Article(id=1193523097404932500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193523095437799732, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0916, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1726761600000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-20, revisedDate=1730822400000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762487681007, onlineDateStr=2025-11-07, pubDate=1739289600000, pubDateStr=2025-02-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762487681007, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762487681007, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762487681007, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1193523095437799732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='2', pageStart='245', pageEnd='532', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762487680538, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764224912893, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200809576107987438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193523095437799732, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200809576107987439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193523095437799732, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=359, endPage=368, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1193523097677562262, articleId=1193523097404932500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Research progress on extrahepatic targeted delivery of mRNA-LNP, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) is a promising therapeutic drug with great potential in the fields of immunology, oncology, vaccines and inborn metabolic diseases. However, due to its instability and susceptibility to nuclease degradation, efficient delivery vectors are required. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are recognized as the most mature delivery vectors due to their advantages of easy formulation, high stability, efficient cell uptake and endosomal escape. However, the accumulation of LNPs in the liver severely limits the targeting and treatment of mRNA-LNP technology beyond the liver. To overcome this obstacle, researchers have been focusing on various means to achieve precise delivery of extrahepatic tissues and organs. This article mainly expounds the research progress of LNP-specific delivery mRNA from three aspects: endogenous targeting, active targeting and selection of administration route, in order to provide ideas and directions for the design of new mRNA-LNP delivery systems in the future.

