Article(id=1193259085312262974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193259081696772901, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0861, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1725379200000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-04, revisedDate=1733414400000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762424735619, onlineDateStr=2025-11-06, pubDate=1741708800000, pubDateStr=2025-03-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762424735619, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762424735619, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762424735619, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1193259081696772901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='3', pageStart='533', pageEnd='842', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762424734756, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764224876724, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200809424412602670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193259081696772901, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200809424412602671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193259081696772901, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=762, endPage=770, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1193259085731693376, articleId=1193259085312262974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Screening of adalimumab-specific binding peptides based on phage display and its application to drug detection, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this thesis, we propose to establish a phage display method for screening adalimumab (ADM)-specific binding peptide to provide a particular element of recognition for clinical studies of ADM, and to successfully establish an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (i-ELISA) based on this peptide for clinical detection of ADM. With ADM as the target molecule, five rounds of peptide elution were performed using phage display technology by putting it into the M13 linear dodecapeptide library. By measuring the titer of each round of eluate, it was found that the recovery rate increased from 7.28×10-6 to 1.55×10-3, indicating that the peptides binding to ADM in the eluate were continuously enriched, and the enrichment effect was better; the fifth round of screening amplicons were sequenced, and it was found that five peptide sequences appeared with high frequency, which were considered to be potentially able to bind specifically to ADM and were synthesised; the specific binding ability of the five peptide sequences to ADM was verified and identified by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and ELISA experiments, respectively, and the results showed that the first peptide sequence (Pep1) and the second peptide sequence (Pep2) showed specific binding to ADM, with the affinity constants (KD) of 7.91×10-5 mol·L-1 and 1.67×10-5 mol·L-1, respectively, and of which the affinity constant of Pep1 with ADM isotype antibody IgG was 1.35×10-4 mol·L-1, which was one order of magnitude lower than that with ADM, and thus Pep1 was determined to be a specific binding peptide for ADM. Based on Pep1, an indirect ELISA method for the analysis of the antibody-drug ADM was successfully established. With the increasing concentration of ADM the OD450 value showed a regular change, and the method can be used for clinical ADM blood concentration monitoring. In this study, we obtained a peptide that can specifically bind to ADM, and this peptide sequence can be used as a specific recognition element for ADM, which not only enables the monitoring of ADM blood concentration, but also provides an effective tool for the accurate qualitative and quantitative quantification of ADM in vivo and ex vivo, and at the same time provides a new strategy and idea for the discovery of recognition elements of other monoclonal antibody drugs.

