Article(id=1193523098537390401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193523095437799732, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0980, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1728576000000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-11, revisedDate=1733068800000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762487681278, onlineDateStr=2025-11-07, pubDate=1739289600000, pubDateStr=2025-02-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762487681278, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762487681278, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762487681278, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1193523095437799732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='2', pageStart='245', pageEnd='532', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762487680538, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764224912893, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200809576107987438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193523095437799732, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200809576107987439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193523095437799732, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=397, endPage=407, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1193523098784854338, articleId=1193523098537390401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Investigation on the mechanisms of Colquhounia Root Tablets in reversing vascular endothelial cell dysfunction of rheumatoid arthritis via modulating NOD2/SMAD3/VEGFA signaling axis, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by synovial inflammation, joint destruction, and functional impairment. Angiogenesis plays a key role in the pathological progression of RA with dysfunction of endothelial cells to promote synovial inflammation, sustain pannus formation, subsequently leading to joint damage. Colquhounia Root Tablets (CRT), a Chinese patent drug, has shown a satisfying clinical efficacy in treating RA, while the underlying mechanism by which CRT inhibits RA-associated angiogenesis remains unclear. In this study, we applied a research approach combining transcriptomic data analysis, bio-network mapping, and in vivo and in vitro experiments to explore the molecular mechanisms of CRT in suppressing angiogenesis in RA. Animal welfare and experimental procedures follow the regulations of the Animal Ethics Committee of Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences (ratification number: IBTCMCACMS21-2307-06). Network analysis identified that key genes such as nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2), SMAD family member 3 (SMAD3), and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) significantly enriched in pathways related to NOD-like receptor signaling and VEGF signaling, indicating that CRT may inhibit angiogenesis by regulating vascular endothelial cell function with modulating angiogenesis-related pathways. In vivo data showed that CRT significantly reduced the positive expression of CD31 and VEGF in the ankle joint of adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) rats. In vitro data further confirmed that CRT effectively inhibited VEGF-induced migration, invasion, and tube formation in HUVECs, while significantly reduced the expression of angiogenesis-related factors VEGF/CD31/Ang-1, as well as the positive expression of VEGF and CD31 in HUVECs. Furthermore, CRT markedly decreased the protein expression of NOD2, VEGFA, and SMAD3. In conclusion, these findings indicate that CRT may inhibit the RA-related angiogenesis by targeting the NOD2/SMAD3/VEGF signaling axis to improve endothelial cell function, enriching the scientific connotation of CRT in inhibiting pathological angiogenesis in RA and also offer new insights for clinical prevention and treatment of RA.

, correspAuthors=Xia MAO, Ya LIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Bing-bing CAI, Ya-wen CHEN, Tao LI, Yuan ZENG, Yan-qiong ZHANG, Na LIN, Xia MAO, Ya LIN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1193523679763067082, articleId=1193523098537390401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=火把花根片通过调控NOD2/SMAD3/VEGFA信号通路干预类风湿关节炎血管内皮细胞功能紊乱的作用机制研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

类风湿关节炎(RA) 是一种慢性难治性自身免疫病, 主要表现为滑膜炎症和关节破坏。血管生成在RA的病理进程中起着关键作用, 血管内皮细胞作为血管生成的核心参与者, 其功能紊乱加速促进滑膜炎症, 加剧血管翳的形成及关节破坏。中成药火把花根片临床上治疗RA效果显著, 但其通过调控血管内皮细胞功能抑制RA血管生成的机制尚未明晰。本研究采用转录组学数据挖掘、生物网络分析与体内外实验验证相结合的研究策略, 初步探讨了火把花根片抑制RA血管生成的潜在分子机制。动物福利和实验过程均遵循中国中医科学院中医基础理论研究所实验动物伦理委员会的规定(批准号: IBTCMCACMS21-2307-06)。网络分析结果表明核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域蛋白2 (NOD2)、SMAD家族成员3 (SMAD3) 和血管内皮生长因子A (VEGFA) 等核心基因显著富集于NOD样受体信号通路、VEGF信号通路等, 提示火把花根片可能通过调控血管生成相关通路, 影响血管内皮细胞功能, 从而抑制血管生成。体内研究中火把花根片能显著下调佐剂诱导性关节炎(AIA) 模型大鼠踝关节组织中血小板-内皮细胞黏附分子(CD31) 和VEGF阳性表达。体外实验进一步验证, 火把花根片可有效抑制由VEGF诱导的HUVEC细胞迁移、侵袭及管腔形成, 显著降低血管生成相关因子VEGFA、CD31、血管生成素-1 (Ang-1) 的表达水平, 减少HUVEC细胞中CD31、VEGF的阳性表达。同时, 火把花根片还明显抑制NOD2、SMAD3、VEGFA等相关蛋白表达。综上, 本研究揭示火把花根片通过靶向NOD2/SMAD3/VEGF信号轴改善血管内皮细胞功能, 抑制RA异常血管生成的作用。上述研究丰富了中成药火把花根片在抑制RA病理性血管生成方面的科学内涵, 也为临床防治类风湿关节炎提供新的思路。

, correspAuthors=毛霞, 林雅, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*毛霞, Tel: 86-10-64014411-2869, E-mail:
林雅, Tel: 86-591-22861335, E-mail:
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College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194709431825961932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193523098537390401, companyId=1194709431804990410, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.福建中医药大学药学院, 福建 福州 350122)]), AuthorCompany(id=1194709431884682189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193523098537390401, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194709431893070798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193523098537390401, companyId=1194709431884682189, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194709431901459407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193523098537390401, companyId=1194709431884682189, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中国中医科学院中药研究所, 北京 100700)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1194709435701497860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193523098537390401, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=oOlIokjElhHE6MiUPn7irw==, figureFileBig=X8ze9Ek9siDA+/Fc3++Ugg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194709435756023813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193523098537390401, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= The KEGG enrichment analysis and key pathway network diagram of Colquhounia Root Tablets (CRT) in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A: The core genes were significantly enriched in signaling pathways related to the regulation of "immune-inflammation" and angiogenesis, as displayed in the bubble chart; B: The "drug component-core target" pathway diagram associated with the angiogenesis mechanism of CRT in the treatment of RA, where the octagonal nodes represent the active components of CRT, circular nodes represent core network targets, and rectangular nodes represent enriched pathways , figureFileSmall=oOlIokjElhHE6MiUPn7irw==, figureFileBig=X8ze9Ek9siDA+/Fc3++Ugg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194709435835715590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193523098537390401, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Z6t5PYGhJgoFCIOtCHxosA==, figureFileBig=TzYJ6SmnzUuL/TFAqzOy1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194709435890241543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193523098537390401, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Effects of CRT (the doses of CRT groups are as follows: 72.5, 145, 290, 580 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>; MTX group: 0.2 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup>) on platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (CD31) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) positive expression in the ankle joint of adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) model rats detected by immunohistochemistry. A: Representative images of immunohistochemical staining for CD31 in different groups (400×, scale bar: 100 μm); B: Representative images of immunohistochemical staining for VEGF in different groups (400×, scale bar: 100 μm); C: Quantitative analysis of CD31 expression levels in ankle joint of AIA model rats; D: Quantitative analysis of VEGF expression levels in ankle joint of AIA model rats. <i>n</i> = 8, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula"><tex-math id="M3">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</tex-math></span> ± <i>s.</i> <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> CON group; <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> MOD group , figureFileSmall=Z6t5PYGhJgoFCIOtCHxosA==, figureFileBig=TzYJ6SmnzUuL/TFAqzOy1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194709435948961800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193523098537390401, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=D/apEIliv9kGcgP/EaaxBg==, figureFileBig=bE14XlZnOPdKx9Mfqy/E2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194709436011876361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193523098537390401, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Effect of CRT (the concentrations of CRT-L/M/H: 0.5/5/50 μg·mL<sup>-1</sup>; MTX: 1 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) on VEGF-induced migration and invasion of HUVECs. A: Representative photos of cell migration from different groups; B: Representative photos of cell invasion from different groups; C: Quantitative analysis of cell migration abilities of HUVECs in different groups; D: Quantitative analysis of cell invasion abilities of HUVECs in different groups. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula"><tex-math id="M4">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</tex-math></span> ± <i>s.</i> <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> CON group; <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> MOD group; <sup>@</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>@@</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>@@@</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> CRT-L group; <sup>$</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>$$</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> CRT-M group; <sup>&</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05 <i>vs</i> CRT-H group , figureFileSmall=D/apEIliv9kGcgP/EaaxBg==, figureFileBig=bE14XlZnOPdKx9Mfqy/E2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194709436074790922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193523098537390401, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=xpBx8MIDFkHGBdKQdBySgQ==, figureFileBig=PI8mfs/qgxUPl/7+HY9A2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194709436150288395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193523098537390401, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Effect of CRT on tube formation in VEGF-induced HUVECs. A: Tube formation in Matrigel (100×, scale bar: 400 μm); B: Quantitative analysis of tube formation abilities of HUVECs in different groups. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula"><tex-math id="M5">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</tex-math></span> ± <i>s.</i> <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> CON group; <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> MOD group; <sup>@@</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> CRT-L group , figureFileSmall=xpBx8MIDFkHGBdKQdBySgQ==, figureFileBig=PI8mfs/qgxUPl/7+HY9A2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194709436213202956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193523098537390401, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Lbuo2i+0EKUuJZE6/qptXA==, figureFileBig=Iyibt7v48hyb1dvdIt799Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194709436267728909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193523098537390401, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Effect of CRT on the levels of VEGF (A), CD31 (B), and Ang-1 (C) in the supernatant of VEGF-induced HUVECs. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula"><tex-math id="M6">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</tex-math></span> ± <i>s.</i> <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> CON group; <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> MOD group , figureFileSmall=Lbuo2i+0EKUuJZE6/qptXA==, figureFileBig=Iyibt7v48hyb1dvdIt799Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194709436326449166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193523098537390401, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=UbD73UojbqPjPZHoiC4Yfw==, figureFileBig=m0gKbXTkk2EHeYYzwrzegw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194709436380975119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193523098537390401, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Effect of CRT on the positive expression levels of VEGF and CD31 in VEGF-induced HUVECs. A: Representative image of VEGF-positive expression level from different groups, with VEGF shown in red fluorescence and DAPI in blue fluorescence; B: Representative image of CD31-positive expression level from different groups, with CD31 shown in green fluorescence and DAPI in blue fluorescence; C: Quantitative analysis of VEGF-positive expression level of HUVECs in different groups; D: Quantitative analysis of CD31-positive expression level of HUVECs in different groups. