Article(id=1193523099955065170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193523095437799732, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0994, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1728921600000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-15, revisedDate=1732204800000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762487681616, onlineDateStr=2025-11-07, pubDate=1739289600000, pubDateStr=2025-02-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762487681616, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762487681616, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762487681616, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1193523095437799732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='2', pageStart='245', pageEnd='532', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762487680538, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764224912893, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200809576107987438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193523095437799732, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200809576107987439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193523095437799732, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=280, endPage=287, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1193523100366106963, articleId=1193523099955065170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=From Golgiphagy to Golgimedicine — a new strategy for disease prevention and treatment targeting the Golgi apparatus, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Functional disorders of the Golgi apparatus are harmful to the health of organisms, leading to various diseases. Removing damaged Golgi apparatus is crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis, therefore, autophagy of Golgi apparatus has gradually attracted attention. This article summarizes Golgi autophagy, briefly describes its structure and functions, Golgi autophagy receptors, and the role of Golgi autophagy in disease treatment. It also proposes the new concept of Golgimedicine, which looks forward to the role of Golgi in disease diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, genetic diseases, and rare diseases. This article aims to explore the scientific connotations of Golgi autophagy, Golgi structure and function from the perspective of Golgimedicine, providing theoretical references for drug target research, new drug development, and the healthy development of humanity.

, correspAuthors=Lin-xi CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Cheng-xiao FU, Lin-xi CHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1193523189331489142, articleId=1193523099955065170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=从高尔基体自噬到高尔基体医学——以高尔基体为靶标的疾病防治新策略, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

高尔基体的结构破坏和功能性障碍对生物体的健康有害, 导致各种疾病。去除受损的高尔基体对于维持细胞稳态至关重要, 高尔基体自噬逐渐引起大家的关注。本文对高尔基体自噬进行了总结, 简述了高尔基体自噬的特点和作用、高尔基体自噬受体、高尔基体自噬在疾病治疗中的作用, 并提出高尔基体医学(Golgimedicine) 这一新概念, 由此展望了高尔基体在疾病诊断、治疗和预后、遗传病和罕见病的作用。本文旨在从Golgimedicine角度探索高尔基体自噬、高尔基体结构和功能的科学内涵, 为药物靶标研究、新药开发以及人类健康发展提供理论参考。

, correspAuthors=陈临溪, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*陈临溪, E-mail:
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ZDHHC17: Zinc finger DHHC-domain containing family member 17 , figureFileSmall=o8EFucHq8Wo+Vlt2kpTX3Q==, figureFileBig=g2ROB8FMcNPpAsWESVZqpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194708958855271214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193523099955065170, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Golgi autophagy receptorPositioningModelInducing factorFunctionMechanismRef.
GOLPH3Golgi apparatusH9c2 cells, HUVECs, HA-VSMCs, HEK293T cellsNutrient deprivation, Golgi stress inducers, and cardiac hypertrophy inducersMaintaining the structure and morphology of the Golgi apparatusGOLPH3-LC3B[5]
CALCOCO1CytoplasmHeLa WT cellsNutrient deprivationMaintaining the morphology of the Golgi apparatusCALCOCO1-ATG8s[8]
GMAPcis-Golgi networkDrosophilaGolgi apparatus morphological abnormalitiesMaintaining the morphology of the Golgi apparatusGMAP-ATG8a[9]
YIPF4/YIPF3cis-Golgi networkHEK293, HeLa cells, human ES cellsNutrient deprivationProviding nutrition sourceYIPF3/4-ATG8s[10]
YIPF4/YIPF3cis-Golgi networkHEK293, HeLa cells, Plat-E cellsNutrient deprivationProviding nutrition sourceYIPF3/4-ATG8s[11]
FNBP1Dispersed Golgi apparatus membraneSH-SY5Y cellsNutrient deprivationSensing and regulating membrane tensionFNBP1-LC3B[12]
), ArticleFig(id=1194708958993683247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193523099955065170, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Golgi autophagy receptors. GOLPH3: Golgi phosphoprotein 3; CALCOCO1: Calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 1; GMAP: Golgi microtubule-associated protein; YIPF3: YIP1 family member 3; YIPF4: YIP1 family member 4; FNBP1: Formin-binding protein 1; mATG8: Mammalian ATG8; LIR: LC3-interacting region

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Golgi autophagy receptorPositioningModelInducing factorFunctionMechanismRef.