, correspAuthors=Chun-lei LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Lei LI, Cai-li ZHAO, Ning ZHANG, Chun-lei LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1193523300417634441, articleId=1193523097404932500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=mRNA-LNP肝外靶向递送的研究进展, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

信使核糖核酸(messenger ribonucleic acid, mRNA) 是一种极具潜力的治疗药物, 在免疫学、肿瘤学、疫苗和先天性代谢疾病等研究领域具有广阔前景。但由于其自身不稳定且易被核酸酶降解所以需要高效的递送载体。脂质纳米颗粒(lipid nanoparticle, LNP) 具有易于配制、稳定性高、细胞摄取高效、内体逃逸等优点, 是被公认的最成熟的递送载体。然而, LNP在肝脏中的积累严重限制了mRNA-LNP技术在肝脏以外的靶向与治疗。为了克服这一障碍, 研究人员一直专注于通过各种手段以实现肝外组织器官的精确递送。本文主要从内源性靶向、主动靶向和给药途径的选择这3方面阐述LNP器官特异性递送mRNA的研究进展, 以期为后续新型mRNA-LNP递送体系的设计提供思路及方向。

, correspAuthors=李春雷, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*李春雷, Tel: 18106734070, E-mail:
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Ligand coupling strategyModification methodAdvantageDisadvantage
Non-specific conjugationThiol-maleimide reactionHigh conjugation efficiency
Applicable to various ligands
Products are diverse and uncontrollable
Misalignment of targeting ligands
SPAACApplicable to various ligandsMisalignment of targeting ligands
Site-specific conjugationBacterial-derived FcBPHigh purityLimited to specific ligand species
ASSETStructural specificityRequirement to pre-code targeting ligands
with specific tags or terminus
), ArticleFig(id=1194709071568801881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193523097404932500, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Advantages and disadvantages of different targeting strategies. SPAAC: Strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition; FcBP: Fc-binding-protein; ASSET: Anchored secondary scFv enabling targeting

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Ligand coupling strategyModification methodAdvantageDisadvantage
Non-specific conjugationThiol-maleimide reactionHigh conjugation efficiency
Applicable to various ligands
Products are diverse and uncontrollable
Misalignment of targeting ligands
SPAACApplicable to various ligandsMisalignment of targeting ligands
Site-specific conjugationBacterial-derived FcBPHigh purityLimited to specific ligand species
ASSETStructural specificityRequirement to pre-code targeting ligands
with specific tags or terminus
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mRNA-LNP肝外靶向递送的研究进展
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李蕾 1, 2 , 赵彩利 2 , 张宁 2 , 李春雷 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 综述 2025,60(2): 359-368
