Article(id=1193259082292364070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193259081696772901, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0591, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1719158400000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-24, revisedDate=1722787200000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762424734900, onlineDateStr=2025-11-06, pubDate=1741708800000, pubDateStr=2025-03-12, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762424734900, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762424734900, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762424734900, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1193259081696772901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, year='2025', volume='60', issue='3', pageStart='533', pageEnd='842', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762424734756, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764224876724, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200809424412602670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193259081696772901, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200809424412602671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, issueId=1193259081696772901, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=533, endPage=549, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1193259082573382443, articleId=1193259082292364070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=EN, title=Progress in the regulation of autophagic cell death by anti-tumor active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine, columnId=1193259082502079273, journalTitle=Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, columnName=Special Reports: Multi-disciplinary exploration in the current situation and future direction of the modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Autophagy is an important physiological process that can degrade cellular components and maintain cellular homeostasis. In the process of cancer development, autophagy plays a dual role in promoting or inhibiting autophagy, and targeting autophagy is considered to be an important means of cancer treatment. According to Chinese medicine theory, autophagy has the function of regulating the balance of Yin and Yang, and the balance of good and evil in the organism, and based on the theory of "supporting the positive and dispelling the evil", the use of active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to target autophagy has been proven to be effective in the treatment of cancer. In addition, autophagic cell death, as a type Ⅱ programmed cell death, is often accompanied by autophagic features, and the regulation of autophagic cell death is an important way for autophagy to achieve anti-tumor effects. In recent years, more and more studies have found that the active ingredients of TCM have good effects in cancer treatment, among which, targeting autophagic cell death is an important way for TCM active ingredients to achieve anti-tumor effects. This paper outlines the understanding of cancer and autophagy in Chinese medicine theory, and summarizes the current Chinese medicine small molecule compounds targeting autophagic cell death and their mechanisms of action based on the classification of natural medicines. Finally, the development of Chinese medicine-derived compounds targeting autophagic cell death for the treatment of diseases is summarized and prospected, which hopefully can provide clues for subsequent exploration and research.

, correspAuthors=Bo HAN, Lei-lei FU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yuan LIU, Qi-lin YANG, Bo HAN, Lei-lei FU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1193259377252598368, articleId=1193259082292364070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, language=CN, title=中药抗肿瘤活性成分调控自噬性细胞死亡的研究进展, columnId=1193259082653074221, journalTitle=药学学报, columnName=专题报道: 以多学科交叉探寻中药现代化发展之路, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

细胞自噬(autophagy) 是一种可以降解细胞自身成分、维持细胞稳态的重要生理过程。在癌症发生发展过程中, 自噬因其具有双重作用而起到促进或是抑制的作用, 靶向自噬被认为是治疗癌症的重要手段。中医理论认为自噬在机体内具有调节“阴阳平衡、正邪平衡”的作用, 基于“扶正祛邪”的理论使用中药活性成分靶向自噬来治疗癌症已被证明有效。此外, 自噬细胞死亡作为Ⅱ型程序性细胞死亡方式, 肿瘤细胞发生自噬性死亡往往伴随着自噬特征, 调控自噬性细胞死亡是自噬发挥抗肿瘤作用的关键途径。近年来, 越来越多的研究发现中药活性成分在癌症治疗中具有良好效果。其中, 调控自噬性细胞死亡是中药活性成分实现其抗肿瘤药效的重要途径, 如姜黄素、槲皮素等通过此途径发挥抗肿瘤作用。本文概述了中医理论对癌症和自噬的认识, 并基于化合物的结构分类系统性总结了靶向自噬性细胞死亡的中药小分子化合物及其作用机制。最后, 对开发中药来源化合物靶向自噬细胞死亡治疗肿瘤进行了总结和展望, 希望可以为后续抗肿瘤中药小分子药物的全新发现提供线索。

, correspAuthors=韩波, 符雷蕾, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*韩波, Tel: 86-28-61800231, E-mail:
符雷蕾, Tel: 15882361164, E-mail:
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State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1194704009513640213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259082292364070, companyId=1194704009501057299, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.西南特色中药资源国家重点实验室, 成都中医药大学药学院, 四川 成都 611137)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1194704011426242870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259082292364070, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=jBSyTdmTqwyo+DIdaR9iow==, figureFileBig=druyYYA++ltib7ecGlzCdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194704011484963127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259082292364070, language=CN, label=Figure 1, caption= The process of autophagy. Autophagy is initiated by cellular stress and nutrient deprivation through AMPK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling. PI3K/AKT/mTOR is a common signaling pathway that regulates autophagy, and phosphodiesterases and PTEN can attenuate this signaling pathway to promote autophagy. Inhibition of mTOR activates the ULK1 complex, and activated ULK1 initiates phagocytic vesicle nucleation by phosphorylating the VPS34 complex. Activation of the VPS34 complex promotes the production of PI3P, which recruits WIPI and DFCP1 effector proteins at the initiation site. In the presence of autophagy-associated proteins such as ATG12 system and ATG18 system, LC3-Ⅱ binds to the membrane and promotes the expansion of phagocytic vesicle membranes. PI3K: Phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase; PTEN: Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten; AKT: Protein kinase B; mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin; AMPK: Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; ULK1: Unc51-like kinase 1; FIP200: Focal adhesion kinase family interacting protein of 200 kD; ATG13: Autophagy-related gene 13; VPS34: Vacuolar protein sorting 34; LC3: Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 , figureFileSmall=jBSyTdmTqwyo+DIdaR9iow==, figureFileBig=druyYYA++ltib7ecGlzCdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194704011585626424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259082292364070, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=sWDdi7iQuaNlg7VtV/AY0w==, figureFileBig=UGttrF3kfI5LnUde2laSxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194704011661123897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259082292364070, language=CN, label=Figure 2, caption= The role of autophagy in cell death includes: autophagy-associated cell death, in which autophagy occurs accompanied by apoptosis (or other cell death pathways); autophagy-dependent cell death, cell death caused by autophagy that occurs independently of apoptosis or necrosis; autophagy-mediated cell death, which results from the activation of apoptosis by the autophagy pathway; and environment-specific patterns of cell death involving coordinated action of apoptosis and autophagy , figureFileSmall=sWDdi7iQuaNlg7VtV/AY0w==, figureFileBig=UGttrF3kfI5LnUde2laSxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194704011740815674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259082292364070, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=XXcgFdCkhqu/31OPf0T7Xw==, figureFileBig=sFhkcTy/tdxOQvGcHgFXZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1194704011799535931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189982191388893191, articleId=1193259082292364070, language=CN, label=Figure 3, caption= 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中药抗肿瘤活性成分调控自噬性细胞死亡的研究进展
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刘媛 1 , 杨齐林 1 , 韩波 2, * , 符雷蕾 1, *
药学学报 | 专题报道: 以多学科交叉探寻中药现代化发展之路 2025,60(3): 533-549
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药学学报 | 专题报道: 以多学科交叉探寻中药现代化发展之路 2025, 60(3): 533-549
中药抗肿瘤活性成分调控自噬性细胞死亡的研究进展
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刘媛1, 杨齐林1, 韩波2, * , 符雷蕾1, *
作者信息
  • 1.西南交通大学生命科学与工程学院, 四川 成都 610031
  • 2.西南特色中药资源国家重点实验室, 成都中医药大学药学院, 四川 成都 611137

通讯作者:

*韩波, Tel: 86-28-61800231, E-mail:
符雷蕾, Tel: 15882361164, E-mail:
Progress in the regulation of autophagic cell death by anti-tumor active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine
Yuan LIU1, Qi-lin YANG1, Bo HAN2, * , Lei-lei FU1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
  • 2. State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
出版时间: 2025-03-12 doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0591
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细胞自噬(autophagy) 是一种可以降解细胞自身成分、维持细胞稳态的重要生理过程。在癌症发生发展过程中, 自噬因其具有双重作用而起到促进或是抑制的作用, 靶向自噬被认为是治疗癌症的重要手段。中医理论认为自噬在机体内具有调节“阴阳平衡、正邪平衡”的作用, 基于“扶正祛邪”的理论使用中药活性成分靶向自噬来治疗癌症已被证明有效。此外, 自噬细胞死亡作为Ⅱ型程序性细胞死亡方式, 肿瘤细胞发生自噬性死亡往往伴随着自噬特征, 调控自噬性细胞死亡是自噬发挥抗肿瘤作用的关键途径。近年来, 越来越多的研究发现中药活性成分在癌症治疗中具有良好效果。其中, 调控自噬性细胞死亡是中药活性成分实现其抗肿瘤药效的重要途径, 如姜黄素、槲皮素等通过此途径发挥抗肿瘤作用。本文概述了中医理论对癌症和自噬的认识, 并基于化合物的结构分类系统性总结了靶向自噬性细胞死亡的中药小分子化合物及其作用机制。最后, 对开发中药来源化合物靶向自噬细胞死亡治疗肿瘤进行了总结和展望, 希望可以为后续抗肿瘤中药小分子药物的全新发现提供线索。

细胞自噬  /  自噬性细胞死亡  /  中医理论  /  中药活性成分  /  扶正祛邪  /  抗肿瘤活性成分

Autophagy is an important physiological process that can degrade cellular components and maintain cellular homeostasis. In the process of cancer development, autophagy plays a dual role in promoting or inhibiting autophagy, and targeting autophagy is considered to be an important means of cancer treatment. According to Chinese medicine theory, autophagy has the function of regulating the balance of Yin and Yang, and the balance of good and evil in the organism, and based on the theory of "supporting the positive and dispelling the evil", the use of active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to target autophagy has been proven to be effective in the treatment of cancer. In addition, autophagic cell death, as a type Ⅱ programmed cell death, is often accompanied by autophagic features, and the regulation of autophagic cell death is an important way for autophagy to achieve anti-tumor effects. In recent years, more and more studies have found that the active ingredients of TCM have good effects in cancer treatment, among which, targeting autophagic cell death is an important way for TCM active ingredients to achieve anti-tumor effects. This paper outlines the understanding of cancer and autophagy in Chinese medicine theory, and summarizes the current Chinese medicine small molecule compounds targeting autophagic cell death and their mechanisms of action based on the classification of natural medicines. Finally, the development of Chinese medicine-derived compounds targeting autophagic cell death for the treatment of diseases is summarized and prospected, which hopefully can provide clues for subsequent exploration and research.

