Article(id=1193259082858590716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193259081696772901, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1240, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1734019200000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-13, revisedDate=1736697600000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762424735034, onlineDateStr=2025-11-06, pubDate=1741708800000, pubDateStr=2025-03-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762424735034, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762424735034, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762424735034, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1193259081696772901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='3', pageStart='533', pageEnd='842', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762424734756, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764224876724, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200809424412602670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193259081696772901, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200809424412602671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193259081696772901, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=747, endPage=754, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1193259083164774912, articleId=1193259082858590716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Mechanism of baicalin anti-A549 cells by inhibiting PD-L1 based on autophagy pathway, columnId=1190335348761793317, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Tumor immunotherapy represented by blocking programmed cell death protein 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) has gained better therapeutic effect in lung cancer treatment, and the development of small molecule drugs to block PD-1/PD-L1 provides a new strategy for lung cancer immunotherapy. In this study, we applied an in vitro cell model to investigate the regulation of PD-L1 expression and the mechanism of action of baicalin on A549 lung cancer cells. The effects of baicalin on the viability of A549 cells were detected by CCK8 assay; the expression of PD-L1 protein in A549 cells was detected by Western blot; the mechanism of baicalin cytotoxicity and its correlation with PD-L1 protein expression were investigated by using small-molecule inhibitors of apoptosis and autophagy; the formation of autophagic vesicles in A549 cells treated with baicalin was observed under transmission electron microscope. And the alterations of acid autophagic vesicles and autophagic lysosomes were observed under fluorescence microscope. The results of CCK8 experiments showed that baicalin (12.5-400 μmol·L-1) inhibited the proliferation of A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner; at the same time, the elevation of PD-L1 protein expression after interferon-γ (IFN-γ) interference