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula"><tex-math id="M7">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</tex-math></span> ± <i>s.</i> <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> CON group; <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> MOD group , figureFileSmall=UbD73UojbqPjPZHoiC4Yfw==, figureFileBig=m0gKbXTkk2EHeYYzwrzegw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194709436443889680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193523098537390401, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=P52ecj+OJpSWG9QkBBhX4A==, figureFileBig=4zaOSXRdIaLMwkySwBkJJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194709436510998545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193523098537390401, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= Effect of CRT on the protein expression levels of NOD2/SMAD3/VEGFA and angiogenesis-related factors in VEGF-induced HUVECs. A-E: Quantitative analysis of NOD2/SMAD3/VEGFA/CD31/Ang-1 protein expression levels of HUVEC in different groups; F: Western blot images of NOD2/SMAD3/VEGFA/CD31/Ang-1 proteins lanes. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula"><tex-math id="M8">$ \stackrel{-}{x} $</tex-math></span> ± <i>s.</i> <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>***</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> CON group; <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>###</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> MOD group; <sup>@@@</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> CRT-L group; <sup>$$$</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> CRT-M group; <sup>&&&</sup><i>P</i> < 0.001 <i>vs</i> CRT-H group , figureFileSmall=P52ecj+OJpSWG9QkBBhX4A==, figureFileBig=4zaOSXRdIaLMwkySwBkJJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194709436578107410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193523098537390401, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=u4mbqlE1DOMjN5cTw7olkw==, figureFileBig=PGCOoqLh3O19fJjIAa/6IA==, tableContent=null), 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火把花根片通过调控NOD2/SMAD3/VEGFA信号通路干预类风湿关节炎血管内皮细胞功能紊乱的作用机制研究
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蔡冰冰 1 , 陈亚文 2 , 李涛 2 , 曾源 2 , 张彦琼 2 , 林娜 2 , 毛霞 2, * , 林雅 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(2): 397-407
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2025, 60(2): 397-407
火把花根片通过调控NOD2/SMAD3/VEGFA信号通路干预类风湿关节炎血管内皮细胞功能紊乱的作用机制研究
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蔡冰冰1, 陈亚文2, 李涛2, 曾源2, 张彦琼2, 林娜2, 毛霞2, * , 林雅1, *
作者信息
  • 1.福建中医药大学药学院, 福建 福州 350122
  • 2.中国中医科学院中药研究所, 北京 100700

通讯作者:

*毛霞, Tel: 86-10-64014411-2869, E-mail:
林雅, Tel: 86-591-22861335, E-mail:
Investigation on the mechanisms of Colquhounia Root Tablets in reversing vascular endothelial cell dysfunction of rheumatoid arthritis via modulating NOD2/SMAD3/VEGFA signaling axis
Bing-bing CAI1, Ya-wen CHEN2, Tao LI2, Yuan ZENG2, Yan-qiong ZHANG2, Na LIN2, Xia MAO2, * , Ya LIN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China
  • 2. Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
出版时间: 2025-02-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0980
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类风湿关节炎(RA) 是一种慢性难治性自身免疫病, 主要表现为滑膜炎症和关节破坏。血管生成在RA的病理进程中起着关键作用, 血管内皮细胞作为血管生成的核心参与者, 其功能紊乱加速促进滑膜炎症, 加剧血管翳的形成及关节破坏。中成药火把花根片临床上治疗RA效果显著, 但其通过调控血管内皮细胞功能抑制RA血管生成的机制尚未明晰。本研究采用转录组学数据挖掘、生物网络分析与体内外实验验证相结合的研究策略, 初步探讨了火把花根片抑制RA血管生成的潜在分子机制。动物福利和实验过程均遵循中国中医科学院中医基础理论研究所实验动物伦理委员会的规定(批准号: IBTCMCACMS21-2307-06)。网络分析结果表明核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域蛋白2 (NOD2)、SMAD家族成员3 (SMAD3) 和血管内皮生长因子A (VEGFA) 等核心基因显著富集于NOD样受体信号通路、VEGF信号通路等, 提示火把花根片可能通过调控血管生成相关通路, 影响血管内皮细胞功能, 从而抑制血管生成。体内研究中火把花根片能显著下调佐剂诱导性关节炎(AIA) 模型大鼠踝关节组织中血小板-内皮细胞黏附分子(CD31) 和VEGF阳性表达。体外实验进一步验证, 火把花根片可有效抑制由VEGF诱导的HUVEC细胞迁移、侵袭及管腔形成, 显著降低血管生成相关因子VEGFA、CD31、血管生成素-1 (Ang-1) 的表达水平, 减少HUVEC细胞中CD31、VEGF的阳性表达。同时, 火把花根片还明显抑制NOD2、SMAD3、VEGFA等相关蛋白表达。综上, 本研究揭示火把花根片通过靶向NOD2/SMAD3/VEGF信号轴改善血管内皮细胞功能, 抑制RA异常血管生成的作用。上述研究丰富了中成药火把花根片在抑制RA病理性血管生成方面的科学内涵, 也为临床防治类风湿关节炎提供新的思路。

火把花根片  /  类风湿关节炎  /  血管生成  /  人脐静脉内皮细胞  /  血管内皮细胞功能紊乱  /  作用机制

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by synovial inflammation, joint destruction, and functional impairment. Angiogenesis plays a key role in the pathological progression of RA with dysfunction of endothelial cells to promote synovial inflammation, sustain pannus formation, subsequently leading to joint damage. Colquhounia Root Tablets (CRT), a Chinese patent drug, has shown a satisfying clinical efficacy in treating RA, while the underlying mechanism by which CRT inhibits RA-associated angiogenesis remains unclear. In this study, we applied a research approach combining transcriptomic data analysis, bio-network mapping, and in vivo and in vitro experiments to explore the molecular mechanisms of CRT in suppressing angiogenesis in RA. Animal welfare and experimental procedures follow the regulations of the Animal Ethics Committee of Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences (ratification number: IBTCMCACMS21-2307-06). Network analysis identified that key genes such as nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2), SMAD family member 3 (SMAD3), and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) significantly enriched in pathways related to NOD-like receptor signaling and VEGF signaling, indicating that CRT may inhibit angiogenesis by regulating vascular endothelial cell function with modulating angiogenesis-related pathways. In vivo data showed that CRT significantly reduced the positive expression of CD31 and VEGF in the ankle joint of adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) rats. In vitro data further confirmed that CRT effectively inhibited VEGF-induced migration, invasion, and tube formation in HUVECs, while significantly reduced the expression of angiogenesis-related factors VEGF/CD31/Ang-1, as well as the positive expression of VEGF and CD31 in HUVECs. Furthermore, CRT markedly decreased the protein expression of NOD2, VEGFA, and SMAD3. In conclusion, these findings indicate that CRT may inhibit the RA-related angiogenesis by targeting the NOD2/SMAD3/VEGF signaling axis to improve endothelial cell function, enriching the scientific connotation of CRT in inhibiting pathological angiogenesis in RA and also offer new insights for clinical prevention and treatment of RA.

