Article(id=1193259085748466200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193259081696772901, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0823, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1724601600000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-26, revisedDate=1735747200000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762424735724, onlineDateStr=2025-11-06, pubDate=1741708800000, pubDateStr=2025-03-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762424735724, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762424735724, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762424735724, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1193259081696772901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='3', pageStart='533', pageEnd='842', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762424734756, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764224876724, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200809424412602670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193259081696772901, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200809424412602671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193259081696772901, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=595, endPage=605, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1193259086113370651, articleId=1193259085748466200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Arjunic acid alleviates inflammation via modulating ROS/Keap1/Nrf2, MAPK and mTOR pathways in LPS-stimulated macrophages, columnId=1193259082502079273, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports: Multi-disciplinary exploration in the current situation and future direction of the modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Arjunic acid (AR), a main bioactive triterpenoid isolated from acorns, has been reported to exert pronounced anti-inflammatory activities. However, its anti-inflammatory mechanisms have not been elucidated. In this study, the model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 cells were established to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of AR. The potent targets and signaling pathway of AR for the treatment of inflammation-related disease were predicted based on network pharmacology. Furthermore, the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators was determined by Griess assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), qRT-PCR, and Western blot. The protein expression of NF-κB, MAPK, Nrf2/HO-1, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, and autophagy signaling pathways were gauged by Western blot. As the result, in the inflammatory model of LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells, AR could significantly inhibit the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators, suppress the phosphorylation and translocation of NF-κB, and downregulate the phosphorylation of JNK/ERK signaling pathways. AR also inhibited ROS production and activated the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway by degrading Keap1. Furthermore, AR activated autophagic flux by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Collectively, AR was a potential natural product for the treatment of inflammation-related diseases.

, correspAuthors=Jing-wen XU, Xiang-jiu HE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Qiu-yi QIN, Lin LI, Yi-hai WANG, Jing-wen XU, Xiang-jiu HE), CN=ArticleExt(id=1193259530734760024, articleId=1193259085748466200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=阿江榄仁酸通过调节LPS诱导的巨噬细胞ROS/Keap1/Nrf2、MAPK和mTOR通路抑制炎症反应, columnId=1193259082653074221, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道: 以多学科交叉探寻中药现代化发展之路, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