, correspAuthors=Fang FAN, Xiao-fei CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yu-xin ZHANG, Yu CHEN, Feng ZHANG, Yao-yang LIU, Fang FAN, Xiao-fei CHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1193259454092247969, articleId=1193259085312262974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于噬菌体展示的阿达木单抗特异性结合肽筛选及其在药物检测中的应用, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文建立了一种筛选阿达木单抗(adalimumab, ADM) 特异性结合肽的噬菌体展示方法, 为ADM的临床研究提供特异性识别元件, 并基于该多肽成功建立用于临床检测ADM的间接酶联免疫吸附分析方法(indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, i-ELISA)。以ADM为靶分子, 利用M13噬菌体线性十二肽库展示技术, 进行五轮多肽淘选。通过对每一轮洗脱液的滴度进行测定发现, 回收率从7.28×10-6提高到1.55×10-3, 表明洗脱液中与ADM结合的多肽在不断富集, 且富集效果较好; 对第五轮筛选扩增液进行测序, 结果发现有5条多肽序列出现频次较高, 被认为是潜在能够与ADM特异性结合的多肽, 并进行固相合成; 分别通过表面等离子体共振技术(surface plasmon resonance, SPR) 和ELISA实验验证并鉴定了5条多肽序列与ADM的特异性结合能力, 结果表明第一条多肽序列(Pep1) 和第二条多肽序列(Pep2) 与ADM呈现特异性结合, 亲和力常数(KD) 分别为7.91×10-5和1.67×10-5 mol·L-1, 而其中Pep1与ADM同型抗体人免疫球蛋白G (immunoglobulin G, IgG) 的亲和力常数为1.35×10-4 mol·L-1, 比与ADM的亲和力常数低1个数量级, 由此可判定Pep1为ADM的特异性结合肽。基于Pep1成功建立了抗体药物ADM间接ELISA分析方法。随着ADM浓度的不断增加OD450值呈规律性变化, 该方法可用于临床ADM血药浓度的监测。本研究获得能够与ADM特异性结合的多肽, 该多肽序列可作为ADM的特异性识别元件, 不仅实现ADM的血药浓度监测, 也可为ADM体内外精确定性定量提供了有效工具, 同时为其他单克隆抗体药物识别元件的发现提供了新的策略和思路。

, correspAuthors=樊芳, 陈啸飞, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*樊芳, E-mail:
陈啸飞, E-mail:
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A: Schematic diagram of i-ELISA; B: Fitted curves with NaHCO<sub>3</sub> as diluent and peptide concentrations of 10, 25, and 50 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup>; C: Fitted graphs for peptide concentrations of 10, 25, and 50 μmol·L<sup>-1</sup> using pure water as diluent; D: Fitted graphs of experiments performed under optimal peptide inclusion buffer and peptide inclusion concentration conditions with varying incubation times; E: Indirect ELISA standard curve for Pep1 detection of ADM , figureFileSmall=C4Gm2Em9t9W2KEq2udAB8w==, figureFileBig=YJ1X7RHEtqMu9KMGksc5Eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194704162299551811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259085312262974, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
RoundTargetInput phage/pfuOutput phage/pfuRecoverya
1ADM4×10112.91×1047.28×10-6
2ADM2×10112.97×1041.35×10-5
3ADM2×10111.80×1079.02×10-5
4ADM1×10112.52×1082.52×10-3
5ADM2×10113.10×1081.55×10-3
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Phage inputs, recoveries, and recovery rates for the five rounds of screening. aRecovery = recovered phage/input phage

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RoundTargetInput phage/pfuOutput phage/pfuRecoverya
1ADM4×10112.91×1047.28×10-6
2ADM2×10112.97×1041.35×10-5
3ADM2×10111.80×1079.02×10-5
4ADM1×10112.52×1082.52×10-3
5ADM2×10113.10×1081.55×10-3
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NameSequenceDuplicateTotalFrequency/%
Pep1 RPSTTPRVHHIR 8 40 20.00
Pep2 YLRWKNTDRAPO 8 40 20.00
Pep3 HTSPRHYSSMSA 7 40 17.50
Pep4 PSNSTRPHPDNR 4 40 10.00
Pep5 ESRLMMGEGVIR 4 40 10.00
Pep6 VVGRAMAYSTIP 2 40 5.00
Pep7 TSSGASFNPYLS 2 40 5.00
Pep8 VSADTWLYPKWY 2 40 5.00
Pep9 RHRRHPSOPAPH 1 40 2.50
Pep10 STALTFNNSAFA 1 40 2.50
Pep11 YHRVPPKAYPKY 1 40 2.50
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Random phage sequencing results and number of replicates obtained from the fifth round of screening

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NameSequenceDuplicateTotalFrequency/%
Pep1 RPSTTPRVHHIR 8 40 20.00
Pep2 YLRWKNTDRAPO 8 40 20.00
Pep3 HTSPRHYSSMSA 7 40 17.50
Pep4 PSNSTRPHPDNR 4 40 10.00
Pep5 ESRLMMGEGVIR 4 40 10.00
Pep6 VVGRAMAYSTIP 2 40 5.00
Pep7 TSSGASFNPYLS 2 40 5.00
Pep8 VSADTWLYPKWY 2 40 5.00
Pep9 RHRRHPSOPAPH 1 40 2.50
Pep10 STALTFNNSAFA 1 40 2.50
Pep11 YHRVPPKAYPKY 1 40 2.50
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NameSequenceSpecification /mgQuality /mg
Pep1 RPSTTPRVHHIR 3 15
Pep2 YLRWKNTDRAPO 3 15
Pep3 HTSPRHYSSMSA 3 15
Pep4 PSNSTRPHPDNR 3 15
Pep5 ESRLMMGEGVIR 3 15
B-Pep1 Biotin-RPSTTPRVHHIR 2 10
B-Pep2 Biotin-YLRWKNTDRAPO 2 10
B-Pep3 Biotin-HTSPRHYSSMSA 2 10
B-Pep4 Biotin-PSNSTRPHPDNR 2 10
B-Pep5 Biotin-ESRLMMGEGVIR 2 10
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Synthesis information of peptide sequences

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NameSequenceSpecification /mgQuality /mg
Pep1 RPSTTPRVHHIR 3 15
Pep2 YLRWKNTDRAPO 3 15
Pep3 HTSPRHYSSMSA 3 15
Pep4 PSNSTRPHPDNR 3 15
Pep5 ESRLMMGEGVIR 3 15
B-Pep1 Biotin-RPSTTPRVHHIR 2 10
B-Pep2 Biotin-YLRWKNTDRAPO 2 10
B-Pep3 Biotin-HTSPRHYSSMSA 2 10
B-Pep4 Biotin-PSNSTRPHPDNR 2 10
B-Pep5 Biotin-ESRLMMGEGVIR 2 10
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基于噬菌体展示的阿达木单抗特异性结合肽筛选及其在药物检测中的应用