Colquhounia Root Tablets  /  rheumatoid arthritis  /  angiogenesis  /  human umbilical vein endothelial cell  /  vascular endothelial cell dysfunction  /  pharmacological mechanism
蔡冰冰, 陈亚文, 李涛, 曾源, 张彦琼, 林娜, 毛霞, 林雅. 火把花根片通过调控NOD2/SMAD3/VEGFA信号通路干预类风湿关节炎血管内皮细胞功能紊乱的作用机制研究. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (2) : 397 -407 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0980
Bing-bing CAI, Ya-wen CHEN, Tao LI, Yuan ZENG, Yan-qiong ZHANG, Na LIN, Xia MAO, Ya LIN. Investigation on the mechanisms of Colquhounia Root Tablets in reversing vascular endothelial cell dysfunction of rheumatoid arthritis via modulating NOD2/SMAD3/VEGFA signaling axis[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (2) : 397 -407 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0980
类风湿关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis, RA) 是一种由免疫系统异常激活导致持续性炎症发生, 造成关节滑膜炎性病变甚至软骨破坏的慢性进展性疾病。RA具有高患病率、高复发率、高致残率及并发症风险, 对患者生活质量和健康构成长期威胁[1, 2]。近年来, 主流的改善病情抗风湿药物(disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, DMARDs) 以及靶向药物的出现使得RA治疗取得快速进展, 但这些药物存在针对性不佳、长期使用易出现胃肠道反应及脏器损伤病变等不良反应的临床应用局限性[3, 4]
在RA病理过程中, 血管生成是关节滑膜持续炎症和关节破坏的重要推动力。血管内皮细胞功能的异常调控在此过程中起着关键作用[5]。血管内皮细胞通过增殖、迁移和管腔形成, 促进滑膜微环境中的新生血管形成。这些新生血管为关节滑膜等炎症部位提供营养、炎性细胞和因子以维持RA持续性炎症状态, 并加速血管翳的形成, 最终导致软骨侵蚀和破坏[6]。此外, 滑膜细胞过度增殖造成局部组织的缺氧微环境, 缺氧诱导因子1α (hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, HIF-1α) 在RA滑膜中表达上调, 导致促血管生成因子的大量释放, 进一步刺激内皮细胞过度活化、异常增殖和迁移, 加剧滑膜病理性血管异常新生[7-9]。因此, 靶向调控血管内皮细胞功能进而抑制异常的血管生成, 是减缓RA病情进展的重要策略。
中成药火把花根片是来源于卫矛科雷公藤属昆明山海棠[Tripterygium hypoglaucum (Levl.) Hutch] 的根部提取物, 有效成分包含雷公藤甲素、雷公藤红素和雷公藤次碱等, 具有祛风除湿、活血止痛、续筋接骨等功效[10, 11], 与中医治疗RA即“痹症”的理论高度契合。现代药理学研究表明[12-15], 火把花根片具有良好抗炎镇痛、免疫抑制作用, 以及毒性较低的特点, 广泛用于防治RA且疗效显著。然而, 其在RA病理环节中抑制血管生成的具体作用机制尚未明晰。本研究结合网络药理学和体内外实验验证, 系统探讨火把花根片在改善血管内皮细胞功能, 抑制RA病理性血管生成中的作用和调控机制, 以期揭示中成药火把花根片在RA血管生成中的作用原理并进一步明确其临床防治的应用潜能。
药品与试剂  火把花根片浸膏由重庆市药研院制药有限公司提供, 批号: T221201, 固形物含量71.1%; 甲氨蝶呤(methotrexate, MTX) 片, 批号: 036210105, 购自上海上药信谊药厂有限公司; 灭活结核分枝杆菌H37Ra (批号: 231141), 美国BD公司; 人脐静脉内皮细胞(human umbilical vein endothelial cell, HUVEC) 购自北京绿源科为生物科技有限公司; ECM全套培养基(货号: 1001), 美国Sciencell公司; 基质胶(货号: 354234), 美国Corning公司; 核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域蛋白2 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2, NOD2) 鼠单克隆抗体, 货号: sc-56168, 美国Santa Cruz公司; 兔单克隆抗体: 血管内皮生长因子A (vascular endothelial growth factor A, VEGFA) (货号: ab214424)、SMAD家族成员3 (SMAD family member 3, SMAD3) (货号: ab40854)、血管生成素-1 (angiopoietin-1, Ang-1) (货号: ab183701)、兔多克隆抗体: 血小板-内皮细胞黏附分子-1 (platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1, PECAM-1/CD31) (货号: ab281583), 美国Abcam公司; 甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, GAPDH) 抗体(货号: 6004-1-IG)、辣根过氧化物酶(HRP) 标记羊抗鼠二抗(货号: SA00001-1)、CD31兔多克隆抗体(货号: 11265-1-AP)、重组人源VEGF165 (货号: HZ-1038), 武汉三鹰生物技术有限公司; HRP标记羊抗兔二抗(货号: AS014)、VEGF兔单克隆抗体(货号: A23759)、Cy3标记山羊抗兔IgG(H+L) (货号: AS007), 武汉爱博泰克生物科技有限公司。