阿江榄仁酸(arjunic acid, AR) 是从橡子中提取的一个主要的三萜类活性成分, 具有显著的抗炎活性, 但其机制并没有被报道。本研究利用脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS) 诱导的RAW264.7细胞炎症模型探究了AR的抗炎活性, 并通过网络药理学预测了AR治疗炎症相关疾病的潜在靶标和通路。进一步利用Griess试剂法、酶联免疫吸附实验(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)、qRT-PCR和Western blot检测了促炎因子和促炎介质的表达, 并同时测定了NF-κB、MAPK、Nrf2/HO-1、PI3K/Akt/mTOR和自噬通路相关蛋白的表达。结果显示, 在LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞炎症模型中, AR抑制了一氧化氮、炎症因子和炎症介质的表达, 抑制了NF-κB蛋白的磷酸化和核转录, 并降低了JNK和ERK的磷酸化水平。AR通过下调Keap1蛋白激活Nrf2/HO-1通路并抑制活性氧的产生发挥抗炎活性。此外, AR还通过抑制PI3K/Akt/mTOR通路活化了自噬流。综上所述, AR是一种潜在的治疗炎症相关疾病的天然产物。

, correspAuthors=徐静雯, 何祥久, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*徐静雯, E-mail:
何祥久, Tel/Fax: 86-20-39352140, E-mail:
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Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Lead Compounds & Drug Discovery, Guangzhou 510006, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194704233074233851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259085748466200, companyId=1194704233061650937, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.广东省先导化合物发现与新药研发工程技术研究中心, 广东 广州 510006)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1194704236329013794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259085748466200, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=uVbthlZvjsRhKyyxmj2G1g==, figureFileBig=iG74ZphhII5pO5IjXPchXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194704236387734051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259085748466200, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= Effect of AR on viability in LPS-induced RAW264.7. A: Chemical structure of AR; B: Cells were treated with series concentrations of AR (0-80 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) and 1 μg·mL<sup>-1</sup> LPS for 24 h. The cell viability was measured by MTT. <i>n</i> = 3, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i>. AR: Arjunic acid; LPS: Lipopolysaccharide , figureFileSmall=uVbthlZvjsRhKyyxmj2G1g==, figureFileBig=iG74ZphhII5pO5IjXPchXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194704236471620132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259085748466200, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=n4RX8mRzHEurllV06uwmSw==, figureFileBig=7r4ZCotrIXlCShTA7by8GQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194704236530340389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259085748466200, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= AR decreased the pro-inflammatory mediator production in LPS-triggered RAW264.7. Cells were treated with indicated concentrations of AR and 1 μg·mL<sup>-1</sup> LPS for 24 h (A, E) or 12 h (B-D, F-I), respectively. The media were collected, and the concentrations of NO (A) and IL-1<i>β</i> (B) were measured by Griess reagent or ELISA kit. The mRNA level of <i>IL</i>-<i>1β</i> (C), <i>IL</i>-<i>6</i> (D), <i>TNF</i>-<i>α</i> (E), <i>iNOS</i> (F), and <i>COX</i>-<i>2</i> (G) were analyzed by qRT-PCR; H: The effect of AR on LPS-stimulated iNOS and COX-2 protein expression was determined by Western blot assay; I: The expression of iNOS and COX-2 proteins were quantified by densitometry. <i>n</i> = 3, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> control group; <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> LPS group. IL-1<i>β</i>: Interleukin-1<i>β</i>; IL-6: Interleukin-6; TNF-<i>α</i>: Tumor necrosis factor-<i>α</i>; iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; COX-2: Cyclooxygenase-2; Indo: Indomethacin , figureFileSmall=n4RX8mRzHEurllV06uwmSw==, figureFileBig=7r4ZCotrIXlCShTA7by8GQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194704236601643558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259085748466200, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=BqpgQxDb86Gx4YBZXYOehg==, figureFileBig=alDoVVjDrY3W3G54i1o1oA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194704236664558119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259085748466200, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Network pharmacology analysis of AR. A: The network diagram of drug-target-disease; B: The GO_BP, GO_CC, and GO_MF enrichment