GOLPH3Golgi apparatusH9c2 cells, HUVECs, HA-VSMCs, HEK293T cellsNutrient deprivation, Golgi stress inducers, and cardiac hypertrophy inducersMaintaining the structure and morphology of the Golgi apparatusGOLPH3-LC3B[5]
CALCOCO1CytoplasmHeLa WT cellsNutrient deprivationMaintaining the morphology of the Golgi apparatusCALCOCO1-ATG8s[8]
GMAPcis-Golgi networkDrosophilaGolgi apparatus morphological abnormalitiesMaintaining the morphology of the Golgi apparatusGMAP-ATG8a[9]
YIPF4/YIPF3cis-Golgi networkHEK293, HeLa cells, human ES cellsNutrient deprivationProviding nutrition sourceYIPF3/4-ATG8s[10]
YIPF4/YIPF3cis-Golgi networkHEK293, HeLa cells, Plat-E cellsNutrient deprivationProviding nutrition sourceYIPF3/4-ATG8s[11]
FNBP1Dispersed Golgi apparatus membraneSH-SY5Y cellsNutrient deprivationSensing and regulating membrane tensionFNBP1-LC3B[12]
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从高尔基体自噬到高尔基体医学——以高尔基体为靶标的疾病防治新策略
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付成效 1, 2 , 陈临溪 1, *
药学学报 | 综述 2025,60(2): 280-287
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药学学报 | 综述 2025, 60(2): 280-287
从高尔基体自噬到高尔基体医学——以高尔基体为靶标的疾病防治新策略
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付成效1, 2, 陈临溪1, *
作者信息
  • 1.南华大学药学院药物药理研究所, 湖南 衡阳 421001
  • 2.南华大学附属第一医院药学部, 湖南 衡阳 421001

通讯作者:

*陈临溪, E-mail:
From Golgiphagy to Golgimedicine — a new strategy for disease prevention and treatment targeting the Golgi apparatus
Cheng-xiao FU1, 2, Lin-xi CHEN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
  • 2. Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
出版时间: 2025-02-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0994
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高尔基体的结构破坏和功能性障碍对生物体的健康有害, 导致各种疾病。去除受损的高尔基体对于维持细胞稳态至关重要, 高尔基体自噬逐渐引起大家的关注。本文对高尔基体自噬进行了总结, 简述了高尔基体自噬的特点和作用、高尔基体自噬受体、高尔基体自噬在疾病治疗中的作用, 并提出高尔基体医学(Golgimedicine) 这一新概念, 由此展望了高尔基体在疾病诊断、治疗和预后、遗传病和罕见病的作用。本文旨在从Golgimedicine角度探索高尔基体自噬、高尔基体结构和功能的科学内涵, 为药物靶标研究、新药开发以及人类健康发展提供理论参考。

高尔基体  /  高尔基体自噬  /  高尔基体医学  /  细胞器  /  疾病防治

Functional disorders of the Golgi apparatus are harmful to the health of organisms, leading to various diseases. Removing damaged Golgi apparatus is crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis, therefore, autophagy of Golgi apparatus has gradually attracted attention. This article summarizes Golgi autophagy, briefly describes its structure and functions, Golgi autophagy receptors, and the role of Golgi autophagy in disease treatment. It also proposes the new concept of Golgimedicine, which looks forward to the role of Golgi in disease diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, genetic diseases, and rare diseases. This article aims to explore the scientific connotations of Golgi autophagy, Golgi structure and function from the perspective of Golgimedicine, providing theoretical references for drug target research, new drug development, and the healthy development of humanity.