autophagy  /  autophagic cell death  /  Chinese medicine theory  /  Chinese medicine active ingredient  /  supporting the positive and dispelling the evil  /  antitumor active ingredient
刘媛, 杨齐林, 韩波, 符雷蕾. 中药抗肿瘤活性成分调控自噬性细胞死亡的研究进展. 药学学报, 2025 , 60 (3) : 533 -549 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0591
Yuan LIU, Qi-lin YANG, Bo HAN, Lei-lei FU. Progress in the regulation of autophagic cell death by anti-tumor active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica, 2025 , 60 (3) : 533 -549 . DOI: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0591
细胞自噬(autophagy) 是细胞内容物质被运送到溶酶体并降解的过程[1]。在饥饿、氧化应激刺激以及病原体等入侵时, 自噬作为一种适应性的细胞机制来处理这些应激反应[2]。自噬大致被分为3类: 巨自噬、微自噬和伴侣介导的自噬。其中, 巨自噬被认为是主要的自噬类型, 因此本文主要集中于巨自噬(以下简称“自噬”)。
在中医理论指导下的中药在疾病治疗方面一直发挥着重要作用, 几千年的发展让中医药有其独特完整的治疗体系与方法。癌症即恶性肿瘤, 因其易转移、易复发、难根治而被称作“不治之症”, 中药活性成分对乳腺癌、肺癌、肝癌等恶性肿瘤的治疗作用被相继报道, 为癌症治疗提供了新的方法与希望。自噬作为生物体重要的细胞内降解机制, 与癌症的发生发展有着密切关系, 中医药在这一领域展现出显著潜力, 通过调控自噬来治疗癌症具有一定的研究基础。如姜黄的多酚类成分姜黄素和吉非替尼的联合治疗可诱导吉非替尼耐药非小细胞肺癌H157和H1299细胞自噬、凋亡[3]。类黄酮家族成员槲皮素通过抑制丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶(protein kinase B, AKT)/雷帕霉素靶标(mammalian target of rapamycin, mTOR) 通路和激活丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen activated protein kinase, MAPK) 通路来刺激自噬, 并证明槲皮素通过刺激自噬抑制肝细胞癌生长并诱导细胞凋亡[4]。此外, 紫杉醇、白藜芦醇、喜树碱等中药来源天然化合物也被发现通过调控自噬途径实现癌症治疗作用[5, 6]。因此, 本文总结了靶向自噬的中药来源抗肿瘤活性成分及其调控自噬性细胞死亡的作用机制, 以期为中药来源抗肿瘤活性化合物靶向自噬治疗癌症的研究提供依据和线索。
自噬体的囊泡并不是通过膜出芽的方式形成的, 而是从头合成的(图 1)。因此, 在自噬过程中自噬小体的形成至关重要。在酵母中, 吞噬载体组装位点(phagophore assembly site, PAS) 是自噬体形成的起始位点; 在哺乳动物中, 则认为内质网相关结构(称为omegasomes) 可能是自噬起始点[7, 8]。经典自噬途径是由几种应激信号诱导的, 如营养剥夺、DNA损伤、能量危机和低氧等, 这些信号会触发不同通路的激活, 这些通路主要聚集在整合信息的关键节点mTOR处。在营养剥夺或能量危机的情况下腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, AMPK) 会被激活, 激活的AMPK负调控mTOR复合物的活性并启动自噬。此外, 磷脂酰肌醇三激酶(phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase, PI3K)/AKT/mTOR是常见的调节自噬的信号途径之一。ULK复合物包括UNC-51样激酶(unc51-like kinase, ULK) 1、ULK2、200 kD的黏着斑激酶家族相互作用蛋白(focal adhesion kinase family interacting protein of 200 kD, FIP200)、自噬相关基因13 (autophagy-related gene 13, ATG13) 和ATG101, 它们作为雷帕霉素复合物1 (mTORC1) 的下游靶点参与自噬体形成[9]。在营养丰富时, mTORC1与复合体结合, 但在营养饥饿时mTORC1与ULK1解离, ULK1被磷酸化而激活[10]。活化的ULK1复合物被募集到自噬起始位点, 进一步活化下游空泡蛋白分选蛋白34 (vacuolar protein sorting 34, VPS34) 复合物产生磷脂酰肌醇三磷酸(phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate, PI3P) 来起始自噬体膜的形成。VPS34复合物1由VPS34、酵母ATG6的哺乳动物直系同源物(the mammalian ortholog of yeast ATG6, Beclin 1)、ATG14和VPS15组成, ULK1磷酸化Beclin 1激活VPS34复合体1, 活化的VPS34使用磷脂酰肌醇(phosphatidylinositol, PI) 作为底物来生成PI3P[11]。ATG14L亚基驱动VPS34复合物1定位到PAS, PI3P会招募与磷酸肌酸相互作用的WD-重复蛋白(WIPI) 和含双FYVE蛋白1 (DFCP1) 的效应蛋白。VPS34复合物通过WIPI2与ATG5-ATG12-ATG16复合物和ATG8/微管相关蛋白1轻链3 (microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3, LC3) 这两种泛素样蛋白偶联系统结合实现自噬体膜的扩增, 直到膜闭合形成自噬体[12]。随后, 自噬体与溶酶体融合形成自噬溶酶体, 通过酸性水解酶实现对物质的降解。
在细胞发育、细胞物质的降解与回收等方面, 自噬起着至关重要的作用, 其在包括癌症在内的许多疾病中发挥着双重作用。在癌症中, 自噬的作用与肿瘤分期、免疫微环境等密切相关。在肿瘤发生的早期阶段, 自噬通过帮助维持基因组稳定性、抑制组织坏死和炎症扩散以及诱导细胞凋亡发挥肿瘤抑制作用; 而在肿瘤发展的晚期, 自噬通过为癌细胞提供营养并帮助其免疫逃避而促进肿瘤的存活[13]。Beclin 1在自噬的肿瘤抑制作用中起着关键作用, 对乳腺癌和原发性乳腺癌的分析研究发现编码Beclin 1的等位基因经常丢失[14]。据报道, 几种ATG基因(ATG2B、ATG5和ATG12) 在胃肠道癌和肝癌中含有移码突变, 而ATG5和ATG7在黑色素瘤中也被证明下调, 表明了自噬的肿瘤抑制作用[15]。自噬性细胞死亡也是自噬实现抗肿瘤作用的重要途径[16], 自噬在细胞死亡中的作用可以分为4类: ①自噬相关细胞死亡, 其中自噬的诱导伴随着细胞凋亡或是其他细胞死亡途径, 而自噬在其中没有积极作用; ②自噬介导的细胞死亡, 通过自噬途径激活细胞凋亡或其他细胞死亡途径; ③自噬依赖的细胞死亡, 其发生与细胞凋亡或其他细胞死亡途径无关; ④自噬与细胞凋亡涉及协调作用而产生的细胞死亡[17] (图 2)。在持续的应激以及自噬过度激活的状态下, 细胞会由于过度消耗细胞质成分而走向死亡, 在因自噬而死亡的细胞中检测到降解的线粒体、细胞内膜和细胞质物质也支持这一观点[18, 19]。值得注意的是, 介导细胞死亡所需的自噬机制可能与促进细胞存活的自噬机制不同, 但仍待确定细胞死亡中有哪些成分起关键作用以及是否具有细胞特异性[17, 20]。此外, 自噬的功能高度依赖于生物学环境, 即使在同一种疾病中, 自噬在不同的阶段也能发挥不同的作用[21]。目前, 自噬与许多调节性或非调节性细胞死亡模式之间的因果关系尚不清楚。自噬和细胞死亡之间的关系是错综复杂的, 并且高度依赖于环境。它们相互协调, 并一起调节细胞的存活和死亡, 以响应特殊的细胞应激[22]