analysis of 35 identified target of AR; C: The KEGG pathway analysis of 35 nodes , figureFileSmall=BqpgQxDb86Gx4YBZXYOehg==, figureFileBig=alDoVVjDrY3W3G54i1o1oA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194704236752638504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259085748466200, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=A3RbpJmrMcvso5rxeCAhpA==, figureFileBig=wVHXef1Mp6D3xFbUxkjjHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194704236819747369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259085748466200, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= AR suppressed NF-<i>κ</i>B signaling pathway in LPS-induced RAW264.7. Cells were pretreated with indicated concentrations of AR for 4 h, followed by incubating with 1 μg·mL<sup>-1</sup> LPS for 15 min. A: Nuclear fractions and cytoplasmic fractions were extracted and subjected to immunoblot analysis; B: The nuclear translocation of NF-<i>κ</i>B p65 was visualized by immunofluorescence. Scale bar = 10 μm; C: The effect of AR on the phosphorylation of NF-<i>κ</i>B p65 was determined by Western blot. <i>n</i> = 3, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> control group; <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> LPS group. NF-<i>κ</i>B: Nuclear factor-<i>κ</i>B , figureFileSmall=A3RbpJmrMcvso5rxeCAhpA==, figureFileBig=wVHXef1Mp6D3xFbUxkjjHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194704236878467626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259085748466200, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=dyCh28kNE2g7iLStNGezOA==, figureFileBig=DPlBYGUvyE8DFsX2fp3Q+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194704236937187883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259085748466200, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= AR inhibited the p-JNK and p-ERK signaling pathways in LPS-treated RAW264.7. A: Cells were incubated with indicated AR for 6 h, then incubated with 1 μg·mL<sup>-1</sup> LPS for 15 min, and aliquots of cell lysates containing equal amount of protein were subjected to immunoblotting; B, C: Cells were pretreated with SP600125 (10 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) (B) or PD98059 (30 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) (C) for 3 h and AR for 6 h before co-incubated with 1 μg·mL<sup>-1</sup> LPS for 15 min. The protein level of the p-JNK and p-ERK signaling pathway was analyzed by Western blot. <i>n</i> = 3, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> control group; <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> LPS group; <sup>$</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05. JNK: c-Jun NH<sub>2</sub>-terminal kinase; ERK: Extracellular signal-related kinase , figureFileSmall=dyCh28kNE2g7iLStNGezOA==, figureFileBig=DPlBYGUvyE8DFsX2fp3Q+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194704237000102444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259085748466200, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=HXG/uMMRz4d2/lTXyQ8PGw==, figureFileBig=wWY8k1hhEgp5dlCRvktucw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194704237067211309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259085748466200, language=CN, label=Figure 6, caption= AR inhibited ROS production, activated the Nrf2 signaling pathway, and upregulated antioxidant enzymes in LPS-induced RAW264.7. A, B: Cells were treated with various concentrations of AR (0-80 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) and 1 μg·mL<sup>-1</sup> LPS for 4 h, then cells were incubated with DCFH-DA for intracellular ROS measurement (A), or for visualizing by immunofluorescence (B), scale bar=10 μm; C: Cells were pretreated with indicated concentrations of AR for 6 h, then co-incubated with 1 μg·mL<sup>-1</sup> LPS for 15 min. The expression of Keap1, Nrf2, and HO-1 was detected by Western blot. <i>n</i> = 3, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> control