Article(id=1193523096989696400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193523095437799732, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1029, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1729526400000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-22, revisedDate=1732550400000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762487680908, onlineDateStr=2025-11-07, pubDate=1739289600000, pubDateStr=2025-02-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762487680908, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762487680908, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762487680908, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1193523095437799732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='2', pageStart='245', pageEnd='532', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762487680538, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764224912893, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200809576107987438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193523095437799732, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200809576107987439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193523095437799732, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=300, endPage=313, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1193523097342017939, articleId=1193523096989696400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=HerbRNomes: ushering in the post-genome era of modernizing traditional Chinese medicine research, columnId=1190335348648547107, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the completion of the "Human Genome Project" and the smooth progress of the "Herbal Genome Project", the research wave of RNAomics is gradually advancing, opening the research gateway for the modernization of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and initiating the post-genome era of medicinal plant RNA research. Therefore, this article proposes for the first time the concept of HerbRNomes, which involves constructing databases of medicinal plant, medicinal fungus, and medicinal animal RNA at different stages, from different origins, and in different organs. This research aims to explore the role of HerbRNA in self-genetic information transmission, functional regulation, as well as cross-species regulation functional mechanisms and key technologies. It also investigates application scenarios, providing a theoretical basis and research ideas for the resistance of TCM or medicinal plants to adversity and stress, molecular assistant breeding, and the development of small nucleic acid drugs. This article reviews recent research progress in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of the transmission and expression of genetic information, self-regulation and cross-species regulation of herbs at the RNA level, along with key technologies. It proposes a development strategy for small nucleic acid drugs based on HerbRNomes, providing theoretical support and guidance for the modernization of TCM based on HerbRNomes research.

, correspAuthors=Wei-dong ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yu TIAN, Hai SHANG, Gui-bo SUN, Wei-dong ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1193523344625598865, articleId=1193523096989696400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=本草RNA组——开启中药现代化研究的后基因组时代, columnId=1190335349655180086, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着“人类基因组计划”的完成和“本草基因组计划”的顺利开展, RNA组学(RNomics) 的研究浪潮也逐步推进中药现代化的研究大门, 开启了药用植物RNA组研究的后基因组时代。因此, 本文首次提出了本草RNA组(HerbRNomes) 的概念, 即通过构建药用植物、药用真菌、药用动物的不同时期、不同产地以及不同器官的本草RNA组数据库, 开展本草RNA在自身遗传信息传递、功能调控以及与不同物种间跨界调控的功能机制、关键技术与应用场景研究, 从而为中药或药用植物的抵抗逆境胁迫及分子辅助育种、小核酸药物的新药开发等提供理论基础与研究思路。本文综述了近年来从RNA水平阐明本草遗传信息传递与表达、自身调控与跨界调控的分子机制及关键技术等相关研究进展, 并提出了基于本草RNA组的小核酸药物研发思路, 为基于本草RNA组的中药现代化研究提供了理论依据与引领支撑。

, correspAuthors=张卫东, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*张卫东, Tel: 86-10-57833013, E-mail:
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本草RNA组——开启中药现代化研究的后基因组时代
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田瑜 1 , 尚海 1 , 孙桂波 1 , 张卫东 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 综述 2025,60(2): 300-313
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药学学报 | 综述 2025, 60(2): 300-313
本草RNA组——开启中药现代化研究的后基因组时代
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田瑜1, 尚海1, 孙桂波1, 张卫东1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药用植物研究所, 道地药材品质保障与资源持续利用全国重点实验室, 北京 100193
  • 2.海军军医大学药学院, 上海 200433

通讯作者:

*张卫东, Tel: 86-10-57833013, E-mail:
HerbRNomes: ushering in the post-genome era of modernizing traditional Chinese medicine research
Yu TIAN1, Hai SHANG1, Gui-bo SUN1, Wei-dong ZHANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-Di Herbs, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
  • 2. School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
出版时间: 2025-02-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1029
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随着“人类基因组计划”的完成和“本草基因组计划”的顺利开展, RNA组学(RNomics) 的研究浪潮也逐步推进中药现代化的研究大门, 开启了药用植物RNA组研究的后基因组时代。因此, 本文首次提出了本草RNA组(HerbRNomes) 的概念, 即通过构建药用植物、药用真菌、药用动物的不同时期、不同产地以及不同器官的本草RNA组数据库, 开展本草RNA在自身遗传信息传递、功能调控以及与不同物种间跨界调控的功能机制、关键技术与应用场景研究, 从而为中药或药用植物的抵抗逆境胁迫及分子辅助育种、小核酸药物的新药开发等提供理论基础与研究思路。本文综述了近年来从RNA水平阐明本草遗传信息传递与表达、自身调控与跨界调控的分子机制及关键技术等相关研究进展, 并提出了基于本草RNA组的小核酸药物研发思路, 为基于本草RNA组的中药现代化研究提供了理论依据与引领支撑。

本草RNA组  /  非编码RNA  /  自身调控  /  跨界调控  /  核酸药物

With the completion of the "Human Genome Project" and the smooth progress of the "Herbal Genome Project", the research wave of RNAomics is gradually advancing, opening the research gateway for the modernization of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and initiating the post-genome era of medicinal plant RNA research. Therefore, this article proposes for the first time the concept of HerbRNomes, which involves constructing databases of medicinal plant, medicinal fungus, and medicinal animal RNA at different stages, from different origins, and in different organs. This research aims to explore the role of HerbRNA in self-genetic information transmission, functional regulation, as well as cross-species regulation functional mechanisms and key technologies. It also investigates application scenarios, providing a theoretical basis and research ideas for the resistance of TCM or medicinal plants to adversity and stress, molecular assistant breeding, and the development of small nucleic acid drugs. This article reviews recent research progress in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of the transmission and expression of genetic information, self-regulation and cross-species regulation of herbs at the RNA level, along with key technologies. It proposes a development strategy for small nucleic acid drugs based on HerbRNomes, providing theoretical support and guidance for the modernization of TCM based on HerbRNomes research.

