Article(id=1193259083659702790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193259081696772901, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0788, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1723564800000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-14, revisedDate=1731859200000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762424735225, onlineDateStr=2025-11-06, pubDate=1741708800000, pubDateStr=2025-03-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762424735225, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762424735225, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762424735225, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1193259081696772901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='3', pageStart='533', pageEnd='842', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762424734756, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764224876724, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200809424412602670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193259081696772901, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200809424412602671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193259081696772901, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=739, endPage=746, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1193259083919749643, articleId=1193259083659702790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Inhibitory effects of dual anti-tumor antibody drug PD-L1/TGF-β on orthotopic implantation model of brain glioma in mice, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study mainly explored the anti-tumor effects of programmed death ligand 1/ transforming growth factor-β (PD-L1/TGF-β) bispecific antibody drugs in the huHSC-NCG mouse brain orthotopic transplantation model of human glioma cell U251-luciferase (all animal experiments in this study were approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of GemPharmatech, and the ethics review number is GPTAP20230706-3). The antibody-antigen binding activity of the PD-L1/TGF-β bispecific antibody drugs to PD-L1 target on U251 cells was detected by flow cytometry in vitro. The antitumor activity of PD-L1/TGF-β bispecific antibody drugs was evaluated using a brain glioma in orthotopic implantation model with humanized immune system. Live animal imaging and brain tissue (including tumor tissue) weight results showed that the PD-L1/TGF-β dual antibody drug had an inhibitory effect on the growth of glioma in situ. The results of drug content (ELISA assay) and drug distribution (immunohistochemistry assay) in brain tissue showed that PD-L1/TGF-β dual antibody could enter the brain glioma and play the function of immune checkpoint, thus playing an inhibitory role in brain glioma. Immunofluorescence staining of mouse brain tissue showed that the drug activated the immune system and had synergistic anti-tumor effect with the immune system. These results showed that the PD-L1/TGF-β bispecific antibody drugs have broken through the blood-tumor barrier in orthotopic implantation model of mouse brain glioma and demonstrated a strong anti-tumor effect. In conclusion, the inhibitory effects of PD-L1/TGF-β bispecific antibody drugs on human brain glioma provides a new strategy for the treatment of human brain glioma.

, correspAuthors=Yun-xia ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ming-an DANG, Yun-xia ZHAO, Yuan-yuan WANG, Kui JIANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1193259409179636053, articleId=1193259083659702790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=双抗肿瘤抗体药PD-L1/TGF-β对小鼠脑原位人脑胶质瘤模型的抑制作用研究, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究主要探究程序性死亡配体1/转化生长因子β (PD-L1/TGF-β) 双抗药物在huHSC-NCG小鼠脑原位移植人脑胶质瘤细胞U251-luciferase荷瘤模型中的抗肿瘤作用[本实验所有动物实验均获得集萃药康实验动物伦理委员会批准, 伦理审查编号: GPTAP20230706-3]。体外采用流式细胞术检测PD-L1/TGF-β双抗药物与U251细胞表面PD-L1靶点的抗体抗原结合活性。通过人源化免疫系统的小鼠脑胶质瘤原位模型评价PD-L1/TGF-β双抗药物体内药效。小动物活体成像和脑组织重量(含肿瘤组织) 结果表明, PD-L1/TGF-β双抗药对原位脑胶质瘤的生长有抑制作用。脑组织中药物含量(ELISA法) 和药物分布(免疫组化法) 结果表明, PD-L1/TGF-β双抗药物能够进入脑胶质瘤内部发挥免疫检查点的功能, 从而对脑胶质瘤发挥抑制作用。小鼠脑组织的免疫荧光染色结果表明, 药物激活了免疫系统, 与免疫系统存在协同抗肿瘤效应。本研究结果表明, PD-L1/TGF-β双抗药物在小鼠脑原位人脑胶质瘤模型中透过血肿瘤屏障(BTB), 因此表现出较强抑瘤作用。综上所述, PD-L1/TGF-β双抗药物对人脑胶质瘤的抑制作用为人脑胶质瘤的治疗提供新策略。

, correspAuthors=赵云霞, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*赵云霞, E-mail:
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A: Changes of photon values in single mouse tumor; B: Changes of photon values in mice tumors of different groups; C: Brain weight (including tumor tissue) in mice of different groups; D: The counts of immunofluorescence stained cells in mice brain tissue of different groups; E: The proportion of immunofluorescence stained cells in mice brain tissues of different groups. <i>n</i> = 6, mean ± SEM. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01 <i>vs</i> control , figureFileSmall=TO6YjClKnfmttHnmqEt3dg==, figureFileBig=GfLIyStWT7aepbUn18rB9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194704076727358128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259083659702790, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=ccSgUmtyUSgFPBvrv7Z42w==, figureFileBig=Cp1FrOqj9XSGgGXsBXDTaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194704076781884081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259083659702790, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Permeability