Human CD31、VEGF、Ang-1 ELISA试剂盒(批号: ml1060878R、ml1064281R、ml1060749R), 上海酶联生物科技有限公司; SDS-PAGE凝胶快速配制试剂盒(货号: P0012AC)、快速封闭液(货号: P0013B), 上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司; RIPA组织/细胞裂解液(货号: R0020)、BCA蛋白浓度测定试剂盒(货号: PC0020)、膜再生液(货号: SW3022)、4%细胞组织固定液(货号: P1110)、Triton X-100 (货号: T8200)、DAPI溶液(货号C0065), 北京索莱宝科技有限公司。
主要仪器  低温离心机(型号: 5840R), 德国Eppendorf公司; 全自动酶标仪(型号: MK3)、水套式CO2培养箱(型号: CI191C), 美国Thermo公司; 凝胶成像系统(型号: Tanon-5200), 上海Tanon科技公司; 电泳仪(型号: PowerPac Basic), 美国Bio Rad公司; 普通光学显微镜(型号: AE30/3), 日本尼康株式会社; 正置显微镜(型号: ML31)、成像系统(型号: MS60), 广州市明美光电技术有限公司; Revolve Generation 2正倒置一体荧光显微镜, 型号: RVL2-K2, 美国Echo公司。
火把花根片候选靶标的收集和预测  利用ETCM 2.0数据库(http://www.tcmip.cn/ETCM2/front/#/) 检索并收集整理火把花根片(昆明山海棠) 所含中药的化学成分谱; 以及从中医药整合药理学网络计算平台(TCMIPv2.0, http://www.tcmip.cn/TCMIP/index.php/Home) 中检索火把花根片的相关化学成分及其潜在靶点, 使用“化合物靶标工具”对相关化学成分进行结构预测, 最终获得火把花根片候选靶标基因(筛选条件: 可靠性参数 > 0.7)。
RA疾病基因集收集和整理  根据GEO数据库中临床RA患者外周血转录组表达谱数据集(GSE55235) 进行转录组数据的筛选; 并利用生信盒子平台(http://vip.sangerbox.com/) 进行ID转换及差异基因分析, 以P < 0.05, |log2FC| > 1为标准, 筛选RA vs CON差异基因。
“疾病基因-药物靶标”蛋白质互作(PPI) 网络的构建及核心靶点挖掘  基于在线分析蛋白相互作用数据库STRING 10.0 (http://string-db.org/) 中的生物分子间相互作用信息, 挖掘火把花根片针对RA的“药物靶标-疾病基因”相互作用, 并运用Cytoscape3.9.0软件中CytoHubba工具分析各靶标的最大团中心性(maximal clique centrality, MCC)、度中心性(degree centrality)、中介中心性(betweeness centrality) 和接近中心性(closeness centrality), 进行关键节点的筛选, 最后选取其大于所有节点拓扑特征值中位数的节点为网络中的核心靶点。PPI网络构建全部由Cytoscape3.9.0进行可视化。
功能及通路富集分析  使用DAVID工具(https://david.ncifcrf.gov/) 对上述核心靶点进行KEGG (https://www.kegg.jp/) 通路富集分析, 进一步推测火把花根片干预RA的核心通路。
实验动物  雄性SPF级Lewis大鼠56只(购买自北京维通利华公司生物科技有限公司), 体质量220~250 g, 动物许可证号: SYXK (京) 2021-0017。本研究操作严格遵循动物实验福利相关规定, 经中国中医科学院中医基础理论研究所实验动物伦理委员会伦理审核批准(批准号: IBTCMCACMS21-2307-06)。动物饲养于中国中医科学院中医基础理论研究所实验动物中心, 所有动物自由饮水饮食, 恒温24 ± 1 ℃、光照/黑暗周期为12 h。
实验动物模型建立及给药
造模剂的制备结核杆菌溶于液体石蜡中配制浓度为1 g·mL-1造模剂, 充分混合均匀。
佐剂诱导性关节炎(adjuvant-induced arthritis, AIA) 大鼠模型的建立按体质量随机分为7组, 每组8只, 分组为: 正常组(CON)、模型组(MOD)、火把花根片0.5、1、2、4倍剂量组(CRT-0.5、1、2、4)、甲氨蝶呤组(MTX)。除CON组外, 其余各组大鼠提前剃去尾根部毛发, 每只于尾根部皮内注射造模剂0.1 mL, 诱导为AIA大鼠模型。
所有大鼠自免疫当天开始给药。CRT-0.5、1、2、4倍剂量组按火把花根片0.5、1、2、4倍临床等效剂量(72.5、145、290、580 mg·kg-1) 进行干预; MTX组按甲氨蝶呤临床等效剂量(0.2 mg·kg-1) 进行干预。灌胃4周, 每日1次, CON组和MOD组给予等体积生理盐水。各给药组按0.5 mL/100 g给药容量, 药物均溶于纯水中. 配制CRT-0.5、1、2、4倍溶液浓度分别为20.39、40.79、81.58、163.15 mg·mL-1; MTX配制成浓度为0.04 mg·mL-1
免疫组织化学法检测AIA模型大鼠CD31、VEGF的阳性表达  实验末次给药结束后, 取实验各组大鼠踝关节组织进行石蜡切片, 依次放入二甲苯-100%乙醇-95%乙醇-90%乙醇-80%乙醇-70%乙醇中进行梯度脱蜡, PBS洗, 滴加复合消化液20 min, 37 ℃, PBS洗, 滴加抗原修复液20 min, 37 ℃, PBS洗, 3%过氧化氢室温10 min, PBS洗, 5% BSA封闭2 h, 37 ℃, 滴加稀释比为1∶1 000的一抗(VEGF、CD31) 4 ℃孵育过夜, 结合山羊抗兔二抗1 h, 37 ℃、DAB显色、封片, 利用Image J分析阳性面积, 测定大鼠踝关节组织血管生成标志物CD31、VEGF阳性相对表达量。