could be reduced with the increase of baicalin concentration; on the other hand, treatment with autophagy inhibitors, wortmannin, and chloroquine, could call back the baicalin-induced cytotoxicity, transmission electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy showed that the number of autophagic vesicles increased after baicalin treatment of A549 cells, and Western blot results showed that baicalin promoted the expression of autophagy-related proteins LC3-Ⅱ/Ⅰ and beclin-1; the number of baicalin-induced acidic autophagic vesicles in A549 cells was attenuated after the intervention of wortmannin, and at the same time the LC3-Ⅱ/Ⅰ expression was inhibited and the inhibitory effect on PD-L1 was regulated. The above results suggest that baicalin may exert antitumor effects by activating the autophagy protein LC3 in A549 cells to reduce the expression of PD-L1. This study lays the foundation for baicalin to have the ability to be developed as a small molecule blocker of the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway.

, correspAuthors=Yu ZHANG, Dan YAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ze-yuan WANG, Yu-hang WANG, Xiao-jia LIU, Wei ZHAO, Yu ZHANG, Dan YAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1193259405429928216, articleId=1193259082858590716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=基于自噬通路抑制PD-L1研究黄芩苷对A549细胞杀伤作用机制, columnId=1190335348896011050, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

阻断程序性死亡受体1/程序性死亡配体1 (programmed cell death protein 1/programmed cell death ligand 1, PD-1/PD-L1) 为代表的肿瘤免疫疗法在肺癌治疗上获得较好的治疗效果, 研发小分子药物阻断PD-1/PD-L1为肺癌免疫疗法提供新策略。本研究应用体外细胞模型探讨了黄芩苷(baicalin) 对A549肺癌细胞PD-L1的表达调控及作用机制。利用CCK8实验检测黄芩苷对A549细胞活力影响; Western blot检测A549细胞PD-L1蛋白的表达情况; 利用凋亡、自噬等小分子抑制剂挖掘黄芩苷细胞毒性的机制及其对PD-L1蛋白表达的相关性; 透射电子显微镜下观察黄芩苷处理A549细胞后自噬囊泡的形成; 荧光显微镜下观察A549给药黄芩苷后酸性自噬泡的改变。CCK8实验结果显示, 黄芩苷(12.5~400 μmol·L-1) 可呈剂量依赖性抑制A549细胞增殖; 经干扰素-γ (interferon-γ, IFN-γ) 干扰后PD-L1蛋白表达的升高可随黄芩苷浓度的增加而降低; 另一方面, 自噬抑制剂wortmannin和chloroquine处理可回调黄芩苷引起的细胞毒性, 透射电子显微镜及荧光显微镜下观察黄芩苷处理A549细胞后自噬囊泡数量增加, Western blot结果显示, 黄芩苷可促进自噬相关蛋白LC3-Ⅱ/Ⅰ和beclin-1的表达; wortmannin干预后, 黄芩苷引起的A549细胞酸性自噬泡数量减弱, 自噬蛋白LC3-Ⅱ/Ⅰ的表达受到抑制, 对PD-L1的抑制作用得到回调。上述结果表明, 黄芩苷可能通过激活A549细胞中自噬蛋白LC3降低PD-L1的表达发挥抗肿瘤作用。本研究为黄芩苷开发为PD-1/PD-L1信号通路小分子阻断剂奠定了基础。

, correspAuthors=张瑜, 鄢丹, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*张瑜, E-mail:
鄢丹, Tel: 86-10-63139318, E-mail:
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A549 cells were treated with different concentrations of baicalin for 48 h, and cell viability was measured by CCK8 method. <i>n</i> = 9, <span class="mag-xml-overline" style="border-top:1px solid black"><i>x</i></span>±<i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>****</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1 <i>vs</i> control. DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide. DMSO concentration < 