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药学学报 | 综述 2025, 60(2): 359-368
mRNA-LNP肝外靶向递送的研究进展
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李蕾1, 2, 赵彩利2, 张宁2, 李春雷1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.河北医科大学药学院, 河北 石家庄 050017
  • 2.石药集团中奇制药技术 (石家庄) 有限公司, 河北 石家庄 050035

通讯作者:

*李春雷, Tel: 18106734070, E-mail:
Research progress on extrahepatic targeted delivery of mRNA-LNP
Lei LI1, 2, Cai-li ZHAO2, Ning ZHANG2, Chun-lei LI1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
  • 2. Zhongqi Pharmaceutical Technology (Shijiazhuang) Co., Ltd., CSPC Pharmaceutical Group, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
出版时间: 2025-02-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0916
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信使核糖核酸(messenger ribonucleic acid, mRNA) 是一种极具潜力的治疗药物, 在免疫学、肿瘤学、疫苗和先天性代谢疾病等研究领域具有广阔前景。但由于其自身不稳定且易被核酸酶降解所以需要高效的递送载体。脂质纳米颗粒(lipid nanoparticle, LNP) 具有易于配制、稳定性高、细胞摄取高效、内体逃逸等优点, 是被公认的最成熟的递送载体。然而, LNP在肝脏中的积累严重限制了mRNA-LNP技术在肝脏以外的靶向与治疗。为了克服这一障碍, 研究人员一直专注于通过各种手段以实现肝外组织器官的精确递送。本文主要从内源性靶向、主动靶向和给药途径的选择这3方面阐述LNP器官特异性递送mRNA的研究进展, 以期为后续新型mRNA-LNP递送体系的设计提供思路及方向。

靶向递送  /  信使核糖核酸  /  脂质纳米颗粒  /  内源性靶向  /  配体修饰

Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) is a promising therapeutic drug with great potential in the fields of immunology, oncology, vaccines and inborn metabolic diseases. However, due to its instability and susceptibility to nuclease degradation, efficient delivery vectors are required. Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are recognized as the most mature delivery vectors due to their advantages of easy formulation, high stability, efficient cell uptake and endosomal escape. However, the accumulation of LNPs in the liver severely limits the targeting and treatment of mRNA-LNP technology beyond the liver. To overcome this obstacle, researchers have been focusing on various means to achieve precise delivery of extrahepatic tissues and organs. This article mainly expounds the research progress of LNP-specific delivery mRNA from three aspects: endogenous targeting, active targeting and selection of administration route, in order to provide ideas and directions for the design of new mRNA-LNP delivery systems in the future.

targeted delivery  /  messenger ribonucleic acid  /  lipid nanoparticle  /  endogenous targeting  /  ligand modification
李蕾, 赵彩利, 张宁, 李春雷. mRNA-LNP肝外靶向递送的研究进展. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (2) : 359 -368 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0916
