Article(id=1193523099011346756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193523095437799732, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0833, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1724860800000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-29, revisedDate=1730736000000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762487681390, onlineDateStr=2025-11-07, pubDate=1739289600000, pubDateStr=2025-02-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762487681390, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762487681390, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762487681390, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1193523095437799732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='2', pageStart='245', pageEnd='532', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762487680538, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764224912893, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200809576107987438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193523095437799732, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200809576107987439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193523095437799732, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=498, endPage=505, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1193523099204284745, articleId=1193523099011346756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Study of adsorption of coated aldehyde oxy-starch on the indexes of renal failure, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The accumulation of uremic toxins such as urea nitrogen, blood creatinine, and uric acid of patients with renal failure in vivo would lead to aggravated kidney damage. In this study, coated aldehyde oxy-starch (CAO) was used as an adsorbent to investigate its in vitro adsorption performance on renal failure indexes for urea, indoxyl sulfate (INS), monomethylamine (MMA), dimethylamine (DMA), uric acid (UA), and creatinine (Cr). The effects of variables such as pH, temperature, concentration, dosage, and time on the adsorption capacity of CAO were systematically investigated, employing analytical techniques of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC). The results revealed that CAO exhibited a strong adsorption capacity for urea, INS, and MMA, alongside a moderate adsorption capacity for DMA, UA, and Cr. The adsorption kinetics and thermodynamic studies indicated that the adsorption of urea and UA by CAO were fitted in pseudo-first-order kinetics, and the adsorption isotherm aligned with the Freundlich adsorption model. The enthalpy change ΔH of urea in adsorption was in the range of 40 to 60 kJ·mol-1, which demonstrated the presence of strong adsorption force due to the interactions of coordinating groups. The ΔH of UA was greater than 80 kJ·mol-1, indicating the generation of chemical bonds during the adsorption. Both of them, Gibbs free energy ΔG was less than 0, within the range of -20 to 0 kJ·mol-1, suggested that the adsorption of urea and UA by CAO occurred spontaneously as physical adsorption process. The adsorption entropy ΔS of urea and UA was > 0, which indicated an increase in entropy throughout the adsorption. The infrared spectroscopygram showed the formation of a chemical bond, specifically the imine bond, following the adsorption of urea by CAO, thereby indicating a chemical reaction during the adsorption. This study elucidates the adsorption mechanism of CAO on various indexes of renal failure, providing a scientific basis for its clinical usage.

, correspAuthors=Ji-wen ZHANG, Li-xin SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Qian WU, Cai-fen WANG, Ning-ning PENG, Qin NIE, Tian-fu LI, Jian-yu LIU, Xiang-yi SONG, Jian LIU, Su-ping WU, Ji-wen ZHANG, Li-xin SUN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1193523250945815128, articleId=1193523099011346756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=包醛氧淀粉对肾衰竭指标的吸附研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

肾衰竭患者体内潴留尿素氮、血肌酐、尿酸等尿毒症毒素, 加重肾脏损伤。本研究以包醛氧淀粉(coated aldehyde oxy-starch, CAO) 为吸附剂, 考察其对肾衰竭指标: 尿素(urea)、硫酸吲哚酚(indoxyl sulfate, INS)、一甲胺(monomethylamine, MMA)、二甲胺(dimethylamine, DMA)、尿酸(uric acid, UA) 和肌酐(creatinine, Cr) 的体外吸附性能。利用高效液相色谱法、气相色谱法等检测手段, 系统研究pH、温度、浓度、用量、时间等因素对CAO吸附能力的影响。研究结果表明, CAO对urea、INS、MMA具有较强的吸附能力, 对DMA、UA、Cr为一般吸附。吸附动力学和热力学研究发现, CAO对urea、UA的吸附符合准一级动力学方程, 等温吸附模型符合Freundlich模型。热力学参数吸附焓变ΔH > 0, urea的ΔH在40~60 kJ·mol-1, 表明其吸附过程存在配位基交换强吸附力的作用; UA的ΔH大于80 kJ·mol-1, 表明其吸附过程存在化学键的生成。两者的吉布斯自由能ΔG < 0, 在-20~0 kJ·mol-1之间, 说明CAO对urea的吸附属于可自发进行的物理吸附。urea和UA的吸附熵ΔS > 0, 说明吸附过程是熵增过程。红外光谱结果证实CAO吸附urea后生成了新的亚胺键, 证明吸附过程中发生了化学反应。本研究阐明了CAO对多种肾衰竭指标的吸附机制, 为其临床用药提供科学依据。

