Article(id=1193259086365028893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193259081696772901, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0749, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1722700800000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-04, revisedDate=1730044800000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762424735871, onlineDateStr=2025-11-06, pubDate=1741708800000, pubDateStr=2025-03-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762424735871, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762424735871, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762424735871, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1193259081696772901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='3', pageStart='533', pageEnd='842', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762424734756, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764224876724, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200809424412602670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193259081696772901, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200809424412602671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193259081696772901, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=817, endPage=824, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1193259086708961823, articleId=1193259086365028893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Suramin modulates CA protein assembly by interacting with the NTD/CTD interface in the HIV-1 capsid hexamer, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The HIV-1 capsid protein (CA) is an effective target for antiviral drug discovery. Targeting the capsid assembly inhibitor peptide (CAI) binding pocket in the C-terminal domain of HIV-1 CA (CA CTD) can be used to screen for CA protein inhibitors. In this study, we found that the small molecule suramin targets HIV-1 CA by binding to this pocket, with an IC50 value of 2.1 μmol·L-1 for inhibiting the CA CTD-CAI interaction, based on homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence (HTRF) technology. Bio-layer interferometry (BLI) experiments demonstrated that suramin binds directly to CA, with a binding affinity to CA hexamer (KD = 248 nmol·L-1) higher than to CA monomer (KD = 227 μmol·L-1). In addition, in vitro CA protein assembly assays showed that suramin promotes disordered multimerization of CA protein. Binding model analysis revealed that suramin binds to the interface between adjacent CA monomers in the CA hexamer through the N57, Q63, Q67 and Y169 residues, thereby enhancing CA multimerization. In summary, suramin is a CA protein inhibitor that targets the CA hexamer and can serve as a starting point for the discovery of new CA inhibitors.

, correspAuthors=Da-wei ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiao-shuang XU, Da-wei ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1193259429270352343, articleId=1193259086365028893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=苏拉明与HIV-1衣壳蛋白六聚体中NTD/CTD界面互作调节CA蛋白装配, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

HIV-1衣壳蛋白(HIV-1 capsid protein, CA) 是寻找抗病毒药物的有效靶点。靶向HIV-1 CA C端结构域(C-terminal domain of HIV-1 CA, CA CTD) 中的CAI (capsid assembly inhibitor peptide) 结合口袋可用来筛选CA蛋白抑制剂。本研究基于均相时间分辨荧光技术发现小分子化合物苏拉明(suramin) 通过结合到该口袋靶向HIV-1 CA, 其抑制CA CTD-CAI相互作用的半数抑制浓度(IC50) 值为2.1 μmol·L-1。生物膜干涉法(bio-layer interferometry, BLI) 实验表明, 苏拉明直接与CA蛋白结合, 且与CA蛋白六聚体的结合亲和力(KD = 248 nmol·L-1) 高于与CA单体的结合亲和力(KD = 227 μmol·L-1)。此外, CA蛋白体外组装实验表明苏拉明促进了CA蛋白的无序多聚化。分子模拟结合模式分析结果显示, 苏拉明通过N57、Q63、Q67和Y169残基结合到CA六聚体中相邻CA单体之间的界面上, 起到增强CA蛋白多聚化的作用。综上所述, 苏拉明是一种靶向CA六聚体的CA蛋白抑制剂, 可作为发现新型CA抑制剂的起点。