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张雨欣 1 , 陈雨 1 , 张凤 2 , 刘耀阳 2 , 樊芳 1, * , 陈啸飞 1, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(3): 762-770
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2025, 60(3): 762-770
基于噬菌体展示的阿达木单抗特异性结合肽筛选及其在药物检测中的应用
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张雨欣1, 陈雨1, 张凤2, 刘耀阳2, 樊芳1, * , 陈啸飞1, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国人民解放军海军军医大学药学院, 上海 200433
  • 2.海军军医大学附属长征医院, 上海 200003

通讯作者:

*樊芳, E-mail:
陈啸飞, E-mail:
Screening of adalimumab-specific binding peptides based on phage display and its application to drug detection
Yu-xin ZHANG1, Yu CHEN1, Feng ZHANG2, Yao-yang LIU2, Fang FAN1, * , Xiao-fei CHEN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Pharmacy, Chinese People's Liberation Army Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
  • 2. Changzheng Hospital, Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
出版时间: 2025-03-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0861
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本文建立了一种筛选阿达木单抗(adalimumab, ADM) 特异性结合肽的噬菌体展示方法, 为ADM的临床研究提供特异性识别元件, 并基于该多肽成功建立用于临床检测ADM的间接酶联免疫吸附分析方法(indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, i-ELISA)。以ADM为靶分子, 利用M13噬菌体线性十二肽库展示技术, 进行五轮多肽淘选。通过对每一轮洗脱液的滴度进行测定发现, 回收率从7.28×10-6提高到1.55×10-3, 表明洗脱液中与ADM结合的多肽在不断富集, 且富集效果较好; 对第五轮筛选扩增液进行测序, 结果发现有5条多肽序列出现频次较高, 被认为是潜在能够与ADM特异性结合的多肽, 并进行固相合成; 分别通过表面等离子体共振技术(surface plasmon resonance, SPR) 和ELISA实验验证并鉴定了5条多肽序列与ADM的特异性结合能力, 结果表明第一条多肽序列(Pep1) 和第二条多肽序列(Pep2) 与ADM呈现特异性结合, 亲和力常数(KD) 分别为7.91×10-5和1.67×10-5 mol·L-1, 而其中Pep1与ADM同型抗体人免疫球蛋白G (immunoglobulin G, IgG) 的亲和力常数为1.35×10-4 mol·L-1, 比与ADM的亲和力常数低1个数量级, 由此可判定Pep1为ADM的特异性结合肽。基于Pep1成功建立了抗体药物ADM间接ELISA分析方法。随着ADM浓度的不断增加OD450值呈规律性变化, 该方法可用于临床ADM血药浓度的监测。本研究获得能够与ADM特异性结合的多肽, 该多肽序列可作为ADM的特异性识别元件, 不仅实现ADM的血药浓度监测, 也可为ADM体内外精确定性定量提供了有效工具, 同时为其他单克隆抗体药物识别元件的发现提供了新的策略和思路。

阿达木单抗  /  多肽  /  噬菌体展示  /  酶联免疫吸附分析  /  血药浓度监测

In this thesis, we propose to establish a phage display method for screening adalimumab (ADM)-specific binding peptide to provide a particular element of recognition for clinical studies of ADM, and to successfully establish an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (i-ELISA) based on this peptide for clinical detection of ADM. With ADM as the target molecule, five rounds of peptide elution were performed using phage display technology by putting it into the M13 linear dodecapeptide library. By measuring the titer of each round of eluate, it was found that the recovery rate increased from 7.28×10-6 to 1.55×10-3, indicating that the peptides binding to ADM in the eluate were continuously enriched, and the enrichment effect was better; the fifth round of screening amplicons were sequenced, and it was found that five peptide sequences appeared with high frequency, which were considered to be potentially able to bind specifically to ADM and were synthesised; the specific binding ability of the five peptide sequences to ADM was verified and identified by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and ELISA experiments, respectively, and the results showed that the first peptide sequence (Pep1) and the second peptide sequence (Pep2) showed specific binding to ADM, with the affinity constants (KD) of 7.91×10-5 mol·L-1 and 1.67×10-5 mol·L-1, respectively, and of which the affinity constant of Pep1 with ADM isotype antibody IgG was 1.35×10-4 mol·L-1, which was one order of magnitude lower than that with ADM, and thus Pep1 was determined to be a specific binding peptide for ADM. Based on Pep1, an indirect ELISA method for the analysis of the antibody-drug ADM was successfully established. With the increasing concentration of ADM the OD450 value showed a regular change, and the method can be used for clinical ADM blood concentration monitoring. In this study, we obtained a peptide that can specifically bind to ADM, and this peptide sequence can be used as a specific recognition element for ADM, which not only enables the monitoring of ADM blood concentration, but also provides an effective tool for the accurate qualitative and quantitative quantification of ADM in vivo and ex vivo, and at the same time provides a new strategy and idea for the discovery of recognition elements of other monoclonal antibody drugs.

