Article(id=1193259086834790944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193259081696772901, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1094, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1730736000000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-05, revisedDate=1734192000000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762424735983, onlineDateStr=2025-11-06, pubDate=1741708800000, pubDateStr=2025-03-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762424735983, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762424735983, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762424735983, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1193259081696772901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='3', pageStart='533', pageEnd='842', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762424734756, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764224876724, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200809424412602670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193259081696772901, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200809424412602671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193259081696772901, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=825, endPage=833, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1193259087224861218, articleId=1193259086834790944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Screening and biocontrol mechanism of antagonistic bacteria against root rot of Platycodon grandiflorum, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Root rot represents a significant disease affecting the cultivation of Platycodon grandiflorum. The screening of biocontrol strains with antagonistic properties against this disease can provide valuable microbial resources for the environmentally friendly prevention and control of Platycodon grandiflorum diseases. In this investigation, high-throughput bacterial isolation techniques were utilized to isolate and purify endophytic bacteria from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum. An antagonistic bacterial strain R34B7, was identified through the plate confrontation culture method, exhibiting a notable inhibitory rate of 52.18% against the pathogen causing root rot. Morphological characteristics, physiological and biochemical properties, and molecular identification results collectively confirmed that the antagonistic endophytic bacterium R34B7 belonged to the species Serratia plymuthica. The control efficacy of strain R34B7 against Platycodon grandiflorum root rot was assessed using tissue-cultured seedlings of Platycodon grandiflorum, revealing a disease control efficacy of 44.44%. Furthermore, the fermented supernatant of strain R34B7 demonstrated considerable inhibitory effects on both the mycelial growth and spore germination of the pathogen. By examining the extracellular hydrolytic enzymes and growth-promoting factors of strain R34B7, it was discovered that this strain possesses the abilities to produce protease, chitinase, fix nitrogen, solubilize phosphorus, synthesize siderophores, and produce indole-3-acetic acid, indicating its potential for growth promotion. The antagonistic bacterium R34B7 identified in this study exhibits promising biocontrol activity against root rot and holds considerable potential for further development and utilization.

, correspAuthors=Liang-ping ZHA, Juan LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhao-huan ZHENG, Han-wen YU, Xiao LIANG, Yu-jie ZHANG, Tie-lin WANG, Chao JIANG, Xiu-lian CHI, Liang-ping ZHA, Shuang-ying GUI, Juan LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1193259433603068425, articleId=1193259086834790944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=桔梗根腐病拮抗菌的筛选及生防机制初探, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

根腐病是桔梗种植过程中主要的根部病害之一, 筛选对根腐病具有拮抗作用的生防菌株, 可为绿色防控桔梗病害提供优质的菌种资源。本研究采用高通量分菌技术分离并纯化了桔梗根系的内生细菌, 通过平板对峙培养法筛选出根腐病拮抗菌株R34B7, 平板对峙抑菌率为52.18%; 结合形态学特征、生理生化特性以及分子鉴定结果, 确定拮抗内生细菌R34B7菌株为普城沙雷氏菌(Serratia plymuthica); 使用桔梗组培苗接种评价其对桔梗根腐病的防治效果, 发现菌株R34B7对桔梗根腐病的防效为44.44%, 同时其发酵上清液对病原菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发具有明显抑制作用; 通过检测拮抗菌株R34B7胞外水解酶和促生指标, 发现该菌株具备产生蛋白质酶、几丁质酶、固氮、解磷、合成铁载体和吲哚乙酸的能力, 具有潜在促生作用。本文筛选出的桔梗拮抗菌R34B7展现出良好的根腐病生防活性, 具有深入开发和利用的广阔前景。

, correspAuthors=查良平, 刘娟, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*查良平, E-mail:
刘娟, E-mail:
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A: Cellulase; B: <i>β</i>-1, 3 Glucanase; C: Protease; D: Phosphate solubilization; E: Chitinase; F: Siderophore; G: Nitrogen fixation; H: Indoleacetic acid (IAA), CK1: 10 mg·mL<sup>-1</sup> IAA; R34B7: Bacterial suspension; CK2: TSB , figureFileSmall=8FYlRfJLeqVHP58QKcHoAw==, figureFileBig=Dy7f0basmrx1q3XP3hzrVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194704114610312104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259086834790944, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=vChpWwz2f0IZxcDFHdJwwg==, figureFileBig=aaoshWW+xsJdDeYO8j/j6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194704114702586793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259086834790944, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Effect of fermentation supernatant of strain R34B7 on the morphological features of <i>F. oxysporum</i> (400×). A: Control; B-D: Mycelium treated with different volume concentrations of fermentation supernatant (50%, 20%, 