, correspAuthors=张大为, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*张大为, Tel: 18761162199, E-mail:
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A: Purification result of CA CTD protein with GST tag; B: Purification result of CA protein (monomer and 4Mu) through HiTrap SP HP cation exchange column (1-3: Elution results of CA protein monomer; 4-6: Elution results of CA 4Mu); C: HiTrap Q FF anion exchange column; D: Comparison results of CA protein (monomer and 4Mu) denaturation (1, 3) and nondenaturation (2, 4); M: Protein marker , figureFileSmall=hpSt3UTO8VVfCxPyeHFv1g==, figureFileBig=Uw4xOVr1QZX+P/FkoA/2ug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194704106339148419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259086365028893, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=gkI+tCDt6kpuMpbbJSaL0A==, figureFileBig=s8Wg1I0gPpAjB0+73NTB3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194704106448200324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259086365028893, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Dose-response curves of suramin for CA CTD-CAI interaction. 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苏拉明与HIV-1衣壳蛋白六聚体中NTD/CTD界面互作调节CA蛋白装配
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许晓双 , 张大为 *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(3): 817-824
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2025, 60(3): 817-824
苏拉明与HIV-1衣壳蛋白六聚体中NTD/CTD界面互作调节CA蛋白装配
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许晓双, 张大为*
作者信息
  • 江苏理工学院电气信息工程学院生物信息与医药工程研究所, 江苏 常州 213001

通讯作者:

*张大为, Tel: 18761162199, E-mail:
Suramin modulates CA protein assembly by interacting with the NTD/CTD interface in the HIV-1 capsid hexamer
Xiao-shuang XU, Da-wei ZHANG*
Affiliations
  • Institute of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, China
出版时间: 2025-03-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0749
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HIV-1衣壳蛋白(HIV-1 capsid protein, CA) 是寻找抗病毒药物的有效靶点。靶向HIV-1 CA C端结构域(C-terminal domain of HIV-1 CA, CA CTD) 中的CAI (capsid assembly inhibitor peptide) 结合口袋可用来筛选CA蛋白抑制剂。本研究基于均相时间分辨荧光技术发现小分子化合物苏拉明(suramin) 通过结合到该口袋靶向HIV-1 CA, 其抑制CA CTD-CAI相互作用的半数抑制浓度(IC50) 值为2.1 μmol·L-1。生物膜干涉法(bio-layer interferometry, BLI) 实验表明, 苏拉明直接与CA蛋白结合, 且与CA蛋白六聚体的结合亲和力(KD = 248 nmol·L-1) 高于与CA单体的结合亲和力(KD = 227 μmol·L-1)。此外, CA蛋白体外组装实验表明苏拉明促进了CA蛋白的无序多聚化。分子模拟结合模式分析结果显示, 苏拉明通过N57、Q63、Q67和Y169残基结合到CA六聚体中相邻CA单体之间的界面上, 起到增强CA蛋白多聚化的作用。综上所述, 苏拉明是一种靶向CA六聚体的CA蛋白抑制剂, 可作为发现新型CA抑制剂的起点。

苏拉明  /  衣壳装配  /  生物膜干涉  /  人类免疫缺陷病毒1型  /  均相时间分辨荧光技术

The HIV-1 capsid protein (CA) is an effective target for antiviral drug discovery. Targeting the capsid assembly inhibitor peptide (CAI) binding pocket in the C-terminal domain of HIV-1 CA (CA CTD) can be used to screen for CA protein inhibitors. In this study, we found that the small molecule suramin targets HIV-1 CA by binding to this pocket, with an IC50 value of 2.1 μmol·L-1 for inhibiting the CA CTD-CAI interaction, based on homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence (HTRF) technology. Bio-layer interferometry (BLI) experiments demonstrated that suramin binds directly to CA, with a binding affinity to CA hexamer (KD = 248 nmol·L-1) higher than to CA monomer (KD = 227 μmol·L-1). In addition, in vitro CA protein assembly assays showed that suramin promotes disordered multimerization of CA protein. Binding model analysis revealed that suramin binds to the interface between adjacent CA monomers in the CA hexamer through the N57, Q63, Q67 and Y169 residues, thereby enhancing CA multimerization. In summary, suramin is a CA protein inhibitor that targets the CA hexamer and can serve as a starting point for the discovery of new CA inhibitors.