HerbRNomes  /  ncRNA  /  self-regulation  /  cross-species regulation  /  ribonucleic acid drug
田瑜, 尚海, 孙桂波, 张卫东. 本草RNA组——开启中药现代化研究的后基因组时代. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (2) : 300 -313 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1029
Yu TIAN, Hai SHANG, Gui-bo SUN, Wei-dong ZHANG. HerbRNomes: ushering in the post-genome era of modernizing traditional Chinese medicine research[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (2) : 300 -313 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1029
核糖核酸(ribonucleic acid, RNA) 是由核糖核苷酸经磷酸二酯键缩合而成长链状分子, 在生命体活动中扮演着多重角色, 不仅承载着遗传信息, 指导蛋白质的合成, 还在基因表达调控中发挥关键作用, 承载并赋予生命体复杂化及多样性。自本世纪初“人类基因组计划”的完成, 标志着生命科学研究进入后基因组时代, 同时掀起介导遗传信息表达调控的RNA组(RNomes) 的研究浪潮。如果说基因组(genomes) 研究是解码生命奥秘的主力军, 那么能够承上启下关联并探索基因组和蛋白质组(proteomes) 的RNA组研究则是其不可或缺的同盟军(图 1)。
我国有现存最早的药学专著《神农本草经》, 经典古籍的流传使中药传承千年不衰。但随着现代生命科学技术的不断拓展革新, 更加需要富有新质生产力的中药现代化研究理念来满足社会发展的迫切需要。“本草基因组计划”最早由陈士林院士在2010年提出, 并逐渐发展成为研究中药基原物种的遗传信息及其调控网络、阐明中药防治人类疾病分子机制的交叉学科。本草基因组学(herbgenomics) 学科的发展, 开辟了中药研究和应用的新领域, 推动了中药现代化研究进程。如人类基因组计划一样, 随着越来越多的药用植物完成了全基因组测序, 本草植物研究开启了后基因组时代。阐明RNA在本草植物中的功能与调控机制已成为药用植物研究的前沿热点, 随着转录组测序技术(RNA-sequencing, RNA-Seq) 的快速发展, 建立高质量药用植物RNA组数据库已成为药用植物研究开发的迫切需求。
为满足中药现代化研发多角度多层次的发展需求, 作者在此提出本草RNA组(HerbRNomes) 及其相关的本草RNA组学(HerbRNomics)研究计划, 即①构建以药用植物、药用真菌、药用动物等(注: 本文中的“本草”, 即指广义上的概念, 包括药用的植物、真菌及动物等)为研究对象的不同发育阶段(时间)、不同器官(空间) 以及不同产地(环境) 的本草RNA组数据库; ②开展本草RNA在遗传信息传递与表达和自身功能调控的研究, 挖掘本草抵抗逆境胁迫和促进重要次生代谢产物生物合成的功能基因, 以指导并发展“优形、优质”为目标的分子辅助育种; ③探索本草RNA在不同物种间跨界调控的作用模式及作用机制, 为以本草为来源并修饰构建的小核酸药物、小核酸农药等新药开发提供理论基础与研究思路。本文将根据目前已报道的药用植物或药食同源植物RNA的相关研究, 就本草RNA在药用植物遗传信息传递表达、自身调控以及跨物种调控中的功能机制、技术手段和应用场景进行综述, 开创性提出了基于本草RNA组的小核酸药物研发思路, 并对本草RNA组未来的发展方向和应用前景进行展望。
自“中心法则”提出以来, 生物体中的各种RNA被陆续发现, 包括经典的信使RNA (message RNA, mRNA)、核糖体RNA (ribosomal RNA, rRNA) 和转运RNA (transfer RNA, tRNA) 等。按照是否编码蛋白质, 可将这些RNA分为编码RNA (coding RNA) 和非编码RNA (non-coding RNA, ncRNA)。编码RNA是指mRNA, 在本草遗传信息的传递与表达过程中, 将本草DNA中的遗传信息携带到细胞质中并指导蛋白质合成。鉴于mRNA在遗传信息传递和表达中的枢纽作用, 以mRNA为研究对象的转录组学研究, 成为解析本草基因表达变化及功能差异的重要手段[1]
RNA-Seq技术, 无需基因组序列便可对物种转录进行检测, 特别适用于一些缺乏基因组信息的药用植物研究。通过构建本草不同时期、不同器官和不同产地的mRNA转录组文库, 不仅可以应用于揭示本草的遗传机制以及基因在不同环境下的表达调控机制, 还可以全方位地研究其活性成分生物合成关键酶基因的表达水平, 挖掘功能基因, 从而有效地揭示次生代谢产物生物合成的途径及其调控机制[2]。基于本草mRNA转录组开展表达序列标签(expressed sequence tag-simple sequence repeat, EST-SSR) 分子标记的开发, 在基于本草的品种鉴定、亲缘性分析、道地性鉴别以及分子辅助育种等领域拥有广阔的应用前景[3]
近年来, 曾被认为是无价值“暗物质”的ncRNA, 逐步成为基因调控的关键角色。目前研究最为广泛的调节性ncRNA, 包括小RNA (small RNA, sRNA) 和长链非编码RNA (long non-coding RNA, lncRNA)。sRNA又主要包括微小RNA (microRNA, miRNA) 和小干扰RNA (small interfering RNA, siRNA) 等。当地时间2024年10月7日, 瑞典卡罗琳医学院宣布, 科学家维克托·安布罗斯(Victor Ambros) 和加里·鲁夫昆(GaryRuvkun), 因发现microRNA及其在转录后基因调控中的作用, 而获得2024年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖, 他们的发现让人类重新认识了基因调控, 深刻地影响了RNA的生物学领域。
microRNA是一组编码长度约20~25个核苷酸的ncRNA, 具有高度保守性、时序性和组织特异性, 通过和靶基因mRNA碱基配对引导RNA沉默复合体(RNA-induced silencing complex, RISC)降解mRNA或阻碍其翻译。lncRNA是一类长度在200~100 000个核苷酸的ncRNA, 同样参与细胞内多种过程调控, 但是lncRNA表现出更多样化的机制, 可以借鉴sRNA的研究经验[4]