癌症属于恶性肿瘤一类, 中医学对肿瘤的认识可谓是历史悠久, 经历了基础、成熟、繁荣发展的各个阶段, 如《黄帝内经》、《周礼》、《难经》以及《伤寒杂病论》等中医古籍都对肿瘤进行了描述与记载[23]。在古籍文献中, 诸如“石瘿”、“乳岩”、“噎膈”、“肠覃”、“症瘕”、“积聚”等病症与现代医学中的肿瘤相对应。中医认为肿瘤的发病机制源于气滞淤血、痰凝湿滞、毒聚内蕴等相互纠结、日久积滞, 由于脏腑阴阳气血的失调, 在正虚之时, 外邪入侵使机体阴阳失调[24]。而肿瘤发生的原因可总结为内因、外因以及体质3个方面, 内因与情绪、饮食相关, 外因与病原体、物理化学因素相关, 体质则因人而异。
目前, 中医治疗癌症的理论基础主要来源于3个: 五行学说、阴阳学说及气血学说。癌症被认为是正虚邪实、邪盛正衰的疾病, 因此中医治疗肿瘤的方法主要分为扶正与祛邪两大类。扶正治疗即结合主要病变部位而分别采用补气、补血、补阴、补阳的方法进行治疗, 用于扶正治疗的药物通过提高机体的免疫力、增强体质, 从而间接发挥抗癌作用、减轻临床症状并延缓生命; 祛邪治疗即针对病变之处采用理气行气、化痰散结、活血化瘀、清热解毒等方法进行治疗, 用于祛邪治疗的药物通过直接杀伤癌细胞和抑制癌细胞生长发挥抗癌作用[25]。治疗的基本原则是扶正祛邪, 攻补兼施, 扶正与祛邪共同作用从而达到肿瘤治疗的效果。
此外, 在中医理论中, “防”与“治”是密不可分的, 中医“治未病”最早可见于《黄帝内经》。在肿瘤的预防治疗过程中, 要把握癌症发生的时期与特点, 针对性进行防治。未病先防时要扶正祛邪、理气解郁、化痰祛瘀; 已病防变时要把握病势、积极治疗; 病愈防复时要痰淤并清、调整阴阳、协调身心。
自噬是机体维持细胞内环境稳态的一种重要调节机制, 在中医学中, 自噬与中医学阴阳自合理论相契合, 在机体中被认为具有调节“阴阳平衡、正邪平衡”的作用。因此, 从“阴阳调节、正邪平衡”的角度来看, 双方既相互制约又相互依存, 自噬无论是过度还是不足都会打破平衡而导致疾病的发生[26]。在肿瘤的早期阶段, 自噬作为一种防御机制具有一定的抑癌作用, 而此时由于自噬活性的降低使得自噬降解能力下降使机体“痰、於、毒”等大量炎症物质、细胞毒性物质大量堆积而致邪瘤内生; 在肿瘤恶性发展的后期, 能量和物质的缺乏使得自噬处于过度激活状态为癌症发展提供能量, 而此时机体代谢能量不足使抵御外邪能力下降致正气耗伤[27]。因而在治疗上, “扶正祛邪、阴阳相和”依旧是治疗的基本原则, 自噬不足导致邪毒内生而需驱邪, 自噬过度导致正气耗伤而需扶正。中药活性成分通过调节自噬发挥“扶正祛邪”的作用, 使机体恢复阴阳的动态平衡而达到肿瘤治疗作用(图 3)。此外, 自噬作为细胞的程序性死亡方式之一, 本身即包含阴阳对立双方, 阴阳双方互根互用, 阴中求阳, 阳中求阴, 将自噬诱导剂作为启动剂来启动肿瘤细胞的自噬性死亡, 亦是肿瘤治疗的突破口之一[28]
基于“扶正祛邪”的原则来调控自噬从而治疗癌症的研究已经有许多, 具有“扶正”或“祛邪”活性的中医药在癌症治疗中发挥重要作用。在肝细胞癌的早期阶段, 自噬活性较低而导致邪毒内生, 此时化痰散结、活血化瘀、清热解毒的祛邪药物可抑制肿瘤的发展, 如化瘀类药物丹参的有效成分丹参酮被证明通过诱导自噬抑制肝细胞癌的发病[29]。在肝细胞癌的中晚期阶段, 过度自噬为癌症发展提供能量导致正气耗损, 此时扶正固本、补气补阳的扶正药物可缓解癌症的恶性发展, 如黄芪中的有效成分黄芪多糖通过抑制自噬发挥抗肿瘤作用[29]。因此, 中药活性成分可通过靶向自噬来调节机体实现肿瘤治疗效果。
自噬与癌症发生发展有着密切的关系, 靶向自噬是治疗癌症的重要手段。自噬性细胞死亡作为一种程序性细胞死亡也是自噬实现抗肿瘤作用的重要途径。中药已被证明在癌症治疗中具有良好效果, 其中, 通过靶向自噬细胞死亡而实现抗肿瘤效果的中药活性成分也被逐渐发现。在此部分, 本综述将基于天然药物分类总结当前靶向自噬细胞死亡的中药活性成分。
生物碱是存在于自然界中的一类含氮的碱性有机化合物, 有似碱的性质, 大多数有复杂的环状结构, 氮素多包含在环内, 有显著的生物活性, 是中草药中重要的有效成分之一。该类代表性化合物如木兰花碱、喜树碱等都被发现具有良好的抗肿瘤活性。
从药用植物Nelumbo nucifera中分离出的甲基莲心碱(neferine) 通过诱导细胞凋亡以剂量依赖性方式抑制多种癌症细胞增殖, 并通过产生过量活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS) 和抑制PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路诱导细胞自噬[30]。过量产生的ROS激活细胞自噬和凋亡的关键标志物, 有效抑制雄激素依赖性前列腺癌细胞的生长、增殖和致瘤潜能[31]。在头颈部鳞状细胞癌中, 甲基莲心碱通过增加ROS的产生来激活细胞凋亡信号调节激酶1/c-Jun N末端激酶(apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1/the c-Jun N-terminal kinase, ASK1/JNK) 通路, 螯合体1 (sequestosome 1, SQSTM1/p62) 介导细胞凋亡与自噬之间发生串扰使得甲基莲心碱诱导的自噬在头颈部鳞状细胞癌的治疗中具有积极作用[32]。此外, 甲基莲心碱诱导前列腺癌细胞和神经母细胞瘤细胞死亡时均伴随着自噬的发生[33, 34]
木兰花碱(magnoflorine) 是一种从中草药木兰中分离出的四级生物碱, 具有多种生物活性, 如抗炎、抗癌和抗焦虑。木兰花碱可以强烈促进多柔比星诱导的乳腺癌细胞抗癌作用, 多柔比星和木兰花碱联合治疗显著抑制PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路的激活, 诱导乳腺癌细胞的细胞凋亡和自噬。此外, 用自噬抑制剂wortmannin处理可显著降低乳腺癌细胞中多柔比星/木兰花碱诱导的p38 MAPK激活和LC3转化[35]。研究表明, 木兰花碱通过诱导胃癌细胞中LC3-Ⅱ的表达上调和自噬体形成触发癌细胞自噬, 木兰花碱触发的自噬细胞死亡受ROS诱导的AKT信号通路的调节[36]
防己诺林碱(fangchinoline) 是从Stephania tetrandra中分离出来的, 已被证明在多种类型的肿瘤细胞模型中具有抗增殖作用。作为一种高度特异性的药物, 防己诺林碱诱导肝细胞癌细胞自噬性死亡。机制上, p53肿瘤抑制蛋白(p53 tumor suppressor protein, p53) 的核移位参与了防己诺林碱诱导的自噬, 随后选择性地反式激活自噬相关基因sestrin2和启动自噬过程。AMPK的信号传导也作为sestrin2的下游靶标, 在两种细胞系中诱导mTOR非依赖性自噬细胞死亡[37]
10-羟基喜树碱(10-hydroxycamptothecin) 是从喜树中分离出的天然植物提取物, 是喜树碱(camptothecin) 的衍生物, 具有特定的10-羟基。10-羟基喜树碱具有抗癌作用, 在人类膀胱癌中通过胱天蛋白酶(caspases) 诱导细胞凋亡, 并激活AMPK/mTOR/ULK1途径促进自噬。通过3-甲基腺嘌呤(3-methyladenine, 3-MA) 阻断自噬, AMPK抑制剂dorsomorphin和siATG7逆转了10-羟基喜树碱诱导的细胞毒性。相反, 雷帕霉素(rapamycin) 和AMPK激活剂AICAR增强了生长抑制和细胞凋亡, 表明10-羟基喜树碱诱导的自噬起到了促凋亡的作用[6]。此外, 基于结构的药物设计策略发现的一种新的去乙酰化酶Sirtuin3 (又名SIRT3) 小分子激活剂2-APQC是喜树碱衍生物类似物, 其通过调节线粒体稳态来缓解心肌肥大和纤维化, 对心力衰竭治疗的研究具有重要意义[38]