of PD-L1/TGF-<i>β</i> dual antibody in mouse brain orthotopic human glioma model. Distribution of drugs in mice brain tissues of different groups. <i>n</i> = 6, mean ± SEM. Scale bar: 200 μm (magnification: 5 times/10 times), 100 μm (magnification: 20 times), 50 μm (magnification: 40 times) , figureFileSmall=ccSgUmtyUSgFPBvrv7Z42w==, figureFileBig=Cp1FrOqj9XSGgGXsBXDTaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194704076857381554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259083659702790, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=IOPvEVzJrIR/wtuOupYg4g==, figureFileBig=NBYrtvoM855M+1wYce2EDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194704076928684723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259083659702790, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Mechanism of PD-L1/TGF-<i>β</i> dual antibody , figureFileSmall=IOPvEVzJrIR/wtuOupYg4g==, figureFileBig=NBYrtvoM855M+1wYce2EDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194704077004182196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259083659702790, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GroupTGI / %
D0D7D14D21D28D35
G1------
G20.00-49.34-14.9336.1954.1974.98*
G30.00-93.90-32.1733.0351.50*82.94**
), ArticleFig(id=1194704077071291061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259083659702790, language=CN, label=Table 1, caption=

Changes of photon suppression rate (TGI) in tumors of different groups. Relative tumor radiance and relative tumor suppression rate (TGI%) were calculated using the following formula: Relative radiance=Rt/R0; Rt: The radiance of the tumor was measured each time; R0: Initial tumor radiance (before first administration); TGI% = Mean relative radiance of the administration group/mean relative radiance of the control group×100%. n = 6, mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs control

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GroupTGI / %
D0D7D14D21D28D35
G1------
G20.00-49.34-14.9336.1954.1974.98*
G30.00-93.90-32.1733.0351.50*82.94**
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双抗肿瘤抗体药PD-L1/TGF-β对小鼠脑原位人脑胶质瘤模型的抑制作用研究
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党明安 1 , 赵云霞 2, 3, 4, * , 王园园 2, 3, 4 , 江魁 2, 3, 4
药学学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(3): 739-746
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2025, 60(3): 739-746