5%) , figureFileSmall=vChpWwz2f0IZxcDFHdJwwg==, figureFileBig=aaoshWW+xsJdDeYO8j/j6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194704114757112746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259086834790944, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Fqex+hLd7iGa4yir9J4fdA==, figureFileBig=bOWtOzEEzZTDMjF9xxjcaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194704114870358955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259086834790944, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= Microscopic observation of spore germination of <i>F. oxysporum</i> (400×) , figureFileSmall=Fqex+hLd7iGa4yir9J4fdA==, figureFileBig=bOWtOzEEzZTDMjF9xxjcaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194704114962633644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259086834790944, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TreatmentPlant height/cmGreen weight/gDisease indexControl efficiency
Control10.27 ± 1.59*1.55 ± 0.09*0-
F. oxysporum6.90 ± 0.530.37 ± 0.89100-
F. oxysporum+R34B79.00 ± 0.70*1.15 ± 0.07*55.5644.44%
), ArticleFig(id=1194704115054908333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259086834790944, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Effect of strain R34B7 on root rot of Platycodon grandiforus. n = 3, $\bar{x} \pm s$. *P < 0.05 vs F. oxysporum

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TreatmentPlant height/cmGreen weight/gDisease indexControl efficiency
Control10.27 ± 1.59*1.55 ± 0.09*0-
F. oxysporum6.90 ± 0.530.37 ± 0.89100-
F. oxysporum+R34B79.00 ± 0.70*1.15 ± 0.07*55.5644.44%
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桔梗根腐病拮抗菌的筛选及生防机制初探
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郑昭焕 1 , 余函纹 1 , 梁笑 1 , 张玉洁 1 , 王铁霖 2 , 蒋超 2 , 池秀莲 2 , 查良平 1, 3, * , 桂双英 1, 3, 4, 5 , 刘娟 2, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(3): 825-833
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2025, 60(3): 825-833
桔梗根腐病拮抗菌的筛选及生防机制初探
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郑昭焕1, 余函纹1, 梁笑1, 张玉洁1, 王铁霖2, 蒋超2, 池秀莲2, 查良平1, 3, * , 桂双英1, 3, 4, 5, 刘娟2, *
作者信息
  • 1.安徽中医药大学药学院, 安徽 合肥 230012
  • 2.道地药材品质保障与资源持续利用全国重点实验室, 中国中医科学院中药资源中心, 北京 100700
  • 3.安徽中医药大学, 新安医学与中医药现代化研究所, 安徽 合肥 230012
  • 4.省部共建安徽道地中药材品质提升协同创新中心, 安徽 合肥 230012
  • 5.安徽省道地药材品质提升与开发利用工程研究中心, 安徽 合肥 230012

通讯作者:

*查良平, E-mail:
刘娟, E-mail:
Screening and biocontrol mechanism of antagonistic bacteria against root rot of Platycodon grandiflorum
Zhao-huan ZHENG1, Han-wen YU1, Xiao LIANG1, Yu-jie ZHANG1, Tie-lin WANG2, Chao JIANG2, Xiu-lian CHI2, Liang-ping ZHA1, 3, * , Shuang-ying GUI1, 3, 4, 5, Juan LIU2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
  • 2. State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
  • 3. Center for Xin'an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
  • 4. MOE-Anhui Joint Collaborative Innovation Center for Quality Improvement of Anhui Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials, Hefei 230012, China
  • 5. Anhui Engineering Research Center for Quality Improvement and Utilization of Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials, Hefei 230012, China
出版时间: 2025-03-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1094
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根腐病是桔梗种植过程中主要的根部病害之一, 筛选对根腐病具有拮抗作用的生防菌株, 可为绿色防控桔梗病害提供优质的菌种资源。本研究采用高通量分菌技术分离并纯化了桔梗根系的内生细菌, 通过平板对峙培养法筛选出根腐病拮抗菌株R34B7, 平板对峙抑菌率为52.18%; 结合形态学特征、生理生化特性以及分子鉴定结果, 确定拮抗内生细菌R34B7菌株为普城沙雷氏菌(Serratia plymuthica); 使用桔梗组培苗接种评价其对桔梗根腐病的防治效果, 发现菌株R34B7对桔梗根腐病的防效为44.44%, 同时其发酵上清液对病原菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发具有明显抑制作用; 通过检测拮抗菌株R34B7胞外水解酶和促生指标, 发现该菌株具备产生蛋白质酶、几丁质酶、固氮、解磷、合成铁载体和吲哚乙酸的能力, 具有潜在促生作用。本文筛选出的桔梗拮抗菌R34B7展现出良好的根腐病生防活性, 具有深入开发和利用的广阔前景。

桔梗  /  根腐病  /  生物防治  /  拮抗  /  普城沙雷氏菌

Root rot represents a significant disease affecting the cultivation of Platycodon grandiflorum. The screening of biocontrol strains with antagonistic properties against this disease can provide valuable microbial resources for the environmentally friendly prevention and control of Platycodon grandiflorum diseases. In this investigation, high-throughput bacterial isolation techniques were utilized to isolate and purify endophytic bacteria from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum. An antagonistic bacterial strain R34B7, was identified through the plate confrontation culture method, exhibiting a notable inhibitory rate of 52.18% against the pathogen causing root rot. Morphological characteristics, physiological and biochemical properties, and molecular identification results collectively confirmed that the antagonistic endophytic bacterium R34B7 belonged to the species Serratia plymuthica. The control efficacy of strain R34B7 against Platycodon grandiflorum root rot was assessed using tissue-cultured seedlings of Platycodon grandiflorum, revealing a disease control efficacy of 44.44%. Furthermore, the fermented supernatant of strain R34B7 demonstrated considerable inhibitory effects on both the mycelial growth and spore germination of the pathogen. By examining the extracellular hydrolytic enzymes and growth-promoting factors of strain R34B7, it was discovered that this strain possesses the abilities to produce protease, chitinase, fix nitrogen, solubilize phosphorus, synthesize siderophores, and produce indole-3-acetic acid, indicating its potential for growth promotion. The antagonistic bacterium R34B7 identified in this study exhibits promising biocontrol activity against root rot and holds considerable potential for further development and utilization.