, correspAuthors=张继稳, 孙立新, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*张继稳, Tel/Fax: 86-21-20231980, E-mail:
孙立新, Tel: 86-24-43520599, E-mail:
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Tianjin Pacific Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300380, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194709022629667094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193523099011346756, companyId=1194709022617084180, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.天津太平洋制药有限公司, 天津 300380)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1194709030410101151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193523099011346756, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=jlPBZ9qE3F0naHVw9Y+J5Q==, figureFileBig=BQ3UCOIgKe+APzwwTfLbAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194709030506570146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193523099011346756, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= Adsorption of different concentrations of urea (A), MMA (B), INS (C), DMA (D), UA (E), and Cr (F) by CAO at different times. Adsorption by CAO under different CAO dosages (G, The dosages of CAO used for INS were actually 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 g for 1, 2, and 3 g), pH (H) and temperatures (I) , figureFileSmall=jlPBZ9qE3F0naHVw9Y+J5Q==, figureFileBig=BQ3UCOIgKe+APzwwTfLbAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194709030586261924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193523099011346756, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=DfsddyGVZv3gCEhKVjN4ug==, figureFileBig=pPvMjj3YFt0IeBgQmx+Vrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194709032519836071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193523099011346756, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= The adsorption kinetic model of urea (A) and UA (B). The adsorption isotherms of urea (C) and UA (D). FT-IR profiles (E), SEM images before (F) and after (G) the urea adsorption to CAO , figureFileSmall=DfsddyGVZv3gCEhKVjN4ug==, figureFileBig=pPvMjj3YFt0IeBgQmx+Vrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194709032687608234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193523099011346756, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
AdsorbateColumnMethod
UreaHypersil APS-2
(250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm)
Mobile phase: acetonitrile/water (85∶15, v/v)
Flow: 1.0 mL·min-1
Column temperature: 25 ℃
Detector: DAD (195 nm)
Injection volume: 10 μL
INSPlatisil ODS C18
(250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm)
Mobile phase: acetonitrile/0.2% trifluoroacetic acid solution (20∶80, v/v)
Flow: 1.0 mL·min-1
Detector: FLD (excitation 280 nm, emission 390 nm)
Column temperature: 25 ℃
Injection volume: 50 μL
MMA, DMACP-Volamine
(30 m × 0.32 mm)
Inlet temperature: 180 ℃
Detector temperature: 200 ℃
Program temperature rise: 65 ℃ maintain 3 min, 10 ℃·min-1 to 150 ℃ maintain 3 min
Detector: FID
Injection volume: 1 mL dosing ring with 10∶1 split ratio
Headspace equilibrium temperature and time: 80 ℃, 40 min
UA, CrDiamonsil Plus C18
(250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm)
Mobile phase: 20 mmol·L-1 ammonium acetate solution (pH 4.8)
Flow: 1.0 mL·min-1
Column temperature: 30 ℃
Detector: VWD (uric acid: 288 nm; creatinine: 235 nm)
Injection volume: 10 μL
), ArticleFig(id=1194709032817631663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193523099011346756, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Methods for determinations of the contents for adsorbates. INS: Indoxyl sulfate; MMA: Monomethylamine; DMA: Dimethylamine; UA: Uric acid; Cr: Creatinine

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
AdsorbateColumnMethod
UreaHypersil APS-2
(250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm)
Mobile phase: acetonitrile/water (85∶15, v/v)
Flow: 1.0 mL·min-1
Column temperature: 25 ℃
Detector: DAD (195 nm)
Injection volume: 10 μL
INSPlatisil ODS C18
(250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm)
Mobile phase: acetonitrile/0.2% trifluoroacetic acid solution (20∶80, v/v)
Flow: 1.0 mL·min-1
Detector: FLD (excitation 280 nm, emission 390 nm)
Column temperature: 25 ℃
Injection volume: 50 μL
MMA, DMACP-Volamine
(30 m × 0.32 mm)
Inlet temperature: 180 ℃
Detector temperature: 200 ℃
Program temperature rise: 65 ℃ maintain 3 min, 10 ℃·min-1 to 150 ℃ maintain 3 min
Detector: FID
Injection volume: 1 mL dosing ring with 10∶1 split ratio
Headspace equilibrium temperature and time: 80 ℃, 40 min
UA, CrDiamonsil Plus C18
(250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm)
Mobile phase: 20 mmol·L-1 ammonium acetate solution (pH 4.8)
Flow: 1.0 mL·min-1
Column temperature: 30 ℃
Detector: VWD (uric acid: 288 nm; creatinine: 235 nm)
Injection volume: 10 μL
), ArticleFig(id=1194709032909906355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193523099011346756, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
AdsorbateCAO/gpHConcentration/μg·mL-1Temperature/℃Adsorption ratio/%
INS 1 1.2 50 37 76.85
Urea 3 1.2 200 37 78.91
MMA 3 1.2 80 37 59.12
DMA 3 1.2 30 37 18.66
UA 3 7.2 120 37 23.88
Cr 3 7.2 20 37 11.61
), ArticleFig(id=1194709033996231093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193523099011346756, language=CN, label=Table 2, caption=

The adsorption ratio of adsorbates at optimal conditions. CAO: Coated aldehyde oxy-starch