双抗肿瘤抗体药PD-L1/TGF-β对小鼠脑原位人脑胶质瘤模型的抑制作用研究
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党明安1, 赵云霞2, 3, 4, * , 王园园2, 3, 4, 江魁2, 3, 4
作者信息
  • 1.河南省药品审评查验中心, 河南 郑州 450008
  • 2.河南省生物医药产业研究院, 河南 新乡 453200
  • 3.河南省基因工程药物国际联合实验室, 河南 新乡 453200
  • 4.河南省重组蛋白药物重点实验室, 河南 新乡 453200

通讯作者:

*赵云霞, E-mail:
Inhibitory effects of dual anti-tumor antibody drug PD-L1/TGF-β on orthotopic implantation model of brain glioma in mice
Ming-an DANG1, Yun-xia ZHAO2, 3, 4, * , Yuan-yuan WANG2, 3, 4, Kui JIANG2, 3, 4
Affiliations
  • 1. Henan Provincial Center for Drug Evaluation and Inspection, Zhengzhou 450008, China
  • 2. Henan Biomedical Industry Research Institute, Xinxiang 453200, China
  • 3. International Joint Laboratory of Genetic Engineering Drugs in Henan Province, Xinxiang 453200, China
  • 4. Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Recombinant Protein Drugs, Xinxiang 453200, China
出版时间: 2025-03-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0788
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本研究主要探究程序性死亡配体1/转化生长因子β (PD-L1/TGF-β) 双抗药物在huHSC-NCG小鼠脑原位移植人脑胶质瘤细胞U251-luciferase荷瘤模型中的抗肿瘤作用[本实验所有动物实验均获得集萃药康实验动物伦理委员会批准, 伦理审查编号: GPTAP20230706-3]。体外采用流式细胞术检测PD-L1/TGF-β双抗药物与U251细胞表面PD-L1靶点的抗体抗原结合活性。通过人源化免疫系统的小鼠脑胶质瘤原位模型评价PD-L1/TGF-β双抗药物体内药效。小动物活体成像和脑组织重量(含肿瘤组织) 结果表明, PD-L1/TGF-β双抗药对原位脑胶质瘤的生长有抑制作用。脑组织中药物含量(ELISA法) 和药物分布(免疫组化法) 结果表明, PD-L1/TGF-β双抗药物能够进入脑胶质瘤内部发挥免疫检查点的功能, 从而对脑胶质瘤发挥抑制作用。小鼠脑组织的免疫荧光染色结果表明, 药物激活了免疫系统, 与免疫系统存在协同抗肿瘤效应。本研究结果表明, PD-L1/TGF-β双抗药物在小鼠脑原位人脑胶质瘤模型中透过血肿瘤屏障(BTB), 因此表现出较强抑瘤作用。综上所述, PD-L1/TGF-β双抗药物对人脑胶质瘤的抑制作用为人脑胶质瘤的治疗提供新策略。

双抗药物  /  huHSC-NCG小鼠  /  原位接种  /  脑胶质瘤  /  药效  /  血肿瘤屏障

This study mainly explored the anti-tumor effects of programmed death ligand 1/ transforming growth factor-β (PD-L1/TGF-β) bispecific antibody drugs in the huHSC-NCG mouse brain orthotopic transplantation model of human glioma cell U251-luciferase (all animal experiments in this study were approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of GemPharmatech, and the ethics review number is GPTAP20230706-3). The antibody-antigen binding activity of the PD-L1/TGF-β bispecific antibody drugs to PD-L1 target on U251 cells was detected by flow cytometry in vitro. The antitumor activity of PD-L1/TGF-β bispecific antibody drugs was evaluated using a brain glioma in orthotopic implantation model with humanized immune system. Live animal imaging and brain tissue (including tumor tissue) weight results showed that the PD-L1/TGF-β dual antibody drug had an inhibitory effect on the growth of glioma in situ. The results of drug content (ELISA assay) and drug