suramin  /  capsid assembly  /  bio-layer interferometry  /  human immunodeficiency virus 1  /  homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence
许晓双, 张大为. 苏拉明与HIV-1衣壳蛋白六聚体中NTD/CTD界面互作调节CA蛋白装配. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (3) : 817 -824 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0749
Xiao-shuang XU, Da-wei ZHANG. Suramin modulates CA protein assembly by interacting with the NTD/CTD interface in the HIV-1 capsid hexamer[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (3) : 817 -824 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0749
艾滋病(acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, AIDS) 的病原体为人类免疫缺陷病毒1型(human immunodeficieney virus 1, HIV-1)[1]。尽管全人类已经为阻断AIDS的传播做出巨大努力, 但AIDS相关的死亡和新感染仍然是一个全球公共卫生问题[2]。高效抗逆转录病毒治疗(highly active anti-retroviral therapy, cART) 可以有效地抑制HIV-1的复制并限制疾病进展到AIDS。然而, cART不能根除HIV-1, 患者需要终生治疗, 这可能会导致不良反应和HIV药物耐药性[3, 4]。因此, 开发新的抗逆转录病毒治疗策略以控制AIDS流行甚至治愈该疾病是必要的。
成熟的HIV-1粒子具有1个圆锥形的外壳, 并被富含脂质的膜包裹[5-7]。在HIV-1感染过程中, 病毒核心粒子的正确形成和完整性至关重要[8]。病毒核心由大约1 500个衣壳蛋白(HIV-1 capsid protein, CA, p24) 构成。这些CA蛋白单体形成了250个六聚体和12个CA五聚体, 并重新排列成一个富勒烯形状的病毒核心[5]。CA蛋白及其组装的病毒核心在HIV-1复制的不同步骤中起着重要作用, 包括逆转录、整合、核入、病毒组装和通过CA-CA或CA-宿主因子相互作用介导的病毒粒子成熟[9, 10]。CA的这些功能对于HIV-1致病性至关重要, 使其成为抗病毒治疗的一个有吸引力的靶点[11, 12]。在过去的20年间, 针对CA设计HIV-1抑制剂已得到广泛关注[13-16]。目前已有许多CA抑制剂见诸报道, 比如: PF-3450074 (PF74)、GS-6207、MKN-1A、I-XW-053、BD-1、capsid assembly inhibitor peptide (CAI)、BM-1、HCB和ACAi-028等。在上述CA抑制剂中, GS-6207已于2022年12月经FDA批准上市, 正式名为来那卡帕韦(lenacapavir)[17, 18], 来那卡帕韦的上市证明CA蛋白是一个有效的抗病毒靶点。
CA蛋白单体由N端结构域(N-terminal domain of HIV-1 CA, CA NTD) 和C端结构域(C-terminal domain of HIV-1 CA, CA CTD) 组成, 两者中间存在1个柔性的linker[19]。大多已知的CA抑制剂的结合位点位于CA NTD, 只有少数化合物, 如CAI、Ebselen和MKN-1A, 结合于CA CTD。CAI是一种12肽, 在体外可阻止未成熟和已成熟HIV-1病毒组粒子的组装[20]。CAI-CA CTD复合物的结构显示, CAI通过结合到由CA CTD的3条α螺旋(α8、α9和α11) 形成的保守腔体, 变构地改变了CA CTD二聚体界面[21, 22]。随后的研究发现包括订书肽和小分子在内的几种化合物也能与这个保守口袋结合, 并在细胞实验中显示出对HIV-1复制的强效抑制[23-26]。上述化合物的发现表明, CAI结合口袋可以作为抗病毒开发的靶点。