ncRNA同样广泛存在于本草中, 其在本草植物的生长过程中, 不仅可以像作物一样调控植物自身的生长发育和株型变化, 同样还能够调控自身抵抗生物或非生物的外部胁迫, 以维持正常的生存及繁殖能力。值得关注的是, 一些本草ncRNA还能够参与调控次生代谢产物在植物体内的生物合成过程, 为辅助开展“优形、优质”中药材的育种工作提供重要指导。下面从本草ncRNA在自身生长发育、抵抗逆境胁迫及分子辅助育种等方面, 列举其在自身遗传信息调控中发挥的作用。
Zeng等[5]对宁夏枸杞(Lycium barbarum)果实的四个发育阶段(S1~S4) 样本通过Illumina Hi-Seq 2000进行高通量测序, 发现四个阶段都有特定的miRNAs, 进一步对差异表达的miRNA进行GO和KEGG分析、靶标鉴定及实时荧光定量PCR (quantitative real-time PCR, qRT-PCR) 检测, 确认了miR156和miR164在枸杞的生长发育过程中起到了调控其生长调节、抗病菌防御等作用, 揭示了果实成熟过程中miRNAs介导的机制特征。Galla等[6]预测并验证了七个贯叶连翘花(Hypericum perforatum) 的precursor-miRNA (pre-miRNA), 证明了贯叶连翘花具有高度保守的miRNAs, 并且这些miRNAs可能靶向数十种具有广泛分子功能的基因, 包括新陈代谢、应激反应、花发育和植物繁殖等, 表明了药用植物miRNAs在植物生长发育过程中发挥重要的调节作用。土沉香(别名白木香, Aquilaria sinensis) 在其树体受到微生物的伤害或感染时会形成沉香, Gao等[7]通过对土沉香健康及愈伤组织的sRNA进行Illumina-solexa高通量深度测序, 结合454个转录组数据分析, 首先从土沉香中鉴定了27个新颖的miRNAs, 随后通过qRT-PCR检测了10种miRNAs在创面处理后的表达水平, 发现其中8个miRNAs具有胁迫响应, 表明了miRNAs不仅存在于沉香中, 且在胁迫诱导沉香形成的过程中起到关键作用。Yan等[8]通过mRNA-miRNA联合分析发现, 当广藿香(Pogostemon cablin) 遭受连作胁迫时, 能够激活与防御应答、蛋白质转运、根系生长、信号转导、RNA合成和开花调控等相关的特异性miRNAs表达, 从而改变植物正常生长发育相关基因的表达程序。
环境温度对植物的生长影响很大, 低温是影响黄芪(Astragalus membranaceus) 产量和品质的关键环境影响因子之一, Abla等[9]研究发现黄芪中的27个miRNAs对冷胁迫有响应, 并通过调节黄芪的发育、激素信号、防御、氧化还原稳态和次生代谢来介导对冷胁迫的反应, 这些冷应激相关的miRNAs可作为候选基因用于进一步的分子育种, 以提高黄芪的耐寒性。此外, Jung等[10]研究发现高温会诱导人参(Panax ginseng) 的发育、开花和温度响应基因, 但却抑制光合作用相关基因, 导致植株虽然生长和开花加快, 但却因早熟导致产量损失。SPL6和SPL9是人参中miR156的靶基因, 在正常植物体内会受到miR156的调控抑制, 进而延迟开花时间。但在高温环境中, 抑制靶基因SPL6和SPL9的miR156被抑制, 从而解释了在高温环境下人参易被促进开花但产量却降低的原因。
lncRNA在本草植物的自身生长及抗逆胁迫方面同样发挥重要作用。铁皮石斛(Dendrobium officinale) 是一种天然存活率较低的珍贵药用植物, Li等[11]研究发现石斛中参与黄酮、生物碱、类胡萝卜素和多糖等代谢途径的lncRNAs可以影响远红光对铁皮石斛的避荫反应, 基于Cytoscape等分析, 该研究还发现MSTRG.38867.1、MSTRG.69319.1和MSTRG.66273.1等lncRNAs通过靶基因参与远红光信号网络, 从而调控铁皮石斛的避荫反应。此外有研究发现霍山石斛(Dendrobium huoshanense) 中与缺水应答相关的lncRNAs, 能够通过MAPK信号通路调控植物生理功能, 在植物抵抗干旱胁迫中发挥重要作用。Li等[12]从丹参(Salvia miltiorrhiza) 中鉴定出5 446个lncRNAs, 发现大多数lncRNAs在丹参的根、茎、叶和花中差异表达, 并对茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA) 处理有反应, 表明这些lncRNAs具有胁迫响应性, 在植物发育和防御反应中发挥着重要作用。
本草植物在生长过程中会合成大量的次生代谢产物, 这些次生代谢产物不仅对植物的生长发育和环境适应发挥着重要的作用, 而且还具有较高的生物活性, 是制药业的重要原料。但是很多药用植物中的次生代谢产物含量有限, 导致供应及应用受限。近年来大量研究表明, 本草ncRNA在这些次生代谢产物的生物合成中发挥重要的调控作用, 鉴定本草ncRNA分子并探索其作用机制, 不仅有助于深入了解药用植物生长、发育和抗逆的分子遗传机制, 还为阐明道地药材的药理作用并构建合成药用次生代谢物成分的生物反应器提供理论依据, 为相关次生代谢物生物合成的产业发展提供参考。
青蒿素(artemisinin, ART) 是从植物黄花蒿(Artemisia annua) 茎叶中提取的具有过氧基团的倍半萜内酯, 是治疗疟疾最有效的成分, 但ART在黄花蒿中的含量仅占干重的0.1%~1.0%, 严重限制了商业化应用及临床需求, 因此需要提高ART在植物中的产量。Khan等[13]采用Illumina Nextseq 500高通量sRNA测序技术, 发现了黄花蒿中121个miRNAs靶向ART生物合成中的重要基因和转录因子, 其中miR396、miR319、miR399、miR858、miR5083和miR6111首次被确认存在于黄花蒿中。通过qRT-PCR检测不同发育阶段miRNAs及其对应靶点的表达模式和相关性发现, 上述miRNAs很可能影响ART在植物中的积累。Li等[14]发现不同生长期黄花蒿叶片中的ART含量差别明显, 2周龄叶片中检测不到ART, 3月龄叶片中ART含量显著增加, 表明ART在黄花蒿中的生物合成与生长年限相关。