Lei LI, Cai-li ZHAO, Ning ZHANG, Chun-lei LI. Research progress on extrahepatic targeted delivery of mRNA-LNP[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (2) : 359 -368 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0916
信使核糖核酸(messenger ribonucleic acid, mRNA) 疗法是一种将体外合成的mRNA递送到人体特定细胞中, 与细胞中的核糖体结合翻译出目标蛋白, 以纠正或补偿相关基因的表达, 达到预防和治疗疾病的方法[1]。相较于传统药物, mRNA具备很多优势: ①开发周期短, 可以快速应用于各种疗法; ②可以编码各种蛋白的遗传信息, 适用于不同种类药物的开发; ③具有瞬时活性, 容易通过生理代谢途径降解; ④不会整合到宿主的基因组中, 安全性高[2-6]。这些优势赋予mRNA疗法巨大的开发前景。但由于其自身不稳定且易被核酸酶降解, 所以安全高效的mRNA递送系统是成药的关键[7]
脂质纳米颗粒(lipid nanoparticle, LNP) 是被公认为最成熟的mRNA递送系统, 不仅能保护mRNA不被降解, 而且能增加内体逃逸[8]。此外, LNP还具有易于配制、自组装、生物相容性好、高生物利用度及有效载荷量大等优点[9, 10]。在mRNA-LNP递送系统中, mRNA分子通过与脂质的静电相互作用被封装于内部, 并被携带至相应的组织部位。2020年12月, 为应对新型冠状病毒(coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19) 感染, mRNA疫苗BNT162b2 (辉瑞/BioNTech公司) 和mRNA-1273 (Moderna公司) 被紧急纳入使用。两款疫苗在短时间被开发出来并投入使用, 大大激发了mRNA-LNP在该领域的发展, 目前临床在研的超90%的mRNA药物也同样依赖于LNP递送系统[11]
然而, mRNA-LNP作为热门技术仍存在较多应用难题。其中, LNP在肝脏的积累是开发高效递送系统的重大障碍。在肝细胞富集的主要机制涉及LNP表面“蛋白冠”的形成。LNP在进入血液循环后会吸附各种不同的血浆蛋白从而形成“蛋白冠”, 这会改变LNP原有的表面特性, 甚至可以屏蔽靶向配体, 降低其功效。在“蛋白冠”的组成中影响最大的是载脂蛋白E (apolipoprotein E, ApoE)[12]。它是一种参与内源性胆固醇转运的蛋白质, 也是最常吸附到LNP表面的蛋白质。ApoE会与肝细胞表面低密度脂蛋白受体(low density lipoprotein receptor, LDLR) 结合, 促使LNP通过受体介导的内吞作用进入肝细胞积累[13]。这种途径虽然对肝细胞应用很有价值, 但严重限制了mRNA-LNP技术在肝脏以外的靶向递送与治疗应用。因此, 将mRNA递送至肝外组织LNP的设计是一个关键挑战, 必须突破该挑战才能充分发挥mRNA-LNP技术的潜力, 从而设计出更具靶向性的药物。本文主要从内源性靶向、主动靶向和给药途径的选择3方面介绍mRNA-LNP肝外靶向的研究进展(图 1)。
内源性靶向, 即通过改变LNP的组成、电荷、大小、表面化学性质等手段促进其与不同血浆蛋白相互作用, 从而影响LNP在人体内的生物学分布达到组织特异性递送的目的, 是设计不同LNP以克服肝脏积累和靶向肝外器官的有效方式[8]
传统四组分LNP是由不同类别的脂质组合而成的纳米结构, 主要包括可电离脂质、辅助脂质、胆固醇和聚乙二醇(polyethylene glycol, PEG) 脂质, 这些脂质在微流控混合下与含有mRNA的水相自组装成mRNA-LNP[14]。脂质四组分对于体内的递送都起着重要作用[15], 其中可电离脂质作为LNP最关键的组成部分, 用于结合核酸并帮助内体逃逸[16]; 辅助脂质主要是磷脂, 用于提高LNP的稳定性[17]; 胆固醇则通过填充脂质之间的空隙来增强体系的流动性, 促进与细胞和内体膜融合[18]; PEG脂质可防止LNP的聚集, 提高稳定性和隐身效应, 并延长体循环[19]
然而不幸的是, 科研工作者仍然没有清楚地解释LNP的生物分布与其大小、电荷和所用脂质类型与组成之间关系的确切机制[20]。但从诸多试验研究中可以发现, LNP组分的优化与筛选及新型脂质结构的构建会影响LNP的内源性靶向, 改变组织趋向性(图 2)。
LNP的组分会影响其理化特性和在体内的生物分布, 通过优化脂质的组成及比例, 可以改变LNP的尺寸、电荷和表面特性。有研究发现, LNP的大小和电荷不同会导致其在血液循环中吸附不同蛋白质形成“蛋白冠”, 从而影响LNP在组织器官内的分布[8]。根据这一特性可以筛选不同组分的LNP完成对肝外组织的靶向递送。
Cheng等[21]开发了一种“选择性器官靶向” (selective organ targeting, SORT) LNP的技术, 它是通过在传统四组分的基础上添加补充成分SORT分子以调节内部电荷, 从而改变组织趋向性, 实现mRNA特异递送到肝外组织的策略。通过把季氨基正电荷的脂质1, 2-二油酰-3-辅酰胆碱(1, 2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane, DOTAP) 作为SORT分子制备出的五组分LNP, 经静脉递送荧光素酶mRNA来评估SORT修饰的效果。结果表明, 随着DOTAP摩尔百分比的增加, 产生的荧光素酶蛋白表达逐渐从肝脏移动到脾脏, 然后移动到肺, 显示出了器官特异性递送趋势。该团队为了进一步探索此方法的潜力, 以DOTAP类似的方式将带负电荷的1, 2-二油酰-sn-甘油-3-磷酸(1, 2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate, 18PA) 作为SORT分子。结果显示, 在10%~40% 18PA加入时, SORT-LNP选择性递送至脾脏。在对SORT-LNP的理化特性和蛋白组学分析后显示, SORT分子化学结构的特异性影响LNP的生物学分布, 即表观pKa和血清蛋白相互作用均与传统LNP相比有显著区别。这些特性可能进一步触发了PEG脂质解吸、血浆蛋白吸附并与受体结合及细胞摄取等一系列内源性靶向机制, 从而实现了mRNA-LNP在肝外组织的重新分布[8]