Hernandezine是一种双苄基异喹啉生物碱, 从传统中草药Thalictrum glandulosissimum中提取。Hernandezine是一种天然AMPK激动剂, 可诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡和自噬。在胰腺导管腺癌细胞系中, hernandezine剂量依赖性抑制细胞增殖、促进自噬并诱导自噬死亡。Hernandezine对胰腺导管腺癌细胞的自噬活化具有浓度依赖性和时间依赖性, 强烈激活的自噬可以促进细胞死亡。敲除自噬途径中的关键基因ATG5减轻了hernandezine对自噬的激活, 自噬抑制剂巴佛洛霉素A1 (bafilomycin A1, BafA1) 和羟氯喹(hydroxychloroquine, HCQ) 也显著抑制了hernandezine诱导的细胞死亡, 这意味着hernandezine诱导了胰腺导管腺癌细胞的自噬细胞死亡[39]。此外, hernandezine处理的黑色素瘤细胞随着时间的推移表现出自噬特异性结构、自噬标志物(LC3-Ⅱ /LC3-Ⅰ) 和自噬流动, hernandezine通过AMPK-mTOR通路诱导自噬, 从而诱导细胞凋亡。3-MA的使用显著抑制细胞凋亡, 表明hernandezine通过诱导自噬促进细胞凋亡[40]
Gelsemium elegans Benth中提取的生物碱化合物常绿钩吻碱(sempervirine) 对不同恶性肿瘤具有潜在抗肿瘤作用。常绿钩吻碱诱导细胞G2/M期阻滞并阻断AKT/mTOR信号通路。此外, 常绿钩吻碱还促进了自噬通量和LC3-Ⅱ的积累, 降低胶质瘤细胞p62蛋白表达, 诱导胶质瘤细胞自噬死亡。体内和体外研究证实常绿钩吻碱触发细胞凋亡和细胞自噬, 抑制胶质瘤的生长[41]
水仙环素(narciclasine) 是一种从水仙球茎中分离得到的石蒜科异羧苯乙烯类化合物。水仙环素以剂量依赖性方式抑制三阴性乳腺癌细胞增殖并调节AMPK-ULK1信号轴以促进自噬依赖性细胞凋亡, 这些凋亡作用可以使用自噬抑制剂逆转。与体外结果一致, 水仙环素通过上调自噬依赖性细胞凋亡显著抑制小鼠三阴性乳腺癌肿瘤生长[42]
去氢骆驼蓬碱(harmine) 是一种来自Peganum harmalaβ-咔啉生物碱, 具有多种抗肿瘤活性, 特别是用于消化系统肿瘤的民间疗法。去氢骆驼蓬碱对自噬和细胞凋亡都表现出强大的作用。用去氢骆驼蓬碱处理可以增强细胞中绿荧光蛋白(green fluorescent protein, GFP)-LC3的含量。同时, 高浓度的去氢骆驼蓬碱导致细胞凋亡, 该过程还抑制AKT/mTOR/p70S6K信号通路, 并影响Beclin 1、LC3-Ⅱ以及p62。此外, PI3K/AKT的特异性抑制剂LY294002与去氢骆驼蓬碱的组合显著增加了对胃癌细胞的细胞毒性, 并上调了细胞凋亡相关蛋白和自噬相关蛋白。添加自噬抑制剂3-MA或BafA1则可增加去氢骆驼蓬碱处理的胃癌细胞的活力, 这证实了自噬在去氢骆驼蓬碱诱导的胃癌细胞死亡中具有促进作用[43]
黄酮类化合物广泛存在于自然界的植物中, 属植物次生代谢产物。黄酮类化合物在抗氧化、抑菌、免疫、心血管系统、细胞凋亡和肝脏病变等方面具有重要应用, 黄酮类化合物中有药用价值的化合物很多, 其典型化合物如槲皮素、黄芩素等都具有抗肿瘤活性。川陈皮素(nobiletin) 是从柑橘类水果中提取的一种聚甲氧基类黄酮。川陈皮素可显著抑制细胞增殖, 诱导DNA损伤, 并剂量依赖性诱导人卵巢癌细胞凋亡。此外, 川陈皮素通过调节卵巢癌细胞的自噬来诱导细胞凋亡并触发ROS介导的细胞焦亡[44]
槲皮素(quercetin) 是一种黄酮类化合物, 在苹果、葡萄、红树莓和洋葱中含量丰富。槲皮素已被证明具有与细胞凋亡和自噬诱导相关的抗癌活性, 槲皮素通过抑制AKT/mTOR通路和激活MAPK通路来刺激肝细胞癌自噬进而诱导凋亡, 且抑制自噬显著减轻了槲皮素对肿瘤生长抑制和细胞凋亡诱导的作用[4]。在结肠癌的相关研究中, 槲皮素抑制PI3K/AKT和细胞外调节蛋白激酶(extracellular regulated protein kinases, ERK) 通路, 在早期激活AMPK和ULK激酶以响应自噬应激, 并激活两种形式的细胞死亡: 与ERK抑制相关的细胞凋亡和依赖于AMPK激酶的致死自噬[45]。槲皮素衍生物异槲皮素(isoquercitrin) 是一种存在于杨梅和其他植物物种中的天然类黄酮。在肝细胞癌的研究中发现, 异槲皮素可以抑制细胞活力和集落生长, 激活凋亡途径, 并通过激活AMPK/mTOR/p70S6K途径触发失调的自噬。使用3-MA或siATG5抑制自噬可降低Bcl-2相关X蛋白/B淋巴细胞瘤-2基因(Bcl-2-associated X protein /B-cell lymphoma-2, Bax/Bcl-2) 比率、激活caspase-3和多聚二磷酸腺苷核糖聚合酶(poly ADP-ribose polymerase, PARP) 切割, 并保护细胞免受异槲皮素诱导的细胞凋亡, 这表明异槲皮素同时诱导细胞凋亡和自噬, 自噬通量的异常诱导有助于异槲皮素触发的caspase-3依赖性细胞凋亡[46]
黄芩素(baicalein) 是一种典型的黄酮类化合物, 来源于黄芩的根。丝裂原蛋白激酶激酶激酶激酶3 (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase kinase 3, MAP4K3) 已被确定为哺乳动物细胞生长和自噬的重要调节剂。黄芩素可以直接与MAP4K3结合, 导致MAP4K3失活[47]。在三阴性乳腺癌治疗研究中, 黄芩素增加了MDA-MB-231细胞中的自噬标志物, 包括LC3-Ⅱ /Ⅰ、GFP-LC3的增加和p62的下调。自噬抑制剂3-MA显著削弱了黄芩素对MDA-MB-231细胞中多柔比星诱导的活力降低和凋亡的作用, 表明了黄芩素诱导的自噬对凋亡的促进作用[48]
刺甘草查尔酮(echinatin) 是一种从中草药甘草中分离出来的化合物, 被发现可显著诱导胚胎细胞凋亡并抑制增殖和集落形成能力。从机制上讲, 刺甘草查尔酮在细胞和肿瘤异种移植模型中具有显著的抗肿瘤作用, 通过诱导AKT/mTOR依赖性自噬和细胞凋亡来抑制食管癌肿瘤的生长和侵袭[49]
黄酮类化合物卢泊菌素(lupalbigenin) 和6, 8-二肾基染料木黄酮(6, 8-diprenylgenistein) 均显著诱导结直肠癌SW480细胞凋亡, 同时可能通过AKT/mTOR信号通路促进自噬。进一步的研究表明黄酮类化合物卢泊菌素和6, 8-二肾基染料木黄酮可以诱导SW480细胞的自噬细胞死亡。此外, 异戊烯基团是该化合物具有细胞毒性和自噬促进活性的主要原因[50]
反式-查尔酮(trans-chalcone) 是一种开链类黄酮, 是植物中其他类黄酮的主要前体。反式-查尔酮处理导致线粒体膜损伤和细胞周期G0/G1期停滞, 增加p53蛋白的存在并减少β-连环蛋白, 通过自噬诱导细胞死亡。此外, 反式-查尔酮降低了肝细胞癌HuH7.5细胞的转移能力, 从而影响了该类型细胞的迁移/侵袭[51]
山柰酚(kaempferol) 是从Hedyotis diffusa中提取的, 具有明显的抗癌作用。山柰酚可能通过促进非小细胞肺癌细胞自噬来发挥其抗癌作用。从机制上讲, 间充质上皮转化因子Met在蛋白质和mRNA水平上都受到极大的抑制, PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路也同时受到相应抑制[52]。山柰酚促进了非小细胞肺癌细胞自噬, 导致非小细胞肺癌细胞死亡。
甘草素(liquiritigenin) 的抗肿瘤作用已在各种癌症中探索, 甘草素在很大程度上限制了肿瘤的生长, 增强了细胞凋亡和自噬。更重要的是, 肿瘤组织中AKT的磷酸化也可能被甘草素抑制, 甘草素通过PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路调控自噬相关细胞凋亡来抑制口腔癌的进展[53]