group; <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> LPS group. ns: Not significant; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; DCFH-DA: 2', 7'-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate; Nrf2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; HO-1: Heme oxygenase-1 , figureFileSmall=HXG/uMMRz4d2/lTXyQ8PGw==, figureFileBig=wWY8k1hhEgp5dlCRvktucw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194704237146903086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259085748466200, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=F+4x8B/DOveWRSmWQAUMZw==, figureFileBig=laktmWDvhCs1zHkq4wuurg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194704237276926511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259085748466200, language=CN, label=Figure 7, caption= The effect of AR on autophagy in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. A: RAW264.7 cells were treated with indicated concentrations of AR and 1 μg·mL<sup>-1</sup> LPS for 12 h, the protein levels were analyzed by Western blot; B-D: RAW264.7 cells were pretreated with CQ (10 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) for 2 h and co-incubated with AR (40 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) and 1 μg·mL<sup>-1</sup> LPS for an additional 12 h; B: The protein expression levels were determined by Western blot; C, D: The mRNA levels of <i>IL</i>-<i>6</i> and <i>IL</i>-<i>1β</i> were determined by qRT-PCR. <i>n</i> = 3, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> control group; <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> LPS group; <sup>$</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>$$</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01. Atg5: Autophagy-related protein 5; LC3: Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; CQ: Chloroquine , figureFileSmall=F+4x8B/DOveWRSmWQAUMZw==, figureFileBig=laktmWDvhCs1zHkq4wuurg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194704237339841072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259085748466200, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=js3crPpBwKdIRrCT6dp3Zg==, figureFileBig=dduoqApVPSftjT2Ht4nNhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194704237419532849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259085748466200, language=CN, label=Figure 8, caption= AR promoted autophagy in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells by the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. A: RAW264.7 cells were treated with indicated concentrations of AR and 1 μg·mL<sup>-1</sup> LPS for 12 h, and the protein levels were analyzed by Western blot; B-D: RAW264.7 cells were pretreated with MHY1485 (10 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) for 2 h and co-incubated with AR (40 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>) and 1 μg·mL<sup>-1</sup> LPS for an additional 12 h. The protein expression levels were determined by Western blot (B). The mRNA levels of <i>IL</i>-<i>6</i> (C), <i>IL</i>-<i>1β</i> (D) were determined by qRT-PCR. <i>n</i> = 3, <i><span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black">x</span></i> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>#</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>##</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> control group; <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> LPS group; <sup>$$</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01. mTOR: Mechanistic target of rapamycin , figureFileSmall=js3crPpBwKdIRrCT6dp3Zg==, figureFileBig=dduoqApVPSftjT2Ht4nNhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194704237478253106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259085748466200, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GeneSequence (5' to 3')
iNOSF: AGCCARGCCCTCACCTACTT
R: GCCTCCARTCTCTGCCTATC
COX-2F: TGAGTACCGCARACGCTTCTC
R: TGGACGAGGTTTTTCCACCAG
IL-6F: CACGGCCTTCCCTACTTCAC
R: TGCARGTGCATCATC GTTGT
IL-F: GTTGACGGACCCCARARGAT