与添加SORT分子制备的五组分LNP相比, 对传统LNP的四组分进行优化和筛选也能达到靶向递送的目的, 并且会降低制剂的复杂性。Lopresti等[22]通过在四组分中替换辅助脂质, 制备了靶向肝外的LNP。该课题组用不同带电脂质替换了LNP中的标准辅助脂质二油酰磷脂酰乙醇胺(1, 2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, DOPE), 证明了阴离子脂质和阳离子脂质会介导LNP在不同器官表达mRNA。例如, 用DOTAP代替DOPE可使pH = 7时的LNP表面正电荷增加5倍, 并将肝与肺mRNA表达的比例从36∶1改变到1∶56。同样, 用磷脂酰丝氨酸(phosphatidylserine, PS) 代替DOPE可将正电荷减少一半, 并将肝脏与脾脏mRNA表达的比例从8∶1改变为1∶3, 实现脾脏的LNP靶向递送。
有团队从胆固醇入手来改变LNP的特性以实现肝外器官靶向。Patel等[23]通过用不同比例的胆汁酸取代胆固醇, 合成了一系列含胆汁酸的C14-4 LNP, 并进一步通过体内筛选, 鉴定出了一种高度靶向脾脏的组合: CA-100 (一种含有胆汁酸且不含胆固醇的四组分LNP)。该团队还发现, 在使用不同可电离脂质C12-200的LNP制剂中, 用胆汁酸替代胆固醇也将mRNA的递送从肝脏转移到脾脏, 表明了这种胆汁酸替代策略是可推广的。
还有团队通过改变PEG脂质的摩尔百分比来改变LNP的大小。Ryals等[24]试验发现, 含有较少PEG脂质(0.5%) 制备的150 nm左右粒径的LNP介导了视网膜下和玻璃体内递送mRNA最高水平的表达。
测试和比较多种不同脂质组成的LNP在体内的组织分布是一项繁重且具挑战性的工作。现如今很多科研工作者相继开发了一系列高通量筛选技术用于LNP在人体组织分布的分析。例如, Paunovska等[25]开发了一种名为纳米粒子联合快速DNA分析(joint rapid DNA analysis of nanoparticles, JORDAN) 的高通量筛选技术, 把不同化学性质的LNP携带上独特的DNA条形码, 并通过流式细胞分选、二代测序技术量化的方法, 筛选出与组织特异性相关的LNP。随后该课题组进一步将DNA条形码和Cre-Lox系统相结合开发出纳米粒子递送快速识别(fast identification of nanoparticle delivery, FIND) 技术[26], 将环化重组酶(cyclization recombination enzyme, Cre) mRNA (编码Cre重组酶, 激活td-Tomato荧光蛋白的表达) 和独特DNA条形码共同配制的LNP给药转基因td-Tomato小鼠中, 用流式细胞仪分离td-Tomato细胞, 并对细胞进行深度测序以鉴定递送mRNA的LNP。通过采用这种高通量方法可以研究数百种LNP在体内靶向细胞的能力并阐明LNP结构与体内特异性递送之间的关系, 从而筛选出一类靶向肝外组织的LNP。例如, Radmand等[27]利用此技术筛选出了一类阳离子胆固醇配制的LNP, 可以靶向肺干细胞、肝脏和心脏。
总的来说, 调整LNP的脂质组成及比例是一种简单有效的方法, 可以操控内源性配体, 使这些配体与LNP进一步结合并驱使其在不同组织分布。
在LNP中, 可电离脂质是最关键的组分, 一般占比50% (摩尔比) 左右, 它在保护mRNA和促进胞质转运方面发挥着重要作用。其在酸性pH值下带正电荷, 可将mRNA包封在LNP中; 在生理pH值下呈中性, 可以减少与体内生物分子的非特异性吸附, 提高生物相容性将毒性降至最低[28]。细胞摄取后, LNP在酸性内体中质子化, 与带负电的脂质相互作用, 形成不稳定的锥形离子对, 有助于膜融合-破裂、内体逃逸和核酸药物释放[29]
在结构上可电离脂质包含3个部分: 疏水尾部、可电离头基和1个连接键[30]。疏水尾部决定了脂质的溶解度及其形成圆锥形的能力[31]。可电离头基的种类会影响LNP的表观pKa、粒径和内涵体逃逸效率等[32]。有研究显示, pKa值决定了LNP的表面电荷, 并进一步影响其与各种类型血浆蛋白相互作用的能力, 从而导致体内分布的差异[7]。最后, 连接键将亲水性头部和疏水尾部衔接起来从而产生两亲性分子。
围绕可电离脂质结构进行合理的模块化设计, 可以构建新型脂质以改善LNP肝外靶向递送。例如, Ni等[33]开发了一种哌嗪核心和2个叔胺组成的可电离脂质, 制备的LNP-A10可以优先将核酸递送至肝和脾免疫细胞。此外, Eygeris等[31]设计了含有噻吩部分(硫代脂质) 的可电离脂质, 硫代脂质是通过Gewald反应合成, 从而在噻吩环的不同位置使用功能成分进行模块化脂质设计。最后使用JORDAN技术, 优化出了两种脂质配方(20b和29d)。根据动物试验结果显示, 20b LNP能够有效转染肝脏和脾脏, 而29d LNP能够在肺和脾脏实现特异性递送。Chen等[34]提出了一个快速创建化学多样性脂质来构建LNP的平台, 并成功地识别了一种可电离脂质——iso-A11B5C1, 制备的LNP能够在肌肉组织中实现精确的mRNA转染。
尾部连接子的结构亦会影响LNP的递送倾向。Qiu等[35]通过胺头和丙烯酰胺尾部之间的迈克尔加成反应合成了一个含酰胺键的脂质(N系列LNP) 库。通过体内筛选, 发现N系列LNP几乎在全身给药后将mRNA递送至肺部。试验进一步发现改变N系列LNP的胺头结构, 可以靶向不同的肺亚细胞群。并且, 他们之前的研究表明, 尾部含有酯键的O系列脂质倾向于将mRNA递送至肝脏。LNP在体内器官的选择性可以通过简单地改变尾部连接子结构来精确调节, 通过把接头从酯键(称为O系列) 转变为酰胺键(称为N系列), LNP的mRNA递送特异性从肝脏切换到肺部。该团队还受到神经递质(如色胺衍生物) 在血脑屏障渗透机制的启发, 设计出了一种仿生脂质, 成功地将小分子药物、核酸和蛋白质透过血脑屏障传递到神经元细胞中, 实现了有效的脑部递送[36]