miR156是一种已报道的与植物生长年限密切相关的miRNAs, 作者检测了miR156在不同生长期黄花蒿叶片中的表达, 发现其表达量会随黄花蒿生长过程逐渐降低, 2周龄时最高, 3月龄则显著降低, 因而推测黄花蒿中可能存在其他miRNAs影响植物体内ART的生物积累过程。ART主要在叶片分泌型腺毛中合成和积累, Guo等[15]通过转录组数据及共表达网络分析, 鉴定到黄花蒿中激素响应的miR160通过靶向裂解下游转录因子生长素反应因子1 (Auxin Response Factor 1, ARF1), 负调控分泌型腺毛形成和青蒿素合成。差异表达分析结果发现, miR160是参与ART合成的潜在miRNA, 过表达MIR160可显著抑制ART的生物合成和腺毛发育, 而抑制MIR160表达则产生相反的效果, 说明miR160负调控ART的生物合成。结合降解组学等实验证明, ARF1是miR160的主要靶基因, ARF1通过激活AaDBR2表达来增加ART的合成。该研究结果揭示了miR160-ARF1模块与ART生物合成之间的内在联系, 为未来实现ART的高产和稳定生产提供了全新思路。
紫杉醇(paclitaxel, 商用名Taxol) 是紫杉属植物红豆杉(Taxus chinensis) 中一种珍贵而稀有的次级代谢产物, 作为一种抗癌药物在治疗多种癌症中发挥着重要作用, 但紫杉醇在红豆杉中含量极低, 因此需要从源头解决本草中紫杉醇含量有限的问题。Chen等[16]通过研究发现, miR5298b能够靶向裂解抑制紫杉醇生物合成TcNPR3的mRNA序列, miR5298b导致的TcNPR3的减少削弱了TcNPR3-TcTGA6复合物的强抑制活性, 从而增加了下游包括DBATTASYT5H在内的紫杉醇生物合成基因的表达, 进而促进自身紫杉醇在红豆杉中的含量积累。Sun等[17]利用Illumina NovaSeq平台从新鲜红豆杉嫩叶中鉴定到460个miRNAs, 对所有鉴定到的miRNAs进行靶基因预测, 发现有49个相关的miRNAs靶基因参与了紫杉醇的生物合成, 为后续深入了解紫杉醇合成相关酶基因的调控表达模式, 提高紫杉醇在红豆杉植物中的含量提供指导。
因此, 本草miRNA不仅参与其自身的生长发育, 对非生物和生物胁迫具有调控功能, 还能够调控次生代谢产物的生物合成。深入研究本草ncRNA并阐明其调控机制, 将为本草植物的分子辅助育种以及实现高产量高质量药物的生产提供重要指导, 为提高人类寿命和生活质量带来了广阔的前景。
与农作物育种不同, 中药材育种不仅要保持药用基原植物生物学性状稳定, 还要保证其药用成分可控。虽然近年来ncRNA在农作物分子辅助育种中的应用得到快速发展, 但其在中药材育种中的应用相对迟缓, 仅在一些药食同源类植物中有所进展。
苦荞(Fagopyrum tataricum) 是一种药食两用一年生植物, 广泛分布于我国西南部山区。苦荞籽富含丰富的黄酮类化合物, 对肝损伤尤其是炎症性肝损伤有预防作用。了解苦荞种子发育的分子机制, 对苦荞高产优质育种具有重要意义。Li等[18]在苦荞中鉴定到230个miRNAs, 其中76个miRNAs在种子发育过程中表现出差异表达, 通过qRT-PCR和连接酶介导的cDNA 5′末端快速扩增(ligase-mediated rapid amplification of 5′ cDNA ends, 5′-RLM-RACE) 对其中65对miRNA-mRNA进行验证, 发现56对miRNA-mRNA参与胚胎和胚乳发育、种子大小和类黄酮生物合成等过程, 是调控苦荞种子发育的关键miRNA-mRNA对, 为后续苦荞种子发育及辅助育种改良提供了基础。
《中华本草》中记载, 芥蓝(Brassica oleracea) 解毒利咽, 顺气化痰。作为药食两用的植物, 芥蓝种子富含的芥子油苷具有多种抗癌作用。Tang等[19]通过高通量测序技术构建了不同生长期芥蓝种子的sRNA文库, 结合转录组变化分析发现miR156-SPL10/SPL11、miR395-APS3和miR397-LAC2/LAC11直接参与芥蓝种子发育, 经5′-RLM-RACE和瞬时转化实验表明, miR395b_2通过调控其靶基因APS3参与芥蓝种子发育过程中的硫代谢, 为之后的芥蓝的分子育种提供参考。目前已发现的本草RNA已经逐渐表现出其强大的应用功能, 不仅可以在药用植物遗传信息传递与表达中发挥巨大的作用, 而且参与调控影响自身生长发育及逆境抵抗的因素, 同时有望进一步通过辅助育种及定向培育, 产生更多的有价值的次生代谢产物。随着对本草RNA作用机制进一步深入挖掘, 将有助于中药药用植物在分子育种方面发挥越来越重要的作用(图 2)。
2008年, Chen等[20]报道了miRNA在人类和动物血清中可以稳定存在这一突破性研究成果, 打破了RNA不能在细胞外稳定存在的固有认知。通过Solexa测序技术对比了健康人群与疾病患者血清miRNA的测序结果, 发现两种人群血清中的miRNA存在显著差异, 因此可将miRNA作为诊断癌症或其他疾病的一类新的生物标志物。进一步地, Zhang等[21]首次发现了植物miRNA可以跨界存在于人或动物的血清以及组织中, 该研究发现水稻中的MIR168a是中国人血清中含量最丰富的植物来源miRNA之一, MIR168a通过结合人/小鼠低密度脂蛋白受体衔接蛋白1 (LDLRAP1) 的mRNA, 抑制肝脏中LDLRAP1的表达, 从而降低小鼠血浆中LDL的去除率。这项研究首次证明, 植物来源的miRNA可以跨界调控哺乳动物靶基因表达。
植物RNA能够参与跨界调控, 本草RNA也可以实现类似的调控功能。Zhou等[22]发现中药金银花编码的非典型MIR2911可直接靶向甲型流感病毒(IAV) 从而发挥抗病毒作用。该研究发现, 持续喂养金银花汤剂可导致小鼠外周血和肺中MIR2911水平显著升高。生物信息学预测和荧光素酶报告基因实验表明, MIR2911可以靶向多种IAV, 包括H1N1、H5N1和H7N9。体内和体外实验证实, MIR2911显著抑制H1N1编码的PB2和NS1蛋白表达。此外, 不仅金银花汤剂和金银花汤剂中提取的RNA, 合成的MIR2911也能显著抑制H1N1病毒复制, 减轻病毒感染引起的体重减轻, 并降低小鼠死亡率。此外, 金银花汤剂中加入MIR2911拮抗剂后其抑制病毒复制的能力降低, 进一步证实了MIR2911是金银花发挥抗病毒作用的有效成分。上述研究从分子水平解释了金银花清热解毒的传统功效, 并首次证实植物miRNA也可能是本草中的活性物质成分。