苏拉明(suramin) 是一种对称的六磺化萘脲化合物, 1961年由拜耳公司、美国国立癌症研究所及华纳-兰伯特公司联合研制, 主要用于治疗非洲锥虫病和盘尾丝虫病。苏拉明的抗肿瘤效果已得到证实, 其广泛的抗病毒活性已在与人类T细胞嗜淋巴病毒(HTLV III)、HIV-1、HSV-1、HBV、HCV、登革病毒、脑炎B病毒、SFTSV、诺如病毒、EV71和裂谷热病毒相关的研究中得到验证[27-37]。本文以CA CTD-CAI相互作用, 即以CAI的结合口袋为靶点, 采用已经建立的基于均相时间分辨荧光(homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence, HTRF) 技术的活性评价方法, 结合生物膜干涉法(bio-layer interferometry, BLI) 及分子模拟来评估苏拉明抑制该相互作用的活性, 旨在寻找更多的CA抑制剂, 为开发新的抗HIV-1药物奠定基础。
实验材料与菌株  苏拉明钠(D2121, 美国Santa Cruz公司); C端生物素化的CAI肽(ITFEDLLDYYPGGGSK-biotin)、无修饰的CAI肽(P170906-SL350206) (上海吉尔生化有限公司); HTRF检测试剂Streptavidin-XL665受体微珠(164A)、Anti-GST-Eu供体微珠(104A)、白色384孔板(OptiPlate-384)、黑色96孔板(美国PerkinElmer公司); 链霉亲和素(Streptavidin, SA) 包被的生物传感器(2011217, 德国Sartorius公司); 生物素化试剂盒(2106M, 苏州博美达生命科学有限公司); AmiconTM超滤管(196101, 德国Merck公司); 阴离子交换层析柱(HiTrap Q FF, 10284517)、阳离子交换层析柱(HiTrap SP HP, 10287180) (美国Cytiva公司); Protease Inhibitor Cocktail (HY-K0011, 上海MedChemExpress生物技术有限公司); 其他常规分析纯试剂购自美国Amresco公司。大肠杆菌BL21 (DE3, EC1002M, 上海唯地生物技术有限公司); 表达载体pET11a-WT CA (用于表达野生型HIV-1衣壳蛋白)、pET11a-4Mu CA (用于表达带有四个点突变A14C/E45C/W184A/M185A的HIV-1衣壳蛋白) 和pGEX-4T-CA CTD [用于表达N端融合谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(glutathione S-transferase, GST) 标签的CA蛋白的C端结构域] 由本实验室保存。
实验仪器  多功能酶标仪(EnVision 2000, 美国PerkinElmer); 分子相互作用分析系统(Octet RED96, 德国Sartorius); NGC Quest 10 Plus快速蛋白纯化系统、mini-蛋白电泳仪(美国Bio-Rad); 高速冷冻离心机(LYNX6000, 美国ThermoFisher); 超净工作台(SW-CJ-2D, 苏州净化设备有限公司); 微孔板恒温振荡器(TS200, 海门其林贝尔仪器制造有限公司); 恒温振荡器(ZQZY-78C, 上海知楚仪器有限公司); 细胞超声破碎仪(JY92-IIDN, 宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司)。
蛋白表达和纯化  N端融合GST标签的CA CTD的表达纯化采用文献[38]的方法进行。将质粒pGEX-4T-CA CTD转化至大肠杆菌BL21 (DE3) 化学感受态中, 涂布在含有氨苄青霉素钠的LB平板上, 37 ℃过夜培养。将转化子在含有50 μg·L-1氨苄青霉素钠的LB液体培养基中37 ℃培养, OD600至0.6~0.8之间时, 加入1 mol·L-1 IPTG, 继续诱导蛋白表达3 h, 8 000 ×g、10 min离心收集菌体。利用GSTrap HP亲和层析柱和NGC Quest 10 Plus快速蛋白纯化系统纯化蛋白。
重组野生型CA蛋白的表达纯化采用文献[39]的方法进行。将质粒pET11a-WT CA转化至大肠杆菌BL21 (DE3) 化学感受态中, 涂布在含有氨苄青霉素钠的LB平板上, 37 ℃过夜培养。将转化子在含有50 μg·L-1氨苄青霉素钠的LB液体培养基中37 ℃培养, OD600至0.6~0.8之间时, 加入0.4 mmol·L-1 IPTG, 继续诱导蛋白表达4 h, 8 000 ×g、10 min离心收集菌体。采用硫酸铵(浓度为25%) 沉淀CA蛋白。HEPES (25 mmol·L-1, pH 6.8) 重悬蛋白, 之后依次采用HiTrap SP HP和HiTrap Q FF纯化得到WT CA蛋白。采用SDS-PAGE检测蛋白纯度。带有四重突变(A14C/E45C/W184A/M185A) 的CA蛋白(4Mu CA) 的表达纯化按照与野生型CA蛋白相同的步骤进行。