R: CCTCATCCTGGARGGTCCAC
TNF-αF: TATGGCTCAGGGTCCARCTC
R: GGARAGCCCATTTGAGTCCT
β-ActinF: ATGTGGATCAGCARGCAGGA
R: ARGGGTGTARARCGCAGCTCA
), ArticleFig(id=1194704237583110707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259085748466200, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primer sequences used for qRT-PCR

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GeneSequence (5' to 3')
iNOSF: AGCCARGCCCTCACCTACTT
R: GCCTCCARTCTCTGCCTATC
COX-2F: TGAGTACCGCARACGCTTCTC
R: TGGACGAGGTTTTTCCACCAG
IL-6F: CACGGCCTTCCCTACTTCAC
R: TGCARGTGCATCATC GTTGT
IL-F: GTTGACGGACCCCARARGAT
R: CCTCATCCTGGARGGTCCAC
TNF-αF: TATGGCTCAGGGTCCARCTC
R: GGARAGCCCATTTGAGTCCT
β-ActinF: ATGTGGATCAGCARGCAGGA
R: ARGGGTGTARARCGCAGCTCA
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阿江榄仁酸通过调节LPS诱导的巨噬细胞ROS/Keap1/Nrf2、MAPK和mTOR通路抑制炎症反应
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覃秋怡 1 , 李琳 1 , 王宜海 1, 2 , 徐静雯 1, 2, * , 何祥久 1, 2, *
药学学报 | 专题报道: 以多学科交叉探寻中药现代化发展之路 2025,60(3): 595-605
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药学学报 | 专题报道: 以多学科交叉探寻中药现代化发展之路 2025, 60(3): 595-605
阿江榄仁酸通过调节LPS诱导的巨噬细胞ROS/Keap1/Nrf2、MAPK和mTOR通路抑制炎症反应
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覃秋怡1, 李琳1, 王宜海1, 2, 徐静雯1, 2, * , 何祥久1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.广东药科大学药学院, 广东 广州 510006
  • 2.广东省先导化合物发现与新药研发工程技术研究中心, 广东 广州 510006

通讯作者:

*徐静雯, E-mail:
何祥久, Tel/Fax: 86-20-39352140, E-mail:
Arjunic acid alleviates inflammation via modulating ROS/Keap1/Nrf2, MAPK and mTOR pathways in LPS-stimulated macrophages
Qiu-yi QIN1, Lin LI1, Yi-hai WANG1, 2, Jing-wen XU1, 2, * , Xiang-jiu HE1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
  • 2. Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Lead Compounds & Drug Discovery, Guangzhou 510006, China
出版时间: 2025-03-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0823
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阿江榄仁酸(arjunic acid, AR) 是从橡子中提取的一个主要的三萜类活性成分, 具有显著的抗炎活性, 但其机制并没有被报道。本研究利用脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS) 诱导的RAW264.7细胞炎症模型探究了AR的抗炎活性, 并通过网络药理学预测了AR治疗炎症相关疾病的潜在靶标和通路。进一步利用Griess试剂法、酶联免疫吸附实验(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)、qRT-PCR和Western blot检测了促炎因子和促炎介质的表达, 并同时测定了NF-κB、MAPK、Nrf2/HO-1、PI3K/Akt/mTOR和自噬通路相关蛋白的表达。结果显示, 在LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞炎症模型中, AR抑制了一氧化氮、炎症因子和炎症介质的表达, 抑制了NF-κB蛋白的磷酸化和核转录, 并降低了JNK和ERK的磷酸化水平。AR通过下调Keap1蛋白激活Nrf2/HO-1通路并抑制活性氧的产生发挥抗炎活性。此外, AR还通过抑制PI3K/Akt/mTOR通路活化了自噬流。综上所述, AR是一种潜在的治疗炎症相关疾病的天然产物。

阿江榄仁酸  /  橡子  /  炎症  /  巨噬细胞  /  自噬

Arjunic acid (AR), a main bioactive triterpenoid isolated from acorns, has been reported to exert pronounced anti-inflammatory activities. However, its anti-inflammatory mechanisms have not been elucidated. In this study, the model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 cells were established to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of AR. The potent targets and signaling pathway of AR for the treatment of inflammation-related disease were predicted based on network pharmacology. Furthermore, the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators was determined by Griess assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), qRT-PCR, and Western blot. The protein expression of NF-κB, MAPK, Nrf2/HO-1, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, and autophagy signaling pathways were gauged by Western blot. As the result, in the inflammatory model of LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells, AR could significantly inhibit the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators, suppress the phosphorylation and translocation of NF-κB, and downregulate the phosphorylation of JNK/ERK signaling pathways. AR also inhibited ROS production and activated the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway by degrading Keap1. Furthermore, AR activated autophagic flux by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Collectively, AR was a potential natural product for the treatment of inflammation-related diseases.