在2019年新冠病毒暴发时期, MIR2911进一步被发现具有抗冠状病毒作用。Zhou等[23]在南京第二医院开展了一项临床研究, 75位新冠患者被分为两组, 一组服用含MIR2911的金银花汤剂, 另一组服用不含MIR2911的中药合剂。考察的主要终点是第一次治疗后第7天的转阴率。结果表明, 服用金银花汤剂(含MIR2911) 的患者转阴率和转阴时间均明显优于服用中药合剂(不含MIR2911) 的患者。这些关于MIR2911的研究证明了其具有广谱的抗病毒作用。
红景天是一味作用广泛的中药, 具有补气清肺、益智养心等功效。Du等[24]将从红景天中提取的sRNA经口服方式给予小鼠, 并从小鼠的肺组织中检测到了红景天sRNA。通过体外肺纤维化模型对小鼠体内丰度最高的8个红景天sRNA开展了抗纤维化评价, 从中发现sRNA HJT-sRNA-m7可有效降低纤维化标志物的基因和蛋白水平表达。通过生物信息学分析与双荧光素酶报告基因实验证实α-SMAfibronectinCOL3A1为HJT-sRNA-m7的靶基因。体内活性评价显示, HJT-sRNA-m7可以明显改善博来霉素诱导的小鼠肺纤维程度。研究人员进一步对红景天sRNA如何被摄入到小鼠肺组织展开了研究, 发现红景天汤剂中存在大量脂质, 并通过体外实验证实两种磷脂胆碱能够将HJT-sRNA-m7有效递送到细胞内, 从而推测红景天中的这两种磷脂胆碱形成了带有HJT-sRNA-m7的脂质体并将其递送到体内。
Toll样受体4 (TLR4) 是急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS) 和急性肺损伤(ALI) 病理通路中的关键靶点。针对TLR4这一靶点, Zhao等[25]从半枝莲水煎液中提取总RNA, 并通过生物信息学分析与实验验证, 从中获得了一种有效靶向TLR4的sRNA BZL-sRNA-20。BZL-sRNA-20在多种体外炎症模型中均能有效抑制促炎因子的表达, 并挽救了H5N1、SARS-CoV-2以及变异株感染所致的细胞死亡。研究人员进一步以合成鞘氨醇(d22:0) 与BZL-sRNA-20制备了本草体(bencaosome), 并开展了体内活性评价。结果显示, 含有BZL-sRNA-20的本草体显著降低了LPS诱导的ALI小鼠模型中支气管肺泡灌洗液和血浆中促炎因子表达水平, 并恢复了小鼠的肺功能。此外, 本草体还改善了SARS-CoV-2菌株感染的小鼠ALI。
为了鉴定丹参来源具有血管保护作用的miRNAs, Yang等[26]首先使用Illumina/Solexa深度测序技术对从丹参中提取的所有sRNA片段进行测序, 从中发现了高表达量的sRNA Sal-miR-1和Sal-miR-3。体内活性评价显示, Sal-miR-1和Sal-miR-3可以显著抑制小鼠颈动脉结扎引起的内膜增生。在培养的血管平滑肌细胞中(VSMCs), 这两种miRNA抑制了凝血酶诱导的VSMC迁移和单核细胞对VSMC的黏附。进一步的作用机制研究发现, Sal-miR-1和Sal-miR-3通过结合OTUD7B 3′非编码区的不同位点, 阻断凝血酶对OTUD7B的上调作用。OTUD7B下调后可以降低KLF4蛋白的去泛素化水平, 进而降低了KLF4蛋白的表达水平。KLF4蛋白的降低减弱了其对NMHC IIA基因转录的抑制作用, 从而提高了NMHC IIA的表达水平。增加的NMHC IIA则通过维持VSMC的收缩表型来抑制VSMC的迁移和单核细胞对VSMC的黏附。上述研究表明, Sal-miR-1和Sal-miR-3可以通过调控OTUD7B/KLF4/NMHC IIA轴从而抑制血管重塑。
天麻具有神经保护、抗炎和免疫调节作用。Xia等[27]采用高通量测序技术从天麻煎煮液中鉴定出5 718个已知的miRNAs和38个新的miRNAs。生物信息学分析显示, 两个miRNA Gas-miR01和Gas-miR02可以靶向作用于炎症相关的A20基因。通过双荧光素酶报告基因实验证实了Gas-miR01和Gas-miR02模拟物可以抑制A20基因的表达。此外, 用新鲜天麻总RNA、天麻汤、天麻粉灌胃后, 在小鼠部分组织中可检测到Gas-miR01和Gas-miR02, 同时小鼠部分组织中A20表达下调。这些结果提示天麻miRNA可能是天麻抗炎和免疫调节作用的功效成分。
2018年, Teng等[28]报道了生姜来源的外泌体样纳米颗粒中的sRNA会影响肠道菌群, 完善肠道的屏障功能, 改善小鼠结肠炎症状。该研究首先从夏威夷生姜中提取外泌体样纳米颗粒(GELNs), 并发现GELNs可以影响肠道菌群, 增加肠道中的有益菌、减少有害菌。进一步研究显示, 富含磷脂酸(PA) 的GELNs可以优先被鼠李糖乳杆菌(Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, LGG) 吸收, 之后GELNs中miRNA通过靶向LGG的单加氧酶ycnE基因导致吲哚3-甲醛(I3A) 含量的增加。I3A是芳香烃受体(arylhydrocarbon receptor, AHR) 的配体分子, 增多的I3A可以通过结合AHR促进细胞介素-22的表达, 进而改善肠道的屏障功能, 缓解小鼠结肠炎症状。除小鼠实验外, 研究人员也在人体上对上述研究成果做了初步验证。在58名志愿者中, 服用生姜外泌体样纳米颗粒的28名志愿者的粪便中出现了乳杆菌增多的现象。
此外, 从夏枯草中获得的sRNA XKC-sRNA-h3可以靶向血管紧张素转换酶并抑制其表达, 从而发挥降压作用[29]。与经典的血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂卡托普利相比, 口服递送XKC-sRNA-h3本草体可以更有效地缓解血管紧张素Ⅱ诱导的高血压性心脏损伤和肾脏损伤。从蒲公英中获得的sRNA PGY-sRNA-6通过靶向NF-κB复合体中RELA基因而表现出良好的体内外抗炎作用[30]。从甘草中提取的miRNA不仅能够增强人外周血单个核细胞的增殖能力, 还能够增强免疫细胞的抗原提呈能力, 这为解释甘草具有调节机体免疫功能的作用奠定了基础[31] (图 3)。
越来越多的研究证实, 中药sRNA可以跨界调控, 从而发挥其功效。基于此, Cao等[32]针对《中华人民共和国药典》(2015年版) 中的245种中药饮片构建了sRNA数据库, 定义了其命名法, 对数据库中的sRNA和miRNA进行了分析, 并以炎症相关的人类靶基因为例, 预测并验证了中药sRNA可以靶向相关基因, 从而再一次证实了中药sRNA可能是中药的主要生物活性成分之一。此外, 研究人员还描述了寡核苷酸药物开发的可能途径, 并为中药处方优化提供潜在的医学有效的sRNA。在后续研究中, 基于上述建立的sRNA数据库, 研究人员通过生物信息学分析, 发现33种中药饮片具有显著调节新冠病毒感染导致基因表达紊乱的功效[33]。其中, 橘红、瓜蒌皮与佛手三种饮片的sRNA治疗效果得到了实验验证。