0.1% , figureFileSmall=XGFWr6yS8IuF4957G6mL0Q==, figureFileBig=6ux2eJ6FcxcL5lrEr8OUVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194704060856115770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259082858590716, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=gN/mQ5lw/yoG9WHEN9YIcg==, figureFileBig=z6AdIwyNVwjOa+AHZi348Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194704060910641723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259082858590716, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= Baicalin down-regulated the expression of PD-L1 in A549 tumor cells. A: Western blot was used to detect the expression of PD-L1 in A549 cells; B: Quantitative Western blot analysis of PD-L1 in A549 cells after baicalin treatment. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula"><tex-math id="M3">$ \overline{x} $</tex-math></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>****</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1 <i>vs</i> IFN-<i>γ</i>. IFN-<i>γ</i>: Interferon-<i>γ</i> , figureFileSmall=gN/mQ5lw/yoG9WHEN9YIcg==, figureFileBig=z6AdIwyNVwjOa+AHZi348Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194704060973556284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259082858590716, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=YqvMxaadEQ7tqMPsbXxpbA==, figureFileBig=urxU/sZW0P6vjWynv83Qeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194704061028082237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259082858590716, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= Cytotoxic effect of baicalin on A549 cells is associated with promotion of cellular autophagy. Baicalin promoted the expression of autophagy in A549 tumor cells. A: After pretreatment with wortmannin, AC-DEVD-CHO, Z-VAD-FMK and chloroquine for 1.5 h, baicalin and IFN-<i>γ</i> was administered for 48 h, and the viability of A549 cells was detected by CCK8 method; B: Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the appearance of autophagic vesicles in the cytoplasm after baicalin treatment (arrow pointing); C: The results of AO staining were observed by fluorescence microscope after A549 cells were treated with baicalin and IFN-<i>γ</i> for 48 h; D, E: Administration of baicalin with or without IFN-<i>γ</i> induction for 48 h. Western blot was used to detect the expression of LC3 and beclin-1 in A549 cells. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula"><tex-math id="M4">$ \overline{x} $</tex-math></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05, <sup>****</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1. AC-DEVD-CHO: Ac-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-CHO; Z-VAD-FMK: Z-Val-Ala-Asp (OMe)-fluoromethylketone , figureFileSmall=YqvMxaadEQ7tqMPsbXxpbA==, figureFileBig=urxU/sZW0P6vjWynv83Qeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194704061111968318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259082858590716, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=SCNOyNxsvGwbPsBe1UpZfA==, figureFileBig=uo5DqLe3FHGHGoZMAtj9Vg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194704061204243007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259082858590716, language=CN, label=Figure 4, caption= Inhibitory effect of baicalin on PD-L1 in A549 cells is associated with activation of autophagy signaling pathway. A: The level of autophagic vesicles in the cytoplasm of baicalin treated with or without wortmannin was observed under transmission electron microscopy (arrow pointing); B: The results of AO staining were observed by fluorescence microscope after A549 cells were treated with baicalin and IFN-<i>γ</i> for 48 h with or without wortmannin pretreatment; C: IFN-<i>γ</i> induction after wortmannin pretreatment for 1.5 h followed by baicalin treatment for 48 h. Western blot was used to detect the expression of LC3-Ⅱ/Ⅰ in A549 cells; D: IFN-<i>γ</i> induction after wortmannin pretreatment for 1.5 h followed by baicalin treatment for 48 h. Western blot was used to detect the expression of PD-L1 in A549 cells. <i>n</i> = 3, <span class="mag-xml-inline-formula"><tex-math id="M5">$ \overline{x} $</tex-math></span> ± <i>s</i>. <sup>*</sup><i>P</i> < 0.05; <sup>**</sup><i>P</i> < 0.01, <sup>****</sup><i>P</i> < 0.000 1 , figureFileSmall=SCNOyNxsvGwbPsBe1UpZfA==, figureFileBig=uo5DqLe3FHGHGoZMAtj9Vg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194704061288129088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259082858590716, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Fq5cYMzGxxUN/zqoCYZCzg==, figureFileBig=n3v4G7h/MKfyO4nRgHCWAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194704061363626561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259082858590716, language=CN, label=Figure 5, caption= Baicalin down-regulates PD-L1 expression in A549 cells through activation of the autophagy signaling pathway LC3-Ⅱ/Ⅰ. 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基于自噬通路抑制PD-L1研究黄芩苷对A549细胞杀伤作用机制
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王泽苑 1, 2 , 王宇航 1, 2 , 刘晓嘉 2 , 赵薇 2 , 张瑜 2, * , 鄢丹 2, *
药学学报 | 研究论文 2025,60(3): 747-754
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药学学报 | 研究论文 2025, 60(3): 747-754
基于自噬通路抑制PD-L1研究黄芩苷对A549细胞杀伤作用机制
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王泽苑1, 2, 王宇航1, 2, 刘晓嘉2, 赵薇2, 张瑜2, * , 鄢丹2, *
作者信息
  • 1.成都中医药大学药学院, 四川 成都 611137
  • 2.首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院, 北京市临床药学研究所, 北京 100050

通讯作者:

*张瑜, E-mail:
鄢丹, Tel: 86-10-63139318, E-mail:
Mechanism of baicalin anti-A549 cells by inhibiting PD-L1 based on autophagy pathway
Ze-yuan WANG1, 2, Yu-hang WANG1, 2, Xiao-jia LIU2, Wei ZHAO2, Yu ZHANG2, * , Dan YAN2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
  • 2. Beijing Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2025-03-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1240