adalimumab  /  peptide  /  phage display  /  ELISA  /  blood concentration monitoring
张雨欣, 陈雨, 张凤, 刘耀阳, 樊芳, 陈啸飞. 基于噬菌体展示的阿达木单抗特异性结合肽筛选及其在药物检测中的应用. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (3) : 762 -770 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0861
Yu-xin ZHANG, Yu CHEN, Feng ZHANG, Yao-yang LIU, Fang FAN, Xiao-fei CHEN. Screening of adalimumab-specific binding peptides based on phage display and its application to drug detection[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (3) : 762 -770 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0861
肿瘤坏死因子α (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α) 是一种有效的促炎细胞因子, 可以协同调节其他细胞因子的产生、细胞存活和死亡来协调组织的稳态。它的过量或长期产生与炎症过程和某些自身免疫性疾病的发病机制相关[1, 2]。2019年, 全球首个获批上市的全人源抗TNF-α单克隆抗体阿达木单抗(adalimumab, ADM) 在中国被获批, 用于治疗强直性脊柱炎、类风湿关节炎和银屑病等自身免疫性疾病。当前它在全球已有17个适应症, 是同靶点药物中适应症最广的药物。2020年其原研药修美乐®累计销售额高达1 658亿美元[3, 4], 多次蝉联“药王”。
然而, 随着ADM的广泛应用, 临床问题日益凸显。不同个体对于ADM的响应程度有显著差异, 初始治疗反应的比率在40%~90%, 同样也有一部分初始治疗有反应的患者在治疗过程中出现响应丢失的情况, 导致疾病进展[5-7]。目前对于初始治疗无响应的具体机制仍然了解得不够清晰[8], 影响因素也较多, 比如表观遗传、病理机制、免疫原性等。治疗响应的个体差异及响应丢失被认为与血清中ADM药物浓度以及药物使用后免疫原性等因素相关, 因此, 基于治疗药物监测(therapeutic drug monitoring, TDM) 进行剂量优化可为ADM药物精准治疗提供有效的手段。因此, 如何构建针对ADM血药浓度的有效监测方法是临床亟需解决的问题[9]
近年来, 科学家通过构建生物传感的方法, 发挥荧光信号、电信号、SPR信号等传感快速、灵敏以及高时空分辨的独特优势实现对单克隆抗体药物的检测和相关药代动力学的研究。然而, 无论是采用何种信号传导体系, 都首先需要提供对单克隆抗体药物体内外信息特异性捕捉的生物识别元件, 也是生物传感方法建立的重要组成部分[10]
多肽在生物相容性、生物活性和安全性方面表现出色, 具有高选择性和与特定生物分子强结合的能力, 常作为特异性识别的元件。一方面, 肽骨架具有多种活性官能团, 如氨基、羟基、羧基和硫醇基等, 可以很容易地修饰, 以达到不同的研究目的; 另一方面多肽片段所含的氨基酸残基相对较少, 合成简单, 成本较低[11-13]。目前多肽已被纳入生物材料, 广泛应用于分子识别、药物递送、生物成像以及疾病诊断治疗等生物医学领域中。van Rosmalen的团队[14]研究了线性肽和环肽在生物发光传感器蛋白平台(LUABS) 的应用, 使用半柔性连接体将蓝色发光荧光素酶NanoLuc和绿色荧光受体蛋白mNeonGreen连接, 通过Src同源性3结构域和富含脯氨酸的十二线性肽或二硫键环肽之间的相互作用紧密连接, 基于荧光能量转移效应使得传感器发出绿色光, 实现了曲妥珠单抗的定量。Mocenigo等[15]开发了一种名为NanoHybrid的可编程核酸纳米开关, 由合成肽核酸嵌合体(可进行有效杂交的DNA残基与螺旋状基序的十二线性肽缀合而成) 和与识别元件和光学标记缀合的核酸链组成, 通过快速荧光定量血清样品中的单克隆抗体。Liu等[16]报道了一种电容式传感器, 其中使用十二线性肽与间隔肽CGSGSGS (CS7) 组合的肽模拟物混合自组装单层作为识别元件, 通过检测微分电容变化对曲妥珠单抗浓度定量。然而, 目前为止还未报道过ADM特异性识别多肽的相关研究。因此, 寻找能够与ADM特异性结合的多肽作为识别元件, 对于解决ADM临床应用问题的研究和个体化治疗具有重要的意义。