将纯化的HIV-1 4Mu CA置于分子截留量为10 kU的透析袋中, 依次在缓冲液1 (50 mmol·L-1 NaH2PO4-Na2H2PO4, pH 8.0, 2.5 mol·L-1 NaCl, 200 mmol·L-1 β-ME)、缓冲液2 (50 mmol·L-1 NaH2PO4-Na2H2PO4, pH 8.0, 2.5 mol·L-1 NaCl, 0.2 mmol·L-1 β-ME) 和缓冲液3 (20 mmol·L-1 Tris-HCl, pH 8.0) 中透析。每一步透析在4 ℃进行8 h。透析结束后即得到CA蛋白六聚体。所有纯化后的蛋白采用SDS-PAGE检测纯度, 定量后分装, 液氮速冻后储存于-80 ℃备用。
CA CTD-CAI相互作用检测  基于课题组已经建立的HTRF方法检测苏拉明抑制CA CTD-CAI相互作用的活性[38]。反应在白色384孔板中进行, 总体积为10 μL。以CAI作为阳性对照, 缓冲液为含有0.05% Tween 20和2 mmol·L-1 DTT的PBS。首先, 将稀释好的苏拉明(1.0 μL)、Bio-CAI (2 μL) 和CA CTD (2 μL) 依次加入板孔中, 混匀后在微孔板振荡器中25 ℃反应30 min; 然后, 加入5 μL的HTRF试剂(供体微珠Anti-GST-Eu和受体微珠Streptavidin-XL665的混合液), 继续反应1 h; 最后, 使用Envision 2000多功能酶标仪, 以320 nm为激发光, 读取665和620 nm处的发射光, 并计算抑制率。数据导出后使用GraphPad Prism 5.0重新作图, 每个样品重复3次, 取平均值±标准差进行曲线拟合。
苏拉明与HIV-1衣壳蛋白(单体及六聚体) 的结合验证  采用BLI技术验证苏拉明与靶标的结合。实验在Octet Red96上完成, 采用黑色96孔板, 缓冲液为含有0.02% Tween 20和1% DMSO的PBS (pH 7.4), 反应体积为200 μL。首先, 使用生物素化CA单体和CA六聚体, 脱盐去除游离的生物素; 然后, 使用缓冲液将生物素化的蛋白稀释为50 μg·mL-1, 将生物素化的蛋白固化至SA传感器(传感器在缓冲液中预先湿润20 min) 的末端, 检测蛋白和小分子的相互作用。为了消除非特异性作用, 采用“双扣除”法, 即同时使用两列传感器, 一列为生物素化蛋白固化的SA传感器, 另一列为空白的SA传感器。实验依次按照基线平衡60 s, 结合120 s和解离120 s的顺序进行。使用Data analysis 9.0软件中的global 1∶1模型拟合数据, 计算解离常数KD值。使用GraphPad Prism 5.0作图, 结果展示了3个独立实验中获得的代表图片。
化合物对HIV-1衣壳蛋白体外组装的影响  在体外, 高盐离子浓度可引发CA蛋白自发组装。该组装过程的发生引起溶液吸光度的变化, 在波长350 nm处通过监控体系浊度的改变来检测苏拉明对CA体外装配的影响[39]。将CA蛋白在缓冲液(50 mmol·L-1 Na2HPO4-NaH2PO4, pH 8.0) 中透析16~18 h后浓缩至120 μmol·L-1备用。以2∶1的比例将5 mol·L-1 NaCl溶液与磷酸盐溶液(200 mmol·L-1 Na2HPO4-NaH2PO4, pH 8.0) 混合即得到组装缓冲液。阴性对照和阳性对照分别为DMSO和CAI。将74 μL组装缓冲液和1 μL苏拉明加到板孔中混匀, 加入25 μL 120 μmol·L-1 CA蛋白引发反应。立即将板子用酶标仪350 nm处读取吸光度值, 每隔1 min读取1次, 持续39 min。数据导出后使用GraphPad Prism 5拟合曲线, 结果展示了3个独立实验获得的代表图片。