Platycodon grandiflorum  /  root rot  /  biological control  /  antagonism  /  Serratia plymuthica
郑昭焕, 余函纹, 梁笑, 张玉洁, 王铁霖, 蒋超, 池秀莲, 查良平, 桂双英, 刘娟. 桔梗根腐病拮抗菌的筛选及生防机制初探. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (3) : 825 -833 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1094
Zhao-huan ZHENG, Han-wen YU, Xiao LIANG, Yu-jie ZHANG, Tie-lin WANG, Chao JIANG, Xiu-lian CHI, Liang-ping ZHA, Shuang-ying GUI, Juan LIU. Screening and biocontrol mechanism of antagonistic bacteria against root rot of Platycodon grandiflorum[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (3) : 825 -833 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1094
桔梗为桔梗科植物桔梗Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A.DC.的干燥根[1], 其性平, 味苦、辛, 具有宣肺、祛痰、止咳等功效, 属于药食同源品种[2]。野生桔梗在自然环境下病害并不严重, 但鉴于桔梗兼具良好的药用与食用价值, 其人工栽培规模持续扩大, 由密集式种植带来的病害问题也日益成为人们关注的焦点[3]。目前, 桔梗栽培面临的最大生长威胁是根腐病, 该病由半知菌亚门的镰刀菌引发, 是一种通过土壤传播的根部病害[4]。在病害初期, 根部靠近地面的部位会显现出褐色的坏死现象, 并逐渐向下蔓延, 大约15~20天后, 整个根部都会遭受坏死, 与此同时, 地面上的茎和叶会逐渐萎蔫至死亡[5]。引起桔梗根腐病的镰刀菌种类众多, 主要包括尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、层出镰刀菌(Fusarium proliferatum)、禾谷镰刀菌(Fusarium graminearum)、腐皮镰刀菌(Fusarium solani) 等, 其中尤以尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum) 最为常见[6], 也是甘草[7]、川芎[8]、西洋参[9]等多数药用植物根腐病的致病菌, 严重阻碍了中药材产业的进步与发展[10]
选育抗病品种是防治病害最经济有效的措施之一[11], 然而因其工作量大、周期长、效率低等问题, 难以适应当前农业生产的迫切需求[12]。化学防控虽以高效迅速、广泛适用以及经济节约的特性而著称[13], 但部分化学农药在消灭土壤中病原菌的同时, 也会无差别地杀灭有益微生物, 从而打破了土壤微生物群落与根际微生物之间的和谐平衡[14]。生物防治手段是通过微生物及其所产生的代谢产物有效控制和预防植物病害的发生[15], 与以上防治植物病害的方法相比具有周期短、效率高、自然环境友好等特点[16]。如沙雷氏菌属(Serratia) 能够产生多种具有抗菌活性的代谢产物, 例如灵菌红素、脂肽、碳青霉烯、几丁质酶、异硫霉素和嗜铁素等, 这些物质能够有效抑制不同种类的植物病原真菌生长, 对于生物防治菌剂和生物农药的研发具有积极作用[17]; Zhang等[18]通过将贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis) BY6应用于遭受根腐病侵害的杨树幼苗根部后, 观察到了植物生长参数(包括干重、鲜重以及株高) 的显著提升, 并激活了与生长素信号传导相关的基因表达, 病害指数降低了49.53%, 具有明显的病害缓解效果。
本研究采用平板对峙法从桔梗内生菌中筛选出对根腐病病原菌有拮抗作用的菌株R34B7, 基于形态学特征、生理生化特征和分子鉴定, 确定菌株R34B7为普城沙雷氏菌(Serratia plymuthica); 通过检测生理生化特性、胞外水解酶、促生指标和防病效果, 初步探究其抑菌机制, 对拮抗菌株在防治桔梗根腐病方面的潜力进行综合评估, 旨在为桔梗根腐病的田间防治提供基础, 为生物防治制剂的开发提供优质的菌种资源。