Golgi apparatus  /  Golgiphagy  /  Golgimedicine  /  organelle  /  disease prevention and treatment
付成效, 陈临溪. 从高尔基体自噬到高尔基体医学——以高尔基体为靶标的疾病防治新策略. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (2) : 280 -287 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0994
Cheng-xiao FU, Lin-xi CHEN. From Golgiphagy to Golgimedicine — a new strategy for disease prevention and treatment targeting the Golgi apparatus[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (2) : 280 -287 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0994
自噬能够选择性清除细胞器, 这一过程对于生物体内细胞稳态的调节至关重要。受损细胞器的降解和去除清除了潜在的有毒副产物, 并使细胞器的成分能够重新用于生物能量学。选择性自噬参与某些细胞器的质量控制, 包括细胞核、线粒体、内质网、过氧化物酶体和高尔基体[1]。高尔基体为一带状的堆叠系统, 由多个紧密排列的扁平池和通常位于核旁区域的小泡组成。就生物学功能而言, 高尔基体在蛋白质生物合成、翻译后修饰及将蛋白质从内质网分选到质膜和其他目的地方面发挥了重要作用[2, 3]。高尔基体的功能性障碍对生物体的健康有害, 导致各种疾病的发生和发展[4]。近年来, 高尔基体自噬逐渐引起大家的关注, 可能为这些疾病的临床治疗提供一些启示。
高尔基体是一个高度动态的细胞器, 容易因为各种病理条件而发生碎片化。随着研究的深入, 研究者们发现高尔基体碎片化与自噬之间可能存在潜在的关联。陈临溪团队[5]在2020年首次揭示了一种针对高尔基体的选择性自噬, 该团队发现饥饿条件下, GM130阳性和TGN46阳性高尔基体碎片与LC3B阳性自噬体共定位, 高尔基体被包裹进入自噬体中产生自噬, 他们将这种全新的细胞器自噬命名为高尔基体自噬(Golgiphagy)。当高尔基体应激超出了机体负荷和适应能力, 高尔基体内的酸性环境失衡, 失去了高尔基体特有的带状形态, 形成碎片化和分散的囊泡结构, 高尔基体蛋白受到影响, 导致高尔基体的结构破坏和功能紊乱, 造成其损伤[4, 6, 7], 当损伤的高尔基体积累到一定程度时, 机体会启动自噬反应, 选择性地将损伤高尔基体包裹进自噬体, 与溶酶体进行融合形成自噬溶酶体, 产生高尔基体自噬, 最终完成损伤高尔基体的降解和清除[8]。高尔基体自噬调控高尔基体的周转, 控制高尔基体形态和大小[9], 促进高尔基体重塑[10]
近年来, 研究者们鉴定出几种高尔基体自噬受体蛋白如高尔基体磷酸蛋白3 (GOLPH3)、钙结合和卷曲螺旋结构域蛋白(CALCOCO) 1、高尔基体微管相关蛋白(GMAP)、Yip1结构域家族的第3和第4成员蛋白(YIPF3/YIPF4)、Formin结合蛋白1 (FNBP1) (表 1[5, 8-12]), 这些蛋白通过自噬途径介导高尔基体的降解(图 1)。