白杨素(chrysin) 是一种天然生物类黄酮, 广泛存在于蜂胶、蜂蜜和西番莲中。白杨素直接与人羰基还原酶1 (carbonyl reductase 1, CBR1) 结合, 在分子和细胞水平上抑制了其酶活性。白杨素对CBR1的抑制增加了细胞ROS水平, 并诱导ROS依赖性自噬, 这导致铁蛋白重多肽1 (ferritin heavy chain 1, FTH1) 的降解和参与胰腺癌细胞铁死亡的细胞内游离铁水平的增加。由此, 白杨素通过靶向胰腺癌细胞中的CBR1诱导自噬依赖性铁死亡, 以增加对吉西他滨的化学敏感性[54]
千层纸素A (oroxylin A) 是一种有抗癌活性的黄酮类化合物, 千层纸素A通过ERK/AKT-mTOR信号传导及转录激活蛋白3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, STAT3)-Notch信号级联诱导自噬来发挥抗恶性神经胶质瘤的能力。千层纸素A以剂量和时间依赖性方式诱导自噬来抑制恶性神经胶质瘤细胞的增殖, 3-MA或敲低Beclin 1可以部分挽救细胞免受千层纸素A诱导的自噬细胞死亡[55]
萜类化合物广泛存在于自然界, 是构成某些植物的香精、树脂、色素等的主要成分, 萜类化合物是中草药中的一类比较重要的化合物。经典药物白桦醇、紫杉醇及雷公藤红素等都属于萜类, 在肿瘤治疗中有着广泛的应用。羽扇豆醇(lupeol) 作为一种天然的五环三萜, 存在于各种蔬菜、水果和中药中, 如苍术和黄芪。羽扇豆醇能抑制视网膜母细胞瘤细胞增殖并诱导细胞凋亡, 羽扇豆醇处理后LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ比值和Beclin 1、ATG7水平升高, 表明羽扇豆醇可诱导视网膜母细胞瘤细胞自噬, 且通过抑制PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路促进视网膜母细胞瘤细胞的自噬和凋亡[56]
PDB-1是从Potentilla discolor Bung中分离出的三萜类化合物。在肺癌治疗的研究中发现, PDB-1以剂量和时间依赖性方式抑制A549细胞增殖并诱导细胞凋亡。此外, PDB-1通过增加LC3-Ⅰ向LC3-Ⅱ的转化和升高Beclin 1来诱导自噬[57], 用特异性PI3K抑制剂(LY294002) 预处理可增强PDB-1对细胞凋亡和自噬相关蛋白表达的影响, 证明PDB-1可通过抑制PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路诱导细胞凋亡。
白桦醇(betulin) 是一种天然存在的五环三萜, 主要存在于桦树种的树皮中。白桦醇降低转移性结直肠癌细胞的活力, 通过失活PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路诱导自噬。此外, 白桦醇在转移性结直肠癌细胞中通过AMPK信号通路发生caspases依赖性细胞凋亡[58]。在人骨肉瘤细胞系中, 白桦醇显著降低了细胞活力, 诱导细胞凋亡, 并抑制骨肉瘤细胞系中mTOR的激活、增加自噬标志物LC3-Ⅱ的水平。自噬抑制剂氯喹(chloroquine, CQ) 的联合给药显著挽救了白桦醇治疗的骨肉瘤细胞系的细胞活力和克隆活性, 这表明白桦醇诱导的自噬对细胞凋亡有积极贡献[59]
雷公藤红素(celastrol), 一种从草药中提取的三萜已被证明可诱导吉非替尼耐药的非小细胞肺癌细胞(H1650和H1975) 线粒体膜电位下降直至丧失, 并促进两种细胞的凋亡[60]。雷公藤红素通过钙介导的自噬促进了上皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR) 野生型和突变型非小细胞肺癌上EGFR和AKT的自噬降解[61]。自噬抑制剂或钙螯合剂阻断雷公藤红素诱导的EGFR自噬降解可减少吉非替尼耐药非小细胞肺癌中雷公藤红素介导的细胞死亡, 这表明雷公藤红素诱导的自噬在非小细胞肺癌细胞死亡过程中起促进作用。
咖啡醇(cafestol) 是一种二萜类化合物, 在煮沸和未过滤的咖啡中含量丰富。研究发现, 咖啡醇可以在体内和体外抑制结肠癌生长和增殖, 并改善肠道菌群的组成。功能验证研究表明, 咖啡醇增加了自噬囊泡和LC3-Ⅱ水平, 使用BafA1可防止咖啡醇诱导的自噬通量。自噬抑制剂3-MA阻断了咖啡醇诱导的LC3-Ⅱ增加和细胞增殖抑制, 咖啡醇的作用是通过调节人LKB1 (liver kinase B1)/AMPK/ULK1通路介导自噬性死亡[62]
Schima crenata Korth中分离出的sasanquasaponin Ⅲ通过诱导细胞凋亡和自噬在黑色素瘤A375细胞中表现出强大的抗癌活性。机制研究表明, sasanquasaponin Ⅲ的促细胞凋亡活性是由死亡受体通路和线粒体功能障碍介导的, 而线粒体功能障碍是由ROS积累诱导的。除了触发细胞凋亡外, sasanquasaponin Ⅲ还导致黑色素瘤细胞自噬, 且ROS积累也参与了自噬的激活。同时, sasanquasaponin Ⅲ处理后LC3-Ⅱ表达上调, AKT/mTOR信号通路受到抑制, 重要的是自噬抑制剂3-MA逆转了A375细胞中sasanquasaponin Ⅲ的细胞毒性和凋亡, 表明自噬促进了sasanquasaponin Ⅲ诱导的细胞凋亡[63]
土贝母苷甲(tubeimoside-1) 是一种来自土贝母的三萜化合物[64], 土贝母苷甲通过两种途径增加自噬体: 首先, 土贝母苷甲可以通过激活AMPK来启动自噬, 通过将Bcl-2与Beclin 1解离, 从而稳定Beclin 1-Vps34复合物; 其次, 土贝母苷甲会损害溶酶体组织蛋白酶活性并阻断自噬通量, 导致受损的自噬溶酶体积累。抑制自噬起始会减弱土贝母苷甲诱导的细胞死亡, 而抑制自噬通量会加剧土贝母苷甲在宫颈癌细胞中的细胞毒性活性, 强调土贝母苷甲通过诱导受损自噬溶酶体的积累来触发细胞死亡。
人参皂苷RG1 (ginsenoside Rg1) 作为人参的活性成分之一, 在多种疾病的治疗中显示出潜在价值。人参皂苷RG1通过诱导细胞凋亡来抑制癌细胞的活力[65], 这与Bax的增加和Bcl-2水平的降低有关。人参皂苷RG1具有阻断mTOR/PI3K/AKT信号通路的潜力, 增加LC3-Ⅱ蛋白的表达并促进自噬细胞死亡。研究结果表明, 人参皂苷RG1在紫杉醇耐药人鼻咽癌细胞中的靶向抗肿瘤活性是通过激活自噬细胞死亡、细胞凋亡、内源性ROS产生、S期细胞周期阻滞和抑制mTOR/PI3K/AKT信号通路介导的[65]
竹节香附素A (raddeanin A) 是竹节香附中天然的三萜皂苷, 具有抗癌活性。通过网络药理学挖掘了竹节香附素A治疗非小细胞肺癌的潜在靶点, 竹节香附素A的13个靶点被鉴定为自噬相关基因。实验数据显示, 竹节香附素A可有效抑制非小细胞肺癌细胞A549的增殖并诱导细胞凋亡。此外, 竹节香附素A可以下调PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路的活性, 其诱导的自噬与细胞凋亡具有协同作用, 并导致细胞死亡[66]
柴胡皂苷A (saikosaponin A) 是一种重要的三萜类天然化合物, 主要存在于中药柴胡和银柴中, 在根除多重耐药前列腺静止癌细胞方面非常有效。研究表明, 柴胡皂苷A通过失活AKT-mTOR信号转导进一步加剧已经增加的自噬, 触发静止癌细胞中的细胞死亡, 相反, 抑制自噬或激活AKT信号通路阻止了柴胡皂苷A诱导的细胞死亡[67]
双氢青蒿素(dihydroartemisinin) 是青蒿素衍生物的活性代谢产物, 属于倍半萜。双氢青蒿素是一种自噬促进剂, 也是一种抗肿瘤效率强的物质。双氢青蒿素以剂量和时间依赖性方式抑制肝细胞癌细胞增殖, 且抑制活性由自噬介导。与双氢青蒿素组相比, 自噬抑制剂3-MA显著抑制了活化的caspase-1 (一种焦亡标记蛋白) 的表达, caspase-1抑制剂Z-YVAD-FMK能够阻断以Beclin 1和LC3-Ⅱ表达下调为特征的自噬细胞死亡[68]。在胆管癌细胞系中, 双氢青蒿素诱导细胞凋亡和自噬依赖性caspases非依赖性细胞死亡, 同时对永生化胆管细胞有轻微毒性。双氢青蒿素诱导胆管癌细胞中许多凋亡和自噬相关基因的表达, 特别是, 双氢青蒿素减少了Beclin 1与Bcl-2的相互作用, 同时促进了其与VPS34的相互作用。Beclin 1功能的药理学和遗传学抑制可防止胆管癌细胞中双氢青蒿素诱导的自噬和细胞死亡[69]