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阻断程序性死亡受体1/程序性死亡配体1 (programmed cell death protein 1/programmed cell death ligand 1, PD-1/PD-L1) 为代表的肿瘤免疫疗法在肺癌治疗上获得较好的治疗效果, 研发小分子药物阻断PD-1/PD-L1为肺癌免疫疗法提供新策略。本研究应用体外细胞模型探讨了黄芩苷(baicalin) 对A549肺癌细胞PD-L1的表达调控及作用机制。利用CCK8实验检测黄芩苷对A549细胞活力影响; Western blot检测A549细胞PD-L1蛋白的表达情况; 利用凋亡、自噬等小分子抑制剂挖掘黄芩苷细胞毒性的机制及其对PD-L1蛋白表达的相关性; 透射电子显微镜下观察黄芩苷处理A549细胞后自噬囊泡的形成; 荧光显微镜下观察A549给药黄芩苷后酸性自噬泡的改变。CCK8实验结果显示, 黄芩苷(12.5~400 μmol·L-1) 可呈剂量依赖性抑制A549细胞增殖; 经干扰素-γ (interferon-γ, IFN-γ) 干扰后PD-L1蛋白表达的升高可随黄芩苷浓度的增加而降低; 另一方面, 自噬抑制剂wortmannin和chloroquine处理可回调黄芩苷引起的细胞毒性, 透射电子显微镜及荧光显微镜下观察黄芩苷处理A549细胞后自噬囊泡数量增加, Western blot结果显示, 黄芩苷可促进自噬相关蛋白LC3-Ⅱ/Ⅰ和beclin-1的表达; wortmannin干预后, 黄芩苷引起的A549细胞酸性自噬泡数量减弱, 自噬蛋白LC3-Ⅱ/Ⅰ的表达受到抑制, 对PD-L1的抑制作用得到回调。上述结果表明, 黄芩苷可能通过激活A549细胞中自噬蛋白LC3降低PD-L1的表达发挥抗肿瘤作用。本研究为黄芩苷开发为PD-1/PD-L1信号通路小分子阻断剂奠定了基础。

黄芩苷  /  非小细胞肺癌细胞A549  /  程序性死亡配体1  /  自噬

Tumor immunotherapy represented by blocking programmed cell death protein 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) has gained better therapeutic effect in lung cancer treatment, and the development of small molecule drugs to block PD-1/PD-L1 provides a new strategy for lung cancer immunotherapy. In this study, we applied an in vitro cell model to investigate the regulation of PD-L1 expression and the mechanism of action of baicalin on A549 lung cancer cells. The effects of baicalin on the viability of A549 cells were detected by CCK8 assay; the expression of PD-L1 protein in A549 cells was detected by Western blot; the mechanism of baicalin cytotoxicity and its correlation with PD-L1 protein expression were investigated by using small-molecule inhibitors of apoptosis and autophagy; the formation of autophagic vesicles in A549 cells treated with baicalin was observed under transmission electron microscope. And the alterations of acid autophagic vesicles and autophagic lysosomes were observed under fluorescence microscope. The results of CCK8 experiments showed that baicalin (12.5-400 μmol·L-1) inhibited the proliferation of A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner; at the same time, the elevation of PD-L1 protein expression after interferon-γ (IFN-γ) interference could be reduced with the increase of baicalin concentration; on the other hand, treatment with autophagy inhibitors, wortmannin, and chloroquine, could call back the baicalin-induced cytotoxicity, transmission electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy showed that the number of autophagic vesicles increased after baicalin treatment of A549 cells, and Western blot results showed that baicalin promoted the expression of autophagy-related proteins LC3-Ⅱ/Ⅰ and beclin-1; the number of baicalin-induced acidic autophagic vesicles in A549 cells was attenuated after the intervention of wortmannin, and at the same time the LC3-Ⅱ/Ⅰ expression was inhibited and the inhibitory effect on PD-L1 was regulated. The above results suggest that baicalin may exert antitumor effects by activating the autophagy protein LC3 in A549 cells to reduce the expression of PD-L1. This study lays the foundation for baicalin to have the ability to be developed as a small molecule blocker of the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway.