样品  桔梗内生菌分离的植株于2022年9月采集于安徽省桐城市桔梗种植基地(116°43′55.58″E, 30°59′2.54″N), 品种为“皖桔梗2号”。选取生长状态健康、无机械损伤的材料带回实验室备用。
病原真菌  尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、层出镰刀菌(Fusarium proliferatum)、胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) 由中国中医科学院中药研究所提供。禾谷镰刀菌(Fusarium graminearum) 由安徽中医药大学药学院提供。
试剂与培养基  氯化镁(批号: Lf0622141856) 购自上海皓鸿生物医药科技有限公司; 琼脂粉(批号: K525BA0002) 购自生工生物工程(上海) 股份有限公司; 脱脂奶粉(批号: 34240229008) 购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司; 吲哚乙酸(批号: JS238972)、L-色氨酸(批号: M20IS210217) 均购自上海源叶生物科技有限公司; Salkowski比色液(批号: 20240321) 购自福州飞净生物科技有限公司; 马铃薯葡萄糖(PDA) 培养基(批号: JS248895), PDA固体培养基为PDA培养基加琼脂粉, 购自上海源叶生物科技有限公司; 胰蛋白胨大豆肉汤(TSB) 培养基(批号: 3555418) 购自美国OXOID公司; 纤维素培养基(批号: 20240731)、无机磷检测培养基(批号: 20231214)、阿须贝氏无氮培养基(批号: 20240902)、铁载体检测培养基(批号: 20240119) 均购自青岛海博生物科技有限公司; β-1, 3葡聚糖培养基(批号: MM34112721) 购自北京酷莱博科技有限公司; 几丁质培养基(批号: 20240928) 购自南京锐捷特生物科技有限公司。蛋白质培养基: 脱脂奶粉3 g, 琼脂粉3 g, 蒸馏水200 mL, 115 ℃高压蒸汽灭菌10 min。
仪器  ETC821型聚合酶链式反应(PCR) 仪(北京东胜创新生物科技有限公司); BHP-75恒温培养箱(合肥右科仪器设备有限公司); Multifuge X1R型高速冷冻离心机(美国Thermo Fisher Scientific公司); MQL-61R型恒温摇床培养箱(上海旻泉仪器有限公司); ZHJH-C1112C型超净工作台(上海智城分析仪器制造有限公司); Panthera U型数码显微镜(麦克奥迪实业集团有限公司); GI54TR型高压蒸汽灭菌锅(美国ZEALWAY公司); Infinite 200PRO型多功能酶标仪(瑞士TECAN公司)。
内生细菌的分离纯化  参照Zhang等[19]方法, 使用高通量分离培养和鉴定桔梗根系的内生细菌。使用无菌磷酸缓冲液充分清洗桔梗根系, 称取0.02 g根系组织并加入200 μL氯化镁溶液(10 mmol·L-1), 用无菌研磨棒将根系研至匀浆状, 随后转移至含有25 mL氯化镁溶液的无菌离心管中, 混匀。吸取500 µL根系匀浆液加入到含有1 L 10% TSB液体培养基的试剂瓶中并摇匀, 用排枪将稀释液分装到45个96孔细胞培养板中, 每孔160 µL, 同时取不含根系匀浆液的10% TSB液体培养基转移至3个细胞板中做阴性对照。使用封口膜封口, 将细胞培养板置于28 ℃恒温培养箱中培养14 d, 保留约30%的孔呈现肉眼可见的浑浊状态的培养板。
使用双侧标签两步PCR扩增法鉴定细菌的16S rRNA基因。第一轮PCR使用引物799F (5′-AACMG GATTAGATACCCKG-3′) 和1193R (5′-ACGTCATCCC CACCTTCC-3′) 进行扩增, 将扩增产物用无核酸酶水稀释40倍后作为第二轮PCR扩增的模板, 第二轮PCR使用带有标记的799F和1193R引物进行扩增, 扩增完成后, 混合第二轮PCR产物并经1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测合格, 送至上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司进行高通量测序。基于测序结果, 按照Zhang等[19]方法选择细胞培养板中的单一菌株进行保藏。
