF-α和COX-2 mRNA的表达, 化合物170对TNF-α mRNA表达的抑制活性与地塞米松相当, 然而, 除化合物166178外, 所测化合物对COX-2 mRNA表达的抑制活性均优于地塞米松。
2013年, Wonganan等[73]利用刺孢小克银汉霉NRRL-1386对化合物179 (图 9) 进行微生物转化, 生成了180181 (图 9), 以化合物182 (图 9) 为底物时转化生成了183184 (图 9), 以异斯特维醇为底物时转化生成了185 (图 9), 进一步研究化合物185 (EC50 = 3.46 nmol·L-1) 对体外大鼠主动脉血管松弛活性最强, 是异斯特维醇(EC50 = 57.41 nmol·L-1) 的血管松弛活性的17倍。
2020年, Gao等[74]利用刺孢小克银汉霉ATCC-8688a对化合物179进行微生物转化, 获得了两个羟基化合物186187 (图 9), 利用刺孢小克银汉霉ATCC-8688a对异斯特维醇进行微生物转化, 获得了化合物188~190 (图 9); 此外, 对所有化合物进行了α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制、神经营养、抗炎和植物毒活性的检测, 仅在神经营养活性检测中发现, 化合物179189在大鼠嗜铬细胞瘤细胞PC-12中显示出对神经生长因子介导的神经突起具有促进作用, 其他化合物则没有活性。
天然产物是大自然亿万年来进化的结果, 为有机化学的研究提供了不可或缺的素材, 目前, 天然产物依然是重要的药物来源[75]。然而, 未经修饰的天然产物往往存在活性不足、结构复杂、不良反应大等明显缺陷, 很难直接成药, 因而需要进行药物结构修饰以提升其成药性、改善理化性质[76]。异斯特维醇本身由于其分子骨架的局限导致其水溶性差、活性低、生物利用度低等缺点进而导致了其成药性能差[14]。因此, 对异斯特维醇进行结构修饰已成为天然药物开发领域的一个热点研究。
综上所述, 对异斯特维醇结构修饰已开展了大量的工作, 尤其是利用化学合成及微生物转化方法, 对异斯特维醇的D环、C-16位羰基和C-19位羧基进行结构修饰, 引入胆碱基、三苯基膦阳离子、短链烷基、硝酸酯类NO供体、硝基苯肼基团、氨基醇、硫脲、α, β-环外不饱和酮、糖基及杂环等活性结构单元, 并对其衍生物进行了药理活性测试, 得到的大部分衍生物都具有较好的生物活性。但对异斯特维醇的结构改造主要集中在D环、C-16位羰基和C-19位羧基上, 对A、B和C环区域的结构修饰相对较少; 并且大多数衍生物的具体的构效关系、作用机制和临床应用领域的数据相对较少, 使得异斯特维醇及其衍生物类新药开发具有一定的局限性。
因此, 对异斯特维醇的结构修饰进行更广泛的研究, 获得更多结构新颖、高效低毒、成药性更好的化合物, 并进一步研究其构效关系, 从而深入开展作用机制及临床试验研究, 将为新药开发提供更可靠的理论依据。
作者贡献: 赵丽君、杨有福、王统盛负责综述的撰写及修改; 张艳丽、吴亚负责论文的指导与审阅。
利益冲突: 本文所有作者声明不存在利益冲突关系。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(21402044)
  • 河南省科技攻关项目(202102310474)
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2025年第60卷第1期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0491
  • 接收时间:2024-05-23
  • 首发时间:2025-11-07
  • 出版时间:2025-01-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-23
  • 修回日期:2024-08-01
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(21402044)
河南省科技攻关项目(202102310474)
作者信息
    1.河南中医药大学药学院, 河南 郑州 450046
    2.河南省中药开发工程技术研究中心, 河南 郑州 450046

通讯作者:

*张艳丽, Tel: 13838172621, E-mail:
吴亚, Tel: 13783569267, E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/yxxb/CN/10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0491
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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