HUVEC细胞培养  HUVEC细胞培养于ECM专用培养基(5%胎牛血清、5%青、链霉素、5%生长因子); 置于37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱中, 隔天换液, 细胞贴壁达80%左右胰酶消化传代。
HUVEC细胞诱导及给药、分组  待细胞生长汇合程度达80%~90%后, 0.25%胰酶消化, 培养基重悬后计数, 按照每孔5×104个的密度接种于6孔板; 待细胞贴壁继续培养至细胞融合60%~70%左右, 除对照(CON) 组外, 模型组及药物组均加入终浓度为20 ng·mL-1 VEGF置于培养箱先行诱导90 min后, 再加入不同浓度的火把花根片(0.5、5、50 μg·mL-1) 及MTX (1 μmol·L-1) 培养24 h。将实验随机分为对照组(CON)、模型组(MOD)、火把花根片低、中、高剂量组(CRT-L/M/H)、甲氨蝶呤组(MTX)。
Transwell迁移实验  取对数生长期的HUVEC细胞消化。各给药组Transwell小室的上室中加入1 mL用无血清ECM培养基重悬的HUVEC细胞3×104个, 以及200 μL相应浓度的火把花根片及MTX, CON组和MOD组加入等体积培养基; 除CON组外, 其余各组下室加入终浓度为20 ng·mL-1 VEGF, 并补充ECM完全培养基至500 μL, 待细胞迁移16 h后, 将小室置于4%多聚甲醛中固定15 min, 0.1%结晶紫染色15 min, PBS清洗3次, 用润湿棉签拭去Transwell小室上室中未迁移细胞, 在光学显微镜下观察并拍照(200×, 400×), 采用Image J软件自动分析迁移到小室下表面的细胞数。
Transwell侵袭实验  提前将基质胶置于4 ℃冰箱过夜融化, 用ECM基础培养基1∶8稀释, 每孔45 $ \mathrm{\mu } $L包被Transwell小室上室底部, 静置于37 ℃培养箱中2 h使基质胶聚合成凝胶备用; Transwell上室加入100 μL用无血清ECM培养基重悬的HUVEC细胞3×104个, 以及100 μL相应浓度的火把花根片及MTX, CON组和MOD组加入等体积培养基; 除CON组外, 其余各组下室加入终浓度为20 ng·mL-1 VEGF, 并补充ECM完全培养基至500 μL, 待细胞侵袭培养16 h后, 将小室置于4%多聚甲醛中固定15 min, 0.1%结晶紫染色15 min, PBS清洗3次, 用润湿棉签拭去Transwell小室上室中未迁移细胞, 在光学显微镜下观察并拍照(200×, 400×), 采用Image J软件自动分析迁移到小室下表面的细胞数。
HUVEC细胞管腔形成实验  提前将基质胶放置冰上并放入4 ℃溶解, 取100 μL溶解后的基质胶铺于96孔板内, 将96孔板置于37 ℃培养箱中静止30 min至1 h; 消化细胞, 终止消化后离心弃去培养液, 用PBS洗1或2遍, 重悬制备细胞悬液。除CON组外, 每孔100 μL、1×104个细胞接种于96孔板中, 同时加入终浓度为20 ng·mL-1 VEGF, 接种后放入培养箱内预培养0.5 h, 再加入100 μL相应浓度的火把花根片及MTX, 放入培养箱培养5 h。置于显微镜下拍照观察血管状结构形成情况并拍照(100×), 计算管腔数。
ELISA法检测HUVEC细胞血管生成相关因子的表达水平  各组细胞给药24 h后吸取上清, 于4 ℃、2 500 r·min-1离心10 min, 取上清待测。采用ELISA法测定CD31、VEGF、Ang-1水平, 操作严格按照试剂盒说明书进行。
免疫荧光法检测HUVEC细胞中CD31、VEGF的阳性表达  细胞按每孔1×104个的密度接种于12孔板中, 并按照各实验分组进行诱导及给药置于37 ℃、5% CO2孵育箱培养24 h后, PBS清洗1遍, 滴加4%多聚甲醛室温固定30 min, 依次使用0.1% Triton X-100处理5 min、5% BSA封闭20 min, PBS清洗, 滴加一抗CD31、VEGF稀释液(稀释比均为1∶200) 于4 ℃冰箱孵育过夜, PBS清洗后, 滴加荧光二抗(1∶400), PBS再次清洗后, DAPI避光染色15 min, 封片, 通过荧光显微镜观察染色情况并摄取图像, 采用Image J软件分析CD31、VEGF的阳性表达。
Western blot法检测HUVEC细胞相关蛋白表达  将给药培养24 h后的细胞胰酶消化, 2 500 r·min-1离心5 min, 弃去上清。PBS洗后再次2 500 r·min-1离心5 min, 弃上清, 加入适量提前配好混有蛋白酶抑制剂和磷酸酶抑制剂的RIPA裂解液, 置于冰上裂解20 min后, 于4 ℃、12 000 r·min-1离心15 min, 所得上清即为细胞蛋白原液。经BCA蛋白浓度定量, 100 ℃金属浴加热变性10 min。取30 μg总蛋白上样, 设置电泳条件为恒压80 V 30 min、120 V 60 min进行SDS-PAGE电泳, 250 mA恒流湿法转膜60 min, 快速封闭30 min后, 加入一抗稀释液(NOD2, 1∶200、CD31, 1∶1 000、Ang-1, 1∶15 000、SMAD3, 1∶1 000、VEGFA, 1∶1 000) 置于4 ℃孵育过夜。TBST洗涤后二抗稀释液(1∶3 000) 常温孵育1 h, TBST洗涤后采用ECL法化学发光成像检测目的蛋白条带, 使用Image J对目的蛋白进行灰度值分析, 通过与内参蛋白(GAPDH) 比值计算得出目的蛋白的相对表达量。
数据处理与分析  采用GraphPad Prism 9.5.1软件作图, 采用SPSS 24.0软件进行数据分析, 两组间比较采用独立样本t检验; 多组间比较采用单因素方差分析, 满足方差齐性, 使用LSD进行分析, 如不满足, 则使用非参数齐性检验。各组数据结果以均值±标准差($ \stackrel{-}{x} $ ± s) 表示, 以P < 0.05认为具有统计学差异。