拮抗菌株的筛选  内生细菌接种在TSB固体培养基, 待其长出单菌落后, 挑取单菌落于TSB液体培养基中, 置于恒温摇床培养箱(28 ℃、180 r·min-1) 培养24 h制成菌悬液。采用平板对峙培养法筛选对病原真菌有拮抗作用的菌株, 选择3种镰刀属真菌尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、层出镰刀菌(Fusarium proliferatum)、禾谷镰刀菌(Fusarium graminearum) 以及1种与桔梗根腐病常伴随发生的炭疽病致病菌胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) 为指示菌, 将其接种至PDA培养基, 28 ℃恒温培养6 d备用。用无菌手术刀切取菌块接种至新鲜PDA培养基中央, 在距菌饼周围2.5 cm处的4个方向接种5 μL菌悬液, 以不接种菌悬液为对照, 每个处理重复3次, 28 ℃培养7 d后观察并测定病原菌菌落直径, 计算抑菌率(式1)。
$抑制率 (\%) = (对照组菌落直径-处理组菌落直\\径) / 对照组菌落直径 × 100\%$
菌株形态观察与生理生化特征鉴定  将筛选得到的拮抗菌, 利用平板划线法接种于TSB固体培养基上, 置于28 ℃恒温培养箱培养2 d, 观察并记录菌落的生长状况及大小、色泽等形态特征, 并进行革兰染色。生理生化特性的测试依据《常见系统细菌鉴定手册》[20]与《伯杰细菌鉴定手册》[21]对菌株进行甲基红、Voges-Proskauer (V-P)、接触酶、淀粉水解等试验。
菌株16S rRNA基因序列分析  按照细菌基因组DNA提取试剂盒(Applied Biosystems, USA) 的步骤进行拮抗菌株的总DNA提取, 使用16S rRNA基因通用引物27F (5′-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3′) 和1492R (5′-TACGGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3′) 扩增菌株的16S rRNA基因。PCR反应体积为50 μL, 包括2×Hieff PCR Master Mix 25 μL, 正反引物各2 μL (10 μmol·L-1), DNA模板2.5 μL, ddH2O 18.5 μL。PCR反应程序为: 94 ℃预变性5 min; 94 ℃变性30 s, 55 ℃退火30 s, 72 ℃延伸1 min, 35个循环; 72 ℃终延伸10 min。扩增完成后使用1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳确定目标条带, 将PCR产物送至通用生物(安徽) 股份有限公司进行测序。登录NCBI数据库, 将拼接好的序列用BLAST进行同源性比对, 利用MEGA 11.0软件, 使用Neighbor-joining法构建系统发育树。
拮抗菌株R34B7对桔梗根腐病生防效果的测定  实验采用桔梗组培苗作为供试植株, 桔梗组培苗体系课题组前期已建立(培养液配方: 1/2MS培养基2.47 g·L-1、蔗糖30 g·L-1)。取生长状况一致且健康的组培苗, 在超净工作台内自然晾干, 用无菌针头刺伤根部, 接种新鲜的桔梗根腐病致病菌Fusarium oxysporum菌饼, 置于培养瓶中。共设置3个处理组: ①对照组, 培养瓶中只含有培养液; ②只接种病原菌处理组; ③病原菌与拮抗菌共同处理组, 在接种病原菌后, 加入拮抗菌菌悬液5 mL (A600 = 0.5)。每个处理组设置3个重复, 置于光照强度400 μmol·(m2·s)-1、光照时间12 h·d-1、温度25 ± 2 ℃人工气候室培养, 并在接种15 d后统计发病情况及生长指标(式2、3)。桔梗根腐病的病情分级标准参照Li[22]的方法。
$病情指数 = [∑ (各级病株数×各级代表值) / 调查\\株数×最高级代表值]×100$
$防治效果 = (对照病情指数-处理病情指数) / 对照\\病情指数×100\%$
拮抗菌株胞外酶活及促生特性检测  将菌株分别接种在纤维素酶检测培养基、蛋白质酶检测培养基、几丁质酶检测培养基、β-1, 3葡聚糖酶检测培养基、无机磷检测培养基、铁载体检测培养基和阿须贝无氮培养基上, 每个处理重复3次, 于28 ℃恒温培养3~4 d, 观察菌落周围有无透明圈的产生以及在阿须贝无氮培养基中生长情况。
菌株产吲哚乙酸能力检测参照Zou等[23]方法有所改动。挑取单菌落接种于含有L-色氨酸(2.5 mg·L-1) 的TSB液体培养基中, 28 ℃、180 r·min-1振荡培养4 d, 取200 μL菌悬液与等量的Salkowski比色液混匀, 并配制吲哚乙酸标准溶液作为对照。室温下避光静置30 min, 溶液变为粉红色则表明该菌株具有产生吲哚乙酸的能力。