青蒿琥酯(artesunate) 是青蒿素的一种衍生物, 属于倍半萜烯, 除了具有抗疟疾特性外, 还具有强大的抗癌作用。青蒿琥酯可以抑制膀胱癌细胞的活力、增殖和迁移, 并以时间和剂量依赖性的方式诱导自噬, 重要的是, 青蒿琥酯诱导的自噬随后激活细胞凋亡。用3-MA或雷帕霉素预处理膀胱癌细胞, 分别抑制或促进自噬, 从而抑制或增加细胞凋亡。青蒿琥酯通过上调人膀胱癌细胞中的ROS和激活AMPK-mTOR-ULK1通路来诱导自噬依赖性细胞凋亡[70]
糖苷广泛分布于植物的根、茎、叶、花和果实中, 其中皂苷是苷元为三萜或螺旋甾烷类化合物的一类糖苷, 因此分为甾族皂苷和三萜皂苷。重楼皂苷B (polyphyllin B) 是一种从滇重楼中分离出来的薯蓣皂苷, 其对各种肿瘤具有强大的抗癌活性。重楼皂苷B是一种新型的铁死亡诱导剂, 还诱导自噬通量, 在核受体共激活因子4 (nuclear receptor coactivator 4, NCOA4) 升高的细胞中, 铁蛋白自噬明显参与重楼皂苷B诱导的铁死亡。另外, 它通过铁蛋白自噬具有更高的选择性自噬货物受体表达, 从而对凋亡抵抗性肝细胞癌具有化疗潜力[71]。在肺细胞癌细胞中, 重楼皂苷B以剂量和时间依赖性方式诱导自噬和细胞凋亡。用CQ阻断自噬可减弱细胞凋亡, 重楼皂苷B通过激活自噬诱导细胞凋亡与JNK的激活和PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路的抑制有关[72]
重楼皂苷Ⅵ (polyphyllin Ⅵ) 是从Trillium tschonoskii Maxim中分离得到的, 通过在体外和体内诱导细胞凋亡和自噬显著抑制非小细胞肺癌的增殖[73]。研究表明, 重楼皂苷Ⅵ通过促进Bax/Bcl2、caspase-3和caspase-9的蛋白表达来诱导细胞凋亡, 并通过改善A549和H1299细胞中LC3-Ⅱ转化和GFP-LC3点状细胞的形成来激活自噬。重楼皂苷Ⅵ抑制了正向调控mTOR的PI3K/AKT和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, MAPKK/MEK)/ERK通路, 激活了负向调节mTOR的AMPK, ULK1的特异性抑制剂SBI能够抑制重楼皂苷Ⅵ诱导的自噬。此外, AKT、ERK和mTOR的过表达显著抑制了重楼皂苷Ⅵ诱导的凋亡细胞死亡, LY294002和BafA1等抑制剂降低了依赖ATG7的自噬细胞死亡。重楼皂苷Ⅵ通过ROS触发的mTOR信号通路来诱导非小细胞肺癌细胞的凋亡和自噬细胞死亡, 发挥抗增殖作用[74]
麦冬皂苷B (ophiopogonin B) 是一种重要的天然活性成分, 主要存在于中药麦冬中, 已被确定对宫颈癌和非小细胞肺癌具有抗癌作用。细胞FADD样IL-1β转换酶(FADD-like IL-1β-converting enzyme, FLICE) 抑制蛋白(c-FLIP) 是介导肺癌A549细胞肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体(TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, TRAIL) 耐药性的关键决定因素, 麦冬皂苷B下调c-FLIP并通过激活自噬通量增强TRAIL诱导的细胞凋亡[75]
旱莲苷A (ecliptasaponin A) 是从墨旱莲中提取的天然产物, 据报道是一种针对各种癌细胞系的抗癌药物。旱莲苷A可以有效抑制细胞活力并诱导人肺癌细胞H460和H1975的细胞凋亡, 重要的是, 旱莲苷A可以触发肺癌细胞系的自噬, 且自噬抑制剂3-MA和CQ逆转了旱莲苷A诱导的细胞凋亡, 表明旱莲苷A诱导的自噬在细胞凋亡过程中起促进作用[76]
纤细薯蓣皂苷(gracillin) 从薯蓣根茎以及其他药用植物中提取, 具有抗肿瘤潜力。在黑色素瘤细胞中, 纤细薯蓣皂苷抑制黑色素瘤细胞中PI3K、AKT、mTOR的磷酸化/激活, 被发现诱发细胞凋亡并触发自噬细胞死亡。体内外研究表明, 纤细薯蓣皂苷通过抑制PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号传导参与黑色素瘤细胞中的自噬细胞死亡和细胞凋亡[77]
酚类化合物广泛存在于自然界中, 如丁香酚存在于丁香油(含80%左右), 是常用的香料。这些物质被看作是重要的抗氧化物的营养源。酚类化合物同样可以抑制白血病细胞的生长, 其抗增生的功效相当于甚至大于传统抗癌因素。姜黄素、白藜芦醇等都属于酚类, 在各种疾病治疗中有着广泛的研究。
姜黄素(curcumin) 是源自姜黄的多酚分子天然化合物, 具有抗氧化、抗炎、神经保护和抗肿瘤作用等许多优点。姜黄素显著抑制甲状腺癌细胞的生长并诱导自噬, 使LC3-Ⅱ转化增加、Beclin 1积累、p62降解以及酸性囊泡细胞器形成增加。自噬抑制剂3-MA可部分挽救甲状腺癌细胞免受姜黄素诱导的细胞死亡。姜黄素通过激活MAPK同时抑制mTOR通路充当自噬诱导剂, 表明姜黄素诱导自噬细胞死亡可以作为治疗甲状腺癌的潜在抗癌策略[78]。此外, 与单独使用姜黄素或吉非替尼治疗相比, 姜黄素和吉非替尼的联合治疗可引起显著的自噬诱导、自噬细胞死亡和自噬介导的细胞凋亡, 姜黄素和吉非替尼联合治疗产生的协同生长抑制和细胞凋亡激活可以通过药物自噬抑制剂(BafA1或3-MA) 或敲低Beclin 1或ATG7来逆转, 体内异种移植实验也产生了类似的结果[3]。双去氧基姜黄素(bisdemethoxycurcumin) 是姜黄素类似物, 双去氧基姜黄素与姜黄素类似, 其在生理条件下更稳定, 对肿瘤更加有效[79], 同时有研究发现双去氧基姜黄素通过激活非小细胞肺癌细胞的凋亡和自噬来抑制细胞生长和增殖。
白藜芦醇(resveratrol) 是一种天然存在于多种植物中的多酚化合物, 主要存在于葡萄中。白藜芦醇以时间和浓度依赖的方式降低了非小细胞肺癌A549细胞存活率, 激活了自噬和细胞凋亡, 且高于55 μmol·L-1白藜芦醇会引发致死性自噬。重要的是, 细胞凋亡和致死性自噬相互促进。神经生长因子受体(nerve growth factor receptor, NGFR) 可以调节许多其他细胞的自噬和凋亡, 作为NGFR的下游通路, AMPK-mTOR在白藜芦醇诱导的自噬和细胞凋亡中发挥了积极作用[5]。事实上, 白藜芦醇在抑制mTOR和激活AMPK的能力方面是独一无二的。白藜芦醇通过AMPK激活和JNK介导的p62表达触发慢性粒细胞白血病细胞中的自噬细胞死亡[80]
鞣花酸(ellagic acid) 是一种存在于葡萄、草莓和坚果中的天然多酚化合物。鞣花酸抑制肺癌细胞增殖的功效与白藜芦醇大致相同。鞣花酸显著增加自噬体标志物LC3-Ⅱ的表达并失活mTOR通路, 通过下调癌性蛋白磷酸酶抑制剂2A (cancerous inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A, CIP2A) 的表达来增加自噬相关细胞死亡, CIP2A过表达减弱了鞣花酸诱导的肺癌细胞自噬[81]
大麻酚(cannabigerol) 是一种天然产物, 存在于大麻中。大麻酚通过抑制胰腺导管腺癌细胞的EGFR-RAS通路和AKT/mTOR通路诱导自噬细胞死亡[82]。Delta (9)-四氢大麻酚通过刺激自噬诱导人类神经胶质瘤细胞死亡。Delta (9)-四氢大麻酚诱导神经酰胺积累和真核翻译起始因子2α (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α, eIF2α) 磷酸化, 从而激活内质网应激反应, 进而抑制mTORC1信号通路促进自噬[83]。在delta (9)-四氢大麻酚诱导的人和小鼠癌细胞死亡中, 自噬是细胞凋亡的上游, 并且该途径的激活对于delta (9)-四氢大麻酚在体内的抗肿瘤作用是必要的。