尾部支链也会影响可电离脂质的性能。多尾可电离脂质相较于普通脂质, 尾部区域的横截面增加, 具有更强的内体逃逸能力。Liu等[37]开发了一类膜不稳定多尾可电离脂质(iPhos), 优化后的iPhos脂质含有1个叔胺、1个磷酸基团和3个烷基尾部, 这种独特结构不仅更容易引起内体膜融合, 促进核酸药物释放, 还具有组织特异性。构效关系表明, 烷基链长度极大地影响了药效和组织选择性: 胺侧的8~10个碳长度介导了体内mRNA的高表达, 磷酸基团旁的烷基长度则影响了器官选择性, 较短的链(9~12个碳) 在肝脏中显示mRNA的表达, 而较长的链(13~16个碳) 会将蛋白质表达转移到脾脏。该团队进一步研究了iPhos是否可以用于SORT技术。结果显示, 具有两性离子、可电离阳离子和永久阳离子辅助脂质的9A1P9 iP LNP分别在脾脏、肝脏和肺中实现了mRNA的选择性递送。
杂化脂质的合成可以整合其他成分的优点, 以提高mRNA在肝外组织器官的递送效力。例如Xue等[38]合成了含有不同硅氧烷胺核心成分和烷基链结构的杂化脂质库。由于硅氧烷这种化学材料具有高稳定性、低化学活性和良好的生物相容性等特点, 所以这些脂质被用于制备含硅氧烷的LNP (Si-LNP), 并用来评价其递送mRNA的效力。结果表明, Si-LNP不仅可以增强mRNA-LNP的内吞作用, 还能提高其从内体中逃逸的能力。更重要的是, 含硅氧烷的杂化脂质结构发生轻微的改变就能够显著改变其组织亲和性。例如, Si5-N14靶向肺, Si12-C10则靶向脾脏, 这显示出了Si-LNP器官特异性递送mRNA的潜力。
Xue等[39]构建了一系列对骨矿物质具有高亲和力的双磷酸盐(bisphosphonate, BP) 脂质样材料, 用来将mRNA治疗药物有效地递送到体内骨骼微环境中。研究人员对配制成的BP-LNP进行体外筛选后, 确定了一种候选制剂490BP-C14。经小鼠体内研究表明, 静脉给药后, BP-LNP增强了治疗性骨形态发生蛋白2 (bone morphogenetic protein-2, BMP-2) mRNA的靶向递送和分泌。
与内源性靶向相比, 主动靶向的设计度和可控性相对较高, 已然成为了靶向递送研究的焦点。LNP的化学结构具有高度可设计性, 利用配体-受体的特异性识别, 可以对LNP进行配体的功能化修饰, 从而达到主动靶向的目的。
基于配体不同的理化性质, 主要有两种制备方法[40]: 一步法和后插入法。其中一步法, 即直接将连有靶向配体或者活性官能团的磷脂和其他磷脂辅料共同混合, 一步合成LNP。通常小分子配体一般采用一步法合成靶向LNP。该方法可以通过控制靶向配体的进料比来合理调节配体的密度, 并且有结果表明, 该法制备的脂质体表面配体分布较为均匀[41]。后插入法, 分为两步, 先制备表面带有特殊官能团的预制LNP, 再将预制的LNP与靶向配体反应来进行表面偶联或修饰, 最终合成靶向LNP。通常抗体(antibodies, Abs) 和多肽这样的大分子配体, 分子结构复杂且价格昂贵, 在一步法制备中, 可能因制备条件的影响丧失活性, 而且很可能被封装于LNP内部, 使得它们无法被识别。鉴于这些问题, 可以采用后插入法制备, 这种情况下靶向配体仅分布在LNP的外表面, 并且密度和功能受表面偶联效率的调节。
采用配体修饰的主动靶向策略分为有机化学反应的非特异性偶联和生物活性结构的特异性位点偶联(表 1)。
利用靶向配体所具备的高效反应位点(例如胺、巯基和羧基), 可以通过有机反应将配体偶联到LNP表面。基于这些官能团的化学活性和反应机制, 这类配体的修饰方法被认为是非特异性的。
有机化学反应的非特异性偶联被广泛用于肝外mRNA-LNP的递送。例如, 利用巯基-马来酰亚胺反应, 可以先将DSPE-PEG-马来酰亚胺脂质和其他脂质组分混合得到预制LNP, 再借助有机反应使配体与预制LNP偶联合成靶向LNP。例如, Tombácz等[42]修饰CD4抗体合成的靶向Cre-mRNA-LNP能够在体内介导CD4 T细胞的基因重组。而Breda等[43]使用CD117抗体修饰LNP表面, 使其特异性靶向造血干细胞(hemopoietic stem cell, HSC)。经CD117-LNP递送促凋亡蛋白p53上调凋亡调控因子(p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis, PUMA) 的mRNA, 能够通过静脉注射直接在体内靶向并诱导HSC的凋亡, 实现对HSC移植前的无遗传毒性调控。Rurik等[44]利用同样的化学偶联法将编码特定嵌合抗原受体(chimeric antigen receptor, CAR) 的mRNA包封于CD5靶向的LNP中。发现CD5/CAR-mRNA-LNP能被高效递送至T淋巴细胞, 从而在体内产生瞬时有效的CAR-T细胞。这种基于mRNA的原位CAR-T疗法可以避免目前治疗肿瘤时采用的体内回输CAR-T细胞而诱发的严重不良反应[45]。除了修饰抗体外, Herrera-Barrera等[46]使用基于M13噬菌体的七聚体肽库来筛选出能够在体内结合到神经视网膜的肽序列, 并将筛选的肽链有机结合到LNP表面, 使mRNA成功递送到神经视网膜。