baicalin  /  non-small cell lung cancer cell A549  /  programmed death ligand 1  /  autophagy
王泽苑, 王宇航, 刘晓嘉, 赵薇, 张瑜, 鄢丹. 基于自噬通路抑制PD-L1研究黄芩苷对A549细胞杀伤作用机制. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (3) : 747 -754 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1240
Ze-yuan WANG, Yu-hang WANG, Xiao-jia LIU, Wei ZHAO, Yu ZHANG, Dan YAN. Mechanism of baicalin anti-A549 cells by inhibiting PD-L1 based on autophagy pathway[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (3) : 747 -754 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1240
阻断程序性死亡配体1/程序性死亡受体1 (programmed cell death protein 1/programmed cell death ligand 1, PD-1/PD-L1) 相互作用是肿瘤免疫逃逸的主要通路。当T细胞上的PD-1与肿瘤细胞上的PD-L1结合, 会导致抑制T细胞信号的激活, 产生免疫逃逸的现象[1]。因此, 阻断PD-1/PD-L1结合成为晚期实体瘤治疗的最重要方法之一。目前临床上通常使用免疫检查点抑制剂通过阻断免疫细胞与肿瘤细胞某些检查点的结合进而激活体内免疫[2]。如PD-1单抗帕博利珠单抗(pembrolizumab)、纳武优利单抗(nivolumab) 逐步成为非小细胞肺癌的主要治疗方式[3-5]。然而, 免疫检查点抑制剂存在价格昂贵、临床患者耐药、不良反应等缺陷[6, 7], 天然药物相对抗体药物具有价廉、耐受性好等优势, 在开发阻断PD-1/PD-L1信号通路药物方面具有很大的潜力。
黄芩苷(baicalin) 为双子叶唇形科植物黄芩(Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi) 的主要成分之一, 具有抗炎、抗菌或抗病毒、抗心血管疾病、抗神经退行性疾病、肝损伤保护、改善糖尿病肾病等多种药理作用。近些年, 研究发现黄芩苷在抗癌方面也有突出的生物活性, 尤其对肺癌、乳腺癌、肝癌、结直肠癌、骨肉瘤等多种癌种具有治疗作用[8]。黄芩苷在临床上应用广泛, 本课题组前期研究发现黄芩苷通过调节肠道菌群改善短链脂肪酸代谢, 可调节肿瘤免疫微环境, 进而改善肺癌对PD-1抑制剂的应答效果, 提升抗肿瘤疗效[9]。但关于其是否可阻断PD-1/PD-L1通路的研究未见报道。
本研究以A549细胞为研究对象, 考察了黄芩苷对A549细胞的抗肿瘤作用, 并对A549细胞PD-L1的调节及深层机制进行了研究。
主要试剂及材料  黄芩苷购自北京市倍特仁康生物医药科技有限公司(批号BT-HQ03); DMEM培养基、青霉素链霉素均购自美国Gibco公司(批号分别为8123646、15140-122); 胎牛血清(四季青, 批号23060702); 胰酶(Invitrogen, 批号25200056); CCK8试剂(凯基生物, 批号KGA317); PBS (SinoDetech, 批号CBSOO4S-BR500); 裂解液、蛋白酶抑制剂均购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司(批号分别为R0010、P6730); IFN-γ购自美国PeproTech公司(315-05); GAPDH (10494-1-AP)、辣根过氧化物酶(HRP) 标记山羊兔抗IgG (SA00001-2) 均购自武汉三鹰生物技术有限公司; PD-L1(E1L3N®) (#13684) 抗体、beclin-1(D40C5) (#3495) 均购自美国Cell Signaling Technology公司; LC3B抗体购自美国Sigma-Aldrich公司(批号SAB1305552)。
细胞培养  人肺癌细胞A549购自中国医学科学院基础医学研究所细胞资源中心。采用10%胎牛血清及1%青霉素链霉素的McCoy's 5A培养基置于细胞培养箱中培养。
CCK-8检测A549细胞活力  将细胞消化后, 在离心管中混匀细胞并配置成细胞悬液, 采用台盼蓝计数, 将细胞密度稀释1×105后取100 μL细胞悬液接种到96孔细胞培养板。在无菌培养箱(37 ℃、5% CO2) 内培养24 h使细胞贴壁。用培养基将黄芩苷梯度稀释到浓度为400、200、100、25、12.5 μmol·L-1, 每个浓度每孔取200 μL至96孔培养板中, 3个复孔平行操作, 以空白培养基为空白对照。将抑制剂wortmannin、chloroquine、AC-DEVD-CHO、Z-VAD-FMK配制后分别取200 μL溶液加至96孔培养板中预处理1.5 h, 吸取上清, 加入IFN-γ溶液、黄芩苷加IFN-γ溶液, 3个复孔平行操作, 以空白培养基为空白对照。在无菌培养箱(37 ℃、5% CO2) 内培养48 h后, 用真空泵吸取上清, 加入10% CCK8试剂, 恒温培养箱中培养1 h后在酶标仪480 nm处检测吸光度。
蛋白免疫印迹法(Western blot, WB)  将细胞种入6孔板中, 分别将黄芩苷、IFN-γ加黄芩苷、wortmannin预处理1.5 h加黄芩苷处理相应时间后, 弃掉培养基, 用冷PBS清洗细胞2遍, 每孔加入50 μL裂解液置于冰上裂解15 min, 用细胞刮刀将6孔板中细胞刮下。随后4 ℃、12 000 r·min-1离心15 min。收集上清, 用Bradford法测定蛋白浓度并配平, 煮沸15 min。取20 μg总蛋白进行10% SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(80 V, 15 min后120 V, 1 h)。湿转法转膜后5%脱脂牛奶室温封闭1 h, 4 ℃孵育一抗过夜, TBST洗三遍, 在室温孵育二抗1 h, TBST洗三遍, 一次10 min, 显影。