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
AdsorbateCAO/gpHConcentration/μg·mL-1Temperature/℃Adsorption ratio/%
INS 1 1.2 50 37 76.85
Urea 3 1.2 200 37 78.91
MMA 3 1.2 80 37 59.12
DMA 3 1.2 30 37 18.66
UA 3 7.2 120 37 23.88
Cr 3 7.2 20 37 11.61
), ArticleFig(id=1194709034075922871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193523099011346756, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
AbsorbateStandard curveR2RSD/%Accuracy
(RE/%)
PrecisionRepeatabilityStability
INS y = 23.21 x + 1.61 0.999 9 0.39 0.34-0.44 0.65 -0.42-1.66
Urea y = 2.90 x + 8.33 1.000 0 0.20 0.34-1.56 1.52 0.07-1.52
MMA y = 4.80 x - 25.39 0.999 9 1.00 0.99-2.52 1.16 0.49-3.56
DMA y = 18.40 x - 12.44 0.999 9 1.72 1.79-4.81 3.42 -7.00-1.66
UA y = 39.49 x + 7.64 1.000 0 0.043 0.18-0.40 0.17 -3.85-0.07
Cr y = 24.52 x - 5.86 0.999 4 0.012 1.13-2.61 0.26 -0.86-2.88
), ArticleFig(id=1194709034155614650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193523099011346756, language=CN, label=Table 3, caption=

Method validations of the adsorbate determinations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
AbsorbateStandard curveR2RSD/%Accuracy
(RE/%)
PrecisionRepeatabilityStability
INS y = 23.21 x + 1.61 0.999 9 0.39 0.34-0.44 0.65 -0.42-1.66
Urea y = 2.90 x + 8.33 1.000 0 0.20 0.34-1.56 1.52 0.07-1.52
MMA y = 4.80 x - 25.39 0.999 9 1.00 0.99-2.52 1.16 0.49-3.56
DMA y = 18.40 x - 12.44 0.999 9 1.72 1.79-4.81 3.42 -7.00-1.66
UA y = 39.49 x + 7.64 1.000 0 0.043 0.18-0.40 0.17 -3.85-0.07
Cr y = 24.52 x - 5.86 0.999 4 0.012 1.13-2.61 0.26 -0.86-2.88
), ArticleFig(id=1194709034231112124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193523099011346756, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
AbsorbateT/℃Qe, exp/μg·g-1Pseudo-first-orderPseudo-second-orderLangmuirFreundlich
Qe, fit/μg·g-1k1/h-1R2Qe, fit/μg·g-1k2/g·μg-1·h-1R2Qmax/μg·g-1(×104)KL(×10-4)R2nKFR2
Urea 25 927.13 943.49 0.44 0.993 1 1 106.21 0.000 5 0.994 5 16.1 3.56 0.995 0 0.94 6.9 0.999 5
37 1 286.21 1 364.81 0.33 0.997 1 1 719.87 0.000 2 0.997 5 4.28 5.04 0.999 1 1.06 26.25 0.999 2
50 1 556.74 1 513.70 0.72 0.997 3 1 847.17 0.000 4 0.999 1 5.25 6.71 0.997 9 1.05 40.37 0.997 6
UA 25 84.11 105.20 19.43 0.999 3 107.17 1.00 0.998 6 1.77 1.00 0.999 5 0.98 1.62 0.999 7
37 99.51 92.52 9.85 0.997 6 103.92 0.10 0.998 5 2.30 0.98 0.991 5 0.87 1.21 0.999 7
50 142.91 136.62 7.67 0.995 8 146.05 0.08 0.999 5 0.49 5.08 0.978 7 0.89 1.43 0.987 0
), ArticleFig(id=1194709034327581118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193523099011346756, language=CN, label=Table 4, caption=

Adsorption kinetic and isothermal parameters of urea and UA to CAO

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
AbsorbateT/℃Qe, exp/μg·g-1Pseudo-first-orderPseudo-second-orderLangmuirFreundlich
Qe, fit/μg·g-1k1/h-1R2Qe, fit/μg·g-1k2/g·μg-1·h-1R2Qmax/μg·g-1(×104)KL(×10-4)R2nKFR2
Urea 25 927.13 943.49 0.44 0.993 1 1 106.21 0.000 5 0.994 5 16.1 3.56 0.995 0 0.94 6.9 0.999 5
37 1 286.21 1 364.81 0.33 0.997 1 1 719.87 0.000 2 0.997 5 4.28 5.04 0.999 1 1.06 26.25 0.999 2
50 1 556.74 1 513.70 0.72 0.997 3 1 847.17 0.000 4 0.999 1 5.25 6.71 0.997 9 1.05 40.37 0.997 6
UA 25 84.11 105.20 19.43 0.999 3 107.17 1.00 0.998 6 1.77 1.00 0.999 5 0.98 1.62 0.999 7
37 99.51 92.52 9.85 0.997 6 103.92 0.10 0.998 5 2.30 0.98 0.991 5 0.87 1.21 0.999 7
50 142.91 136.62 7.67 0.995 8 146.05 0.08 0.999 5 0.49 5.08 0.978 7 0.89 1.43 0.987 0
), ArticleFig(id=1194709034411467201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193523099011346756, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
AbsorbateQe/μg·g-1ΔH/kJ·mol-1ΔG/kJ·mol-1ΔS/J·mol-1·K-1
25 ℃37 ℃50 ℃25 ℃37 ℃50 ℃
Urea50045.14-2.34-2.73-2.81159.4154.4148.4
1 00042.86151.6147.0141.3
1 50055.13192.8186.5179.3
2 00040.58144.0139.6134.3
UA50170.3-2.43-2.25-2.39579.4556.41.70×105
100428.51 4451 3894.30×105
150714.42 4042 3117.14×105
2001 0173 4193 2871.02×106
), ArticleFig(id=1194709034486964676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193523099011346756, language=CN, label=Table 5, caption=