近年来, 噬菌体展示肽库技术已广泛用于筛选各类靶标的高特异性结合多肽配体[17], 该项技术最初是由2018年诺贝尔化学奖得主George Smith提出[18]。筛选过程中(图 1), 将靶标固定在96孔板上, 并与一定量的噬菌体共孵育, 期间未结合的噬菌体颗粒被丢弃, 而与靶标选择性结合的噬菌体颗粒被留下用来感染大肠杆菌(扩增), 纯化后的噬菌体颗粒继续作为下一轮筛选的文库[19]。近期, 研究人员已通过该技术筛选获得了曲妥珠单抗、西妥昔单抗和利妥昔单抗等单抗类药物特异性结合的多肽配体[20-22]
因此, 鉴于以上, 本论文旨在利用噬菌体展示技术, 以ADM为靶标, 投入M13噬菌体线性十二肽库, 筛选ADM的特异性多肽配体, 并建立一种噬菌体展示方法。筛选获得的多肽可作为ADM的特异性识别元件, 为ADM的后续深入研究提供强有力的工具。本研究中基于筛选获得的多肽序列构建了能够用于ADM体外检测的分析方法(i-ELISA), 实现了对临床治疗药物ADM血药浓度的监测。同时, 也可为其他单克隆抗体药物的研究提供了新的策略和思路。
试验材料  噬菌体展示线性十二肽库试剂盒(E8111L) 购自美国New England Biolabs公司; ADM (T9901) 购自中国上海陶术生物科技有限公司; IgG (FSM0001) 购自中国上海复申生物科技有限公司; 辣根过氧化物酶(horseradish peroxidase, HRP) 标记亲和素(D110529)、EL-TMB显色试剂盒(C520026) 购自中国生物工程(上海) 股份有限公司; 抗人IgG1-Fc二抗(HRP, 10702-MM01T-H) 购自中国北京义翘神州科技股份有限公司; 牛血清白蛋白(BSA, A1933) 购自德国Sigma公司; CM5芯片(BR100012)、10×PBS-P+ (28995084)、氨基偶联试剂盒(BR100050)、10×PBS磷酸盐缓冲液(pH 7.4, BR100672)、10 mmol·L-1醋酸钠溶液(pH 4.0, BR100349)、10 mmol·L-1醋酸钠溶液(pH 4.5, BR100350)、10 mmol·L-1醋酸钠溶液(pH 5.0, BR100351)、10 mmol·L-1醋酸钠溶液(pH 5.5, BR100352) 均购于瑞典Cytiva公司。
噬菌体展示随机十二肽库筛选
包被  将100 μg·mL-1的ADM溶液(pH 8.6, 0.1 mol·L-1 NaHCO3溶液配制) 加入至ELISA板中, 于4 ℃孵育过夜。
封闭洗脱  次日于4 ℃下在ELISA板中加满封阻液(0.1 mol·L-1 NaHCO3含5 mg·mL-1 BSA、0.02% NaN3), 作用1 h。然后用0.1% TBST缓冲液洗板6次, 再加入TBST稀释的4×1011个噬菌体, 室温摇动35 min后倾倒除去未结合噬菌体。再使用TBST缓冲液洗板10次, 然后加入0.2 mol·L-1 glycine-HCl (pH 2.2) 进行洗脱, 温和摇动15 min后立即用HCl (pH 9.1) 中和。
扩增  用洗脱物感染20 mL ER2738 (OD600 = 0.05), 剧烈摇动培养4.5 h。然后, 扩增液在4 ℃、10 000 r·min-1下离心10 min, 吸出上清液并加入PEG/NaCl, 于4 ℃沉淀过夜。次日将上述液体在4 ℃、12 000 r·min-1下离心15 min, 获得沉淀物并将其重悬于1 mL TBS中, 再次离心5 min, 所得的溶液重复使用PEG/NaCl沉淀。最后将沉淀物重悬于200 μL TBS (含0.02% NaN3) 中, 作为下一轮筛选的次级库。
滴度测定  接种ER2738单菌落于5~10 mL LB培养基中, 摇床培养至对数中期。在LB中准备10倍系列稀释的噬菌体(筛选液: 101~104; 扩增液: 108~1011), 然后分别取10 μL感染大肠杆菌, 随后与上层琼脂混匀并平铺在LB/IPTG/Xgal平板上, 于37 ℃倒置培养过夜。次日用所计算斑数乘以稀释因子即可得到每10 μL噬菌体的空斑以形成单位(pfu) 滴度, 并计算回收率(回收率=筛选所得噬菌体量/ 投入噬菌体量)。
下一轮淘选  从每一轮淘选获得的扩增洗脱物中取2×1011 pfu的噬菌体量, 重复上述步骤, 总共进行五轮淘选, 第五轮筛选液不扩增, 只进行滴度测定。
噬菌体测序  从第五轮含噬菌斑不到100个的平板上挑数个蓝色噬菌斑分别到1 mL LB稀释的过夜培养物中, 并于37 ℃摇床培养4.5 h。然后将其离心30 s, 上清液即为单克隆扩增液, 分装该扩增液一式两份(400 μL), 一份送至苏州金唯智生物科技有限公司进行测序, 一份备用。根据噬菌体多肽展示文库附带使用手册对噬菌体测序结果进行读取和翻译, 利用DNAstar软件对测序结果进行分析, 找出插入噬菌体的特定序列。通过基于web的应用程序(http://weblogo.berkeley.edu/logo.cgi) 对获得的所有肽进行统计分析, 以生成序列标识。