高尔基复合体的外膜蛋白GOLPH3是进化上保守的磷脂酰肌醇4-磷酸[PI(4)P] 效应物, 主要定位于高尔基体, 支持细胞器结构和囊泡运输。GOLPH3与mTOR下游信号增强相关, 当GOLPH3减少时, 与mTOR信号传导负相关的TFEB家族的自噬流量和自噬转录因子的表达降低[13]。GOLPH3与线粒体自噬受体prohibitoin-2 (PHB2) 相互作用并招募PHB2和LC3-Ⅱ[14]。GOLPH3在氧-葡萄糖剥夺和复氧后显著上调, 从致密的核周带状定位至分散的囊泡状, 诱导LC3Ⅰ转化至LC3Ⅱ。作为高尔基体应力的传感器, GOLPH3在氧化应激过程中迅速上调, 影响ROS的产生和应激相关的自噬[15]。最近发现GOLPH3与LC3B相互作用, 敲除GOLPH3抑制了高尔基体自噬, 表明GOLPH3作为一种货物受体能够调节高尔基体自噬, 通过其介导的自噬维持高尔基体稳态对细胞存活是必不可少的[5]
CALCOCO家族蛋白是新发现的选择性自噬受体, 包括CALCOCO1、CALCOCO2/核结构域10蛋白52 (NDP52) 及CALCOCO3/Tax1结合蛋白1 (TAX1BP1)。Johansen教授团队[8]发现, CALCOCO1通过酸性通道样基序中的一个zDHHC锚蛋白重复结合基序(zDHHC ankyrin repeat-binding motif, zDABM), 与定位于高尔基体的棕榈酰转移酶ZDHHC17和ZDHHC13[16]的锚蛋白重复序列结构域相互作用, 将CALCOCO1锚定到高尔基体, 参与了自噬体形成的早期阶段, 启动高尔基体自噬, 从而介导高尔基体碎片的降解, 以维持高尔基体内部平衡[8, 17]。另外, CALCOCO2和CALCOO3是两种必需的货物受体, 它们可以通过与生长中的自噬体上的自噬相关蛋白8/微管相关蛋白1轻链3 (ATG8/LC3) 相互作用以及结合泛素进行货物募集来介导线粒体自噬和异噬[18]。CALCOCO3中zDABM基序的存在表明CALCOCO3作为受体同样参与自噬, 是进一步研究高尔基体自噬的主要候选者[17]
顺式高尔基体蛋白GMAP是一种高尔基体微管相关蛋白, 具有12个卷曲螺旋结构域, 并通过GRIP相关的Arf结合域与高尔基体连接。GMAP在320~325位具有预测的LIR基序序列DEFIVV[9]。LIR基序作为与LC3相互作用区的短线性基序, 是选择性自噬受体和适配器与ATG8家族蛋白相互作用所必需的[19]。Nezis教授团队[9, 20]发现, GMAP-LIR突变体苍蝇表现出高尔基体标志物的积累和伸长的高尔基体形态, GMAP通过其LIR基序与ATG8a相互作用介导高尔基体自噬, 从而调节高尔基体形态和大小。
膜蛋白YlPF3和YIPF4集中在顺式高尔基体中, 由包括五跨膜结构域的结构排列组成, 其N-端朝向胞质, C末端朝向高尔基体管腔, 形成稳定的异二聚体[21]。Harper团队[10]发现, YIPF3和YIPF4在高尔基体自噬中起着关键角色, 这些蛋白通过与ATG8相互作用, 被运送到自噬体进行降解。饥饿条件下, YIPF3和YIPF4通过LIR基序与ATG8相互作用, 并被动员到自噬体中, 缺乏YIPF3或YIPF4的细胞在消除高尔基体膜蛋白方面存在选择性缺陷。Kuma团队[11]采用定量蛋白质组学分析和两种新的高尔基体报告系统, 发现YIPF3和YIPF4构成高尔基体受体, 该复合物依赖YIPF3的LIR基序与LC3B相互作用, 并由YIPF4维持复合物的稳定性。
FNBP1是一种含有BAR结构域的蛋白质, 在调节细胞边缘的肌动蛋白动态方面发挥着作用[22]。BAR结构域涉及膜形成并能感知膜张力[23], FNBP1利用其定位到需要肌动蛋白聚合的特定细胞区域, 促进膜内陷, 调节内吞作用过程[24], 从而影响压力条件下细胞器的稳定性和命运。Ghosh教授团队[12]发现, 在营养耗竭的压力下, FNBP1定位于破碎的高尔基膜的284FEDYTQ289基序, 通过保守的131WKQL134 LC3相互作用区与LC3B进行相互作用, 从而将碎片化的高尔基体隔离在自噬体中, 表明FNBP1能够作为高尔基体受体调节高尔基体动力学以响应营养耗竭的胁迫。