Adsorption thermodynamic parameters of urea and UA on CAO

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
AbsorbateQe/μg·g-1ΔH/kJ·mol-1ΔG/kJ·mol-1ΔS/J·mol-1·K-1
25 ℃37 ℃50 ℃25 ℃37 ℃50 ℃
Urea50045.14-2.34-2.73-2.81159.4154.4148.4
1 00042.86151.6147.0141.3
1 50055.13192.8186.5179.3
2 00040.58144.0139.6134.3
UA50170.3-2.43-2.25-2.39579.4556.41.70×105
100428.51 4451 3894.30×105
150714.42 4042 3117.14×105
2001 0173 4193 2871.02×106
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包醛氧淀粉对肾衰竭指标的吸附研究
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吴倩 1, 2 , 王彩芬 1, 3 , 彭宁宁 1, 2 , 聂芩 1, 3 , 李天福 1, 2 , 刘剑宇 1, 2 , 宋香羿 4 , 刘健 4 , 武素平 4 , 张继稳 1, 3, * , 孙立新 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(2): 498-505
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2025, 60(2): 498-505
包醛氧淀粉对肾衰竭指标的吸附研究
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吴倩1, 2, 王彩芬1, 3, 彭宁宁1, 2, 聂芩1, 3, 李天福1, 2, 刘剑宇1, 2, 宋香羿4, 刘健4, 武素平4, 张继稳1, 3, * , 孙立新1, *
作者信息
  • 1.沈阳药科大学药学院, 辽宁 本溪 117000
  • 2.长三角药物高等研究院, 江苏 南通 226000
  • 3.中国科学院上海药物研究所, 上海 201210
  • 4.天津太平洋制药有限公司, 天津 300380

通讯作者:

*张继稳, Tel/Fax: 86-21-20231980, E-mail:
孙立新, Tel: 86-24-43520599, E-mail:
Study of adsorption of coated aldehyde oxy-starch on the indexes of renal failure
Qian WU1, 2, Cai-fen WANG1, 3, Ning-ning PENG1, 2, Qin NIE1, 3, Tian-fu LI1, 2, Jian-yu LIU1, 2, Xiang-yi SONG4, Jian LIU4, Su-ping WU4, Ji-wen ZHANG1, 3, * , Li-xin SUN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Benxi 117000, China
  • 2. Yangtze Delta Drug Advanced Research Institute, Nantong 226000, China
  • 3. Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
  • 4. Tianjin Pacific Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300380, China
出版时间: 2025-02-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0833
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肾衰竭患者体内潴留尿素氮、血肌酐、尿酸等尿毒症毒素, 加重肾脏损伤。本研究以包醛氧淀粉(coated aldehyde oxy-starch, CAO) 为吸附剂, 考察其对肾衰竭指标: 尿素(urea)、硫酸吲哚酚(indoxyl sulfate, INS)、一甲胺(monomethylamine, MMA)、二甲胺(dimethylamine, DMA)、尿酸(uric acid, UA) 和肌酐(creatinine, Cr) 的体外吸附性能。利用高效液相色谱法、气相色谱法等检测手段, 系统研究pH、温度、浓度、用量、时间等因素对CAO吸附能力的影响。研究结果表明, CAO对urea、INS、MMA具有较强的吸附能力, 对DMA、UA、Cr为一般吸附。吸附动力学和热力学研究发现, CAO对urea、UA的吸附符合准一级动力学方程, 等温吸附模型符合Freundlich模型。热力学参数吸附焓变ΔH > 0, urea的ΔH在40~60 kJ·mol-1, 表明其吸附过程存在配位基交换强吸附力的作用; UA的ΔH大于80 kJ·mol-1, 表明其吸附过程存在化学键的生成。两者的吉布斯自由能ΔG < 0, 在-20~0 kJ·mol-1之间, 说明CAO对urea的吸附属于可自发进行的物理吸附。urea和UA的吸附熵ΔS > 0, 说明吸附过程是熵增过程。红外光谱结果证实CAO吸附urea后生成了新的亚胺键, 证明吸附过程中发生了化学反应。本研究阐明了CAO对多种肾衰竭指标的吸附机制, 为其临床用药提供科学依据。