由于RNA具有易降解和不稳定的特点, 科研人员对植物及药用植物中sRNA的稳定性开展了大量研究。研究发现, 西兰花在经过高温水煮25 min后仍有高丰度的MIR159[34]。经过高温加工处理的熟玉米饲料中仍能检测到miRNA的存在, 即使是经过高温高压膨化的玉米, 也能检测到18种玉米miRNA, 证明了植物miRNA在一定程度上对恶劣的蒸煮条件具有抗性[35]。类似情况在中药的加工处理过程中也可以观察到。Wang等[36]将新鲜人参在85 oC的条件下煎煮2 h, 之后通过提取与高通量测序证实了高温煎煮的新鲜人参汤中miRNA仍可稳定存在。Huang等[37]采用中药煎煮方法, 将半枝莲、柴胡、穿心莲等10种中药煮沸35 min, 并从水煎液中提取获得数百万的sRNA。此外, Cao等[32]构建的245种中药饮片sRNA数据库也采用了传统中药煎煮的方式获得, 说明sRNA在中药煎煮液中能稳定存在是一种普遍现象。
研究人员对植物或者煎煮后的中药sRNA能够稳定存在的原因也进行了探究。发现植物miRNA特有的3′末端2′-O-甲基化修饰是其能稳定存在的原因之一。前面介绍的来源于水稻的MIR168a就具有这种结构特征[21]。植物来源的MIR168a由于3′末端2′-O-甲基化修饰而能够避免被高碘酸钠氧化, 而合成获得的2′-羟基未被甲基化修饰的MIR168a则会被高碘酸钠氧化, 说明植物来源的3′末端2′-O-甲基化修饰的MIR168a具有更好的稳定性。除了3′末端2′-O-甲基化修饰可以使miRNA稳定外, 高GC含量以及一些特殊序列也可以让miRNA变得稳定, 如金银花中的MIR2911[22]。为了检测金银花MIR2911的稳定性是否取决于其独特的序列(5′-GGCCGGGGGACGGACUGGGA-3′), 研究人员将5′-GG突变为5′-AA或3′-GGA突变为3′-AAA, 创建了两个突变体。结果显示, 未突变的MIR2911经RNase处理后基本保持完好无损, 而突变体则对RNase处理没有抗性, 说明特殊的序列和高GC含量是MIR2911稳定存在的关键因素。
除了sRNA自身的特殊序列与结构可以让其稳定外, 外泌体样纳米颗粒也是保护植物miRNA不被核酸酶降解, 并可介导其进入动物体内的重要原因之一。前面提到的有关生姜外泌体样纳米颗粒的研究已证实了其可以保护miRNA, 并将其递送到人体内, 调控体内肠道菌群。此外, Li等[30]对中药在煎煮后形成的外泌体样纳米颗粒进行了深入研究。研究人员首先从红景天和蒲公英煎煮液中分别分离出外泌体样的纳米颗粒, 并将其命名为汤剂体(decoctosome)。活性测试结果显示, 相比于各自的煎煮液, 两种汤剂体表现出更好的药理活性。通过对汤剂的成分进行分析发现, 其包含了脂质、小分子、蛋白质和sRNA。其中, 红景天汤剂体中就包含了之前已报到的具有抗肺纤维化活性的sRNA HJT-sRNA-m7。为了鉴定汤剂体中在核酸递送过程起关键作用的脂质, 研究人员对汤剂体中已鉴定的数百种脂质进行了合成与筛选, 从中发现鞘氨醇(d22:0) 可以将sRNA递送到细胞内。这种由鞘氨醇(d22:0) 与sRNA制备而成, 能够模拟汤剂体的类外泌体结构被命名为本草体(bencaosome)。为了验证本草体的功效, 研究人员分别合成了含有红景天sRNA HJT-sRNA-m7和蒲公英sRNA PGY-sRNA-6的本草体, 并通过体内实验证实了其功效。上述研究为核酸稳定性和体内递送问题提供了新的解决途径。
与小分子药物不同, RNA作为一种大分子, 无法自由穿透细胞膜进入细胞, 需要有特定的转运机制才能将其递送至细胞内。Chen等[38]研究发现, 哺乳动物体内位于胃黏膜顶细胞上的跨膜蛋白SIDT1是口服miRNA吸收的关键蛋白。他们首先研究对比了SIDT1基因敲除小鼠和野生型小鼠口服吸收植物miRNA的情况。结果显示, 植物miRNA在SIDT1基因敲除小鼠体内的本底水平显著降低, 说明SIDT1蛋白对于哺乳动物吸收外源性miRNA是必要的。通过小鼠幽门结扎手术和免疫荧光等实验证实了位于胃黏膜顶细胞上的SIDT1是外源性miRNA吸收的关键。进一步研究表明, 胃的酸性环境对于SIDT1依赖性的miRNA吸收是至关重要的, 被胃黏膜上皮细胞吸收的植物miRNA可以通过外泌体包裹的方式释放到细胞外, 并具有生物学功能。最后, 通过动物疾病模型证明了外源miRNA通过SIDT1介导的跨膜吸收发挥药理作用。外源miRNA体内吸收机制的阐明, 为基于sRNA的药物开发提供了潜在方向。
小核酸药物是指作用于DNA、RNA或蛋白质的一类寡核苷酸分子, 主要包括反义寡核苷酸(antisense oligonucleotide, ASO)、siRNA、miRNA以及RNA适配体(aptamer) 等。小核酸药物主要通过碱基互补配对原则作用于靶基因mRNA, 通过调控蛋白质表达, 从而实现治疗疾病的目的。相比于小分子和抗体药物, 小核酸药物具有靶点筛选快、研发周期短、研发成功率高、不易产生耐药性、治疗领域更广和长效性等优点。在创新药物蓬勃发展的今天, 小核酸药物正在成为第三次新药研发浪潮中的引领者。
本草RNA组的重要研究内容之一就是基于测序获得的本草RNA数据库开展小核酸药物的研究与开发, 而sRNA的跨界调控为基于本草sRNA的小核酸药物研发提供了新的研发思路。参考Cao等[32]报道的研究方法, 作者提出如下两条小核酸药物研发思路。
思路一: 针对明确的靶基因, 通过生物信息学方法, 从本草RNA组中寻找潜在结合靶基因的sRNA。在获取sRNA的过程中, 可采用多个靶基因预测软件同时预测, 通过结果取交集的方法缩小获取范围, 并提高预测的准确性。之后对预测获得的sRNA进行合成, 并通过双荧光素酶报告基因实验以及结合位点突变实验进行验证, 从中筛选获得具有良好抑制靶基因作用的sRNA。通过体外和体内实验进一步进行活性评价, 明确其在特定疾病中的调控作用。在此基础上, 以获得的天然sRNA为先导物, 采用核酸修饰策略, 分别对sRNA的磷酸骨架、碱基以及糖环进行修饰, 以增加序列对靶点的选择性, 减少脱靶效应以及增加代谢稳定性和对RNA水解酶的稳定性。后续可进一步按照小核酸药物研发流程对修饰后获得的sRNA进行开发。