拮抗菌发酵上清液的制备  挑取新鲜菌株R34B7的单菌落, 接种至TSB液体培养基, 置于28 ℃、180 r·min-1摇床中进行震荡培养24 h。按照1%的接种比例, 将上述菌悬液以28 ℃、180 r·min-1的条件下进行扩大培养4 d。发酵液以12 000 r·min-1离心30 min, 上清液使用0.22 μm的一次性无菌微孔滤膜过滤2次, 得到发酵上清液。
拮抗菌发酵上清液对病原菌菌丝生长的影响  将发酵上清液分别按照5%、20%、50%的比例与经高压灭菌的PDA培养基混合均匀后倒平板, 并以不含发酵上清液的PDA平板作为对照。待其凝固后, 使用无菌手术刀切取尖孢镰刀菌菌块, 接种于平板中央, 每个处理重复3次, 28 ℃恒温培养7 d, 并在光学显微镜下观察病原菌菌丝形态变化。
拮抗菌发酵上清液对病原菌孢子萌发的影响  向含有50 mL PDA培养基的锥形瓶中接种新鲜的尖孢镰刀菌菌块, 置于恒温摇床培养箱中, 25 ℃、180 r·min-1摇培7 d, 用三层无菌纱布过滤收集孢子, 制得孢子悬浮液备用。将拮抗菌发酵上清液与1.5%水琼脂培养基按一定比例混合, 制备成一系列含有不同发酵滤液体积分数(分别为5%、20%、50%) 的培养基, 并以TSB培养基替代发酵滤液, 与水琼脂培养基混合作为对照。在洁净的无菌载玻片上滴加上述培养基并轻轻倾斜, 使水琼脂凝成平整的薄层。吸取10 μL孢子悬浮液均匀地涂抹在水琼脂薄层表面, 并将载玻片置于底部铺有湿润滤纸的培养皿中, 于28 ℃恒温培养箱中培养, 每个处理重复3次。使用光学显微镜分别在2、12、24 h后观察孢子萌发情况, 芽管长度≥孢子直径的一半视为萌发, 每次镜检至少100个孢子。按式4、5计算孢子萌发率和萌发抑制率。
$孢子萌发率 (\%) = 萌发孢子数/镜检孢子总数×100\%$
$孢子萌发抑制率 (\%) = (对照组萌发率-处理组萌\\发率) / 对照组萌发率×100\%$
数据统计与分析  采用Microsoft Excel 2021软件对试验数据进行整理。采用IBM SPSS Statistics 20.0软件进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA), 并采用Duncan法进行差异显著性分析(P < 0.05)。
从桔梗根系中共分离纯化到90株内生细菌, 采用平板对峙法筛选到一株对3种镰刀菌和1种炭疽病致病菌均有不同抑制作用的菌株R34B7 (图 1)。在PDA平板中, 菌株R34B7对尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum) 的抑菌率为52.18%; 对其他3种病原真菌的抑菌率分别为39.83%、49.36%、43.57%。因此, 选择R34B7菌株作为后续实验研究对象, 对其进行分类地位和防病促生的探究。
拮抗菌株R34B7于28 ℃恒温箱中培养2 d后, 在TSB平板上菌落呈现黄白色, 圆形或近圆形, 有黏性, 不透明, 边缘规则齐整, 表面湿润并有突起(图 2A), 光学显微镜下观察, 革兰染色结果显示为阴性, 菌体短杆状(图 2B)。生理生化指标检测结果表明, 菌株R34B7能利用葡萄糖, V-P、明胶液化、氧化酶、硝酸盐还原试验呈阳性, 淀粉水解试验呈阴性。
拮抗菌株R34B7的16S rRNA基因经通用引物扩增后, 获得一条序列长度约为1 344 bp的片段。使用NCBI数据库对获得的序列进行BLAST同源性比对, 结果显示菌株与沙雷氏菌的相似性较高。选择相似度 > 99%的菌株序列和相关的沙雷氏菌属的菌株序列, 使用MEGA 11.0软件构建系统发育树, 结果显示(图 2C), 菌株R34B7与Serratia plymuthica (FJ711594.1) 聚为一枝。因此, 综合形态学特征和生理生化特性分析结果, 将菌株R34B7鉴定为普城沙雷氏菌(Serratia plymuthica)。
不同处理下的桔梗组培苗生长形态如图 3所示, 仅接种尖孢镰刀菌的组培苗出现整体矮小、根系褐色且须根数量少、叶片几乎全部萎蔫变黄的现象; 与同时接种尖孢镰刀菌和拮抗菌R34B7的组培苗相比, 处理后的组培苗发病状况明显减轻, 出现植株高度增长、根系褐色减轻、叶片健康仅部分变黄的现象。以只添加病原菌的处理为对照, 病原菌处理组的病情指数为100; 经拮抗菌R34B7处理后, 病情指数降低为55.56, 防治效果达44.44%, 且在株高、鲜重方面均显著高于病原菌处理组(表 1)。