包醛氧淀粉  /  肾衰竭指标  /  含量测定  /  尿素  /  吸附

The accumulation of uremic toxins such as urea nitrogen, blood creatinine, and uric acid of patients with renal failure in vivo would lead to aggravated kidney damage. In this study, coated aldehyde oxy-starch (CAO) was used as an adsorbent to investigate its in vitro adsorption performance on renal failure indexes for urea, indoxyl sulfate (INS), monomethylamine (MMA), dimethylamine (DMA), uric acid (UA), and creatinine (Cr). The effects of variables such as pH, temperature, concentration, dosage, and time on the adsorption capacity of CAO were systematically investigated, employing analytical techniques of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC). The results revealed that CAO exhibited a strong adsorption capacity for urea, INS, and MMA, alongside a moderate adsorption capacity for DMA, UA, and Cr. The adsorption kinetics and thermodynamic studies indicated that the adsorption of urea and UA by CAO were fitted in pseudo-first-order kinetics, and the adsorption isotherm aligned with the Freundlich adsorption model. The enthalpy change ΔH of urea in adsorption was in the range of 40 to 60 kJ·mol-1, which demonstrated the presence of strong adsorption force due to the interactions of coordinating groups. The ΔH of UA was greater than 80 kJ·mol-1, indicating the generation of chemical bonds during the adsorption. Both of them, Gibbs free energy ΔG was less than 0, within the range of -20 to 0 kJ·mol-1, suggested that the adsorption of urea and UA by CAO occurred spontaneously as physical adsorption process. The adsorption entropy ΔS of urea and UA was > 0, which indicated an increase in entropy throughout the adsorption. The infrared spectroscopygram showed the formation of a chemical bond, specifically the imine bond, following the adsorption of urea by CAO, thereby indicating a chemical reaction during the adsorption. This study elucidates the adsorption mechanism of CAO on various indexes of renal failure, providing a scientific basis for its clinical usage.