分子模拟  从PDB数据库下载CA CTD的晶体复合物结构(PDB ID: 2BUO) 和CA六聚体的晶体复合物(PDB ID: 4XRO)。分子对接前, 首先删除CA CTD口袋内和CA六聚体中的配体及水分子。提取CA CTD单链和CA六聚体, 分别保存为pdb格式。下载苏拉明的SDF格式, 使用OpenBabel 3.1.1转换为mol2格式。接着先使用在线工具Swiss Dock进行小分子和CA CTD的对接, 所有设置均为默认值。然后使用PyMol的align模块将小分子/CA CTD复合物与CA六聚体的晶体结构进行叠合, 得到小分子与CA六聚体及与CA CTD和CA NTD界面的结合模式[40, 41]。所有的模拟结果使用PyMol (http://www.pymol.org/pymol) 进行可视化[42]
将重组质粒pGEX-4T-CA CTD转化宿主菌BL21 (DE3), 以IPTG诱导蛋白表达。使用Glutathione亲和层析柱纯化带有GST标签的CA CTD蛋白。SDS-PAGE检测纯化结果。图 1A结果显示, 在35 kU上方出现了目的条带, 与预期的分子质量接近, 纯度达到90%以上。图 1B为CA蛋白(单体和4Mu突变体) 经过HiTrap SP HP阳离子交换柱纯化后的结果, 泳道1~3是CA蛋白单体经过阳离子交换柱后的洗脱结果, 泳道4~6是4Mu CA经过阳离子交换柱后的洗脱结果, 在预期的分子质量24 kU处有明显的蛋白条带。图 1C为CA蛋白(单体和4Mu突变体) 经过HiTrap Q FF阴离子交换柱纯化后的结果, 泳道1~3是CA单体流穿Q柱的结果, 泳道4~6是4Mu CA流穿Q柱的结果, 在预期的分子质量24 kU处均呈现单一条带, 说明纯化的CA蛋白具有很高的纯度。图 1D结果显示, 在变性条件下, CA蛋白(泳道1) 和4Mu CA蛋白(泳道3) 均以单体形式存在; 在非变性条件下, CA蛋白(泳道2) 仍然为单体形式, 4Mu CA蛋白(泳道4) 则绝大部分以六聚体形式存在。
苏拉明的化学结构如图 2A所示。在反应体系中, 苏拉明以50 μmol·L-1作为起始浓度进行倍比稀释, 测定其对CA CTD-CAI的半数抑制浓度(IC50)。图 2B结果表明, 苏拉明对CA CTD-CAI相互作用的抑制作用呈现浓度依赖性, IC50值为2.1 μmol·L-1
为了验证苏拉明与其作用靶点CA蛋白的结合亲和力, 运用BLI测定与HIV-1 CA单体和六聚体的结合能力, 检测结果表明, 苏拉明与CA六聚体的亲和力较高(KD = 248 nmol·L-1, 图 3A), 与CA单体的亲和力非常弱(KD = 227 μmol·L-1, 图 3B)。苏拉明与CA六聚体的结合方式属于快结合慢解离, 而与CA单体的结合属于快结合快解离。
苏拉明能够结合CA六聚体, 推测其可能会影响CA蛋白在体外的装配。通过基于体系浊度的CA体外组装检测评估了苏拉明破坏CA组装的能力。如图 4A所示, DMSO阴性对照, PF74与CAI为阳性对照, 加入PF74显著增加了CA蛋白多聚化, 加入CAI几乎完全抑制了CA蛋白的组装。苏拉明的加入也显著加快了CA蛋白的组装, 证明苏拉明的结合破坏了体外CA蛋白的组装。为了进一步验证苏拉明对CA蛋白体外组装的影响, 将CAI或者苏拉明与CA蛋白分别以不同的比例进行混合, 离心后, 采用SDS-PAGE分析沉淀中的蛋白量。图 4B结果显示, 当CAI与CA蛋白的比例为1∶1时, CA蛋白的体外组装完全被阻断, 而苏拉明的加入却加速了CA蛋白的组装。
使用分子对接模拟苏拉明与CA NTD/CA CTD的结合模式。从PDB数据库下载CA CTD三维结晶图(PDB code: 2BUO), 使用在线对接工具Swiss Dock将苏拉明与作用靶点CA CTD进行对接, 将苏拉明与CA CTD形成的复合物结构与CA六聚体(PDB code: 4XRO) 叠合。结果显示(图 5A), 苏拉明的结合位点位于CA六聚体相邻亚基N末端-C末端(NTD-CTD) 之间形成的结合腔, 分别与CA CTD的Y169残基, CA NTD的Q63、Q67和N57残基形成了氢键(图 5B)。
十二肽CAI结合到CA CTD的疏水腔中, 变构地将CA CTD锁定为非功能性构象, 进而阻止HIV-1病毒组装[17]。该区域高度保守, 是寻找新的衣壳蛋白抑制剂的理想靶点。本课题组前期基于HTRF技术构建了靶向该变构位点的抑制剂筛选方法, 得到了3个能够有效抑制HIV-1复制的小分子抑制剂[38, 43]。本文继续采用该方法, 并结合生物膜干涉技术、生物化学实验和分子模拟, 发现老药苏拉明能在体外扰乱CA蛋白的装配, 其主要靶向CA蛋白六聚体中相邻CA蛋白之间的结合界面。