distribution (immunohistochemistry assay) in brain tissue showed that PD-L1/TGF-β dual antibody could enter the brain glioma and play the function of immune checkpoint, thus playing an inhibitory role in brain glioma. Immunofluorescence staining of mouse brain tissue showed that the drug activated the immune system and had synergistic anti-tumor effect with the immune system. These results showed that the PD-L1/TGF-β bispecific antibody drugs have broken through the blood-tumor barrier in orthotopic implantation model of mouse brain glioma and demonstrated a strong anti-tumor effect. In conclusion, the inhibitory effects of PD-L1/TGF-β bispecific antibody drugs on human brain glioma provides a new strategy for the treatment of human brain glioma.

bispecific antibody drug  /  huHSC-NCG mice  /  orthotopic inoculation  /  brain glioma  /  drug efficacy  /  blood-tumor barrier
党明安, 赵云霞, 王园园, 江魁. 双抗肿瘤抗体药PD-L1/TGF-β对小鼠脑原位人脑胶质瘤模型的抑制作用研究. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (3) : 739 -746 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0788
Ming-an DANG, Yun-xia ZHAO, Yuan-yuan WANG, Kui JIANG. Inhibitory effects of dual anti-tumor antibody drug PD-L1/TGF-β on orthotopic implantation model of brain glioma in mice[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (3) : 739 -746 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0788
胶质瘤是临床最为常见的颅内恶性肿瘤, 在颅内恶性肿瘤的比例高达81%, 其中50%以上为恶性程度最高的胶质母细胞瘤。根据恶性程度的不同, 胶质瘤的中位生存时间短则15~17个月, 长则2~10年[1-4]。脑胶质瘤因其过度增殖、高侵袭性的生物学特点, 患者死亡率高, 术后易复发、易转移、生存时间短[5-7]。近年来, 抗体类药物成为肿瘤治疗的热点, 截至2023年10月1日, 美国FDA已经批准了163种单克隆抗体药物[8, 9]。资料显示, 血脑屏障(BBB) 是药物进入大脑的一个主要障碍, 阻止了98%以上的小分子药物和几乎100%的大分子药物进入大脑中[10-12]。因此, 探究大分子药物在小鼠原位脑胶质瘤模型中的抑瘤效果及作用机制, 对于寻找新的治疗脑胶质瘤方案至关重要。PD-L1/TGF-β双抗药物曾被视为天选之子, 相对于PD-L1/TGF-β单靶点抗体药物具有以下优势: ①协同抗肿瘤作用: 可以同时阻断PD-L1和TGF-β的信号传导, 解除免疫抑制, 增强T细胞的活性, 同时抑制肿瘤细胞的生长和侵袭; ②减少不良反应: 双抗药物可以在一定程度上减少单靶点药物的不良反应。如TGF-β抑制剂可能引起的炎症反应可以通过PD-L1抑制剂的免疫调节作用得到缓解; ③克服耐药性: 肿瘤细胞可能通过多种机制对单靶点药物产生耐药性, 双抗药物可以同时针对多个靶点, 减少肿瘤细胞产生耐药性的机会。但其在胆管癌、卵巢癌及非小细胞肺癌中并没有取得理想的效果, 有关宫颈癌、乳腺癌、尿路上皮癌的临床试验仍在进行中, 寻找一个合适的新适应症成为该靶点急需解决的问题。本研究构建了huHSC-NCG小鼠脑原位移植人脑胶质瘤细胞U251-luciferase (U251-Luc) 荷瘤模型, 经程序性死亡配体1/转化生长因子β (PD-L1/TGF-β) 双抗药物[13]治疗后, 采用小动物活体成像技术观察肿瘤生长情况, 评估抑瘤效果, 并对药物作用机制进行了探讨, 为临床制定人脑胶质瘤的治疗提供新策略, 同时为PD-L1/TGF-β双抗药物寻找合适的新适应症, 以解决该明星靶点药物的临床困惑。