各种压力条件如营养饥饿、生长因子剥夺、氧化应激、内质网应激和病原体感染等诱导高尔基体碎片化, 随后被自噬体吞噬, 激活自噬的发生。自噬诱导剂或高尔基体应激诱导剂处理, 也观察到了这一现象[25]。另外, 长期的酒精暴露会导致肝细胞中高尔基体膜的分散, 这些分散的高尔基体膜作为高尔基体自噬启动阶段自噬体膜的来源, 介导高尔基体自噬[26, 27]。还有一些潜在的触发因素如DNA损伤促GOLPH3磷酸化, 导致其与MYO18A的相互作用增强, 高尔基体断裂的张力过度升高[28]; 病毒[29]、细菌[30, 31]感染也被证明会破坏高尔基体结构。
高尔基体自噬是一种复杂的细胞过程, 受到多种蛋白质分子的调控, 包括高尔基体自噬受体和ATG8家族蛋白。在营养饥饿等压力条件下, 高尔基体上的受体如GOLPH3、GMAP、YIPF3/YIPF4或者通过结合特定高尔基体蛋白定位到高尔基体上的受体如CALCOCO1, 能够介导高尔基体碎片被自噬体招募, 并启动选择性自噬降解。
高尔基体自噬通过降解高尔基体碎片来调节高尔基体的结构异常, 以维持细胞内稳态。尽管高尔基体自噬的启动机制仍处于探索阶段, 但许多相关疾病已经被证明与高尔基体自噬紧密相关, 如心血管系统疾病、肿瘤、神经系统疾病和消化系统疾病。
高尔基体参与心血管系统的多种病理生理过程并发挥着关键的调节作用。首先, 高尔基体在心血管疾病中表现出明显的结构、形态和极性变化。其次, 高尔基体负责蛋白质的运输、糖基化、生物合成和亚细胞分布, 这些蛋白质对心血管系统具有生物学效应。最后, 位于高尔基体的大量蛋白质也是心血管系统所必需的。高尔基体的形态和结构变化如肿胀、发育不良和碎片化在不同心血管疾病中广泛存在且各不相同, 可作为心力衰竭、心律失常和扩张型心肌病等心血管疾病的诊断指标[2]。近期还发现高尔基体扩张或碎裂参与快速心肌病病理性重塑过程[32]; 高尔基应激还伴随心肌炎症和细胞凋亡增加, 表现为高尔基体蛋白GM130和Golgin97的表达量降低, GOLPH3的表达量增加[33]。另外, 高尔基体的功能障碍影响蛋白质的合成、翻译后修饰和分泌, 这些变化可能会缓解或加剧心血管疾病。
心肌细胞肥大诱导剂apelin-13、APJ过表达以及血管紧张素Ⅱ均能够促进GM130和TGN46与LC3B的共定位, GOLPH3能与LC3B相互作用; 而且, GOLPH3的敲低导致GM130和TGN46与LC3B在细胞中的共定位减少, 表明GOLPH3介导的高尔基体自噬参与了心肌细胞肥大的过程[5]。因此, 靶向特异性降解和清除受损高尔基体可能为心血管疾病治疗方法的开发提供有价值的信息。
高尔基体作为生物合成和加工中心, 参与调节多种细胞过程如细胞极性、运动、生长、自噬、凋亡、炎症、DNA修复及压力反应等。以高尔基为中心的信号级联失调可能导致包括肿瘤在内的多种疾病的发生和发展[34, 35]。目前, 在包括前列腺[36]、结肠[37]、乳腺[38]、肝脏[39]和胃癌[40]等多种肿瘤中观察到异常的高尔基体结构, 高尔基体结构的异常可能由肿瘤自身引起, 并且高尔基体碎片化也可以通过肿瘤细胞中的异常糖基化和抑制凋亡来促进肿瘤进展。高尔基体碎片化促高尔基体驻留的糖基转移酶分布紊乱, 从而导致与肿瘤相关的糖基化缺陷[41]
已有药物能够通过破坏高尔基体来抑制肿瘤生长或转移。毛宗万教授团队[42]开发出一种新的高尔基体靶向铂复合物Pt3, 其对肺癌的细胞毒性是顺铂的20倍, 并且在体内肿瘤内给药后可以完全消除肿瘤。Pt3诱导高尔基体应激, 导致高尔基体结构破裂、高尔基体蛋白GM130、GRASP65/55的下调、高尔基体依赖的转运以及糖基化丧失, 从而触发高尔基体自噬。针对高尔基体自噬的新型精准医疗策略在推进抗肿瘤治疗方面具有重大意义。