本研究基于临床RA患者外周血转录组表达谱数据集(GSE55235), 按照P < 0.05, |log2FC| > 1的标准, 筛选出RA vs CON差异基因, 共得到1 216个基因; 通过整合ETCM、TCMIP数据库获取火把花根片的候选靶标基因共244个。随后, 基于STRING数据库中生物分子间相互作用信息, 构建CRT靶向RA的“药物靶标-疾病基因”的相互作用网络, 得到包含1 441个节点, 23 782条边的PPI网络。使用CytoHubba工具进行网络拓扑特征值分析(degree ≥ 19; MCC ≥ 51 972; closeness ≥ 531.7; betweenness ≥ 534.5), 筛选出483个核心基因; 利用DAVID工具进行KEGG通路富集分析, 共富集到148条通路。去除不相关通路, 基于P < 0.001的标准最终筛选出49条核心通路。
结合文献调研和上述通路分类显示, 发现核心基因显著富集于与RA病理环节中“免疫-炎症”失衡相关的通路, 包括细胞因子-细胞因子受体相互作用、破骨细胞分化、Th17细胞分化、TNF信号通路、PI3K-Akt信号通路、AGE-RAGE信号通路、NOD样受体信号通路等, 以及与血管生成密切相关通路: 血小板活化、松弛素信号通路、VEGF信号通路、HIF-1信号通路、造血细胞谱系、白细胞跨内皮迁移、FoxO信号通路等(图 1A), 提示CRT可能通过调控上述相关通路发挥延缓RA病程进展的作用。
通过对所构建火把花根片靶向RA的“药物靶标-疾病基因”的相互作用网络进一步分析, 结果显示NOD2、SMAD3和VEGFA等核心靶标基因显著富集于与调节免疫炎症、血管生成相关环节密切相关的NOD样受体信号通路、VEGF信号通路、FoxO信号通路等(图 1B)。其中, NOD2既是RA疾病差异基因也是火把花根片药物作用靶标, 作为NOD样受体信号通路中的起始关键分子直接影响RA的炎症进展, 其通过识别外来病原体并激活下游免疫细胞和炎症介质释放, 推动RA中的免疫炎症失衡, 加剧滑膜炎症和关节破坏, 发挥上游调控作用[16, 17]; 同时NOD2促炎信号会引发并维持RA中的持续性局部炎症微环境, 使得活性转化生长因子β (transforming growth factor beta, TGF-β) 的释放增加[18], 进一步激活与其相关的下游靶点SMAD3的信号转导, 促进滑膜细胞、成纤维细胞的增殖和血管生成过程[19]。此外, 作为RA疾病差异基因的SMAD3还可通过与VEGF信号通路的相互作用, 调节与血管生成相关的基因表达, 如VEGF, 引起内皮细胞增殖和迁移, 增加血管通透性, 从而影响血管生成过程[20, 21]。本研究进一步发现同样作为RA疾病差异基因和火把花根片药物作用靶标的核心基因VEGFA, 能够激活VEGF信号通路促进病理性血管新生和滑膜增生[8]。因此, 本课题组推测靶向NOD2/SMAD3/VEGFA信号轴是火把花根片缓解RA免疫炎症紊乱、改善血管内皮细胞功能紊乱及血管生成过程的潜在治疗机制。
与CON组相比(图 2), AIA模型大鼠踝关节组织中CD31、VEGF的阳性表达面积显著增多(P < 0.001); 火把花根片各剂量组可不同程度地减少CD31、VEGF的阳性面积(P < 0.05, P < 0.001); 与MTX组相比无显著性差异(P > 0.05)。
图 3所示, 与CON组相比, HUVEC细胞加入20 ng·mL-1 VEGF后, MOD组迁移和侵袭细胞数量显著增加(P < 0.001); 与MOD组相比, 火把花根片各浓度组具有良好量效关系, 其迁移及侵袭的细胞数量呈现不同程度的降低(P < 0.001), 其中, 其对迁移细胞数量的抑制作用与MTX组相比无显著性差异(P > 0.05)。提示火把花根片各浓度组可明显抑制HUVEC细胞的迁移、侵袭能力。
图 4血管形成统计, MOD组HUVEC细胞管腔分支点数目较CON组显著增加(P < 0.001); 火把花根片各浓度组HUVEC细胞管腔分支点数目显著低于MOD组(P < 0.001), 且呈浓度依赖关系, 与MTX组对细胞管腔形成的抑制作用无明显差异(P > 0.05), 表明火把花根片可显著抑制由VEGF诱导的HUVEC细胞管腔形成。
本实验在各组细胞给药24 h后离心取上清进行ELISA含量测定, 结果如图 5所示, 与CON组比较, HUVEC细胞MOD组上清液中VEGF、CD31、Ang-1含量水平明显增高(P < 0.001); 火把花根片各浓度组可显著降低MOD组中异常表达的三者含量水平(P < 0.01, P < 0.001), 效果与MTX组相当(P > 0.05), 提示火把花根片可通过显著降低VEGF、CD31、Ang-1含量水平有效抑制血管异常生成。
图 6免疫荧光结果所示, HUVEC细胞MOD组中VEGF、CD31阳性表达水平较CON组明显增高(P < 0.001); 与MOD组比较, 火把花根片低、中、高浓度组二者阳性表达水平呈现不同程度下降(P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.001), 效果与MTX组相当(P > 0.05), 表明火把花根片可显著降低HUVEC细胞中CD31、VEGF的阳性表达。
血管生成相关蛋白的表达量结果(图 7) 说明, MOD组HUVEC细胞NOD2、SMAD3、VEGFA、CD31、Ang-1蛋白表达水平较CON组明显升高(P < 0.01, P < 0.001); 与MOD组比较, 火把花根片各浓度组NOD2、SMAD3、VEGFA、CD31、Ang-1蛋白表达水平呈现不同程度降低(P < 0.01); 与火把花根片各浓度组相比, MTX组中SMAD3、Ang-1的蛋白表达水平明显降低(P < 0.001), 而NOD2、VEGF、CD31的蛋白表达水平无明显差异(P > 0.05)。
尽管RA治疗取得了快速进展, 但许多患者仍未能实现持续缓解[1]。研究表明, 抑制滑膜血管异常新生是RA早期治疗的重要策略, 与RA患者预后密切相关[22]。因此, 亟需寻找有效的干预措施以抑制RA滑膜血管生成。
本研究基于火把花根片在治疗RA中呈现的临床有效性与安全性, 结合转录组表达谱数据挖掘和网络药理学分析, 初步探讨其在抑制RA滑膜血管生成中的潜能及其候选作用靶标。网络分析结果发现NOD2、SMAD3和VEGFA等核心靶标基因显著富集于与调节免疫炎症、血管生成环节密切相关的NOD样受体信号通路、VEGF信号通路等, 提示参与血管生成的NOD2/SMAD3/VEGFA信号轴可能是火把花根片治疗RA的潜在分子机制。进一步通过血管生成靶细胞的体外实验, 以验证其对NOD2/SMAD3/VEGF信号轴的调控作用, 揭示此信号轴在RA病程中的关键调节作用。