思路二: 针对某一特定疾病, 通过文献或资料查阅, 选取具有治疗该疾病作用的中药。通过传统中药煎煮方式获得该中药水煎液, 或通过分子生物学技术提取该中药sRNA。将上述获得的水煎液或者中药sRNA给予小鼠或其他模型动物, 并提取动物体内sRNA, 通过与本草RNA组中该中药的sRNA图谱和动物自身sRNA图谱进行比对, 确定可进入体内并具有潜在调节功能的候选sRNA。对上述获得的候选sRNA进行合成, 并进行体内外活性评价, 从中筛选获得具有治疗疾病功效的sRNA。之后通过靶基因预测以及双荧光素酶报告基因实验, 发现并确证sRNA发挥功效的靶mRNA。对于已阐明功能的靶基因, 可按照研发思路一开展后续小核酸药物相关研究。对于新发现未知功能的靶基因, 可开展相关生物学功能研究, 评估其能否成为该疾病的潜在靶点。在确定其可作为潜在药靶后, 针对该靶点, 开展基于靶基因的药物研发。
RNA-seq技术作为RNA组学研究的重要工具[39], 在生命科学研究领域得到广泛的应用。随着时代的发展和科学技术的进步, RNA-seq也在不断更新迭代。
第一代测序技术也称为Sanger法[40], 测序读长可达1 000 bp, 准确性达99.999%, 但测序成本高、通量低等导致难以大规模应用。第二代测序技术也叫高通量测序技术[41], 核心思想是边合成边测序。与第一代相比, 第二代不仅大大降低了成本, 同时在通量和读取速度上也极大提升, 且保持了高准确性。第三代测序技术[42, 43]是单分子实时测序技术, 不需要经过PCR扩增, 可对每一条DNA分子单独测序。与前两代相比, 第三代具有超长读长, 可达Mb级, 并可直接对RNA和核酸修饰等进行检测。但存在错误率高、成本贵的缺点。目前, 第三代测序技术已应用于基因组测序、甲基化研究和突变鉴定等多个研究领域[44]
单细胞RNA测序技术[45-48]是常规RNA-seq技术的替代, 常规RNA-seq技术无法识别细胞异质性, 而单细胞RNA测序技术提供了单个细胞中基因表达的信息, 可用于识别细胞类型、研究基因表达模式和表征细胞状态。目前单细胞RNA测序技术已广泛应用于组织发育与细胞分化过程研究、肿瘤发生发展研究、基因调控网络研究等方向[49-51]。此外, 单细胞RNA测序技术在植物研究中也得到了广泛的应用, 包括了细胞图谱构建、稀有细胞类群鉴定、非生物胁迫响应机制研究等[52-54]
RNA二级结构预测技术包括①基于最小自由能算法[55]: 该方法是基于化学热力学的策略利用自由能折叠的变化来预测RNA二级结构。经典的最小自由能算法包括了RNAfold、Mfold、RNAStructure等。②比较序列分析法[56, 57]: 通过将待预测RNA序列与已有同源RNA分子结构进行比对, 从而预测RNA二级结构。常见的算法包括了Pfold、RNAalifold等。③基于机器学习与深度学习预测方法[58-60]: 机器学习是通过训练数据建立模型, 并进行RNA二级结构预测。深度学习是机器学习的一个分支, 它基于特征抽取、对比学习等方法实现相对更加准确、高效的RNA二级结构预测。目前, 机器学习与深度学习已广泛应用于生物信息学领域, 常用的预测RNA二级结构的算法包括了UFold、MXfold2、SPOT-RNA和E2Efold等。
RNA三级结构预测技术依据预测模型原理不同大致分为两大类[61, 62], 一种是基于知识的预测方法, 另一种是基于物理的预测方法。①基于知识的预测方法: 主要包括基于图形的方法和基于同源建模的方法。基于图形的方法需要提供一个可视化界面, 通过操作或组装RNA片段来构建其三级结构, 主要包括MANIP、ERNA-3D和RNA2D3D等。同源建模方法是目前预测蛋白质三级结构的常用方法, 作为拓展其在RNA三级结构预测方面也得到了应用。基于同源建模的方法已扩展到片段组装方法, 如3dRNA和RNAComposer。②基于物理原理的预测方法: 根据RNA构象采样方法不同可将其分为基于物理片段组装的RNA三级结构预测算法和基于随机抽样方案的RNA三级结构预测算法。前者代表性算法包括了iFoldRNA、FARNA/FARFAR2和NAST等, 而后者主要为Stepwise assembly (SWA) 和Stepwise Monte Carlo算法。
利用生物信息学方法和实验数据可以预测RNA分子可能参与的生物学功能、通路或生物过程[63-66]。①通过序列比对和同源性搜索可以发现同源RNA并推测待预测RNA可能具有类似的功能。②通过区分RNA序列中的编码区域(mRNA) 和非编码区域(如miRNA、lncRNA等) 进行功能预测。对于编码蛋白质的mRNA, 可以通过GO和KEGG富集分析来进行功能分析。非编码RNA主要涉及基因的表达调控, 因此可以通过研究对应的靶基因来预测非编码RNA功能。对于靶基因未知的非编码RNA, 可以首先通过靶标预测软件进行靶基因预测, 之后采用GO和KEGG富集分析获得潜在靶基因的功能信息, 进而推测出与之对应的待预测非编码RNA功能。常用的miRNA靶基因预测工具包括了TargetScan、miRanda和miRDB等。③通过机器学习和深度学习构建预测模型, 以此预测RNA功能。
本草sRNA的修饰可以借鉴小核酸药物研发中的相关修饰技术与方法[67, 68]。通过修饰, 可以提高本草sRNA的抗酶解能力, 保持序列的稳定性, 延长半衰期, 减少脱靶效应和降低免疫原性。
磷酸基团修饰: 磷酸基团的修饰常在非桥连氧原子上进行, 应用较为广泛的是硫原子取代磷酸基团的一个非桥连氧原子, 从而形成硫代磷酸酯键。硫代磷酸酯键有利于提高小核酸的抗酶解能力, 增加代谢稳定性和血浆稳定性, 避免快速地肾清除, 从而延长其在体内的循环时间。
碱基修饰: 碱基的修饰主要是在嘧啶的5-位、嘌呤的7-位引入不同的取代基。例如在胞嘧啶的5位引入甲基是碱基修饰的常用方法。碱基的修饰可以使核酸的Tm值增加, 降低免疫反应, 增加对RNase的稳定性。
核糖修饰: 核糖2′位修饰对于抑制核酸酶的水解具有重要作用。目前常用的2′位修饰基团包括了2′-甲氧基、2′-甲氧基乙氧基和2′-脱氧-2′-氟等。2′-甲氧基修饰是目前应用较广泛的核糖修饰手段, 可以增强药物与靶mRNA的结合性、抑制核酸酶的水解、减弱体内免疫原性, 并赋予核酸结构一定的脂溶性。2′-甲氧基乙氧基是2′-甲氧基的类似物, 具有相似的性质, 但对靶mRNA的亲和力和抗酶解能力更强。此外, 核糖修饰还包括锁核酸、PMO修饰等, 这些不同的修饰方法为核糖修饰提供了更多选择。
GalNAc递送技术[69-71]: N-乙酰半乳糖胺(GalNAc) 是去唾液酸糖蛋白受体(ASGPR) 的配体, ASGPR是一种内吞性受体, 仅在肝细胞的膜表面特异性高表达, 而在其他细胞中几乎不表达。ASGPR和网格蛋白介导的内吞作用可以将GalNAc及偶联的小核酸摄取进入细胞。GalNac共轭偶联技术是当前最有效的小核酸药物递送系统, 具有高效靶向肝脏、药物剂量小、不良反应小的优点。但由于其受体蛋白ASGPR仅在肝实质细胞中高表达, 导致其应用具有组织局限性。