高尔基体碎片化已被证明与多种神经退行性疾病有关。在阿尔茨海默病患者的神经元中发现高尔基体形态的改变[43], β-淀粉样蛋白的积累引起GRASP65的磷酸化, 导致由GRASP65功能障碍触发的高尔基体碎片化, 随后高尔基体碎片化反过来增加了β-淀粉样蛋白的产生[44]。同样, 高尔基体碎片化触发Tau蛋白的过度磷酸化, 加速了阿尔茨海默病的病理进程[45]。还有报道在帕金森病中也能观察到高尔基体碎片化[46, 47], 多巴胺能神经元中的高尔基体碎片化可能是由于α-突触核蛋白的聚集破坏了内质网到高尔基体的运输[48]。另外, 在肌萎缩侧索硬化症[49]和亨廷顿病[50]等疾病中也观察到高尔基体碎片化。
正常和适当的自噬水平对于维持高尔基体稳态起着重要作用, 保护高尔基体或调节高尔基体蛋白的靶向疗法可能是防治自噬相关的神经系统疾病的有效途径[51]。在饥饿条件下, FNBP1的敲低扰乱高尔基体自噬, 影响到神经元功能, 诱导神经元衰老性死亡[12]; 缺乏YIPF3或YIPF4的细胞在高尔基体自噬中显示出缺陷, 体外神经元分化模型的实验证实了蛋白质组重塑[10]。这些发现揭示了自噬在营养应激条件下对高尔基体的重塑机制, 为未来探索调节营养供应或自噬通路的药物来干预神经系统疾病的发展和进展提供了新思路。
在急性化脓性胆囊炎的情况下, 肝细胞的细胞器超微结构发生了某些变化, 高尔基体出现微丝的破坏、肥大和碎片化, 为损伤的防御反应[52]。另外, 在脓毒血症中, GOLPH3通过促进高尔基体应激和高尔基体碎片化、增加炎症反应和细胞凋亡, 促急性肝损伤发生发展, 提示GOLPH3可能是脓毒血症诱导的组织损伤的治疗靶点[53]。酒精暴露导致肝细胞中COPⅡ囊泡形成不足, 也能诱导高尔基体碎片的产生[54]。还有报道发现慢性酒精暴露导致高尔基体膜分散, 中断内质网到高尔基体和高尔基体内部运输过程, 阻碍了高尔基体基质蛋白二聚化[55]。酒精相关性肝病的发展与高尔基体紊乱和自噬体形成加速有关, 定位于高尔基体的RAB蛋白成员调控自噬不同阶段的分子机制[56], 酒精暴露促使RAB3D下调导致MYH10从高尔基体中分离, 并伴随着高尔基体碎裂和MYH9 (MYH10亚型) 被分散的高尔基体膜包裹。酒精激活的自噬流量通过WIPI2向高尔基体募集增加自噬体的形成。相反, 羟氯喹的自噬抑制可抵抗酒精介导的高尔基体紊乱[26]
高尔基体自噬是一个重要的研究方向, 目前已经鉴定出几种高尔基体自噬受体如GOLPH3、CALCOCO1、GMAP、YIPF3/YIPF4、FNBP1, 这些标志蛋白的发现和研究, 为理解高尔基体自噬的分子机制提供了重要的线索, 并有助于揭示自噬在维持细胞器稳态中的作用。然而, 关于高尔基体自噬还有许多紧迫的问题需要解答, 如还有哪些条件也能诱导高尔基体自噬?高尔基体自噬是否能够作为高尔基体的质量控制?其他途径如泛素-蛋白酶体途径, 如何与高尔基体自噬协作以维持高尔基体稳态?另外, 高尔基体膜与内质网膜在结构上具有一定的相似性, 这种相似性可能促进了它们之间的物质交换和膜转换如囊泡转换。如内质网膜通过“出芽”的形式形成具有膜的囊泡, 这些囊泡离开内质网, 移动到高尔基体, 并与高尔基体膜融合, 使得囊泡膜成为高尔基体膜的一部分, 那么内质网损伤与自噬是否会激活高尔基体自噬?未来可能还会发现更多新的高尔基体自噬受体和相关调节因子。高尔基体自噬背后的分子机制, 激活高尔基体自噬的具体生理和病理信号仍需进一步阐明。
自发现高尔基体以来, 研究者对高尔基体的结构与功能以及调控机制进行了深入而广泛的探索。尽管研究者对高尔基体的功能有了一定的了解, 但距离解析其中的机制进而应用到人类疾病的治疗还有很长的距离。