多肽合成  选择测序结果中重复较多的前五条序列, 通过固相合成法合成原始序列和氮端标记生物素序列, 使用高效液相色谱(Ultraflextreme, Bruker, Germany) 进行纯化(纯度 > 95%), 通过质谱(Model 1100, Agilent, Santa clara, CA, USA) 分析确认(均由上海强耀生物技术公司完成) 后置-20 ℃下保存备用。
SPR验证多肽与ADM和IgG的亲和力  通过氨基偶联法将ADM和IgG固定在CM5芯片表面, 使用BiacoreTM T200评估软件(GE Healthcare, USA) 进行亲和拟合, 并使用稳态亲和模型(1∶1) 进行全局拟合以获得亲和常数[23]
酶联免疫吸附分析(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, ELISA) 法验证多肽与蛋白的亲和力
二抗稀释倍数优化: 分别以1∶1 000、1∶3 000、1∶5 000、1∶10 000稀释二抗, 每种浓度设置两个副孔, 进行组合实验。每孔中加入显色试剂后使用酶标仪(Genics, TECAN) 测定450 nm下的OD值。
Pep-ADM的亲和力检测: 将ADM (1 μg·mL-1) 包被于酶标板上, 于4 ℃过夜后用5% BSA封闭1 h。用PBST (0.05%) 缓冲液洗板3次后加入系列浓度生物素化多肽(最高浓度50 μmol·L-1对半稀释6次), 并于37 ℃孵育1 h, 然后用PBST (0.05%) 缓冲液洗板3次。加入HRP二抗后于37 ℃孵育1 h, 再用PBST (0.05%) 缓冲液洗板3次。最后加入EL-TMB显色试剂盒避光显色10 min, 终止子终止反应, 并用酶标仪读取各孔OD450值。
ADM i-ELISA方法的构建  首先对多肽包被缓冲液、多肽的包被浓度、多肽与抗原的孵育时间进行了优化。将一定浓度的Pep1分别加入至碳酸氢钠和纯水稀释, 稀释终浓度分别为10、25、50 μmol·L-1, 将上述溶液加入至酶标板中, 每孔对应100 μL, 4 ℃包被过夜。次日洗板后每孔加满封闭液, 并于4 ℃作用1 h。使用PBST (0.05%) 缓冲液洗板3次。将ADM由64 μg·mL-1逐级对半稀释7次, 然后将其分别加入至上述孔中, 每孔对应加入100 μL, 并于37 ℃孵育1 h。用PBST (0.05%) 缓冲液洗板3次。在每个孔中加入0.5 μg·mL-1抗IgG1 Fc二抗, 并于37 ℃孵育40 min。用PBST (0.05%) 缓冲液洗板3次。加入EL-TMB显色试剂盒避光显色20 min, 终止子终止反应, 使用酶标仪读取各孔OD450值。获得最佳多肽包被缓冲液和包被浓度后, 进行多肽与抗体孵育时间的优化实验。在其余实验步骤一致的情况下, 孵育时间分别设定为20、40、60 min, 待反应结束后进行OD450值测定。选效果最佳的多肽包被缓冲液、多肽的包被浓度、多肽与抗原的孵育时间进行ADM的i-ELISA实验。
首先, 将ADM包被于ELISA板上, 利用噬菌体展示技术筛选其特异性结合多肽。ADM对噬菌体十二肽库的五轮淘选结果见表 1所示。表中分别列出了五轮筛选所投入的噬菌体量、回收量以及回收率。回收率是由本轮噬菌体的回收量与投入量相比计算得到, 可以反映与ADM结合噬菌体的富集程度。在筛选中, 每轮都投入1011 pfu噬菌体进行淘选, 然后再对特异性结合的噬菌体进行扩增, 结合能力较强的目的噬菌体会以指数级别富集, 获得的扩增液用于下一轮的淘选。由表 1可见, 在投入噬菌体数量级稳定的情况下, 每轮回收率都有所增加, 从第一轮的7.28×10-6稳步提高至第五轮的1.55×10-3, 表明随着筛选次数的增加, 目的噬菌体逐渐被扩增和富集, 反映出淘选的噬菌体会与靶分子有较好的结合, 淘选结果有效。
对上述获得的第五轮筛选液进行滴定, 从滴度平板上随机挑取40个噬菌斑, 每个蓝斑均为一个噬菌体的阳性单克隆, 利用Sanger测序法对噬菌体进行测序, 得到所包载的十二肽序列, 结果如表 2图 2所示。40个单克隆噬菌斑中共得到了11条不同序列的多肽, 表明筛选获得的噬菌体具有较高的丰富度。同时, 在获得的序列中出现了富集的现象, 其中Pep1、Pep2出现的频次最高, 均占比20%, 其次是Pep3, 占比17.5%, 接下来是Pep4和Pep5, 各占比10%, 其余序列分别为Pep6 (5%)、Pep7 (5%)、Pep8 (5%)、Pep9 (2.5%)、Pep10 (2.5%)、Pep11 (2.5%)。该结果表明在筛选过程中, 随着轮次的增加, 与ADM结合的多肽序列不断得到富集, 出现频次较高的序列即为潜在靶向ADM的多肽, 出现频次越高, 与ADM特异性结合的可能性越大。因此, 本工作中选取出现频次较高的前五条序列进行合成(表 3)。