主要试剂   hIgG(Fcγ)-AF647 (109-605-098) 购自美国Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories公司; anti-PD-L1/TGF-β兔单抗(6E3) (07-220603UF)、biotin-antiPD-L1/TGF-β兔单抗(2B6) (biotin-2B6-2023040601)、PD-L1/TGF-β双抗药物(20230202) 自制; SA-HRP (SLCG8727) 购自德国西格玛公司; rabbit anti-human CD8抗体(ZA-0508) 购自北京中杉金桥生物技术有限公司; rabbit anti-human PD-L1抗体(ab213524)、goat anti-rabbit IgG (HRP) 免疫荧光抗体(ab205718) 购自艾博抗(上海) 贸易有限公司; Ki67 (D3B5) rabbit mAb (9129) 购自美国Cell Signaling Technology公司; TBS清洗液(2023032701)、EDTA抗原修复液(2023041301) 购自基因科技(上海) 股份有限公司; 过氧化物酶阻断剂(2023042401)、抗兔二抗试剂盒(209A076、S920G01) 购自北京爱必信生物技术有限公司; 浓缩型山羊血清(18H23C09) 购自武汉博士德生物工程有限公司; 苏木素染色液(20230220) 购自广州秀威科技有限公司; 其他常规试剂来自国药集团化学试剂有限公司。
主要仪器   AttuneNxT流式细胞仪、shandon finesse 325石蜡切片机(美国赛默飞世尔科技公司); Centrifuge 5424 R微型冷冻离心机(德国Eppendorf公司); Scout SE-SE601F电子天平(美国奥豪斯公司); TP-114分析天平(美国丹佛仪器公司); IP67游标卡尺(美国Fowler公司); SI Imaging AmiX小动物活体三合一多模成像系统(美国Spectral Instruments Imaging公司); BX53荧光显微镜(日本奥林巴斯株式会社); BMJ-A包埋机、PHY-III病理组织漂烘仪(常州市中威电子仪器有限公司); C13210-01病理切片扫描仪(日本滨松光子学株式会社)。
细胞系  人脑胶质瘤U251-Luc细胞来自于江苏集萃药康生物科技股份有限公司。
实验动物   16~17周龄SPF级雌性huHSC-NCG小鼠(40只, 质量合格证编号: A202307110097), 购自于江苏集萃药康生物科技股份有限公司[生产许可证编号: SCXK (苏) 2023-0009], 饲养于江苏集萃药康生物科技股份有限公司动物实验中心屏障环境设施内[使用许可证编号: SYXK (苏) 2023-0036]。与本研究相关的动物实验获得了集萃药康实验动物伦理委员会批准(伦理审查编号: GPTAP20230706-3), 整个动物实验过程遵循实验动物伦理福利3R原则, 实验动物管理和使用符合法规要求。
体外抗体抗原结合实验  收集对数生长期的U251细胞, 去除培养液并用PBS洗2次, 调整细胞浓度后, 每孔加细胞悬液(细胞密度为每毫升2×106个) 100 μL, 添加不同稀释度(0.01、0.03、0.1、0.3、1、3、10、30 μg·mL-1, 共8个浓度) 的PD-L1/TGF-β双抗, 先孵育一抗(4 ℃, 30 min), FACS buffer洗2次, 孵育荧光二抗, FACS buffer洗2次, 使用AttuneNXT流式细胞仪检测, 上样前添加Sytoxblue, 区分死活细胞, 分析U251-Luc细胞上PD-L1靶点与药物的结合情况。
huHSC-NCG小鼠脑原位移植瘤模型的建立  复苏并传代培养人脑胶质瘤U251-Luc细胞, 复苏后代次为N+12。收集对数生长期的U251-Luc细胞(接种代次为N+15), 去除培养液并用DPBS洗两次后接种(接种前后细胞活率均在95%以上), 每只小鼠接种量为5×105个细胞, 接种体积为5 μL (不添加基质胶)。
小鼠以1%戊巴比妥钠按40 mg·kg-1腹腔注射麻醉后, 将小鼠固定于立体定向仪上, 剪去头顶部至外耳道之间的毛发, 常规消毒后于中线处眼裂后作一长约1.0 cm垂直切口, 暴露前囟, 取其前方1.0 mm, 右侧距中线1.0 mm处钻孔, 其直径约为1.0 mm; 接种肿瘤细胞: 从恒温水浴中取出配好的细胞悬液, 以10 μL微量注射器吸取5 μL (含U251-Luc细胞约5×105个), 固定于电极移动架上。调整移动架位置, 使针尖位于骨孔处, 缓慢垂直进针2 mm (距硬膜), 略后退后注入细胞悬液, 注射速度1 μL·min-1, 缓慢拔针, 约5 min。以骨蜡封闭骨窗, 逐层缝合关颅。接种位置为小鼠脑右侧尾状核区域。
实验分组和给药  在U251-Luc细胞接种后第8天, 待平均肿瘤光子数值为6.36×107 p·sec-1·cm-2·sr-1时, 挑选18只小鼠根据肿瘤光子数值随机分成对照组G1 (生理盐水)、G2组(PD-L1/TGF-β双抗药物, 30 mg·kg-1)、G3组(PD-L1/TGF-β双抗药物, 60 mg·kg-1)。分组当天定义为D0, 分别于D0、D3、D7、D10、D14、D17、D21、D24、D28尾静脉注射给药, 共9次, 小鼠给药体积= 5 μL·g-1×小鼠体重(g)。
数据采集  开始给药后, 分别于D0、D7、D14、D21、D28、D35天置于小动物活体成像仪检测成像。于D0、D3、D7、D10、D14、D17、D21、D24、D28、D31、D35称量小鼠体重并进行GVHD评分。
小鼠模型GVHD评分标准如下: ①体重下降: < 5% (0分); 5%~10% (1分); ≥ 10% (2分); ②姿态: 正常(0分); 安静时弓背(1分); 弓背时已影响行动(2分); ③活动度: 正常(0分); 轻度至中度活动下降(1分); 只有在刺激下才活动(2分); ④毛发: 正常(0分); 轻度至中度的炸毛(1分); 严重炸毛(2分); ⑤皮肤: 正常(0分); 小片脱毛、身体出现鳞屑(少量) (1分); 明显的裸露皮肤、身体出现鳞屑(大量) (2分)。
样本采集  采集脑组织, 称重, 切分成两半: ①左半部分脑速冻后保存于-80 ℃, 用于提取总蛋白, ELISA检测脑组织中药物含量; ②右半部分用4%多聚甲醛固定液固定包埋(矢状面), 用于免疫荧光检测hCD8、hKi67、hPD-L1, 免疫组化检测脑组织中药物分布。
ELISA检测脑组织中药物含量  取小鼠脑组织(左半脑) 并称重, 按照0.1 g·mL-1比例加入蛋白裂解液, 提取蛋白。使用脑组织匀浆液进行抗体的ELISA检测, 分析脑组织中的药物含量。