arjunic acid  /  acorn  /  inflammation  /  macrophage  /  autophagy
覃秋怡, 李琳, 王宜海, 徐静雯, 何祥久. 阿江榄仁酸通过调节LPS诱导的巨噬细胞ROS/Keap1/Nrf2、MAPK和mTOR通路抑制炎症反应. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (3) : 595 -605 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0823
Qiu-yi QIN, Lin LI, Yi-hai WANG, Jing-wen XU, Xiang-jiu HE. Arjunic acid alleviates inflammation via modulating ROS/Keap1/Nrf2, MAPK and mTOR pathways in LPS-stimulated macrophages[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (3) : 595 -605 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0823
炎症发生在许多慢性疾病中, 是一个复杂的生理过程, 在癌症、糖尿病和心脏病中扮演着重要的角色。许多通路都参与调控炎症的促炎和抑炎介质的表达[1, 2], 核转录因子-κB (nuclear factor κB, NF-κB) 是一个关键核转录因子, 可激活诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase, iNOS)、环氧合酶2 (cyclooxygenase-2, COX-2) 和促炎因子如白介素(interleukin, IL)-1β、IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子α (tumor necrosis factor α, TNF-α) 和一氧化氮(nitric oxide, NO) 的表达[3]。IL-1β和TNF-α在损伤和感染的组织周围迅速释放, NO是由iNOS诱导产生的一种重要的促炎介质[4]。丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinases, MAPKs) 通路是多种细胞外刺激的焦点, 控制着细胞的分化、增殖和死亡。细胞外信号相关激酶(extracellular signal-related kinase, ERK)、p38 MAPK和c-JNK N端激酶(c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase, JNK) 是MAPKs组成部分中与炎症相关的经典信号通路。MAPK激活后, 通过诱导多个基因的表达, 促进下游NF-κB和干扰素调节因子的激活, 从而促发炎症[5, 6]
在炎症病理环境中, 巨噬细胞被激活, 产生大量的活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS), 导致蛋白质、脂质和DNA的损伤。核转录因子E2-相关因子2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, Nrf2) 调节血红素加氧酶1 (heme oxygenase-1, HO-1) 和抗氧化基因的表达, HO-1是抑制氧化应激和抗炎, 保护细胞免受损伤的关键因子[7]。在氧化应激或Nrf2激活剂作用下, Kelch样ECH关联蛋白1 (Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1, Keap1) 的半胱氨酸残基被修饰, 从而阻止Nrf2的泛素化和降解。随后, Nrf2和Keap1解离并进入细胞核, 激活包括HO-1在内的一系列抗氧化反应元件(antioxidant response element, ARE) 基因。此外, 上调的HO-1催化血红素转化为一氧化碳(carbonic oxide, CO), CO作为NF-κB通路的抑制剂, 下调促炎因子的表达, 进而抑制炎症反应[8]
自噬是一种原始的免疫机制, 与细胞的质量控制和代谢密切相关, 自噬蛋白参与所有类型的炎症细胞的功能, 可下调巨噬细胞的炎症反应[9-12]。在复杂的多细胞生物中, 自噬的核心分子机制是通过调节自噬蛋白来协调细胞、平衡免疫和减轻炎症, 从而预防自身免疫性和炎症疾病。脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS) 可激活巨噬细胞的选择性自噬[11]
本课题组的前期研究[13]从枹栎(Quercus serrata Thunb) 中提取、分离和鉴定出一系列三萜类化合物, 并对该类化合物进行了抗炎活性筛选, 发现阿江榄仁酸(arjunic acid, AR) 具有一定的抗炎作用。AR被用于对肺、肝、前列腺、胶质母细胞瘤和乳腺癌的细胞毒活性研究[14, 15]。此外, 有文献报道AR可抑制RAW264.7细胞iNOS、COX-2蛋白和NO的表达[16, 17], 且具有很强的抗氧化和自由基清除能力[18]。上述研究表明, AR具有成为治疗炎症相关疾病药物的潜力, 然而其抗炎机制至今仍不完全清楚, 本研究旨在探究AR在体内外的抗炎作用及其机制。
药品与试剂  AR由实验室从枹栎中提取、分离和纯化, 结构式见图 1A, 其HPLC纯度为98%。胎牛血清(fetal bovine serum, FBS)、DMEM高糖培养基购于Gibco BRL公司; 青链霉素混合液购于Thermo Scientific公司; LPS、四甲基偶氮唑蓝[3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide, MTT]、Griess试剂和吲哚美辛均购于Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals公司; 5 min极速RNA提取试剂盒购于哈尔滨新海基因检测有限公司; Hieff qPCR SYBR Green Master Mix、Hifair Ⅱ 1st Strand cDNA Synthesis SuperMix购于上海翌圣生物科技股份有限公司; 细胞裂解液、苯甲基磺酰氟、BCA蛋白定量试剂盒、核质蛋白提取分离试剂盒购于上海碧云天生物技术有限公司; GAPDH、p-Akt、COX-2、p38、p-p38、JNK、p-JNK、ERK、p-ERK抗体及其二抗均购于Cell Signaling Technology公司; NF-κB p65和p-NF-κB p65抗体购于Santa Cruz Biotechnology公司; Nrf2、Keap1、p62、LC3、Atg5、Beclin1和HO-1抗体购于Proteintech公司; iNOS和p-mTOR抗体购于Abcam公司; ECL发光液购于大连美仑生物科技有限公司。
网络药理学探讨AR的抗炎机制  采用维恩图绘制AR与炎症的交集基因, 并用Cytoscape 3.10.0软件可视化。将获得的AR潜在靶点数据导入STRING 12.0软件, 构建AR的蛋白-蛋白相互作用(PPI) 网络。对得到的交集基因进行KEGG信号通路(http://kobas.cbi.pku.edu.cn/genelist/) 和基因本体(GO) 富集分析(http://geneontology.org)。利用Cytoscape 3.10.0软件构建化合物-靶点-通路网络。
细胞培养及活力测定(MTT法)  RAW264.7细胞购自中国医学科学院基础医学研究所。RAW264.7细胞在含10% FBS和1%青霉素-链霉素的DMEM培养基中, 于37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱中培养。用MTT法检测AR对RAW264.7细胞活力的影响。将对数生长期的RAW264.7细胞接种于96孔板中, 每孔2×104个细胞, 于37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱中培养24 h。将不同浓度的AR与1 μg·mL-1 LPS联合作用于RAW264.7细胞, 并设置模型组(1 μg·mL-1 LPS) 和空白组。孵育24 h后, 弃去上清, 每孔加入100 μL MTT溶液(0.5 mg·mL-1), 37 ℃恒温孵育4 h。弃去上清, 每孔加100 μL DMSO, 于摇床上摇匀10 min, 使结晶紫完全溶解。使用酶标仪(Molecular Devices公司) 在490 nm波长下测定吸光度值。
RAW264.7细胞亚硝酸盐含量测定  细胞接种和给药方法参照细胞活力测定部分。给药24 h后, 分别取各组细胞培养上清液50 μL于96孔板中, 分别加入Griess A和Griess B试剂各50 μL, 室温避光孵育10 min。在540 nm波长下测定吸光度值, 根据亚硝酸钠标准曲线计算上清中的亚硝酸盐浓度。