血管生成是一个依赖于血管内皮细胞功能的复杂过程, 涉内皮细胞的活化、增殖、迁移、重塑等, 其调控也受到多种生长因子和细胞因子的影响[23, 24]。现已知, 滑膜血管异常新生是加重滑膜炎症, 促进早期RA发生发展的核心环节[3]。而血管内皮细胞功能的正常与否直接决定血管生成的发生发展以及新生血管的稳定性[25]。因此, 内皮细胞功能的调节对于干预RA血管生成至关重要。在RA持续性炎症病理状态下, 滑膜局部缺氧微环境, 诱导促血管生成因子过度表达。血管内皮细胞对这些因子的高敏感性, 进一步刺激内皮细胞过度活化、增殖和迁移, 导致其功能失调, 加剧滑膜血管过度新生, 从而推动血管翳生成 [26-28]。由于血管内皮细胞在血管生成过程中的核心作用, 本研究基于佐剂诱导性关节炎大鼠模型, 选定血管内皮细胞标志物CD31和血管生成标志物VEGF评估火把花根片对RA病理组织中血管内皮功能的调控作用。进一步地, 基于HUVEC细胞作为RA血管生成的经典效应细胞, 通过迁移、侵袭及管腔形成实验模拟血管生成的动态过程[29]以评估火把花根片对HUVEC细胞血管内皮功能的影响, 来探讨其在RA血管生成中的作用。本实验结果表明, 火把花根片可显著下调AIA模型大鼠踝关节组织中血管生成标志物CD31、VEGF的表达, 有效降低由VEGF诱导的HUVEC细胞迁移、侵袭能力以及管腔形成能力, 并呈现浓度依赖关系, 提示火把花根片具有改善血管内皮功能失调, 从而抑制RA血管异常新生的作用。
VEGF是血管生成的主要调节因子。RA患者滑膜组织中VEGF的表达显著升高, 与疾病严重程度相关[27]。其中, 作为最关键的促血管生成因子VEGFA通过与其受体特异性结合, 显著促进内皮细胞的增殖、迁移和管腔形成, 进一步加速血管新生, 从而加剧滑膜炎症和关节损伤[26]。在此过程中, NOD2/SMAD3/VEGF信号轴发挥了重要的调节作用。NOD2是一种胞质内模式识别受体, 可触发炎症反应[30]。它的异常激活不仅能触发NF-κB和MAPK信号通路, 增加HIF-1α表达, 进一步调控VEGF表达而促进血管生成, 还能促进多种炎症介质释放, 从而加剧RA的炎症过程[31, 32]。SMAD3则作为TGF-β信号传导途径的核心转导分子[19, 33], 能直接参与VEGF的转录调控, 并通过与HIF-1α等转录因子的协同作用, 增强VEGF的表达, 影响内皮细胞的过度活化、增殖和迁移, 进一步推动血管新生[34-37]。本研究Western blot实验结果进一步验证了火把花根片对这一信号通路的调控作用, 提示火把花根片干预RA血管生成与NOD2/SMAD3/VEGF信号通路的激活有关, 即火把花根片能够通过抑制NOD2的活化以减弱RA炎症反应, 同时阻断SMAD3的信号传导减缓关节损伤过程, 并进一步抑制VEGF的表达以改善内皮细胞功能紊乱, 最终抑制病理性血管异常生成, 达到缓解RA症状的效果。此外, RA病理状态下的VEGF表达升高, 也进一步驱动滑膜内其他促血管生成因子的异常表达, 导致血管内皮功能紊乱, 加速血管异常生成。如血管内皮细胞标志物CD31, 促使滑膜内皮细胞的异常增殖和新生血管形成, 可作为血管生成活跃程度的评价指标之一[24]。Ang-1的表达增加有助于维持新生血管的成熟和稳定, 导致滑膜组织中血管的异常增生[5, 9]。与其一致的是, 本实验结果发现, 火把花根片能够通过下调CD31、Ang-1的表达以抑制内皮细胞的功能异常, 进而抑制血管异常生成, 起到延缓RA病程进展的治疗作用(图 8)。为验证上述发现, 本研究计划在下一步工作中建立符合RA临床特征的动物模型, 进一步深入研究火把花根片对于NOD2/SMAD3/VEGFA信号通路的体内调控作用, 全面评估火把花根片干预RA血管生成的具体分子机制, 为临床用药提供更为精准和个性化的指导。
本研究已证明火把花根片可显著下调AIA模型大鼠踝关节组织中血管生成标志物CD31、VEGF的阳性表达, 有效抑制由VEGF诱导的HUVEC细胞迁移、侵袭及管腔形成以改善血管内皮细胞功能紊乱, 显著降低血管生成相关因子VEGF、CD31、Ang-1的表达水平, 减少HUVEC细胞中CD31、VEGF的阳性表达。从血管生成角度初步探讨了火把花根片通过改善血管内皮细胞功能以缓解RA滑膜异常血管生成的机制可能与靶向调控NOD2/SMAD3/VEGF信号通路有关。上述发现丰富了中成药火把花根片在抑制RA病理性血管生成方面的科学内涵, 同时也为火把花根片治疗RA的临床应用提供了实验基础。
作者贡献: 蔡冰冰负责手稿撰写工作; 蔡冰冰、陈亚文负责实验验证; 李涛、曾源负责数据处理; 张彦琼、林娜、毛霞、林雅负责实验设计、实验指导和手稿修改; 张彦琼、毛霞、林娜提供了实验经费支持。所有作者都阅读了手稿的最终版本。
利益冲突: 本文不存在任何利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上资助项目(82274176)
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0980
  • 接收时间:2024-10-11
  • 首发时间:2025-11-07
  • 出版时间:2025-02-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-11
  • 修回日期:2024-12-02
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国家自然科学基金面上资助项目(82274176)
作者信息
    1.福建中医药大学药学院, 福建 福州 350122
    2.中国中医科学院中药研究所, 北京 100700

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*毛霞, Tel: 86-10-64014411-2869, E-mail:
林雅, Tel: 86-591-22861335, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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