coated aldehyde oxy-starch  /  indexes of renal failure  /  content determination  /  urea  /  adsorption
吴倩, 王彩芬, 彭宁宁, 聂芩, 李天福, 刘剑宇, 宋香羿, 刘健, 武素平, 张继稳, 孙立新. 包醛氧淀粉对肾衰竭指标的吸附研究. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (2) : 498 -505 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0833
Qian WU, Cai-fen WANG, Ning-ning PENG, Qin NIE, Tian-fu LI, Jian-yu LIU, Xiang-yi SONG, Jian LIU, Su-ping WU, Ji-wen ZHANG, Li-xin SUN. Study of adsorption of coated aldehyde oxy-starch on the indexes of renal failure[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (2) : 498 -505 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0833
慢性肾功能衰竭(chronic renal failure, CRF) 患者的肾脏萎缩、肾功能减弱, 进而会引起人体其他各器官组织功能失调, 严重危及患者生命[1, 2], 并导致尿素氮、血肌酐等尿毒症毒素潴留、破坏机体代谢和内环境平衡, 从而进一步加剧肾实质的损伤[3]
包醛氧淀粉(coated aldehyde oxy-starch, CAO) 是淀粉经氧化后得到的聚醛结构产物[分子式为(C6H8O5)n, Mw = 160, D50 = 614.64 μm, D90 = 1 210.78 μm], 表现为类白色的颗粒状粉末, 无明显味道, 不溶于水。CAO通过醛基和氨基的反应性相互作用, 与消化道内过量氮类和胺类化合物结合, 形成席夫碱络合物, 然后直接通过粪便排出体外, 降低血液中胺类和尿素氮及其他肾衰竭指标水平, 代偿肾脏功能、延缓肾衰竭进程, 达到治疗效果[4]。CAO不和胃肠道直接作用, 无不良反应, 具有不吸收入血、无肝肾毒性、用药安全、不刺激胃肠道、体内无蓄积和可长期服用等优点。
CAO在临床上与肾衰宁胶囊[3]、海昆肾喜胶囊[4]、肾康注射液等药物合用, CRF患者的血肌酐、尿素氮及炎症因子TNF-α、IL-1β明显降低, 且与海昆肾喜胶囊联合用药时, 能明显增加血中白蛋白的含量, 较单独给药, 可增强治疗效果。但缺少CAO对尿素(urea)、尿酸(uric acid, UA)、肌酐(creatinine, Cr)、细菌代谢产物一甲胺(monomethylamine, MMA)、二甲胺(dimethylamine, DMA) 和吲哚类硫酸吲哚酚(indoxyl sulfate, INS) 等肾衰竭指标的吸附研究。
本文以CAO为吸附剂, 探讨其对常见含氮化合物、胺类物质和吲哚类等肾衰竭指标的吸附性能; 建立一系列肾衰竭指标的含量测定方法, 通过吸附比和吸附容量等指标, 评价CAO对各指标的吸附能力, 并通过吸附动力学、热力学实验和表征分析典型指标的吸附行为, 为CAO在清除多种肾衰竭相关代谢物方面提供理论依据。
仪器  十万分之一电子天平(CPA225D, 北京赛多利斯仪器系统有限公司); 万分之一电子天平(AB104-N, 上海梅特勒-托利多有限公司); 高效液相色谱仪1260、气相色谱仪8680 (美国安捷伦科技有限公司); 恒温孵育摇床(THZ-103B, 上海一恒科学仪器有限公司); 扫描电子显微镜[Thermoscientific Phenom Pharos G2, 复纳科学仪器(上海) 有限公司]; 傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(Nicolet iS50, 赛默飞世尔科技公司); Milli-Q纯水仪(美国密理博公司)。
药品与试剂  包醛氧淀粉(批号: 7122161, 天津太平洋制药有限公司); 1H-吲哚-3-基硫酸钾(纯度98%, 上海吉至生化科技有限公司); 尿素(纯度99%)、肌酐(纯度99%)、冰醋酸(纯度99.5%) 购自上海麦克林生化科技有限公司; 色谱纯乙腈、甲醇购自迈瑞尔科技有限公司; 三氟乙酸(纯度≥ 99%, 上海百灵威化学技术有限公司); 甲胺盐酸盐(纯度≥ 98%)、二甲胺盐酸盐(纯度≥ 99%)、尿酸(纯度99%)、乙酸铵(纯度≥ 98%)、氯化钠(纯度 > 99%)、氢氧化钠(纯度 > 96%) 和盐酸(纯度: 36%~38%) 购自国药集团试剂有限公司; 所有试剂若无特殊标记均为分析纯; 纯水, Milli-Q纯水仪自制。
吸附动力学研究  取吸附质溶液20 mL于50 mL离心管中, 放置在恒温摇床中振摇(80 r·min-1), 待摇床达到设置温度后, 加入称量好的CAO, 开始计时, 于不同时间点(0.08、0.17、0.25、0.5、1、2、4、8 h) 吸取适量上清液, 离心(12 000 r·min-1, 10 min), 取上清液按各吸附质含量测定方法进样分析, 根据公式(1) (2)[5-7]分别计算吸附容量及吸附比; 采用准一级动力学方程(公式3) 和准二级动力学方程(公式4)[8, 9]对不同温度下吸附容量随时间变化的数据进行拟合, 从而进行吸附动力学研究。
$ {Q}_{\mathrm{e}}=\frac{\left({C}_{0}-{C}_{\mathrm{e}}\right)\times V}{m} $
$ E\left(\mathrm{\%}\right)=\frac{\left({C}_{0}-{C}_{\mathrm{e}}\right)}{{C}_{0}}\times 100 $
$ ln\left({Q}_{\mathrm{e}}-{Q}_{t}\right)=ln{Q}_{\mathrm{e}}-{k}_{1}t $
$ \frac{t}{{Q}_{t}}=\frac{1}{{k}_{2}{Q}_{\mathrm{e}}^{2}}+\frac{t}{{Q}_{\mathrm{e}}} $