丁香酚(eugenol) 是一种天然化合物, 主要存在于丁香等植物的芳香油中。丁香酚可以上调LC3的表达水平和下调p62的表达来诱导自噬, 通过靶向caspase途径和诱导自噬细胞死亡对抗三阴性乳腺癌[84]。毛兰素(erianin) 是兰科石斛属植物石斛根茎中存在的一种天然化合物。大约40%的结直肠癌患者是KRAS序列变异, 包括KRAS G13D突变结直肠癌患者, 毛兰素与KRAS G13D直接相互作用, 抑制结直肠癌细胞迁移、侵袭和上皮-间充质转化。有趣的是, 毛兰素诱导的铁死亡伴随着自噬。自噬抑制剂(NH4Cl和BafA1) 和ATG5敲低可逆转毛兰素诱导的铁死亡的发生, 表明毛兰素诱导的铁死亡是自噬依赖性的[85]
云南红豆的根是一种传统中药, 钩毛茜草素C (rubioncolin C) 是一种从云南红豆的根茎中分离出的天然萘对苯二酚二聚体。在乳腺癌中, 钩毛茜草素C诱导了明显的凋亡和自噬, 激活了MAPK信号通路, 抑制了mTOR/AKT/p70S6K和核因子κB (nuclear factor kappa-B, NF-κB) 信号通路, 通过诱导ROS介导的乳腺癌细胞凋亡和自噬细胞死亡来抑制增殖和转移[86]。桑椹的叶子是一种用于治疗肺部疾病的中药, 一种桑葚化合物桑辛素N (moracin N) 可以通过诱导线粒体凋亡和自噬来抑制人肺癌细胞的生长。桑辛素N处理导致ROS生成, 从而进一步激活细胞凋亡和自噬。有趣的是, 自噬的损伤减弱了桑辛素N引起的细胞死亡, 表明自噬促进细胞死亡[87]
Cullen corylifolium是一种广泛用于中药的植物, 补骨脂查尔酮(bavachalcone) 是Cullen corylifolium的一种成分, 对肝癌HepG2细胞凋亡有显著作用。在肝癌细胞中, 补骨脂查尔酮是有效的细胞凋亡诱导剂, 其诱导的自噬与细胞凋亡有相关性。经过补骨脂查尔酮处理的细胞中AKT和mTOR的磷酸化和表达降低, 而LC3-Ⅱ与LC3-Ⅰ的表达增加。这表明补骨脂查尔酮通过促进HepG2细胞的自噬和凋亡而具有抗癌活性[88]
醌类化合物存在于各种各样的植物、真菌、细菌和动物中, 主要分为苯醌、萘醌、菲醌和蒽醌。醌类化合物具有潜在的抗氧化、抗炎、抗菌和抗癌活性。白花蛇舌草素(plumbagin) 是一种天然萘醌化合物, 以剂量和时间依赖性方式抑制人肝细胞癌细胞增殖, 白花蛇舌草素处理抑制肝细胞癌细胞中细胞凋亡以及自噬相关因子(LC3、Beclin 1、ATG7和ATG5) 的表达。自噬抑制剂3-MA预处理阻断白花蛇舌草素诱导的细胞凋亡的形成, 这表明自噬在肝细胞癌细胞凋亡过程中的积极作用[89]。此外, 白花蛇舌草素对非小细胞肺癌A549和H23细胞具有有效的促凋亡和促自噬作用, 且其诱导的细胞凋亡和自噬之间存在串扰。机制研究发现, 白花蛇舌草素通过抑制人非小细胞肺癌中的PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路诱导凋亡和自噬细胞死亡[90]
乙酰紫草素(acetylshikonin) 是中药紫草的天然萘醌衍生物, 具有杀菌、抗炎和抗肿瘤作用。乙酰紫草素通过线粒体途径显著抑制急性髓系白血病HL-60细胞的细胞增殖、活力和诱导细胞凋亡。此外, 自噬体形成增加, 从LC3-Ⅰ到LC3-Ⅱ的转换以及p62的减少表明乙酰紫草素诱导自噬, 且乙酰紫草素诱导的自噬依赖于LKB1/AMPK信号传导的激活和PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路的抑制。自噬抑制剂3-MA和CQ显著降低了细胞凋亡相关标志物caspase-3和caspase-9的裂解以及乙酰紫草素诱导的caspase-3活性, 表明乙酰紫草素诱导的HL-60细胞凋亡是自噬依赖性的[91]
芦荟大黄素(aloe-emodin) 主要从大黄的根和芦荟的叶子中分离出来, 对不同类型肿瘤细胞具有显著抗肿瘤活性。在人非小细胞肺癌A549细胞中, 芦荟大黄素诱导caspase依赖性细胞凋亡和自噬。芦荟大黄素通过激活MAPK信号转导和抑制AKT/mTOR通路诱导自噬。此外, 芦荟大黄素在A549和NCI-H1299细胞中诱导活性氧依赖性自噬, 从而触发细胞凋亡[92]
丹参酮ⅡA (tanshinone ⅡA) 是丹参的主要功能化合物之一, 通过诱导细胞凋亡和自噬抑制多种癌细胞生长。丹参酮ⅡA可以激活各种癌细胞如前列腺癌、多发性骨髓瘤、肺癌和乳腺癌细胞中的LC3-Ⅱ诱导自噬, 并通过激活AMPK和ERK以及抑制白血病KBM-5细胞中的mTOR诱导自噬细胞死亡[93]。在口腔鳞状细胞癌SCC-9细胞中, 丹参酮ⅡA诱导细胞凋亡并上调caspase-3的表达, 同时, SCC-9细胞的自噬过程由丹参酮ⅡA启动, 表现为自噬体的形成和LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ比例的增加, 并且该过程与Beclin 1/ATG7/ATG12-ATG5信号传导的激活和PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号传导的抑制有关。此外, 敲低Beclin 1在体内和体外阻断了丹参酮ⅡA对SCC-9细胞的影响, 丹参酮ⅡA通过SCC-9细胞系中的Beclin 1依赖性自噬诱导细胞死亡[94]
大黄素甲醚(physcion) 是中药大黄中的主要生物活性成分, 具有蒽醌化学结构, 具有多种药理活性。大黄素甲醚剂量依赖性地抑制鼻咽癌CNE2细胞中的细胞活力和集落形成, 并诱导CNE2细胞的大黄素甲醚依赖性细胞凋亡和自噬。此外, 大黄素甲醚诱导的自噬是促凋亡因子, 有助于大黄素甲醚诱导的细胞凋亡[95]
类固醇是广泛分布于生物界的一大类环戊稠全氢化菲衍生物的总称, 又称类甾体、甾族化合物。澳洲茄边碱(solamargine) 是一种来源于茄属植物的类固醇solasodine的衍生物, 在多种癌症中均表现出抗癌活性。有研究表明, 澳洲茄边碱在体外和体内抑制肝细胞癌的增殖并有效诱导肝细胞癌细胞凋亡和自噬。从机制上讲, 白血病抑制因子(leukemia inhibitory factor, LIF) 在肝细胞癌组织中异常升高, 在肝细胞癌细胞中被澳洲茄边碱下调, LIF过表达减弱了澳洲茄边碱的肿瘤细胞抑制作用。澳洲茄边碱可能通过LIF/miR-192-5p/富含半胱氨酸蛋白61 (cysteine-rich 61, CYR61)/AKT轴诱导自噬和细胞凋亡阻碍肝细胞癌的发展[96]。胡萝卜苷(daucosterol) 已被广泛接受为多种恶性肿瘤的天然抗癌剂。胡萝卜苷抑制前列腺癌细胞增殖并诱导细胞周期停滞。此外, 胡萝卜苷治疗明显促进了细胞凋亡和自噬, 自噬抑制剂3-MA被证明可以抵消胡萝卜苷触发的自噬、生长抑制和细胞凋亡, 表明胡萝卜苷诱导的凋亡反应依赖于自噬。用JNK特异性抑制剂进行预处理减少胡萝卜苷诱导的自噬和凋亡细胞死亡, 表明胡萝卜苷通过激活JNK信号转导诱导自噬依赖性细胞凋亡[97]
除上述类型的中药活性成分外, 还有许多其他类型的天然产物通过靶向自噬细胞死亡发挥抗肿瘤作用, 如香豆素类的东莨菪酮、天然内酯anomanolide C等。Anomanolide C是一种从Tubocapsicum anomalum中分离出的天然内酯, 在多种类型的人类癌症中表现出显著的抗肿瘤活性, 尤其是三阴性乳腺癌。在三阴性乳腺癌中, anomanolide C被证明可诱导自噬依赖性铁死亡, 并通过谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4 (glutathione peroxidase 4, GPX4) 泛素化抑制三阴性乳腺癌增殖和迁移[98]
东莨菪酮(scoparone) 是一种传统中药单体。东莨菪酮在体外和体内均抑制结直肠癌细胞的生长并且诱导完全自噬通量, 而抑制自噬显著抑制东莨菪酮的抗增殖活性, 表明东莨菪酮诱导的结直肠癌自噬具有抗肿瘤特性。从机制上讲, 东莨菪酮通过靶向结直肠癌中的p21激活激酶1 (p21-activated kinase 1, PAK1)/AKT轴诱导自噬细胞死亡[99]