免疫荧光检测脑组织中hCD8+细胞、hKi67+细胞、 hPD-L1+细胞浸润情况分析  脑组织经4%多聚甲醛固定液过夜固定后, 脱水、石蜡包埋、切片, 切片厚度3 μm, 玻片置于37 ℃烘箱烘干备用。EDTA抗原修复液中高温热修复, PBS冲洗数次; 10%血清常温封闭, 一抗4 ℃孵育过夜; PBST清洗数次, 二抗孵育; PBST清洗数次, DAPI孵育, PBST清洗数次, 50%甘油封片, 置于荧光显微镜下分析阳性细胞数和阳性细胞占比。
免疫组化检测脑组织中药物的分布  取小鼠脑组织石蜡切片65 ℃、40 min烤片, 二甲苯中脱蜡, 梯度酒精复水; 放入抗原修复液EDTA中高压煮沸2 min, 冷却后PBS清洗; 过氧化物酶阻断20 min, PBS清洗; 山羊血清封闭30 min后加入一抗稀释液4 ℃孵育过夜; PBS清洗后加入酶标二抗孵育30 min; PBS清洗后加DAB显色剂显色5~10 min, 纯水充分冲洗; 苏木精染色, 自来水冲洗; 1%盐酸酒精分化, 自来水冲洗; 脱水, 透明, 中性树脂封片, 病理切片扫描仪扫描切片, 分析阳性细胞在脑组织的分布。
统计学分析  实验结果以平均值±标准误(mean ± SEM) 表示(n = 6), 数据使用SPSS 24进行分析, 两组样本之间比较采用独立样本t检验(t-test)。P < 0.05为具有显著性差异。作图软件为GraphPad Prism 8。
采用流式细胞术法分析PD-L1/TGF-β双抗药物与U251细胞上PD-L1靶点的结合活性。将PD-L1/TGF-β双抗药物稀释成0.01、0.03、0.1、0.3、1、3、10、30 μg·mL-1 8个浓度梯度, 经过处理后使用流式细胞仪检测, 结果如图 1所示, 不同浓度的PD-L1/TGF-β双抗药物与U251细胞PD-L1靶点呈浓度依赖性地结合(EC50为0.183 9 μg·mL-1, R2 = 0.999 1, 95%置信区间为0.143 2~0.234 8 μg·mL-1), 其中2个最高浓度药物反应值出现了饱和后抑制, 作图和分析时剔除。初步证明PD-L1/TGF-β双抗药物可以和人胶质瘤细胞U251细胞很好地结合, 为体内药效实验开展打下基础。
本实验选择huHSC-NCG小鼠构建的脑部原位荷瘤U251-Luc模型, 对照组G1小鼠仅注射生理盐水, G2和G3组分别注射30和60 mg·kg-1 PD-L1/TGF-β双抗药, 给药后D0、D3、D7、D10、D14、D17、D21、D24、D28、D31、D35称量小鼠体重并进行GVHD评分。结果如图 2所示, 除D24, G3组124号小鼠因体重下降30%进行单只安乐死处理外, 各组小鼠生存天数均大于D35, 体重、GVHD (姿态、活动、毛发、皮肤) 均无显著差异, 健康状态良好。说明模型窗口期、稳定性均能满足实验评估要求。另外, 实验组G3 (PD-L1/TGF-β双抗药, 60 mg·kg-1) 小鼠接种人脑胶质瘤U251-Luc细胞后, G3组124号小鼠在D24因体重下降30%进行单只安乐死处理, 由于该组小鼠仅有1只小鼠出现此现象, 其余小鼠指标相比并无显著差异, 故认为该小鼠个体GVHD耐受性差, 与药物安全性关系不大。
当体内肿瘤光子数值达到6.36×107 p·sec-1·cm-2·sr-1时(接种后第8天), 挑选18只小鼠根据肿瘤光子数值随机分成3组, 每组6只, 分别于D0、D3、D7、D10、D14、D17、D21、D24、D28给药, 开始给药后, 分别于D0、D7、D14、D21、D28、D35置于小动物活体成像仪检测成像。根据给药后肿瘤光子数值数据统计分析, D35时与对照组G1 (生理盐水) 相比: G2组[PD-L1/TGF-β双抗药, 30 mg·kg-1, 肿瘤生长抑制率(tumor growth inhibition rate, TGI) = 74.98%]、G3组(PD-L1/TGF-β双抗药, 60 mg·kg-1, TGI = 82.94%) 有显著肿瘤抑制效果(P < 0.05) (图 3AB, 表 1)。实验终点时, 小鼠脑组织重量(含肿瘤组织) 数据统计分析, 与对照组G1 (生理盐水) 相比: G2组(PD-L1/TGF-β双抗药, 30 mg·kg-1)、G3组(PD-L1/TGF-β双抗药, 60 mg·kg-1) 全脑重量显著降低(P < 0.05) (图 3C)。说明PD-L1/TGF-β双抗药对原位脑胶质瘤的生长有抑制作用。
肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞(tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, TILs) 被证明与良好的预后和对免疫检查点抑制剂应答高度相关。一般认为CD8细胞毒性T淋巴细胞是最重要的TILs亚群, 对肿瘤细胞有直接杀伤。Ki67在细胞周期的G1、S、G2、M期的所有增殖细胞中均有表达。因此, Ki67+扩增的CD8+ T细胞亚群代表了活化的CD8+ T细胞亚群。
通过HOLO软件对实验终点小鼠脑组织的免疫荧光染色结果进行统计, 采用SPSS软件对统计数据分析, 与对照组G1 (生理盐水) 相比: G2组(PD-L1/TGF-β双抗药, 30 mg·kg-1)、G3组(PD-L1/TGF-β双抗药, 60 mg·kg-1) 小鼠脑组织中CD8+细胞、CD8+Ki67+、PD-L1+细胞数量和占比(阳性表达细胞数占总细胞数的百分比) 无显著性差异(P > 0.05), 但随着给药剂量的增加阳性细胞数量和占比表现出增多趋势, 与TGI呈正相关性(图 3DE)。表明药物激活了免疫系统, 与免疫系统存在协同抗肿瘤效应。