利用应变促进叠氮炔环加成反应(strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition, SPAAC) 修饰靶向配体, 也是一种常用的非特异性偶联方法。例如, 将抗体scFv-N3共价偶联到二苯并环辛炔(dibenzocyclooctyne, DBCO) 标记的预制LNP上, 所制得的Ab-LNP能透过血脑屏障在脑部特异性积累, 以治疗中枢神经系统疾病[47]。Geisler等[48]利用SPAAC反应合成了一种表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR) 为靶点的Ab-LNP, 实现了mRNA的胎盘靶向递送。Kim等[49]通过该反应, 将DSPE-PEG2000-DBCO与N端叠氮乙酰基修饰的细胞程序性死亡-配体1 (programmed cell death 1 ligand 1, PD-L1) 结合肽偶联, 修饰后的LNP靶向递送磷酸酶和紧张素同系物(phosphatase and tensin homolog, PTEN) mRNA可产生有效的抗肿瘤免疫反应, 促进肿瘤细胞自噬和免疫原性细胞死亡, 在原位肿瘤模型中显著抑制三阴性乳腺癌发展。
考虑到抗体的取向会影响它的识别能力, 然而基于有机化学反应的共价修饰策略通常无法控制偶联抗体的取向, 这会导致异质结合和功能障碍。在自然界中, 细菌使用非共价和高亲和力结合模型来偶联免疫球蛋白G (immunoglobulin G, IgG) 的可结晶段(fragment crystallizable, Fc), 这使得抗原结合片段(fragment of antigen binding, Fab) 向外部突出, 也避免了宿主巨噬细胞对Fc受体介导的吞噬作用[50]。受这种现象的启发, Shim等[51]筛选了细菌衍生的Fc结合肽(Fc-binding-protein, FcBP), 通过用FcBP标记预制LNP, 可以在外表面偶联一系列抗体。与基于有机反应的共价偶联相比, 这种FcBP的位点特异性偶联可以显著增加偶联抗体的结合密度和控制偶联抗体的取向。
Kedmi等[52]开发了一种利用工程化的重组单链抗体可变区域(single-chain variable fragment, scFv) 将抗体与LNP连接的锚定二抗scFv靶向(anchored secondary scFv enabling targeting, ASSET) 技术。使用这种技术转换scFv连接不同抗体即可针对不同的细胞亚群进行特异性靶向, 是一个实用性强的多功能平台。将Ly6c单抗连接至LNP表面, 成功将白细胞介素10 (interleukin-10, IL-10) mRNA递送至Ly6c阳性的白细胞中, 在炎症性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease, IBD) 小鼠模型中验证了其治疗潜力[53]。后续该课题组使用构象敏感的靶向策略, 用α4β7整合素的天然配体MAdCAM-1的整合素结合域D1和D2融合到免疫球蛋白Fc上, 并有效地将这种融合蛋白结合到LNP的表面, 实现了白细胞的特异性递送, 从而改善了IBD的治疗结果[54], 并且这种方法为构象敏感靶向提供了新思路。
除了对LNP本身优化和修饰外, 选择合适的给药途径也极大影响mRNA-LNP制剂的器官分布和治疗效果(图 3)。
静脉注射是mRNA-LNP最常用的给药方式, 具有100%的生物利用度。但由于血液中ApoE的吸附作用, 给药后主要在肝脏积累, 降低了肝外疾病的治疗效果。可以从肝脏富集的机制[12, 13]入手, 通过改变LNP的尺寸、电荷和表面特性来改变LNP的蛋白吸附效应, 从而达到将mRNA递送到肝外器官的目的[21-23, 27, 31, 33-35, 37]。不幸的是, 目前对LNP特性与体内生物分子的相互作用了解有限, 所以难以预测优化后的LNP在体内的靶向行为。相比之下, 在LNP表面修饰配体的主动靶向策略设计度和可控性更高, 并能实现高精度靶细胞的特异性递送与mRNA表达[42, 44, 45, 53]
mRNA疫苗通常使用肌内注射。注射后, mRNA-LNP主要分布于注射部位的结缔组织和引流淋巴结, 由mRNA编码的抗原被抗原呈递细胞(antigen-presenting cells, APC) 处理, 并呈递到T淋巴细胞进行随后的免疫反应[55]。代表性新冠疫苗mRNA-1273和BNT162b2, 及首款上市的saRNA疫苗ARCT-154均是通过肌肉注射给药。Alameh等[56]开发了一种同时靶向艰难梭菌毒素和毒力因子的多价mRNA疫苗。肌肉注射后, 在动物模型中诱导了强大且长期的全身和黏膜抗原特异性体液及细胞免疫反应, 且不会显著破坏肠道微生物群。
mRNA-LNP的瘤内注射是靶向癌细胞最简单的给药方法。大多数肿瘤组织具有脉管系统异常、高密度细胞外基质(extracellular matrix, ECM) 和缺少淋巴引流的特点, 这会限制LNP从其他注射部位扩散到肿瘤甚至更深层的肿瘤内部[57]。因此, 瘤内注射是一种有效的癌细胞靶向治疗方式。Hewitt等[58]开发了一种编码白细胞介素12 (interleukin-12, IL-12) 的mRNA-LNP瘤内注射制剂, 用于治疗实体瘤。在细胞、多种小鼠模型和肿瘤患者立体培养物中证实了IL-12 mRNA-LNP具有强效的抗肿瘤活性。目前, 已有多项基于mRNA-LNP瘤内注射的研究进入临床试验[59]。例如, mRNA-2416的LNP制剂瘤内注射后可表达OX40L蛋白, 用于治疗实体瘤患者(NCT03323398)。而mRNA-2752则是共同编码OX40L、IL-23和IL-36γ的mRNA-LNP, 旨在诱导促炎性肿瘤微环境, 同时加强T细胞扩增和免疫记忆(NCT03739931)。
眼睛的解剖和生理学屏障严重阻碍了药物的渗透与递送, 静脉注射mRNA-LNP难以到达靶部位。Patel等[60]发现含有低pKa和不饱和碳氢链可电离脂质的LNP在视网膜下注射后, 大部分mRNA在视网膜色素上皮(retinal pigment epithelium, RPE) 中表达。还有研究发现含有较少PEG脂质的LNP, 通过玻璃体内注射, 可以将mRNA递送到Müller细胞、视神经头和小梁网中[24]。Herrera-Barrera等[46]将肽配体LNP注射到小鼠的玻璃体内后, 该递送系统成功定位并且能够将治疗性mRNA靶向递送至小鼠的光感受器(photoreceptor, PR)、RPE和Müller神经胶质细胞, 扩大了mRNA-LNP疗法在遗传性失明中的应用。