其中: C0为吸附质初始质量浓度(μg·mL-1); Ce为吸附质平衡质量浓度(μg·mL-1); Qe为平衡吸附容量(μg·g-1); V为吸附体积(mL); m为CAO用量(g); E为吸附比(%); Qt为不同时间t下的吸附容量(μg·g-1); k1为准一级吸附速率常数; k2为准二级吸附速率常数。
吸附等温线及吸附热力学参数的测定  取8个不同浓度(urea: 50、75、100、200、300、400、500、600 μg·mL-1; UA: 10、25、35、50、60、70、100、120、140 μg·mL-1) 的吸附质溶液20 mL于50 mL离心管中, 放置在恒温摇床中振摇(80 r·min-1), 待摇床达到设置温度后, 加入称量好的CAO, 分别在25、37、50 ℃下进行吸附平衡实验, 吸附8 h后, 取上清, 进样分析[5, 10-15]
将不同温度下的吸附数据分别采用Langmuir方程(公式5) 和Freundlich方程(公式6) 进行线性拟合, 对各温度下的吸附曲线和吸附容量进行吸附热力学研究[8, 10, 16]。吸附热力学参数由焓变ΔH、熵变ΔS和吉布斯自由能ΔG (公式7、8、9)[10, 17]计算得到, 吸附焓根据Clausius-Clapeyon方程(公式7) 计算, 吸附熵变由Gibbs-Helmholtz方程(公式8) 计算, 吉布斯自由能根据公式(9) 计算:
$ \frac{{C}_{\mathrm{e}}}{{Q}_{\mathrm{e}}}=\frac{1}{{K}_{\mathrm{L}}{Q}_{\mathrm{m}}}+\frac{t}{{Q}_{\mathrm{m}}} $
$ ln{Q}_{\mathrm{e}}=\frac{1}{n}ln{C}_{\mathrm{e}}-ln{K}_{\mathrm{F}} $
$ ln{C}_{\mathrm{e}}=\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }H}{RT}+K $
$ \Delta S=\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }H-\mathrm{\Delta }G}{T} $
$ \Delta G=-nRT $
其中: Qe, Qm为平衡和最大吸附容量(μg·g-1); Ce为平衡质量浓度(μg·mL-1); KL为Langmuir系数; n为表观常数, 表示吸附能力的大小; KF为Freundlich系数; R为气体常数, 等于8.314 J·mol-1·k-1; K为吸附反应的平衡常数; T为吸附温度(k)。
吸附质浓度、pH和CAO用量对CAO吸附性能的影响  同法考察CAO用量(考察CAO用量对INS吸附性能的影响时, 所用CAO分别为0.25、0, 5、1.0 g, 其余为1、2、3 g), pH (由于人体胃、肠不同部位的pH值存在差异, 考察了吸附质与CAO在pH 1.2、3.0、7.2条件下的吸附性能), 吸附质浓度对吸附作用的影响[18]
吸附质含量的测定方法  采用HPLC-FLD法测定INS的含量[19, 20], HPLC-UV法测定urea[21]、UA和Cr[22]的含量, GC法测定MMA和DMA[23]的含量(表 1)。
样品表征
傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier-transform infrared, FT-IR) 将2 g CAO置于20 mL 600 μg·mL-1 urea溶液中, 于37 ℃摇床中振摇8 h后, 离心(4 000 r·min-1, 10 min), 取沉淀, 冻干, 取大约2 mg的冻干样品, 在玛瑙研钵中与约100 mg KBr研磨混合, 之后压片压制成均匀薄片。光谱测量范围设定为400至4 000 cm-1, 经过平滑处理和基线校正后, 分析吸附前后CAO的吸收峰变化情况。
扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscopy, SEM) 将CAO吸附urea前后的少量干燥样品固定于铝基导电胶上, 用压缩清洁气吹走多余样品后, 利用背散射检测器, 在5 kV加速电压下进行扫描, 观察并获取图像。
采用表 1中测定方法分别测定urea、INS、MMA、DMA、UA、Cr吸附前后的含量。结果显示, CAO对各吸附质的吸附能力具有差异性; 最佳条件下其对INS、urea、MMA的吸附能力强, 吸附比均大于50%; 对DMA、尿酸、Cr的吸附能力一般, 吸附比均大于10%, 小于30% (表 2)。
吸附质浓度与吸附容量呈正相关, 然而不同吸附质对CAO的动态吸附过程也不同, 达到平衡的时间长短不一。其中urea (图 1A) 和MMA (图 1B) 在吸附8 h后, 吸附容量有持续增长的趋势, 未达到平衡期; INS (图 1C) 和DMA (图 1D) 在低浓度时, 吸附2 h后趋于平衡, 在中、高浓度时, 吸附8 h后仍有持续增长的趋势; UA (图 1E) 和Cr (图 1F) 在不同浓度下, 吸附不到1 h便达到吸附平衡。
CAO投入量越大, 吸附比越高, 即能极大程度上减少溶液中吸附质的量, 但由于CAO的量在吸附容量计算中为分母, 所以吸附容量减小(图 1G)。随着CAO用量的增加, 其对INS的吸附比由33.52%增大到76.85%, 对urea的吸附比由47.25%增加到78.91%, 对MMA的吸附比由25.76%增加到59.12%, 对DMA的吸附比由7.15%增加到18.66%, 对UA的吸附比由11.49%增大到23.88%, 对Cr的吸附比由6.61%增大到11.61%。
不同吸附质在其最佳吸附条件时的pH值存在差异, INS、urea、MMA和DMA在pH 1.2的环境中, 能够被CAO尽可能多地吸附, 而UA、Cr则是在pH 7.2时更有利于其吸附(图 1H)。介质pH对吸附性能影响的机制可能是酸性条件有利于羰基醛与胺类化合物发生亲核缩合, 形成席夫碱化学反应。
为阐述CAO对吸附质的吸附机制, 研究其在室温(25 ℃)、人体体温(37 ℃) 和高温(50 ℃) 不同温度下对各吸附质的吸附情况。结果显示, 随着温度的变化, CAO对urea、INS、MMA、DMA、UA的吸附能力较为敏感; 但温度对Cr的吸附能力影响较小(图 1I)。其中, 随着温度的升高, CAO对urea、MMA和DMA的吸附比及吸附容量逐渐增高; CAO对INS和UA在37 ℃时吸附容量最低, 在50 ℃时的吸附容量大于25 ℃的吸附容量。