细胞总RNA提取及qRT-PCR检测  取对数生长期的RAW264.7细胞接种于12孔板, 每孔4×105个细胞, 培养过夜。不同浓度AR (20、40和60 μmol·L-1) 与LPS (1 μg·mL-1) 联合作用于RAW264.7细胞, 40 μmol·L-1吲哚美辛作为阳性对照, 孵育12 h后, 收集细胞。其中, TNF-α的mRNA表达检测需孵育24 h后收集细胞。根据RNA提取试剂盒说明书进行RNA提取、浓度测定和逆转录。使用LightCycler 96系统进行扩增, 引物见表 1, 在LightCycler 1.1.0.1320软件分析结果。
ELISA法测定细胞IL-1β的含量  不同浓度AR或吲哚美辛和LPS (1 μg·mL-1) 孵育细胞24 h后, 收集细胞培养上清液。按照ELISA试剂盒(Elabscience公司) 说明书检测细胞培养上清液中的IL-1β含量, 使用酶标仪在540 nm波长下测定吸光度值。
ROS含量测定  RAW264.7细胞(2×104个/孔) 接种于96孔板中, 培养过夜。不同浓度AR和LPS (1 μg·mL-1) 共同作用于RAW264.7细胞24 h。弃掉上清, 每孔加入10 μmol·L-1 2', 7'-二氯二氢荧光素二乙酸酯(2', 7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, DCFH-DA) 100 μL, 37 ℃避光孵育20 min, 在激发波长485 nm和发射波长435 nm下测定细胞荧光, 并使用荧光显微镜(Zeiss公司) 记录细胞荧光强度。
免疫荧光实验  将细胞接种于48孔板(2×104个/孔) 中, 培养过夜, 加入40 μmol·L-1 AR或40 μmol·L-1吲哚美辛孵育4 h后, 加入LPS (1 μg·mL-1) 诱导细胞15 min。将细胞用4%多聚甲醛在室温下固定30 min, 用0.1% (v/v) Triton X-100透化15 min, 在含5%牛血清白蛋白(BSA) 的PBS中封闭30 min, 一抗4 ℃孵育过夜, 室温下孵育二抗2 h。用PBS洗涤3次后, 10 μg·mL-1 Hoechst 33258 (Thermo Fisher Scientific公司) 避光孵育10 min。荧光成像使用荧光显微镜进行细胞荧光拍照。
Western blot检测  使用RIPA裂解液(含蛋白酶抑制剂) 裂解细胞, 冰上裂解30 min后, 离心收集上清, 得到细胞总蛋白; 根据核质蛋白提取分离试剂盒说明书对细胞进行裂解和核质蛋白的提取; 使用BCA法测定细胞总蛋白和核质蛋白的浓度。得到的蛋白样品加入上样缓冲液, 于100 ℃金属浴中加热5 min, 使蛋白充分变性。蛋白通过SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳进行分离, 分离的蛋白电转移至PVDF膜。PVDF膜在5%脱脂奶粉中封闭1 h; PBST溶液清洗3次, 每次5 min; 用5% BSA稀释目的蛋白对应的一抗, 将一抗完全覆盖膜条带表面, 于4 ℃冰箱中孵育过夜。次日, 回收一抗, PBST溶液洗涤3次, 每次10 min。加入相应的二抗, 室温孵育2 h, 回收二抗, PBST清洗条带3次, 每次10 min。根据ECL试剂盒说明进行ECL工作液配置和曝光显影, 使用Image J软件分析条带。
统计学分析  采用GraphPad Prism 8.0软件进行数据分析和作图, 结果均以x ± s表示, 采用单因素方差ANOVA进行多组数据间比较分析, 认为P < 0.05差异具有统计学意义。
为了探究AR在体外的抗炎活性, 本研究利用LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞作为模型进行接下来的实验。首先利用MTT法检测AR对LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞的毒性作用。结果表明, AR最大浓度(80 μmol·L-1) 在24 h内对LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞的增殖无抑制作用(图 1B)。
分别使用Griess法和ELISA法检测巨噬细胞的促炎因子NO和IL-1β的分泌量。RAW264.7细胞经LPS诱导后, 可大量释放NO和IL-1β, 经AR给药后, NO和IL-1β的释放明显被抑制(图 2AB)。接下来, 通过qRT-PCR实验, 检测AR在转录水平对促炎因子IL-IL-6TNF-α表达的影响。与空白组相比, LPS明显刺激了IL-IL-6TNF-α的表达, 而AR可明显下调其表达(图 2C~E)。iNOS可催化NO的生成, COX-2是LPS诱导RAW264.7细胞产生炎症反应的重要炎症介质。qRT-PCR和Western blot实验结果显示, AR可抑制LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞iNOSCOX-2的mRNA (图 2FG) 以及iNOS和COX-2的蛋白(图 2HI) 表达。由此表明, AR可抑制LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞的炎症反应。
为了探究AR治疗炎症性疾病的可能靶点及机制, 本研究将差异表达基因于AR的靶基因取交集, 得到35个基因。将目的蛋白对应的基因输入STRING数据库, 获得PPI网络。PPI网络分析显示, TNF、前列腺素-过氧化物酶合成酶2 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2, PTGS2) 和NOS2可能是AR抑制炎症的重要潜在靶点(图 3A)。基于上述35个基因的GO富集分析结果提示, AR影响的生物过程主要集中在炎症反应的调控中(图 3B)。此外, AR与许多分子功能相关, 包括前列腺素受体活性和核受体活性。KEGG通路分析结果显示, AR的抗炎活性与NF-κB、TNF和MAPK信号通路紧密相关(图 3C)。本研究还注意到KEGG结果分析PI3K-Akt-mTOR信号通路也可能与AR对炎症的调控有关(图 3C), 而PI3K-Akt-mTOR信号通路的抑制与自噬的发生密切相关。以上结果提示, AR对炎症性疾病的治疗作用可能与NF-κB、TNF和MAPK信号通路有关, 并可能对自噬过程有一定的调控作用。
本研究在体外对AR的抗炎机制进行了验证及进一步的研究。NF-κB通路的激活促进了促炎因子的表达, 并抑制抗炎细胞因子的产生, 最终导致炎症反应。在LPS刺激下, IκBα的磷酸化和降解导致NF-κB释放并转位入核, 引起促炎介质和细胞因子的转录[19]。因此, 本研究探究了AR是否可以阻断LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞中NF-κB的激活。Western blot分析和免疫荧光检测表明, LPS显著促进了胞质NF-κB p65的核转位, 而AR显著阻断了核转位(图 4AB)。用Western blot法检测AR对NF-κB磷酸化的影响, 结果表明, AR明显抑制LPS诱导的NF-κB磷酸化(图 4C)。因此, AR的抗炎作用与抑制NF-κB通路相关。
为了探究AR是否可抑制LPS诱导的MAPK信号通路, 本研究检测了p38、JNK和ERK及其磷酸化蛋白的表达。Western blot结果显示, LPS处理RAW264.7细胞后, 15 min内p38、JNK、ERK的磷酸化水平明显升高, 而JNK、ERK的磷酸化明显被AR抑制(图 5A), 而AR对p38的磷酸化水平无明显影响。为进一步研究AR对JNK/ERK通路的影响, 在AR处理前用JNK抑制剂SP600125和ERK抑制剂PD98059预处理RAW264.7细胞。Western blot分析证实, SP600125和PD98059分别可对JNK和ERK去磷酸化。如图 5BC所示, AR和抑制剂的联合作用显著抑制了JNK和ERK的磷酸化。综上所述, AR通过抑制JNK/ERK通路的激活, 进一步抑制NF-κB信号通路, 从而抑制LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞炎症反应。
LPS可诱导巨噬细胞产生过量的ROS, ROS在炎症发生发展中起关键作用, 并可进一步促进巨噬细胞促炎因子的表达。通过DCFH-DA法检测ROS的产生, 以探讨AR对LPS诱导的ROS产生的抑制作用。结果显示, 在LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞中, AR处理后, 细胞ROS水平明显降低(图 6AB)。Nrf2在LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞中可以保护细胞免受过量ROS的损伤。此外, 在氧化应激下, Nrf2与Keap1解离, 转位到细胞核, 并调节ARE驱动的细胞保护和抗氧化酶的表达, 包括HO-1[20]。因此, 本研究检测了AR是否会降解Keap1并激活Nrf2的表达。正如预期的那样, AR降低了Keap1的表达并激活了Nrf2/HO-1通路(图 6C)。这些结果表明, AR通过促进Keap1降解, 激活Nrf2/HO-1通路, 从而减轻LPS诱导的氧化应激和炎症反应。