实验终点采集小鼠脑组织, ELISA检测脑组织中药物含量, 免疫组化检测脑组织中药物分布。与对照组G1 (生理盐水) 相比: G2组(PD-L1/TGF-β双抗药, 30 mg·kg-1)、G3组(PD-L1/TGF-β双抗药, 60 mg·kg-1) 小鼠脑组织中药物含量显著增加(P < 0.001), 小鼠脑肿瘤核心区域组织中可见阳性着色, 说明脑组织中有药物存在, 且阳性程度与给药剂量呈正相关(图 4)。说明PD-L1/TGF-β双抗药物能够进入脑胶质瘤内部发挥阻断免疫检查点的功能[14, 15]。由于文献[10-12]显示, BBB是治疗药物进入大脑内部的一个主要障碍, 阻止了98%以上的小分子药物和几乎100%的大分子药物在大脑中发挥治疗作用, 故PD-L1/TGF-β双抗药表现出来的药效可能与BTB有关。BTB与正常的BBB是不同的, BTB是由肿瘤细胞定植的BBB演变而来, BTB的外部环境为肿瘤细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭提供了生态微环境, BBB的许多成分在BTB中的表达会发生变化或定位错误[16, 17]。脑胶质瘤发展过程会破坏BBB的完整性, 导致部分BBB结构改变, 包括神经元死亡、原发性和转移性癌细胞增殖引起的星形胶质细胞终足移位以及异质性周细胞和星形胶质细胞亚群, 所有这些都可降低中枢神经系统内皮的屏障功能, 进而演变为BTB[18], 致使PD-L1/TGF-β双抗药物进入脑部, 发挥抗肿瘤效力。此外有文献[12, 19, 20]显示, 血管内皮细胞在血管渗透性方面有着至关重要的作用, 肿瘤血管上的内皮细胞排列是松散、无序、不规则的, 不具有屏障功能, 正是这种结构导致血管的渗漏; 高渗溶液可以瞬时破坏BTB, 导致内皮细胞收缩, 细胞旁路扩散渗透性增加, 但是这种形式的渗透通常是短暂的, 这也对应了文中不同剂量的PD-L1/TGF-β双抗药, 不同时间点药效与剂量高低、给药时长成正比。故本研究认为PD-L1/TGF-β双抗药物在脑胶质瘤的治疗上有明显的效果, 且可能与BTB有关, 是临床一个可以拓展的适应症模型。
免疫检查点抑制剂成为国内外药企研究的热潮, 尤其PD-L1/TGF-β双抗曾被视为天选之子, 成为近年来肿瘤治疗的热点抗体类药物。因BBB作用是其治疗脑胶质瘤的一大阻碍, 故本文本着拓展PD-L1/TGF-β双抗适应症的目的, 以解决复杂难治的脑胶质瘤的宗旨, 选择用huHSC-NCG小鼠进行脑部原位荷瘤U251-Luc, 研究PD-L1/TGF-β双抗药物在脑胶质瘤中的抗肿瘤作用。
huHSC-NCG小鼠是对重度免疫缺陷小鼠NCG进行CD34+细胞(脐带干细胞) 注射, 该动物在接种CD34+细胞后, 可以重建出人源免疫细胞, 与免疫检查点类抗体药物协同作用, 抑制肿瘤生长。结合体外抗原抗体结合试验, 表明PD-L1/TGF-β双抗药物与U251细胞PD-L1靶点可以呈浓度依赖性地结合, 故选择采用U251-Luc在huHSC-NCG小鼠上构建脑部原位荷瘤模型, 进行体内抑瘤效果评估。
PD-L1抑制剂通过阻断PD-L1与PD-1的结合, 解除免疫抑制, 使T细胞能够重新识别和攻击肿瘤细胞。TGF-β抑制剂可以阻断TGF-β的信号传导, 抑制肿瘤细胞的生长和侵袭, 同时增强免疫细胞的活性。PD-L1/TGF-β双抗药物同时针对PD-L1和TGF-β两个靶点, 具有协同抗肿瘤作用、减少不良反应、克服耐药性等优势(图 5)。
小动物活体成像和脑组织重量(含肿瘤组织) 结果表明, PD-L1/TGF-β双抗药对原位脑胶质瘤的生长有抑制作用。脑组织中药物含量(ELISA法) 和药物分布(免疫组化法) 结果表明脑肿瘤核心区域有药物存在, 且阳性程度与给药剂量呈正相关, 说明PD-L1/TGF-β双抗药物能够进入脑胶质瘤内部发挥免疫检查点的功能, 从而对脑胶质瘤发挥抑制作用。小鼠脑组织的免疫荧光染色结果表明, 药物激活了免疫系统, 与免疫系统存在协同抗肿瘤效应。小鼠脑组织中hPD-L1给药组均高于对照组, 且与剂量成正比, 考虑到药物结合作用, 理论上给药组应低于对照组, 但肿瘤细胞和免疫细胞(髓系的DC、巨噬细胞和淋巴系的T效应细胞、Treg、NK细胞) 均表达PD-L1, 笔者猜测很可能是肿瘤细胞对免疫细胞的募集作用使给药组hPD-L1水平高于对照组。有文献[21-28]显示, NK细胞对表面缺乏MHCI类分子的肿瘤细胞特别敏感, 在脑部肿瘤刺激募集下, NK细胞中PD-L1的表达升高, 相比不表达PD-L1的NK细胞, 它们体积更大, 有更多的线粒体和脂质体, 效应分子CD107a和IFN-γ的表达更多, 对肿瘤的抑制作用也更强。NK细胞表面更多的PD-L1分子则可以接受更多的抗体结合, 进一步激活NK细胞并维持其活化状态。故笔者认为很大可能NK细胞也参与抗肿瘤过程, 而且与PD-L1/TGF-β双抗存在协同抗肿瘤效应。至于药效与靶点表达水平、免疫微环境BBB和BTB的进一步关系, 还需要深入研究。
作者贡献: 党明安负责论文构思、文章撰写及修改; 赵云霞、江魁负责确定选题、设计实验、实验研究; 王园园负责文献收集、结果分析与统计。
利益冲突: 本研究内容不存在利益冲突。
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0788
  • 接收时间:2024-08-14
  • 首发时间:2025-11-06
  • 出版时间:2025-03-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-14
  • 修回日期:2024-11-18
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    1.河南省药品审评查验中心, 河南 郑州 450008
    2.河南省生物医药产业研究院, 河南 新乡 453200
    3.河南省基因工程药物国际联合实验室, 河南 新乡 453200
    4.河南省重组蛋白药物重点实验室, 河南 新乡 453200

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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