对urea、INS、MMA、DMA、UA、Cr的测定方法进行方法学验证, 结果表明各吸附质的准确度、定量下限、仪器精密度和方法重复性均符合分析要求; 样品在24 h内稳定(UA、Cr在6 h内稳定); 线性范围良好。因此, 这些方法可用于吸附质的含量测定(表 3)。
本研究分别测定25、37和50 ℃下urea和UA的吸附容量Qt随时间t的变化。结果表明, 吸附开始时, 吸附容量迅速增加; 之后, 增加的速度减慢; 而吸附容量基本不变时, 预示CAO对urea或UA的吸附与脱附达到动态平衡, CAO对urea、UA的吸附分别于8和2 h后趋于平衡。在高温下, 吸附的速率较快, 吸附容量变大。分别采用准一级动力学方程和准二级动力学方程对不同温度下吸附容量随时间变化的数据进行拟合(图 2AB), 获得其动力学参数(表 4)。
拟合结果显示, 吸附速率常数随着温度改变, 虽然准一级、二级动力学模型拟合的相关系数R2均大于0.99, 但准一级动力学模型估算的平衡吸附容量与实测结果更接近(表 4), 宜采用准一级动力学模型描述urea、UA在CAO上的吸附行为。
Urea、UA在CAO上的等温吸附线受温度影响, 温度越高吸附容量越高(图 2CD), 提示CAO对urea、UA的吸附过程是吸热的, 高温对urea、UA的吸附更有利。
将urea、UA不同温度下的吸附数据分别采用Langmuir方程和Freundlich方程进行线性拟合。结果表明, Freundlich模型拟合明显优于Langmuir模型, 说明CAO的吸附行为更符合Freundlich模型, 为非均质固体表面的吸附行为, 且吸附是不均匀的多分子层; CAO对urea的吸附, 温度越高KF值越大, 所以温度对CAO吸附urea的吸附容量影响大; 25 ℃时n值小于1, 37、50 ℃时n值大于1, 表明在高温时CAO对urea的吸附为优惠吸附过程, 低温时是非优惠吸附过程。CAO对UA的吸附, KF值随温度的变化不大, 所以温度对CAO吸附UA的吸附容量影响不大; 在25、37和50 ℃时n值均小于1, 表明CAO对UA的吸附为非优惠吸附过程(表 4)。
吸附热力学参数由焓变ΔH、熵变ΔS和吉布斯自由能ΔG (公式7、8、9) 计算得到。urea、UA的吸附焓变ΔH > 0, 表明其在CAO上的吸附为吸热过程, 提高温度有利于吸附过程的进行, 同时urea的ΔH在40~60 kJ·mol-1内, 表明其吸附过程存在配位基交换强吸附力的作用, 推测可能是CAO中的羟基在酸性条件下, 表面羟基质子化促进了配位体交换反应; UA的ΔH > 80 kJ·mol-1, 表明其吸附过程存在化学键的生成; 两者的ΔG < 0, 在-20~0 kJ·mol-1内, 说明CAO对urea、UA的吸附是可自发进行, 且存在物理吸附; 吸附熵ΔS > 0, 表明在urea和UA的吸附过程中同时存在着溶剂的解吸, 吸附质与溶剂竞争吸附, 被取代下来的溶剂分子较吸附质运动能力更强, 最终表现为熵增的吸附过程[24](表 5)。
经FT-IR分析发现, CAO对urea吸附前后的谱图有明显区别。在3 400 cm-1处的吸收峰为淀粉中的羟基, 在1 667 cm-1和1 200~700 cm-1分别是淀粉吸附水后的无定型区域吸收峰和多糖及其糖类异构体的吸收, 579 cm-1附近的吸收峰归属为淀粉的骨架模式振动[25]。1 556 cm-1处的峰为亚胺基(-CH=N) 振动, 证明CAO与urea的吸附之间发生了席夫碱化学反应(图 2E)[26]
将吸附前后的CAO经SEM观察, 吸附前后的CAO的表面形态有明显变化, 吸附前是光滑的、不规则的多面体聚集结构, 吸附后则是非光滑、不均匀的非均质表面, 可能是CAO表面发生了化学作用的原因(图 2FG)。
为了解体外CAO吸附各肾衰竭指标的吸附能力, 本研究建立了多个肾衰竭指标的定量分析方法, 用于测定CAO对urea、INS、MMA、DMA、UA和Cr吸附前后的含量; 通过不同条件下吸附实验研究, 确定了CAO对urea、INS和MMA为强吸附, 对DMA、UA、Cr为一般吸附。CAO对urea、UA的吸附更符合准一级动力学和Freundlich吸附模型, 说明CAO对urea和UA吸附存在物理吸附, 满足非均质固体表面的吸附行为, 且吸附是多分子层的。FT-IR结果显示, CAO对urea的吸附有新键亚胺键的生成, 证明其吸附生成了席夫碱络合物。热力学函数ΔH > 0、ΔG < 0、ΔS > 0, 说明CAO对urea、UA的吸附是吸热过程, 存在配位基交换强吸附力的作用及化学键的生成, 同时可自发进行物理吸附。此外, 溶剂与吸附质在CAO上竞争吸附, 表现为熵增过程。本研究进一步阐明了CAO对urea、UA及相关肾衰竭指标的吸附机制。
致谢: 感谢沈阳药科大学李三鸣教授的指导和帮助。
作者贡献: 吴倩参与实验实施、数据处理及文章撰写和修改; 彭宁宁、聂芩、李天福、刘剑宇参与实验实施及数据处理; 王彩芬负责文章整体思路的提出、设计、数据审核和论文校正; 宋香羿、刘健、武素平提出实验计划和设计; 张继稳、孙立新负责论文写作指导。
利益冲突: 本文所有作者声明不存在利益冲突关系。
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0833
  • 接收时间:2024-08-29
  • 首发时间:2025-11-07
  • 出版时间:2025-02-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-29
  • 修回日期:2024-11-05
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    1.沈阳药科大学药学院, 辽宁 本溪 117000
    2.长三角药物高等研究院, 江苏 南通 226000
    3.中国科学院上海药物研究所, 上海 201210
    4.天津太平洋制药有限公司, 天津 300380

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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