在获得ADM潜在的靶向肽后, 使用SPR进一步验证其与ADM的结合。将每条多肽以最高浓度40 μmol·L-1对半稀释后, 分别在BiacoreTM T200上与偶联ADM和IgG的CM5芯片相互作用。从传感图上可以看到抗体-多肽复合物的结合过程和平衡状态, 当样品注射完毕后, 多肽被缓冲液代替时, 可观察到复合物的解离状态, 从结合量可以反映出结合的亲和力, 利用Biacore Insight分析软件能提供反应动力学常数及亲和力数据, 亲和力常数(KD) 是结合速率常数和解离速率常数的比值。五条多肽与ADM蛋白的SPR相互作用结果如图 3A~E所示, Pep1、Pep2与ADM呈现特异性结合, KD分别为7.91×10-5和1.67×10-5 mol·L-1, Pep3、Pep4、Pep5呈现非特异性结合, 随着多肽浓度的增加始终没有达到饱和, 因此Pep1、Pep2可确定为阳性多肽, 能够与ADM结合。
随后, 在上述基础上, 作者考察了Pep1和Pep2两个阳性多肽与ADM结合的特异性。因IgG是ADM的同型抗体而被作为阴性对照考察结合的特异性, SPR结果如图 4所示。从图中可看出, Pep1和Pep2两条多肽均与IgG有结合(图 4AB), KD值分别为1.35×10-4和3.66×10-5 mol·L-1。与多肽和ADM的SPR进行对比发现, 其中Pep1序列与ADM的亲和力常数与IgG有明显1个数量级的差异, 因此可判断Pep1序列能够与ADM特异性结合, 可作为ADM特异性结合多肽。
在上述SPR结果的基础上, 使用ELISA方法进一步验证了Pep1和ADM的结合。考虑到二抗稀释倍数对ELISA的检测限和灵敏度有重大影响[24], 作者首先优化了二抗的浓度, 在蛋白包被量一致的情况下, 按照不同稀释比例加入二抗进行ELISA步骤(不加配体, 只做空白孔)。为了摸索二抗稀释的最佳比例, 将二抗按1∶1 000、1∶3 000、1∶5 000和1∶10 000比例稀释, 结果显示空白孔的吸光度值由高到低, 分别为2.178、2.075、1.667、0.382, 选择具有最低吸光度值的稀释比例1∶10 000进行后续研究。
将ADM蛋白和IgG分别包被在ELISA板上, 依次加入不同浓度的Pep1, 1∶10 000比例稀释的二抗, 然后与显色剂作用5 min后使用酶标仪进行扫描检测。ELISA结果如图 5A~E所示, Pep1与ADM和IgG的亲和力常数分别为9.73×10-7和2.34×10-6 mol·L-1, 表明Pep1与ADM相较于与IgG蛋白有更强的结合, 能够特异性结合ADM, 与SPR实验的结果一致。
在获得与ADM特异性结合的多肽后, 构建了基于多肽的i-ELISA方法用于ADM的定性和定量测定(图 6A)。首先对多肽的包被缓冲液和多肽的包被浓度进行了优化, 结果如图 6BC所示。多肽的包被缓冲液分别为碳酸氢钠和纯水时对检测结果的影响不大。然而随着包被浓度的增加, 结合曲线的拟合效果逐渐增强, 且450 nm处的吸光度值逐渐增大。因此选取最佳拟合曲线所对应的实验条件进行后续实验, 多肽的最佳包被缓冲液为纯水, 最佳包被浓度为25 μmol·L-1。随后, 在上述最佳实验条件下对多肽与抗体的孵育时间进行了优化(图 6D), 随着孵育时间的增加, 450 nm处的吸光度值逐渐增大, 在孵育时间为60 min时的OD450值最大, 为2.282。因此最佳孵育时间为60 min。随后, 在ELISA板上包被一定浓度的Pep1, 然后加入系列浓度的ADM, 并以HRP-抗IgG1 Fc抗体为二抗进行间接ELISA检测。结果如图 6E所示, 随着ADM浓度的增高, 450 nm处的吸光度值逐渐增大并逐步趋于饱和, 呈现一定的规律。以450 nm处的吸光度对ADM浓度作图, 拟合获得标准曲线, 方程为Y = (2.107+80.32)/ [1+(X/2.049×10-20)-0.078 32]-80.32 (R2 = 0.985 1), 表明利用筛得的ADM特异结合多肽序列Pep1成功构建ADM检测新方法, 可以用于ADM的定性和定量测定。
ADM是一款针对TNF-α靶点的生物药, 通过与TNF-α特异性结合, 可以阻断其与细胞表面TNF-α受体的相互作用, 从而有效抑制TNF-α表达“失调”引发诸多免疫系统疾病, 包括类风湿关节炎、强直性脊柱炎、银屑病及克罗恩病等。得益于其药物的有效性及安全性, ADM被认为是自身免疫疾病领域的热门药物。ADM原发治疗无应答和治疗过程中失应答是临床用药最为关注的问题, 究其原因主要是所针对的大部分自身免疫类疾病, 病程长、难治愈, 用药周期相对比较长, 且治疗窗口窄。因此, 需要进行有效的药物浓度检测来调整临床用药。