肺部给药是治疗呼吸系统疾病的理想方式。对于肺部的mRNA递送, LNP吸入给药具有许多优势: ①对呼吸道的低毒性、能重复给药和减少全身暴露[61]; ②它的纳米级尺寸使其能封装在雾化液滴中并在肺部富集, 起效快[62]。然而, 理想的吸入型LNP应具备抗剪切力、黏液渗透、细胞转染率高等特性[63], 这也是开发吸入型LNP的主要挑战。
Kim等[64]对一个小型LNP制剂库进行了筛选, 确定了一种符合雾化处理的LNP制剂, 并命名为可雾化LNP (nLNP)。nLNP含有β-谷甾醇和高PEG脂质含量, 对雾化过程中的剪切应力具有弹性。此外, 试验结果还表明, nLNP单纳米颗粒分辨率下在黏蛋白悬浮液中表现出优异的扩散率, 为分泌过多和痰液清除受损的肺部疾病提供治疗策略。Zhang等[65]针对雾化吸入采用实验设计来优化LNP, 筛选出4种先导LNP (F2、F8、F11和F17), 并通过Aerogen Solo雾化器雾化。结果显示, 雾化吸入的LNP制剂能够在小鼠肺部介导有效的荧光素酶mRNA转染, 而没有任何在心脏、肝脏和肾脏中转染的表现。目前, 已有公司开展LNP雾化给药的临床试验。专注于mRNA疗法的Translate Bio公司开发了携带囊性纤维化跨膜传导调节因子(cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, CFTR) mRNA的LNP (MRT5005), 并且完成了在囊性纤维化患者使用时安全性和耐受性的评价[66]
皮肤是人体最大的器官, 通过皮肤进行局部给药能够将药物富集在疾病部位, 同时最大限度地减少全身性不良反应。LNP具有高效药物传递性和皮肤亲和性, 可以作为皮肤局部给药的优秀载体, 然而LNP在皮肤上的应用多见于化妆品行业。但mRNA-LNP系统针对皮肤疾病治疗仍具有广阔的应用前景。Bolsoni等[67]将包载Cas9 mRNA的LNP通过微针导入皮肤, 旨在将基因编辑工具导入到人类皮肤的表皮层从而进行致病基因的原位矫正, 以治疗遗传性皮肤病。
近年来, mRNA药物由原来的“不可成药”靶点转化为“可成药”的靶点在疾病的预防和治疗方面显示出了独特的潜力。为了克服自身稳定性差和对核酸酶敏感的缺点, 广泛采用LNP作为递送载体。然而, mRNA-LNP系统的应用有很大局限性: 缺乏肝外靶向能力, 这导致mRNA药物的生物利用度较低, 并可能产生脱靶效应, 以及体内毒性。因此, 提高LNP靶向肝外器官的能力具有重要的临床意义。
一方面, 可以利用LNP在全身给药后的内源性靶向机制, 通过LNP组分的优化与筛选和新型脂质结构的构建来改变LNP的性质, 进一步影响LNP表面与不同蛋白质的相互作用从而达到LNP在不同组织器官的趋向性。但目前人们对LNP性质与其表面形成的蛋白冠类型之间的关系有待进一步了解, 导致难以预测优化后的LNP在体内的靶向行为。mRNA-LNP递送需要在组织器官、细胞和亚细胞器水平进行全面而深入的体内命运研究, 这对未来药物研发和临床应用至关重要, 同时也是目前缺失和亟待解决的难题[68]。究其原因, 一是受检测技术的限制, 二是mRNA-LNP在生物体内分布、代谢和排泄的复杂性受多种因素影响。
另一方面, 用配体(小分子、肽、抗体等) 修饰的主动靶向LNP在器官、细胞到细胞器特异性受体的多维和多类型精确靶向方面表现出优势, 被广泛用作肝外递送mRNA的策略。然而, 精确可控地调节脂质纳米颗粒表面配体的呈现(即局部配体密度、配体分布、配体取向和配体构象) 仍然是一个主要挑战。除了对LNP本身的优化和修饰外, 选择合适的给药途径也能达到mRNA-LNP肝外靶向治疗的目的。但是, 局部注射给药一般适用于已知和可触及病理部位的疾病, 而吸入制剂会涉及到复杂的处方组成与制备。此外, mRNA-LNP还面临着其他长期存在的问题, 包括内体逃逸不良、潜在的免疫原性和毒性及严格的储存条件等, 限制了其在临床上的广泛应用。
mRNA疗法作为极具潜力的平台, 可以用于多种不同的领域, 例如癌症疫苗、传染病疫苗、遗传疾病治疗、蛋白质替代疗法等。相信随着体内外稳定性、体内命运和安全性、组织靶向性等一系列问题的深入研究, 还有新兴人工智能和大数据技术的支撑, 假以时日更加安全、高效的递送系统将在创新药领域展现出强大的生命力。
作者贡献: 李蕾负责文献收集、综述撰写和修改; 赵彩利和张宁负责提供撰写思路及修改意见; 李春雷负责全程指导。
利益冲突: 本文所有作者声明不存在利益冲突关系。
  • 国家重点研发计划资助项目(2023YFC3405000)
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0916
  • 接收时间:2024-09-20
  • 首发时间:2025-11-07
  • 出版时间:2025-02-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-20
  • 修回日期:2024-11-06
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国家重点研发计划资助项目(2023YFC3405000)
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    1.河北医科大学药学院, 河北 石家庄 050017
    2.石药集团中奇制药技术 (石家庄) 有限公司, 河北 石家庄 050035

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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