脂质纳米颗粒递送技术[72-74]: 脂质纳米颗粒(lipid nanoparticle, LNP) 是另一种比较成熟的递送技术。借助核酸与脂质的静电吸附作用, 前者可以很好地包裹在脂质纳米粒中, 并通过内吞作用递送到细胞内。LNP可以用来递送RNA药物和疫苗, 具有核酸包封率高、组织穿透性强、细胞毒性和免疫原性低等优势。
细胞外囊泡递送技术[75, 76]: 细胞外囊泡(extracellular vesicles, EVs) 是细胞分泌的一种含有多种生物分子(蛋白质、核酸、脂质)的天然纳米颗粒, 是细胞间进行通讯的重要载体。由于EVs独特的性质, 现已成为药物递送载体研究的热门领域。相比于传统人工合成的纳米颗粒载体, EVs具有生物相容性、生物可降解性、非免疫原性以及低毒性等优点。
AOC递送技术[77, 78]: 抗体-寡核苷酸偶联物(antibody-oligonucleotide conjugates, AOC) 是一种利用抗体将寡核苷酸递送至特定细胞或组织的递送技术, 其优势是将抗体的组织特异性与寡核苷酸的靶点精准性相结合, 从而能够将寡核苷酸递送到以前无法达到的细胞和组织, 这在一定程度上解决了目前寡核苷酸药物仅能通过GalNAc和LNP递送系统靶向肝脏的问题。此外, 与传统的寡核苷酸疗法相比, AOC具有更好的药代动力学性质, 并且可以避免使用LNP递送带来的不良反应。
本草RNA组(HerbRNomes) 是以本草植物、药用真菌、药用动物中的RNA为研究对象, 利用组学等技术系统研究本草RNA分子的结构与功能、遗传信息的传递与表达, 挖掘影响本草中重要活性成分生物合成的关键酶基因, 从RNA水平阐明本草自身调控与跨界调控的分子作用机制, 深入探索其在临床疾病治疗领域、中药材预防病虫害种植领域等应用的科学研究(图 4)。基于本草RNA组的应用场景做了几点展望。
基因表达具有时空特异性, 通过开展不同时空的RNA组学研究可以挖掘生物体内的功能基因、阐明特定调节基因的作用机制。源于本草的活性次生代谢产物, 是新药研发的重要来源, 通过克隆关键酶基因及代谢工程生产药用植物药效成分, 已成为新药研发的主要方法。随着RNA测序技术的迅猛发展, 大力开展本草RNA转录组学研究, 挖掘药用植物有效成分生物合成的功能基因并分析其表达规律, 探索有效成分的生物合成途径及其调控机制, 有助于提高药用植物有效成分的含量, 为源于本草的活性成分新药开发提供重要指导。
随着中医药产业发展对中药材需求量日益增加, 中药材的栽培品种和栽培面积不断扩大。中药材的栽培生产是以培育药用植物产品为主要目标, 药用植物的育种是影响中药材产品产量和品质的关键性因素。与作物育种不同, 中药材育种不仅要保持生物学性状稳定, 还要保证其药用成分可控。近年来, miRNA在作物分子辅助育种中的应用得到快速发展, 但其在中药材育种中的应用相对迟缓。随着中药材基因组序列的公布以及高通量转录组测序成本的降低, 探究本草RNA自身调控机制, 挖掘参与植物生长发育、抗病抗逆等优良性状的基因, 以“优形、优质”为选育目标的中药材分子辅助育种工作将迎来蓬勃的发展机遇。
大量实验证实本草中的sRNA可以通过跨界调控的方式对哺乳动物的病理功能产生影响。这些研究不仅证明了本草中的sRNA可能是其发挥药效作用的活性成分之一, 同时也拓展了其在小核酸药物研发中的应用潜力。通过开展本草RNA组研究, 获得具有跨界调控功能的本草sRNA, 并在此基础进行核酸修饰以及后续的核酸药物研究, 从中获得小核酸药物, 这一研究策略有望成为研发小核酸药物的新范式。此外, 随着本草sRNA跨界调控递送机制的不断阐明, 这些研究结果也将为小核酸药物的递送研究带来新启示。
本草RNA组的应用场景将不仅限于以上几个主要方面, 还包括本草植物品种鉴定、道地性鉴别、小核酸农药等方面的研究。本草RNA组的研究内容也将不局限于本文列举的方面, 与本草RNA相关的研究工作均归属于本草RNA组的研究范畴。未来, 本草RNA组将从全新的角度基于多因素、多样化特征解析中药本草生命体运转的奥秘, 揭示中药本草治疗功效的科学内涵, 开拓中药本草的应用领域, 旨在为提高我国中药研究的自主创新能力, 加速中药现代化、产业化的快速发展提供理论依据与引领支撑。
作者贡献: 田瑜负责查阅文献和论文撰写及修改; 尚海负责撰写文章和图表设计; 孙桂波参与文章讨论; 张卫东负责文章选题、整体构思和撰写指导, 为该文章的主要负责人。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
  • 中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程项目(2023-I2M-3-009)
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2025年第60卷第2期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1029
  • 接收时间:2024-10-22
  • 首发时间:2025-11-07
  • 出版时间:2025-02-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-22
  • 修回日期:2024-11-26
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中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程项目(2023-I2M-3-009)
道地药材品质保障与资源持续利用全国重点实验室-名贵中药资源可持续利用能力建设项目(2060302-2305-02)
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    1.中国医学科学院、北京协和医学院药用植物研究所, 道地药材品质保障与资源持续利用全国重点实验室, 北京 100193
    2.海军军医大学药学院, 上海 200433

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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