1994年Luft教授[57]首先提出了“线粒体医学”的概念。自此, 围绕线粒体与细胞程序性死亡、氧自由基生成、细胞信号转导的调控以及疾病和衰老过程中的相互关系的研究取得了一系列重大进展, 线粒体研究也从经典的生物医学范畴发展到广泛的线粒体生物医学新阶段[58]。与此同时, 高尔基体作为细胞内另一个重要的细胞器, 也备受关注。高尔基体内膜上有许多膜结合酶, 这些酶在修饰和分类生物分子方面起着重要作用。人类基因组编码的超过30%的蛋白会穿过高尔基体, 其中的一些货物蛋白在高尔基体中接受复杂的糖基化, 继而到达不同的细胞内目的地或细胞外空间。因此, 高尔基体有助于细胞内的过程如自噬、有丝分裂、DNA修复和促炎反应[59], 这对于细胞内稳态的维持至关重要。高尔基体在涉及许多疾病的发生发展的细胞内信号转导途径中起着信号转导中心的作用, 与各种疾病的发生发展紧密关联[60, 61]。由此作者提出高尔基体医学(Golgimedicine) 这一新概念。
Golgimedicine是研究高尔基体的形态、功能、序列变化与疾病关系的科学, 目标是深入研究高尔基体在疾病发生发展过程中的角色, 探究其在疾病诊断、治疗和预后的作用。首先, 越来越多的高尔基体应激与自噬相关的分子被发现, 如GP73[62]、GOLPH3[15]、GM130[63]、GRASP55[64]等, 这为诊断高尔基体功能障碍相关疾病提供新的标志物, 如GP73在治疗肝细胞癌方面具有良好的抗血管生成潜力[65], 是肝细胞癌早期诊断和预后的新肿瘤标志物[66]。其次, 高尔基体还可能为药物开发提供新的靶标, 高尔基体功能障碍引起的高尔基体应激参与了癌症[34]、神经退行性疾病[64]、自身免疫疾病[67]、病原体如细菌和病毒感染[68]等疾病的发生发展, 随着高尔基体黏度[69]、铁离子[70]、超氧离子[71]靶向探针等技术取得的进展, 高尔基体的生物功能和相关的病理过程将进一步了解[72]。值得注意的是, 一些罕见病和遗传病可能源于高尔基体功能障碍, 高尔基体应激参与亨廷顿病的发生[50]; 肌萎缩侧索硬化症[49]、威尔逊氏症[73]、远端型遗传性运动神经病[74]、先天性糖基化Ⅱ型障碍[75]的发生风险也可能与高尔基体功能异常紧密相关。
未来, 如果能对高尔基体进行分离纯化或通过超分辨显微镜等技术对高尔基体糖基化酶和底物等作出精细的定位, 以及对高尔基体膜囊结构作出更精确的结构划分, 将会有助于研究者理解高尔基体自噬工作原理。同时, 探究高尔基体自噬在生理或病理条件下的发生机制有助于从Golgimedicine角度认识人类疾病, 并可为疾病的诊断与治疗提供新的理论基础, Golgimedicine必定带来对疾病发生发展的新认识、新药物靶点和新药物、新的治疗方法。
作者贡献: 付成效负责文献整理和撰写; 陈临溪负责文稿的统筹和修改。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(81973326)
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2025年第60卷第2期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0994
  • 接收时间:2024-10-15
  • 首发时间:2025-11-07
  • 出版时间:2025-02-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-15
  • 修回日期:2024-11-22
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(81973326)
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    1.南华大学药学院药物药理研究所, 湖南 衡阳 421001
    2.南华大学附属第一医院药学部, 湖南 衡阳 421001

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*陈临溪, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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