相较于靶向ADM的抗原TNF-α、抗ADM抗体MA-ADM28B8和MA-ADM40D8[25], 多肽分子质量小, 生产成本低, 且官能团丰富, 更易修饰。此外, 在检测过程中, 多肽的小尺寸允许识别元件相对密集和均匀的固定。因此, 与它们的抗体或蛋白质对应物相比, 肽模拟表位在固相表面提供较少的非特异性相互作用或分子捕获的机会, 生物界面更均匀。因此, 本研究开展了ADM特异性结合多肽的前期研究工作, 期望能带动单克隆抗体药物检测方法的快速开发。
目前噬菌体展示技术已经发展较为成熟, 广泛应用于靶标的配体筛选。每经一轮淘选扩增试验, 就会使能与靶分子结合的肽序列在噬菌体库中得到富集。保持每轮的噬菌体加入浓度相同, 就会使展示特定结合序列的病毒子在库中的含量逐步增加, 直到大多数或所有洗脱粒子都会展示一个共有序列[26]。本试验建立了一种单克隆抗体特异性结合肽的噬菌体展示方法, 采用噬菌体展示随机十二肽库, 以ADM蛋白为靶标进行五轮固相淘选, 富集了与ADM具有特异性倾向结合的噬菌体, 在不到100个噬菌斑的平板上随机挑取40个单克隆进行扩增测序, 对出现频率最高的前五条肽进行合成, 通过SPR和ELISA实验得到一条与ADM稳定特异性结合的多肽。其中, 一方面考虑到ELISA检测过程中存在捕获抗体和检测抗体的交叉反应, 以及洗涤过程中可能会洗去低亲和互作的靶标分子, 影响亲和力测定的结果[27]; 另一方面在SPR中, 由于实验全过程自动化, 基本可以克服以上问题, 但多肽这样的小分子又易与CM5芯片基质发生非特异性吸附[28], 也会影响测定结果。因此作者同时使用ELISA和SPR两种方法开展验证实验, 两种方法相互比较印证, 以确保筛选结果的准确性和可靠性。
本研究利用噬菌体展示技术, 以ADM为靶分子, 投入M13噬菌体线性十二肽库, 经过五轮淘选, 获得了ADM特异性结合肽。该多肽可作为ADM的特异性识别元件, 为后续ADM的深入研究提供强有力工具, 也为其他单克隆抗体药物的进一步研究开发提供新的策略和思路。
未来研究中, 本课题组将进一步筛选单克隆抗体特异性结合肽的噬菌体展示方法, 以解决和改善非特异性结合和IgG干扰等问题。为排除IgG的干扰, 首先可以使用靶标抗体的F(ab′)2或scFv片段为靶分子进行筛选; 其次, 可以采取阴性筛选的方法, 在每一轮筛选前先对IgG干扰进行预排除[29], 将文库中与IgG发生特异性结合噬菌体丢弃, 不结合的噬菌体再与抗体进行孵育开展筛选工作; 同时, 随着筛选轮次的增加, 适当地减少结合/洗脱时间, 增加洗脱液浓度的比例, 也有助于保留与靶标抗体强结合的噬菌体[30]。在获得特异性强以及亲和力好的多肽基础上继续开发单克隆抗体体外血药浓度检测传感器, 并对临床实际样本进行检测, 同时进一步开展多肽与单克隆抗体结合表位以及结合机制的研究。
作者贡献: 张雨欣负责实验、数据分析及文章撰写; 陈雨的研究思路有关键贡献; 刘耀阳和张凤参与课题设计和思路指导; 樊芳参与课题设计和指导及论文审阅; 陈啸飞负责课题设计、指导和论文审阅。
利益冲突: 本文所有作者声明不存在利益冲突关系。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(82204339)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(82122066)
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC2704603)
  • 上海“曙光计划”项目(22SG34)
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0861
  • 接收时间:2024-09-04
  • 首发时间:2025-11-06
  • 出版时间:2025-03-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-04
  • 修回日期:2024-12-06
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(82204339)
国家自然科学基金项目(82122066)
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC2704603)
上海“曙光计划”项目(22SG34)
作者信息
    1.中国人民解放军海军军医大学药学院, 上海 200433
    2.海军军医大学附属长征医院, 上海 200003

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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