Peganum harmala种子中分离的成分聚乙二醇啉A (pegaharoline A) 对非小细胞肺癌中A549和PC9细胞系表现出很强的抗肿瘤活性。聚乙二醇啉A可以与CD133 (prominin-1) 结合并降低CD133的表达, 通过抑制PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路相应降低CD133表达以激活自噬, 并增加ROS水平促进细胞凋亡[100]
Chinese dragon's blood ethyl acetate extract (CDBEE) 来源于中国龙血树的红色树脂。CDBEE抑制了人胃癌MGC-803和HGC-27细胞的增殖和转移, 还诱导细胞凋亡和自噬细胞死亡。从机制上讲, CDBEE诱导的自噬细胞死亡是通过下调mTOR-Beclin 1信号级联和上调ATG3/ATG7-LC3信号级联介导的[101]
广桑根E (guangsangon E) 是一种从桑椹叶中分离出的新型Diels-Alder加合物, 广桑根E诱导肺癌和鼻咽癌细胞的自噬和凋亡。内质网(endoplasmic reticulum, ER) 应激也参与广桑根E的自噬诱导, 广桑根E通过ROS积累激活ER应激, 并且抑制自噬可减轻广桑根E引起的细胞死亡, 因此广桑根E通过自噬介导的细胞死亡发挥抗癌作用[102]
现古替费酮K (guttiferone K) 是从藤黄胡中分离出来的, 可显著诱导GFP-LC3点状形成并激活HeLa细胞中LC3-Ⅱ的积累和p62的降解, 表明现古替费酮K是一种自噬诱导剂。重要的是, 自噬抑制剂HCQ可以显著防止现古替费酮K诱导的细胞在营养匮乏条件下死亡, 这表明细胞死亡在很大程度上取决于自噬。此外, 现古替费酮K抑制AKT磷酸化, 在营养匮乏期间抑制癌细胞中的mTOR通路, 可引起活性氧积累和JNK磷酸化介导自噬和细胞凋亡[103]
综上, 目前已有许多研究报道了中药来源的小分子化合物(附表 1~8[30-37, 39-49, 51-100, 102, 103]) 具有靶向自噬细胞死亡来影响癌症发生发展的潜力。但是, 中药抗肿瘤活性成分促进自噬细胞死亡的方式还需要更具体探究。自噬细胞死亡是Ⅱ型程序性细胞死亡, 自噬与其他细胞程序性死亡方式如坏死性凋亡、铁死亡、焦亡等相互串扰、相互影响, 这在越来越多相关研究中被发现。值得注意的是, 自噬与其他细胞程序性死亡相互作用机制还不够清晰, 因此, 在设计干预措施之前有必要确定自噬对细胞死亡的贡献。此外, 中药靶向多, 具有多种靶点和广谱抗癌活性, 诱导自噬相关细胞死亡以克服原发性耐药性是癌症药物发现的合理策略。白桦脂酸和EGFR-TKIs的组合通过EGFR信号通路诱导自噬相关细胞死亡, 对野生型EGFR非小细胞肺癌发挥协同抗肿瘤作用[104], 这提示研究者靶向自噬性死亡的中药活性成分与抑制剂的联合用药也值得关注。
自噬作为一种主要的细胞内降解系统, 与人类的多种病理生理过程密切相关。在正常生理条件下, 细胞自噬有助于细胞保持自我稳定状态; 在应激情况下, 细胞自噬防止有毒或致癌损伤的蛋白质和细胞器积聚, 抑制细胞癌变; 然而, 一旦形成肿瘤, 细胞自噬为癌细胞提供更丰富的营养物质, 促进肿瘤增长。因此, 细胞自噬在肿瘤发生发展过程中的作用表现为两面性, 也可以通过抑制自噬实现癌症治疗作用。如一种从长叶桔梗中提取出的类甾体二萜类化合物eurycomanone可以在结直肠癌细胞中以时间和浓度依赖性方式直接激活mTOR从而抑制自噬, 最终抑制结直肠癌细胞的增殖[105]
除癌症外, 自噬还在多种疾病中发挥重要作用, 如心血管疾病、炎症及神经退行性疾病等[106], 部分中药活性成分被发现通过靶向自噬对这些疾病显示出治疗作用[107, 108]。如一种来自Adhatoda vasica的喹唑啉生物碱vasicinone通过上调自噬和磷酸酶及张力蛋白同源物(PTEN) 诱导的激酶1 (PTEN-induced kinase 1, PINK1) 介导的线粒体自噬来发挥神经保护作用[109], 槲皮素通过核苷酸结合寡聚结构域样受体蛋白3 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3, NLRP3) 炎症小体和线粒体自噬之间的相互作用阻碍小胶质细胞活化以减轻神经毒性等[110]。中药靶向多, 具有多种靶点和广谱抗癌活性, 中药来源的活性化合物在治疗癌症方面的应用不只局限于调节细胞凋亡, 还能增加肿瘤对其他疗法的敏感性、改善免疫功能、抑制血管生成和转移等, 在癌症联合治疗中发挥协同效果[111, 112]。总之, 中药活性成分在癌症、神经退行性疾病等治疗方面发展前景广大。
值得注意的是, 中药活性成分筛选的新技术为中药新药开发和药效研究注入新活力, 利用“受体-配体”之间的特异性结合, 快速筛选出中药中能与特定靶点结合的活性小分子物质, 从而进一步鉴定出活性成分结构, 如分子对接技术、高通量筛选技术、细胞膜色谱技术等[113]。在这些活性成分的基础上, 再进行结构修饰提高其生物活性同时降低其不良反应, 深入进行构效关系等方面的研究。随着中药开发和利用的深入, 已经发现许多中药来源活性化合物可以靶向自噬来发挥疾病治疗作用。然而, 还有大量的中药来源的活性化合物影响自噬的具体机制仍不清楚, 因此需要更多研究来系统地探索具有活性的化合物调节自噬的机制。此外, 本课题组通过整合现有数据开发并构建了自噬调节剂综合数据库(AMTDB, https://amtdb.vercel.app/) 和抗癌天然产物数据库(ACNPD, http://www.acnpd-fu.com/)。AMTDB对于揭示自噬与人类癌症之间的复杂关系, 阐明关键自噬途径与具有显著抗肿瘤活性的自噬调节剂之间的串扰至关重要[114]; ACNPD对于更好地理解中医药与癌症的关系至关重要, 不仅有利于扩大中医药的影响力, 也有助于未来寻找更多新的中药抗肿瘤活性成分[115]
作者贡献: 刘媛负责综述撰写工作; 杨齐林完成文献查阅工作和作图; 韩波、符雷蕾完成文章修改、校对和审核。
利益冲突: 作者声明本文不存在任何利益冲突。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82073998)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(82374020)
  • 四川省自然科学基金面上项目(2024NSFSC0632)
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2025年第60卷第3期
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doi: 10.16438/j.0513-4870.2024-0591
  • 接收时间:2024-06-24
  • 首发时间:2025-11-06
  • 出版时间:2025-03-12
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-24
  • 修回日期:2024-08-05
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(82073998)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(82374020)
四川省自然科学基金面上项目(2024NSFSC0632)
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    1.西南交通大学生命科学与工程学院, 四川 成都 610031
    2.西南特色中药资源国家重点实验室, 成都中医药大学药学院, 四川 成都 611137

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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