自噬是下调巨噬细胞炎症反应的重要机制。据报道, TLR信号的过度表达, 会导致其衔接蛋白MyD88和TRIF等在胞浆形成大的聚合物, 而这种聚合物的形成需要自噬受体p62 (SQSTM1) 和HDAC6的参与[10]。自噬参与了LPS诱导后维持炎症反应的平衡, 但对其具体功能的研究结果并不一致。在本研究中, RAW264.7细胞经LPS处理12 h后, p62蛋白积累, Atg5蛋白表达下调, 证明自噬体与溶酶体的结合和降解受限, 自噬流受损。而在LPS和AR共同作用下, Atg5、Beclin1和LC3-Ⅱ蛋白表达增强, p62蛋白表达减弱(图 7A), 提示AR促进了LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞自噬。为了进一步研究AR诱导的自噬促进在炎症中的作用, 本研究用40 μmol·L-1 AR和氯喹(chloroquine, CQ, 一种抑制自噬体和溶酶体融合的化合物) 共同作用于RAW264.7细胞。CQ预处理可下调LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞COX-2的蛋白表达(图 7B) 水平及IL-6IL-的mRNA水平(图 7CD)。有意思的是, CQ的预处理进一步降低了AR下调的LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞中COX-2的蛋白表达水平(图 7B) 以及炎症因子IL-6IL-的mRNA表达(图 7CD)。这表明, AR促进了巨噬细胞自噬体与溶酶体的融合与降解, 活化了自噬流, 促进了自噬的发生, 但该自噬流可能阻碍了AR抑制的LPS诱导的炎症反应。
mTOR激酶是诱导自噬的关键调节因子, 激活的mTOR (PI3K和Akt信号通路) 通过阻止自噬启动、自噬体形成以及溶酶体和自噬基因的整体表达来抑制自噬。为了进一步探究AR处理过程中对LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞自噬的促进机制, 本研究检测了PI3K/Akt/mTOR通路相关蛋白的表达。如图 8A, Western blot分析显示, LPS处理显著促进了磷酸化mTOR (p-mTOR) 和磷酸化Akt (p-Akt) 的蛋白积累, 而p-Akt和p-mTOR被AR呈剂量依赖性抑制, 表明AR通过PI3K/Akt/mTOR对LPS诱导的巨噬细胞自噬产生影响。与CQ相似, mTOR激活剂(MHY1485, 10 μmol·L-1) 的预处理显著抑制了AR作用的LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞中COX-2蛋白的表达(图 8B) 及促炎细胞因子IL-6IL-的mRNA表达(图 8CD)。上述结果表明, AR的处理活化了LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞自噬流, 促进了细胞自噬, 这是通过抑制PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路实现的。
在东亚地区, 枹栎果实是一种传统的草药和粮食作物, 在前期研究中, 从枹栎果实中提取的大量三萜类化合物均表现出明显的抗炎生物活性[13, 19-21]。其中, 从枹栎果实中分离出的三萜类化合物AR, 发现具有明显的抗炎作用。在体外, AR显著抑制了LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞中NO和促炎细胞因子的释放, 还减少了细胞内ROS的产生。
本研究接着应用网络药理学方法, 基于疾病、基因、靶蛋白的相互作用网络, 预测了AR治疗炎症性疾病的可能通路。通过网络分析发现PTGS2和NOS2是治疗炎症的潜在靶蛋白。AR的抗炎活性与NF-κB、TNF和MAPK信号通路紧密相关。PTGS2是重要的促炎介质, 而NOS2具有亚硝基化酶活性, 介导细胞质靶蛋白PTGS2/COX-2的半胱氨酸亚硝基化。体外实验证实, AR抑制了LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞中COX-2和iNOS的表达。
氧化应激促进NF-κB活化, 导致促炎细胞因子的过度产生, 继而进一步促进氧化应激, Nrf2/ARE系统的激活在破坏这一循环中起重要作用[22, 23]。越来越多的证据表明, Nrf2和NF-κB信号通路相互作用, 调节下游蛋白的转录。NF-κB通路调节促炎细胞因子的产生和白细胞的募集或细胞存活, 这些均为炎症反应的重要贡献者。在正常条件下, Keap1通过泛素化和蛋白酶体降解抑制Nrf2的转录活性。本研究发现在LPS刺激下, AR抑制了Keap1的活性, 并增加了Nrf2和HO-1的表达。AR阻断了LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞中NF-κB的磷酸化并由细胞质转位至细胞核。在本研究中, 40 μmol·L-1 AR可以明显抑制NF-κB的核转位, 但对NF-κB磷酸化的抑制作用不显著, 原因可能是AR对NF-κB两种反应的作用强度不同。MAPK激活诱导多种基因的表达, 这些基因与NF-κB和干扰素调节因子转录因子的激活一起调节炎症反应[12]。在本研究中, AR抑制了JNK和ERK的磷酸化, JNK抑制剂和ERK抑制剂减弱了这一趋势。上述结果表明, AR通过抑制ROS产生、促进Keap1降解、上调Nrf2/HO-1信号通路、抑制JNK/ERK和NF-κB通路发挥抗炎作用。
在复杂的多细胞生物中, 自噬的核心分子机制是通过调节自噬蛋白来协调细胞, 平衡免疫和减轻炎症, 从而使机体能够预防自身免疫性和炎症性疾病[24, 25], 但对自噬在炎症相关疾病中发挥具体作用的报道并不一致。与之前的研究类似[26, 27], 本研究发现LPS处理RAW264.7细胞12 h时, 诱发了自噬的发生, 但自噬流被抑制(p62增加), 而AR的共处理活化了LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞的自噬流。AR联合CQ处理可下调IL-6IL- mRNA和COX-2蛋白的表达, 表明自噬阻碍了AR的抗炎过程。有研究表明, 抑制PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路可调节吞噬和自噬, 有助于病原体的清除, 但也有助于巨噬细胞的存活和炎症性疾病的进展[28, 29]。在本研究中, AR减弱了LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞中mTOR和Akt的磷酸化。mTOR激活剂MHY1485的预处理促进了LPS诱导的RAW264.7细胞中LC3-Ⅱ和P62的累积, 这与Liu等[27]报道的研究一致。本研究发现AR与MHY1485共同作用抑制了IL-6IL-β mRNA和COX-2蛋白的表达。这些结果表明, MHY1485增强了AR的抗炎作用。以上结果提示, 自噬在AR诱导的抗炎过程中发挥了阻碍作用, 但AR可以与自噬抑制剂联合使用来增强对炎症性疾病的治疗。
综上所述, 枹栎果实分离的AR通过调节NF-κB, 抑制PI3K/Akt/mTOR和JNK/ERK信号通路, 上调Nrf2/HO-1信号通路, 在mRNA和蛋白水平上抑制巨噬细胞NO、ROS、PGE2、TNF-α和IL-6及其上游酶(COX-2和iNOS) 和细胞因子的产生, 从而抑制LPS诱导的巨噬细胞免疫应答。AR具有良好的抗炎活性, 是一种潜在的治疗炎症相关疾病的天然药物。
作者贡献: 覃秋怡和李琳进行实验操作、数据分析和统计、论文撰写; 王宜海负责实验指导和技术支持; 徐静雯监督和协助实验方案设计、实验进行及实验数据分析; 何祥久指导和监督实验过程并协助论文撰写。
利益冲突: 本文所有作者声明不存在利益冲突关系。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(81773592)
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0823
  • 接收时间:2024-08-26
  • 首发时间:2025-11-06
  • 出版时间:2025-03-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-26
  • 修回日期:2025-01-02
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    1.广东药科大学药学院, 广东 广州 510006
    2.广东省先导化合物发现与新药研发工程技术研究中心, 广东 广州 510006

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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