生防菌株发挥作用的能力与其胞外水解酶和各种促生特征密切相关, 因此本试验对菌株R34B7的胞外水解酶和促生指标进行了测定。结果显示, 菌株R34B7在纤维素酶、β-1, 3葡聚糖酶检测平板上未出现明显的透明圈(图 4AB), 表明菌株不能产生纤维素酶和β-1, 3葡聚糖酶; 在蛋白质酶、无机磷、几丁质酶和铁载体检测平板上, 菌株周围均出现不同大小的透明圈(图 4C~F), 表明菌株能够产生蛋白质酶、几丁质酶, 并具有解磷、合成铁载体的能力; 在阿须贝无氮培养基上, 菌株可正常生长(图 4G), 表明菌株具有固氮的能力。吲哚乙酸定性试验结果显示, Salkowski检测液变为粉红色(图 4H), 说明菌株R34B7具有产吲哚乙酸的能力。
不同体积浓度的菌株R34B7发酵上清液, 对F. oxysporum菌丝生长均有一定的抑制作用。光学显微镜观察微观形态特征发现(图 5), 未经发酵上清液处理的菌丝结构完整均匀、平整光滑且饱满; 而经过拮抗菌处理的菌丝畸形、末端分叉、表面褶皱不平整, 呈现不同程度的扭曲折叠等现象。
菌株R34B7发酵上清液对尖孢镰刀菌孢子萌发影响的测试结果显示, 不同体积浓度的发酵上清液对病原菌孢子萌发均有抑制作用, 且随发酵上清液的浓度增大, 孢子萌发数量逐渐减少(图 6)。试验处理2 h后, 对照组孢子还未萌发。对照组孢子培养12 h后, 萌发率达81.67%, 不同处理组的孢子萌发率均明显低于对照组, 分别为29.33%、48.67%、64.67%。处理24 h后, 对照组孢子萌发较完全, 不同处理组的发酵上清液仍对孢子萌发保持抑制作用, 萌发抑制率分别为50.55%、33.07%、13.95%。
根及根茎类药材普遍遭受严重的土传病害侵袭, 其中根腐病作为最具破坏性的土传病害之一, 因其高传染性、高发病率及难以防治的特性, 被形象地称为“植物癌症”[24]。在引发根腐病的多种致病菌中, 镰刀属真菌是较为常见的一种。其中部分病原菌拥有广泛的寄主范围, 能够侵害多种药用植物, 例如茄腐镰刀菌(Fusarium solani) 可导致三七[25]、黄连[26]、人参[27]等多种药用植物发生根腐病。Wang等[28]研究发现, 桔梗的茎、根部腐烂病症是由Fusarium armeniacum引起的, 这一病害致使幼苗的死亡率达10%。针对桔梗根腐病, 常见的预防与控制手段涵盖了实施轮作制度、采取科学管理措施以及应用化学药剂进行防治, 其中使用药剂防治被认为是最高效的手段[29]。然而, 长期采用化学防治手段, 也引发了一系列问题, 诸如防治效果的持续时间短、病原菌产生抗药性以及整体防治效率低下等。当前生态农业发展中, 探索安全、环保且高效的防控技术已成为研究焦点, 其中, 利用生物拮抗菌来对抗各类植物病害已被确认为一种创新的防控途径[30]
据文献[31]报道, 沙雷氏菌可以产生大量的胞外及胞内酶, 在生防菌剂应用上, 其次级代谢产物具有很好的应用前景。其中普城沙雷氏菌(S. plymuthica) 能够合成多种酶类以降解细胞壁, 同时产生硝吡咯菌素、植物生长素以及多种具有生物活性的因子, 可以作为有效的生物防治剂和植物生长促进菌[32], 此前已被德国开发并注册为生物农药[33]。关于沙雷氏菌在生物防治方面的应用, 国内外均有不断的报道出现。Shen等[34]研究指出, 普城沙雷氏菌(S. plymuthica) A21-4能够显著增强辣椒叶片对辣椒疫霉菌的抵抗力, 并且对辣椒的生长起到了促进作用。He等[35]从白术中筛选获得一株内生菌黏质沙雷氏菌(S. marcescens) BZ-8, 具有解磷和产吲哚乙酸的能力, 对白术具有明显的促生作用。Kim等[36]研究表明普城沙雷氏菌(S. plymuthica) C-1作为一种生物防治剂, 对于控制高丽参根腐病具有显著效果。Gong等[37]从茶的根际中成功分离出一种黏质沙雷氏菌(S. marcescens) Pt-3, 该菌株能够产生一种挥发性物质二甲基二硫化物, 这种物质对真菌细胞结构具有强烈的破坏作用, 从而对7种植物病原菌具有显著的抑制作用。本研究从桔梗根系中筛选获得一株内生细菌, 平板拮抗试验展现出对尖孢镰刀菌(F. oxysporum) 的抑制率达52.18%, 同时对3种常见的病原真菌均有较好的拮抗作用。本文基于16S rRNA序列的系统发育分析、生理生化特性以及形态学特征的考察, 确定了桔梗抗根腐病的内生菌R34B7菌株为普城沙雷氏菌(S. plymuthica)。使用菌株R34B7菌悬液处理已接种病原菌的桔梗组培苗, 可使病情指数降低至55.56。由此说明菌株R34B7具有潜力被进一步研发成为针对桔梗根腐病的生物防治手段。为了更准确地评估其实际效用, 后续研究将在温室条件下进行盆栽试验, 并在大田环境中实施生物防治试验, 以此来全面验证菌株R34B7对桔梗根腐病的防治效果。