透射电子显微镜检测   A549细胞经黄芩苷处理48 h后, 1 000 r·min-1, 4 ℃离心5 min, 弃去上层清液, PBS洗三次, 相同条件离心后收集下层细胞沉淀, 轻轻缓慢加入含有0.1%戊二醛和2%多聚甲醛的0.1 mol·L-1二甲胂酸钠溶液, 固定48 h后, 加入1% OSO4固定1.5 h, 洗涤样本经3%的轴酰乙酸酯水溶液染色1 h。洗涤样本, 通过50%、70%、90%、100%的丙酮酸梯度脱水, 每级10 min。嵌入Epon-Araldite树脂中, 置于60 ℃下包埋24 h。最后在超薄切片机上切片, 经0.3%柠檬酸铅染色, 在透射电子显微镜下进行观察并拍照。
荧光显微镜检测  当细胞生长24 h贴壁后, 黄芩苷处理48 h, PBS洗2次, 分别加入含有1 μg·mL-1吖啶橙(AO) 的适量基础培养基, 于37 ℃下避光孵育10 min, 孵育结束后, PBS洗3次, 通过荧光显微镜观察并拍照(AO在酸性自噬泡产生红色荧光, 在细胞质和细胞核中产生绿色荧光)。
统计学分析  每组实验重复3次及以上, 实验数据以x±s表示, 组间比较采用t检验, P小于0.05具有显著性差异。
为了探究黄芩苷对A549细胞增殖的影响, 使用不同浓度的黄芩苷(12.5~400 μmol·L-1) 处理A549细胞48 h, 利用CCK8法检测细胞活力。结果表明, 12.5~400 μmol·L-1黄芩苷能剂量依赖性降低A549的细胞存活率, 其中黄芩苷浓度为12.5 μmol·L-1对细胞无影响, 25 μmol·L-1时细胞活力开始下降(P < 0.05), 100和200 μmol·L-1细胞活力下降到60%~80% (P < 0.000 1), 400 μmol·L-1细胞活力下降至50%以下(P < 0.000 1)。表明黄芩苷对A549细胞有明显的杀伤作用(图 1)。
肿瘤微环境中, CD8+ T细胞在杀伤肿瘤的过程中会分泌大量的IFN-γ, 肿瘤细胞在IFN-γ的刺激下, 肿瘤会高表达PD-L1, 进而与CD8+ T细胞上的PD-1结合使其发生耗竭。本研究检测了黄芩苷对IFN-γ诱导后A549细胞中PD-L1表达的影响。Western blot实验结果表明, IFN-γ (5 ng·mL-1) 可上调A549细胞PD-L1表达(P < 0.000 1), 黄芩苷在不同给药浓度(10~100 μmol·L-1) 下可呈剂量依赖性降低A549细胞PD-L1表达(图 2)。其中, 黄芩苷浓度为10 μmol·L-1时对PD-L1有下调趋势但无显著性差异, 黄芩苷在25 μmol·L-1时可显著性下调PD-L1表达(P < 0.05), 黄芩苷在50和100 μmol·L-1时下调PD-L1的表达更显著(P < 0.01)。
为探究黄芩苷杀伤A549细胞作用方式, 选用自噬抑制剂wortmannin (50 ng·mL-1)、chloroquine (50 μg·mL-1), 凋亡抑制剂AC-DEVD-CHO (10 μg·mL-1)、Z-VAD-FMK (40 μg·mL-1) 作用于A549细胞, 观察其对黄芩苷(100 μmol·L-1) 抗A549细胞的影响。CCK8实验结果显示, 自噬抑制剂及凋亡抑制剂均可不同程度回调A549细胞活力。其中wortmannin回调效果最显著(P < 0.000 1), chloroquine、Z-VAD-FMK也有一定回调效果(P < 0.05), AC-DEVD-CHO回调效果不显著(图 3A)。
通过透射电子显微镜观察A549细胞内的自噬体水平, 观察发现, 黄芩苷(100 μmol·L-1) 处理后的A549细胞细胞质中含有多个具有自噬特征的高电子密度的双层或多层结构(图 3B)。另一方面, AO染色的方法也观察到黄芩苷(100 μmol·L-1) 处理A549细胞后, 红色荧光强度变强(图 3C), 自噬的形成过程会产生酸性自噬泡, 而AO在酸性自噬泡中会产生红色荧光, 在细胞质和细胞核中产生绿色荧光, 以上结果均表明黄芩苷可引起A549细胞自噬的发生。
LC3为自噬标志性蛋白, beclin-1为自噬形成关键蛋白之一。本研究发现, 黄芩苷在25和50 μmol·L-1时对beclin-1蛋白呈增加趋势(P < 0.05), 在100 μmol·L-1对beclin-1增加程度减少; 此外, 黄芩苷在25~100 μmol·L-1下增加了LC3-Ⅱ/Ⅰ蛋白表达, 且在100 μmol·L-1时有显著差异(P < 0.05)。IFN-γ对LC3、beclin-1均有增加的趋势, 但对比黄芩苷, IFN-γ增加趋势无显著性差异(图 3DE)。
通过透射电子显微镜观察A549细胞内的自噬体水平, 观察发现, 黄芩苷(100 μmol·L-1) 处理后的A549细胞的细胞质中自噬囊泡数量增加, 加入自噬抑制剂后, 含有自噬囊泡减少(图 4A)。采用AO染色的方法, 观察到酸性自噬泡的增加; 而加入自噬抑制剂后, 细胞量有所增加, 红色荧光强度变弱, 表明自噬抑制剂部分阻断了黄芩苷对A549细胞的杀伤作用及酸性自噬泡数量的增加(图 4B)。结果说明, 黄芩苷促进A549细胞自噬的发生进而导致细胞死亡。
Western blot实验结果显示, IFN-γ (5 ng·mL-1) 上调A549细胞的PD-L1表达水平(P < 0.000 1), 单独加入黄芩苷(100 μmol·L-1) 时PD-L1下调(P < 0.01), wortmannin (50 ng·mL-1) 与黄芩苷共同作用时, 可逆转LC3-Ⅱ/Ⅰ自噬蛋白的上调(P < 0.05), 此时, 黄芩苷作用引起的PD-L1的下调也被显著回调(图 4CD)。结果说明, 黄芩苷介导的A549细胞PD-L1低表达可能与激活自噬信号通路上的LC3-Ⅱ/Ⅰ蛋白有关。
本研究发现黄芩苷具有抗肿瘤活性且可以明显下调A549肺癌细胞上PD-L1蛋白表达, 另一方面黄芩苷可上调A549肺癌细胞中自噬相关蛋白LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ、beclin-1的表达。加入wortmannin干预可逆转黄芩苷对A549的杀伤作用, 抑制LC3-Ⅱ/Ⅰ的表达, 且回调黄芩苷对PD-L1的抑制。由此提示, 黄芩苷抗A549细胞一方面可通过激活自噬相关蛋白LC3-Ⅱ/Ⅰ、beclin-1直接诱导A549肿瘤细胞死亡; 另一方面, 还可通过自噬通路下调PD-L1蛋白, 其作为PD-L1抑制剂可阻断PD-L1/PD-1信号通路达到抗肿瘤的作用(图 5)。