衣壳蛋白是病毒的重要结构蛋白, 由其组装而成的外壳包裹着病毒的遗传物质和多种蛋白质, 在病毒的生命周期中发挥重要作用[44]。2022年, 第一个HIV-1衣壳抑制剂lenacapavir (sunlenca, GS-6207) 上市, 证明了CA是开发抗HIV-1药物的有效靶点[45]。靶向衣壳蛋白的HIV-1抑制剂通过稳定衣壳或破坏病毒衣壳的稳定性来阻断病毒的复制。以CAI和BI64为代表的抑制剂在体外抑制CA的装配, 而以PF-74和lenacapavir为代表的抑制剂则在体外促进CA的无序装配[13]。研究发现, 抑制剂对CA装配的不同作用, 源于他们与CA单体或CA六聚体的亲和力差异[44]。PF-74和lenacapavir对CA六聚体亲和力要强于对CA单体的亲和力, CAI和BI64则只结合CA单体。本研究发现苏拉明对CA六聚体的亲和力远高于CA单体, 且苏拉明在体外促进CA蛋白, 符合文献报道的小分子抑制剂与CA蛋白的亲和力与其作用机制有关的推论。苏拉明与CA六聚体的亲和力远高于CA单体, 一方面暗示其抗HIV-1活性的发挥可能与CA六聚体有关[46], 另一方面说明苏拉明的作用位点在CA-CA相互作用的界面上[47], 而CA单体则因缺乏这种界面, 导致其与苏拉明的亲和力降低。
苏拉明是一种多磺酸盐合成聚阴离子化合物, 1904年由Paul Ehrlich合成, 可谓百年老药[48]。起初苏拉明主要用于治疗非洲锥虫病和盘尾丝虫病, 目前苏拉明作为一种抗肿瘤药物广泛应用于前列腺癌、肺癌、结肠癌、骨肉瘤等恶性肿瘤的治疗。研究发现, 苏拉明可与病毒的CA蛋白发生相互作用。Ren等[49]发现, 苏拉明可与肠道病毒A71型(EV-A71) 的CA蛋白正电荷区域相互作用, 阻断病毒的吸附和进入, 从而抑制病毒的复制。Albulescu等[50]发现, 苏拉明可与寨卡病毒的CA蛋白结合阻止病毒组装, 导致病毒的吸附和释放被阻断, 起到抑制病毒复制的作用。Ho等[51]发现, 苏拉明会减少基孔肯雅病毒中衣壳蛋白的表达, 抑制病毒的进入与传递, 进而抑制病毒复制。至今尚未见苏拉明与HIV-1衣壳蛋白相互作用的报道。作者发现苏拉明可以影响HIV-1衣壳蛋白在体外的装配, 将为CA抑制剂的开发提供新的骨架, 未来需要在苏拉明的结构基础上, 利用合理药物设计并结合抗HIV-1活性测试, 开发出更为有效的CA蛋白抑制剂和抗HIV-1药物。
早在1987年, De Clercq[52, 53]就发现苏拉明是逆转录酶(reverse transcriptase, RT) 抑制剂。近几十年的研究表明, HIV-1的衣壳在病毒复制的整个过程中发挥了重要作用, 而不是仅仅作为结构蛋白存在[8-10]。HIV-1依赖衣壳完成其逆转录过程, 机制可能如下: 封闭的病毒衣壳可能作为逆转录的分子反应容器, 在逆转录的几个小时过程中, 有助于维持反转录酶及其他核心成分的足够浓度[54]。研究发现, 衣壳能够引发病毒开始转录, 衣壳形态异常会影响HIV-1的感染性和反转录, 小分子抗病毒化合物诱导的HIV-1的衣壳早熟导致逆转录受到抑制[55-58]。本研究中, 作者发现苏拉明能够影响CA蛋白组装成衣壳, 因此推测苏拉明与CA蛋白结合间接影响了RT的活性, 导致病毒的复制受到抑制。另外, 还有研究报道, 苏拉明通过结合到HIV-1胞膜蛋白GP120的V3区阻断病毒吸附至细胞表面[28]。因此, 苏拉明影响HIV-1复制的机制是多样的, 需要在未来不断挖掘。
作者贡献: 张大为负责实验设计、实验指导和论文审阅修改; 许晓双负责实验研究过程、数据分析、论文撰写。
利益冲突: 本文所有作者声明不存在利益冲突关系。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(31700297)
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0749
  • 接收时间:2024-08-04
  • 首发时间:2025-11-06
  • 出版时间:2025-03-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-04
  • 修回日期:2024-10-28
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(31700297)
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    江苏理工学院电气信息工程学院生物信息与医药工程研究所, 江苏 常州 213001

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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