本研究进一步探究了菌株R34B7的无菌发酵上清液在不同浓度下对尖孢镰刀菌(F. oxysporum) 菌丝生长和孢子萌发的影响。结果表明, 无论是通过增加处理时长还是提升发酵上清液的浓度, 都能观察到抑菌效果的明显增强。这些现象可能归因于菌株R34B7产生的多种拮抗代谢产物如蛋白酶、几丁质酶等, 这些物质在对病原菌的生物控制过程中扮演了重要角色。研究[38]表明, 拮抗菌可以通过瓦解病原菌的细胞膜或细胞壁结构, 导致其功能受损, 细胞内容物流失, 并最终引发细胞死亡。使用光学显微镜观察, 经菌株R34B7处理后的尖孢镰刀菌(F. oxysporum) 菌丝呈现出弯曲折叠, 其表面显现出褶皱、下陷以及干缩等特征。Li等[39]同样观察到, 在使用不同浓度的拮抗菌发酵上清液进行处理后, 病原菌菌丝呈现出变小、尖端肿胀的现象, 且伴随着内容物的大量外泄, 导致菌丝生长速度减慢, 并出现异常的弯曲生长等特征。
菌株R34B7除具有抗病原菌活性之外, 还展现出对植物生长有益的特质, 具备溶磷、固氮、产生铁载体以及吲哚乙酸的能力。植物促生菌通过多种机制, 包括磷的增溶作用、生物固氮过程以及植物激素的产生等, 来促进植物的生长发育[40]。已有研究结果显示, 菌株所生成的铁载体能够与有害病原体竞争植物根部周围土壤中的铁资源, 进而抑制这些有害病原体的生长, 从而间接地有利于植物的生长发育。同时, 生防菌产生的吲哚乙酸能够显著降低植物对重金属元素的吸收量, 并增强植物对重金属的耐受性, 干扰重金属离子在植物体内的迁移过程[41]。据此推断, 菌株R34B7在有效遏制尖孢镰刀菌(F. oxysporum) 生长的同时, 可能还通过促进桔梗的生长发育来增强其对逆境的抵抗能力。然而, 本研究只初步鉴定了一些促生特征的存在, 下一步将进行盆栽试验, 以此来深入探究菌株R34B7的促生机制。
作者贡献: 郑昭焕负责实验操作、数据分析和文章撰写; 余函纹、梁笑、张玉洁、王铁霖、蒋超、池秀莲负责数据收集; 查良平、桂双英、刘娟负责提供研究思路和文章修改。
利益冲突: 所有作者均声明本论文不存在利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金区域联合基金项目(U21A20406)
  • 大健康研究院新安医学与中医药现代化研究所专项资金(2023CXMMTCM008)
  • 安徽省自然科学基金优青项目(2208085Y30)
  • 中华中医药学会青年人才托举工程项目(CACM-2023-QNRC2-B23)
  • 国家中医药管理局高水平中医药重点学科中药资源学(药用植物学) 建设项目(zyyzdxk-2023095)
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2025年第60卷第3期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1094
  • 接收时间:2024-11-05
  • 首发时间:2025-11-06
  • 出版时间:2025-03-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-05
  • 修回日期:2024-12-15
基金
国家自然科学基金区域联合基金项目(U21A20406)
大健康研究院新安医学与中医药现代化研究所专项资金(2023CXMMTCM008)
安徽省自然科学基金优青项目(2208085Y30)
中华中医药学会青年人才托举工程项目(CACM-2023-QNRC2-B23)
国家中医药管理局高水平中医药重点学科中药资源学(药用植物学) 建设项目(zyyzdxk-2023095)
作者信息
    1.安徽中医药大学药学院, 安徽 合肥 230012
    2.道地药材品质保障与资源持续利用全国重点实验室, 中国中医科学院中药资源中心, 北京 100700
    3.安徽中医药大学, 新安医学与中医药现代化研究所, 安徽 合肥 230012
    4.省部共建安徽道地中药材品质提升协同创新中心, 安徽 合肥 230012
    5.安徽省道地药材品质提升与开发利用工程研究中心, 安徽 合肥 230012

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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