近年来, 天然药物已被公认为抗癌药物的新来源和新辅助药物, 以提高抗癌疗效并减轻用药不良反应。黄芩苷结构式包括苯环、吡喃环、多个酚羟基等结构单元, 属于黄酮类化合物[10]。与黄芩苷结构类似的黄酮类化学物质有汉黄芩素、黄芩素、汉黄芩苷、葛根、大豆苷等[11]。根据文献[12-15]报道, 这些成分都具有抗癌活性。黄酮类化合物抗肿瘤机制包括抗自由基减弱NF-κB活性, 调节细胞周期, 阻断PD-1/PD-L1免疫检查点等方面抗肿瘤[16]。Jiang等[17]发现, 木犀草素、芹菜素在肺癌中具有较强的抗肿瘤活性, 其可通过抑制STAT3磷酸化下调PD-L1表达, 从而抑制肿瘤生长。研究[18]表明, 清肺解毒汤可调节肺腺癌中PD-L1蛋白的表达。黄芩其主要活性成分为黄酮类化合物, 主要含有黄芩苷、汉黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩素。本研究团队前期发现黄芩苷调节肠道菌群代谢物SCFAs, 改善PD-1+ (CD8+ T细胞/Treg) 水平, 改善非小细胞肺癌对PD-1抑制剂的耐药性[19]。本研究发现黄芩苷可通过激活自噬信号通路显著降低A549细胞PD-L1蛋白, 提示黄芩苷可充当PD-1/PD-L1信号通路的小分子抑制剂, 能与PD-1抑制剂联合用药对肿瘤起到协同增效的作用。
自噬在不同癌症类型的发生发展中发挥了重要作用: 适度有效的自噬能够清除肿瘤细胞, 维持机体稳态[20]。在癌症研究中自噬是一把“双刃剑”, 根据肿瘤细胞类型及分期不同, 其生物效应也不同。在癌症发生的早期, 自噬清除受损的细胞器及DNA, 维持正常的细胞结构和代谢稳定, 从而抑制肿瘤的发展。在癌症晚期阶段, 自噬被上调, 通过从降解的蛋白质及细胞器中吸取营养和能量来促进肿瘤细胞增殖[21]。完整的自噬发生过程大体分为四个阶段: 自噬的起始、隔离膜和自噬体的形成、自噬体和溶酶体融合、自噬体的裂解[22]。小分子抑制剂可在自噬成核、延伸、融合或降解阶段抑制自噬。Wortmannin在自噬形成自噬小体时抑制自噬的形成; chloroquine抑制了溶酶体降解[23]。本研究发现wortmannin可逆转黄芩苷对A549细胞增殖的抑制作用, 说明黄芩苷主要是通过促进自噬的形成阶段发挥作用。自噬关键蛋白beclin-1产生于自噬的起始阶段, 自噬标志物LC3在第二阶段中LC3-Ⅰ被Atg7和Atg3在内的泛素样体系加工生成LC3-Ⅱ[24]。在本研究过程中发现, 给予低中高浓度黄芩苷(25、50、100 μmol·L-1) 后, A549细胞中LC3-Ⅱ/Ⅰ的表达以剂量依赖形式增加, 而beclin-1表达增加的趋势为先升高后降低。推测, 低、中浓度黄芩苷作用在A549细胞时首先引起了自噬前体的发生, 随着黄芩苷浓度提高, 自噬体的形成也在进一步发生。因此, 高浓度黄芩苷给药后beclin-1的增加减少而LC3-Ⅱ显著增加, 说明不同浓度的黄芩苷促进了A549细胞自噬的不同阶段。
多项研究表明不同类型肿瘤的自噬通路与肿瘤细胞上的PD-L1蛋白相互调控, 抑制癌症进展[25-27]。Chen等[28]发现在临床实例中, 对于特定的肝癌细胞而言, 肿瘤样本的自噬水平与临床患者恶化呈正相关。其中肝癌细胞膜上的PD-L1蛋白可通过ATG13促进自噬的发生。Gao等[29]研究发现卵巢癌肿瘤组织中的PD-L1通过调节自噬关键蛋白beclin-1来促进自噬。但PD-L1的表达对自噬的表达似乎具有肿瘤特异性。例如, Chen等[30]研究中发现PD-L1与AKT通路相互作用从而抑制胶质瘤细胞的自噬。Tsai等[31]研究报道在膀胱癌中自噬可调节PD-L1, 且两者呈负相关。因此, 不同癌种中PD-L1与自噬的作用机制不同。本研究发现wortmannin本身抑制自噬蛋白LC3-Ⅱ/Ⅰ的同时会逆转黄芩苷对PD-L1的表达, 说明黄芩苷可能通过促进自噬通路中LC3-Ⅱ/Ⅰ上调进而影响PD-L1蛋白的表达。
IFN-γ是一种多功能细胞因子, 主要通过活化T细胞、自然杀伤细胞分泌。在肿瘤微环境(tumor microenvironment, TME) 中, IFN-γ具有双重作用: 一是作为抗肿瘤免疫的标志, 其可以通过激活JAK-STAT诱导多种基因的表达, 增加免疫; 另一个是通过各种机制(例如诱导PD-L1的表达) 导致免疫逃逸[32]。因此, 在体外肿瘤细胞模型中, 常将IFN-γ作为PD-L1的诱导剂[33]
本项目后期将在临床及体内动物模型中继续重复黄芩苷的抗肿瘤药效, 并探索黄芩苷对PD-L1表达的深层机制。
作者贡献: 王泽苑负责实验研究过程与论文撰写; 鄢丹、张瑜提出研究思路、设计方案并修改论文; 王宇航、刘晓嘉、赵薇协助实验数据采集与分析。
利益冲突: 本文所有作者声明不存在利益冲突关系。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(82304776)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(82304512)
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2025年第60卷第3期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-1240
  • 接收时间:2024-12-13
  • 首发时间:2025-11-06
  • 出版时间:2025-03-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-13
  • 修回日期:2025-01-13
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国家自然科学基金项目(82304776)
国家自然科学基金项目(82304512)
作者信息
    1.成都中医药大学药学院, 四川 成都 611137
    2.首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院, 北京市临床药学研究所, 北京 100050

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*张瑜, E-mail:
鄢丹, Tel: 86-10-63139318, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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